53:
604:
65:
293:
462:. These project forward from the back of the embryo towards the front of the face and neck. Each arch develops its own artery, nerve that controls a distinct muscle group, and skeletal tissue. The arches are numbered from 1 to 6, with 1 being the arch closest to the head of the embryo, and the fifth arch only existing transiently.
668:
branches. Similarly, thermal injury can occur with the use of radio frequency ablation to remove thyroid nodules. The nerve is permanently damaged in 0.3–3% of thyroid surgeries, and transient paralysis occurs in 3–8% of surgeries; accordingly, recurrent laryngeal nerve damage is one of the leading causes of
489:. Typically, such a configuration is accompanied by variation in the arrangement of the major arteries in the chest; most commonly, the right subclavian artery arises from the left side of the aorta and crosses behind the esophagus. A left nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve is even more uncommon,
729:
of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The cause is not known, although a genetic predisposition is suspected. The length of the nerve is a factor since it is more common in larger horses, and the left side is affected almost exclusively. As the nerve cells die, there is a progressive paralysis of the
667:
light confirms the absence of movement in the affected side of the vocal cords. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve is more susceptible to damage during thyroid surgery because it is close to the bifurcation of the right inferior thyroid artery, variably passing in front of, behind, or between the
465:
Arches 4 and 6 produce the laryngeal cartilages. The nerve of the sixth arch becomes the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The nerve of the fourth arch gives rise to the superior laryngeal nerve. The arteries of the fourth arch, which project between the nerves of the fourth and sixth arches, become the
692:
patients develop hoarseness because of recurrent laryngeal nerve compression, usually left-sided. This is associated with worse outcomes, and when found as a presenting symptom, often indicates inoperable tumors. The nerve may be severed intentionally during lung cancer surgery in order to fully
693:
remove a tumor. The RLN may also be damaged by tumors in the neck, especially with malignant lymph nodes with extra-capsular extension of tumor beyond the capsule of the nodes, which may invade the area that carries the ascending nerve on the right or left.
1758:
Spiro SG, Gould MK, Colice GL (September 2007). "Initial evaluation of the patient with lung cancer: symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, and paraneoplastic syndromes: ACCP evidenced-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition)".
782:, traveling from the brain, past the heart, to the gills (as it does in modern fish). Over the course of evolution, as the neck extended and the heart became lower in the body, the laryngeal nerve remained in its original course.
1518:
Yamamoto, Natsuhiro, Yamaguchi, Yoshikazu, Nomura, Takeshi, et al. Successful
Assessment of Vocal Cord Palsy Before Tracheal Extubation by Laryngeal Ultrasonography in a Patient After Esophageal Surgery: A Case Report.
614:
The recurrent laryngeal nerves may be injured as a result of trauma, during surgery, as a result of tumour spread, or due to other means. Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerves can result in a weakened voice
328:(to run), indicates they run in the opposite direction to the vagus nerves from which they branch. The vagus nerves run down into the thorax, and the recurrent laryngeal nerves run up to the larynx.
254:. There are two recurrent laryngeal nerves, right and left. The right and left nerves are not symmetrical, with the left nerve looping under the aortic arch, and the right nerve looping under the
1830:"Cardiovocal Syndrome (Ortner's Syndrome) Associated with Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Giant Pulmonary Artery Aneurysm: Case Report and Review of the Literature"
351:. The left RLN passes in front of the arch, and then wraps underneath and behind it. After branching, the nerves typically ascend in a groove at the junction of the
485:
In roughly 1 out of every 100–200 people, the right inferior laryngeal nerve is nonrecurrent, branching off the vagus nerve around the level of the
202:
1711:"Intraoperative neuromonitoring versus visual nerve identification for prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in adults undergoing thyroid surgery"
734:), accompanied by worsening performance. The condition is incurable, but surgery can keep the airway open. Experiments with nerve grafts have been tried.
3063:
3058:
2987:
2842:
758:, but these would not be the longest neurons that ever existed: the neurons reaching the tip of the tail would have exceeded 30 metres (98 ft).
730:
larynx, causing the airway to collapse. The common presentation is a sound, ranging from a musical whistle to a harsh roar or heaving gasping noise (
2822:
1709:
Cirocchi R, Arezzo A, D'Andrea V, Abraha I, Popivanov GI, Avenia N, et al. (Cochrane
Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (January 2019).
1387:
752:
with the longest necks, the total length of the vagus nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve would have been up to 28 metres (92 ft) long in
2154:
2827:
2428:
814:
reported upon the dissection of three giraffes, including a description of the full course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Anatomists
178:
1283:
Sañudo JR, Maranillo E, León X, Mirapeix RM, Orús C, Quer M (June 1999). "An anatomical study of anastomoses between the laryngeal nerves".
3005:
2832:
2779:
2774:
2837:
2647:
2438:
2117:
Ardito G, Revelli L, D'Alatri L, Lerro V, Guidi ML, Ardito F (February 2004). "Revisited anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerves".
3053:
2366:
2204:
258:, then traveling upwards. They both travel alongside the trachea. Additionally, the nerves are among the few nerves that follow a
631:
on the same side. This is the sole muscle responsible for opening the vocal cords, and paralysis may cause difficulty breathing (
2637:
2172:
548:
137:
3159:
2632:
2094:
1990:
1924:
1890:
1805:
1480:"Clinical review: Current concepts in the management of unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis after thyroid surgery"
1371:
1267:
1190:
1124:
1094:
1062:
1035:
1008:
981:
949:
676:
concluded that the available evidence shows no difference between visually identifying the nerve or utilizing intraoperative
571:, the only muscle to open the vocal cords. The nerves supply muscles on the same side of the body, with the exception of the
477:. During growth, these arteries descend into their ultimate positions in the chest, creating the elongated recurrent paths.
3192:
1584:
Muhammad H, Santhanam P, Russell JO (June 2021). "Radiofrequency ablation and thyroid nodules: updated systematic review".
35:
2652:
2375:
2361:
651:
The nerve receives close attention from surgeons because the nerve is at risk for injury during neck surgery, especially
493:, accompanied by an arterial variant which prevents the nerve from being drawn into the chest by the left subclavian.
3010:
2642:
2620:
1413:
1156:
1535:"Safety and Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation of Thyroid Nodules-Expanding Treatment Options in the United States"
3127:
2958:
2953:
2909:
2904:
2615:
427:
419:
209:
265:
The recurrent laryngeal nerves supply sensation to the larynx below the vocal cords, give cardiac branches to the
2935:
2930:
843:
628:
578:
The nerves also carry sensory information from the mucous membranes of the larynx below the lower surface of the
568:
399:
270:
105:
17:
262:
course, moving in the opposite direction to the nerve they branch from, a fact from which they gain their name.
3132:
3043:
635:) during physical activity. Injury to both the right and left nerve may result in more serious damage, such as
435:
543:, it gives off several branches. There is suspected variability in the configuration of these branches to the
3084:
3048:
1980:
847:
439:
197:
109:
466:
left-sided arch of the aorta and the right subclavian artery. The arteries of the sixth arch persist as the
2351:
2197:
911:
970:
Brunicardi FC, Brunicardi F, Andersen D, Raphael EP, Billiar T, Dunn D, et al. (September 11, 2009).
2863:
851:
368:
1949:"A Monument of Inefficiency: The Presumed Course of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve in Sauropod Dinosaurs"
2307:
2268:
371:, passing into the larynx just posterior to the cricothyroid joint. The terminal branch is called the
2680:
2605:
2433:
737:
Although uncommon in dogs, bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve disease may be the cause of wheezing (
300:, the right recurrent laryngeal nerve has a much shorter course than the left which passes under the
3120:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2560:
2443:
855:
766:
The extreme detour of the recurrent laryngeal nerves, about 4.6 metres (15 ft) in the case of
505:
501:
161:
1431:"Management of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury During Radiofrequency Ablation of Thyroid Nodules"
639:. Additional problems may emerge during healing, as nerve fibres that re-anastamose may result in
2694:
2190:
1828:
Heikkinen J, Milger K, Alejandre-Lafont E, Woitzik C, Litzlbauer D, Vogt JF, et al. (2012).
1213:
Naidu L, Ramsaroop L, Partab P, Satyapal KS (September 2012). "Galen's "anastomosis" revisited".
1795:
1332:"Laryngeal Nerve Anatomy: Introduction, Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X), Superior Laryngeal Nerve"
822:
described the nerve in what is now regarded as an anatomically standard description, and doctor
2752:
2582:
2567:
2555:
567:. These muscles act to open, close, and adjust the tension of the vocal cords, and include the
185:
173:
2053:
1914:
1880:
1114:
998:
3187:
3023:
2810:
1257:
1180:
1084:
1052:
1025:
859:
771:
713:
or major blood vessels impinges upon the nerve, causing symptoms of unilateral nerve injury.
572:
474:
387:
305:
117:
680:
during surgery, when trying to prevent injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve during surgery.
3182:
3018:
2740:
2670:
2595:
798:, noting that pigs with the nerve severed were unable to squeal. Galen named the nerve the
702:
121:
1331:
331:
The vagus nerves, from which the recurrent laryngeal nerves branch, exit the skull at the
8:
3151:
2535:
2453:
564:
266:
251:
2610:
2530:
2346:
2031:
1856:
1829:
1735:
1710:
1691:
1609:
1561:
1534:
1455:
1430:
1381:
1308:
1238:
807:
795:
775:
587:
407:
379:
352:
343:
through the neck. The recurrent laryngeal nerves branch off the vagus, the left at the
280:. The existence of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was first documented by the physician
70:
3142:
2728:
2723:
2706:
2396:
2134:
2090:
2023:
1986:
1920:
1886:
1861:
1801:
1776:
1740:
1683:
1678:
1661:
1636:
1613:
1601:
1566:
1501:
1478:
Hartl DM, Travagli JP, Leboulleux S, Baudin E, Brasnu DF, Schlumberger M (May 2005).
1460:
1409:
1367:
1300:
1296:
1263:
1230:
1186:
1152:
1120:
1090:
1058:
1031:
1004:
977:
945:
673:
624:
536:
486:
467:
415:
403:
348:
297:
255:
2035:
1312:
1242:
3115:
3089:
3079:
2868:
2858:
2735:
2675:
2494:
2473:
2463:
2416:
2370:
2334:
2126:
2015:
1960:
1851:
1841:
1768:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1695:
1673:
1593:
1556:
1546:
1491:
1450:
1442:
1292:
1222:
815:
802:, and described the same effect in two human infants who had undergone surgery for
431:
411:
113:
2130:
885:
826:
documented a way for its interoperative identification during thyroid operations.
3103:
2805:
2711:
2468:
2387:
2283:
2256:
2084:
1146:
971:
582:, as well as sensory, secretory and motor fibres to the cervical segments of the
455:
423:
332:
277:
269:, and branch to the trachea, esophagus and the inferior constrictor muscles. The
166:
31:
1797:
Principles and
Practice of Lung Cancer: The Official Reference Text of the IASLC
778:. The nerve's route would have been direct in the fish-like ancestors of modern
273:, the only muscles that can open the vocal folds, are innervated by this nerve.
2800:
2718:
2627:
2572:
2485:
2278:
2222:
2214:
2080:
2019:
1628:
1597:
1446:
863:
544:
513:
490:
340:
336:
317:
2176:
77:
lymph glands, with the left and right recurrent nerves visible on either side.
3176:
2922:
2893:
2815:
2792:
2763:
2577:
2234:
2160:
2027:
1551:
819:
360:
359:. They then pass behind the posterior, middle part of the outer lobes of the
239:
190:
688:
The RLN may be compressed by tumors. Studies have shown that 2–18% of
52:
2547:
2514:
2317:
2138:
2049:
1865:
1780:
1744:
1687:
1640:
1605:
1570:
1505:
1464:
1304:
1234:
811:
677:
660:
525:
496:
In about four people out of five, there is a connecting branch between the
378:
Unlike the other nerves supplying the larynx, the right and left RLNs lack
1965:
1948:
1846:
1772:
2882:
2322:
2295:
1496:
1479:
823:
754:
689:
669:
664:
656:
560:
529:
521:
383:
344:
313:
301:
243:
235:
91:
2165:
705:
or cardiovocal syndrome, a rare cause of left recurrent laryngeal nerve
749:
731:
726:
616:
579:
451:
1827:
1660:
Hayward NJ, Grodski S, Yeung M, Johnson WR, Serpell J (January 2013).
706:
438:
to segments of the trachea and esophagus in the neck originate in the
382:. The left RLN is longer than the right, because it crosses under the
215:
2182:
1226:
583:
356:
125:
316:, relative to which they get their names; the term "recurrent" from
969:
779:
745:
659:
surgery; as well as esophagectomy. Nerve damage can be assessed by
74:
3035:
767:
738:
652:
636:
632:
620:
133:
2163:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (
1708:
1533:
Hussain I, Zulfiqar F, Li X, Ahmad S, Aljammal J (August 2021).
806:. In 1838, five years before he would introduce the concept of
2997:
1662:"Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in thyroid surgery: a review"
803:
608:
459:
364:
247:
101:
2116:
1477:
791:
710:
540:
281:
149:
129:
1212:
603:
2945:
1282:
1259:
Endoscopic
Evaluation and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders
794:
demonstrated the nerve course and the clinical syndrome of
276:
The recurrent laryngeal nerves are the nerves of the sixth
1659:
1629:"Anatomy, Head and Neck, Larynx Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve"
292:
64:
473:
After birth, the ductus arteriosus regresses to form the
1583:
607:
Recurrent laryngeal nerve visible during resection of a
30:"Recurrent nerve" redirects here. For the supply to the
1793:
422:. Fibers cross over to and join the vagus nerve in the
2173:
Dissection of a giraffe displaying the laryngeal nerve
2157:
at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
1532:
1523:
2017;9(11):308-310. doi:10.1213/XAA.0000000000000601.
1082:
2089:. HarperCollins Publishers Limited. pp. 82–83.
2006:
Gross CG (May 1998). "Galen and the
Squealing Pig".
1626:
1484:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1428:
1821:
1882:Equine Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction
1794:Carbone DP, Pass HI, Johnson DH, Minna JD (2010).
1003:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 770.
1027:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: Neck and Internal Organs
939:
3174:
2060:. Zoological Society of London. pp. 217–248
2058:Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
1757:
1179:Duh QY, Clark OH, Kebebew E (October 14, 2009).
1108:
1106:
944:. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone.
2072:
2054:"Notes on the dissection of the Nubian giraffe"
1787:
1635:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1326:
1324:
1322:
1178:
1024:Ross, Lawrence M.; Lamperti, Edward D. (2006).
1017:
470:on the left, and are obliterated on the right.
312:The recurrent laryngeal nerves branch from the
1086:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: Head and Neuroanatomy
491:requiring the aortic arch be on the right side
2198:
1429:Aljammal J, Hussain I, Ahmad S (2022-03-01).
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1103:
965:
963:
961:
643:, uncoordinated movements of the vocal cord.
2086:The Collins Encyclopedia of Animal Evolution
1319:
1249:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1023:
57:Course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
2078:
1878:
1715:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1399:
1397:
935:
933:
559:The recurrent laryngeal nerves control all
2205:
2191:
1386:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1346:
1133:
1112:
997:Agur, A. M. R.; Dalley, Arthur F. (2009).
996:
976:(9th ed.). McGraw Hill Professional.
958:
63:
51:
1964:
1855:
1845:
1751:
1734:
1677:
1560:
1550:
1495:
1471:
1454:
1071:
426:. Sensory cell bodies are located in the
1985:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2010.
1627:Allen E, Minutello K, Murcek BW (2022).
1408:(3rd ed.). Williams & Wilkins.
1394:
1255:
1083:Schulte E, Schumacher U, Rude J (2007).
930:
761:
602:
593:
535:As the recurrent nerve hooks around the
291:
1912:
1050:
627:. Injury to the nerve may paralyze the
575:, which is innervated from both sides.
14:
3175:
2212:
1361:
1182:Atlas of Endocrine Surgical Techniques
1144:
1116:Anatomic Basis of Neurologic Diagnosis
940:Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AW (2005).
549:inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
138:inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
2186:
2005:
1946:
1800:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1403:
723:equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
709:, expansion of structures within the
2048:
1982:Mammal Anatomy: An Illustrated Guide
1879:Munroe G, Weese S (March 15, 2011).
36:recurrent branch of the median nerve
796:recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis
528:, and is one of several documented
420:cranial root of the accessory nerve
24:
430:, and the fibers terminate in the
25:
3204:
2148:
440:dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve
1916:Textbook of Small Animal Surgery
1679:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2012.06247.x
1539:Journal of the Endocrine Society
1364:Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury
1297:10.1097/00005537-199906000-00026
973:Schwartz's Principles of Surgery
844:Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
741:) when middle-aged dogs inhale.
716:
696:
569:posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
271:posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
210:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
2110:
2042:
1999:
1973:
1940:
1906:
1872:
1702:
1653:
1620:
1577:
1526:
1512:
1422:
1276:
1206:
1172:
836:
629:posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
561:intrinsic muscles of the larynx
500:, a branch of the RLN, and the
1727:10.1002/14651858.CD012483.pub2
1051:Aronson, Arnold Elvin (2009).
1044:
990:
904:
878:
848:Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
508:. This is commonly called the
445:
13:
1:
3085:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
2131:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2003.11.001
1953:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
872:
458:pairs form in the developing
347:, and the right at the right
1919:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1256:Langmore SE (January 2001).
1185:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1119:. Thieme. pp. 260–261.
1113:Alberstone, Cary D. (2009).
852:Transverse arytenoid muscles
672:issues for surgeons. A 2019
641:vocal cord motion impairment
623:) and cause problems in the
480:
287:
250:, with the exception of the
7:
3193:Nerves of the head and neck
2864:Inferior salivatory nucleus
2119:American Journal of Surgery
1406:Clinically Oriented Anatomy
1145:Larsen, William J. (1993).
942:Gray's Anatomy for Students
916:Medical definition and more
554:
369:inferior constrictor muscle
10:
3209:
2308:lateral geniculate nucleus
2269:anterior olfactory nucleus
2020:10.1177/107385849800400317
1598:10.1007/s12020-020-02598-6
1447:10.1016/j.aace.2022.02.004
1435:AACE Clinical Case Reports
785:
646:
393:
155:nervus laryngeus recurrens
29:
3141:
3102:
3072:
3034:
2996:
2988:Superior cervical cardiac
2944:
2920:
2891:
2881:
2851:
2790:
2761:
2751:
2693:
2681:Superior salivary nucleus
2663:
2593:
2544:
2523:
2513:
2484:
2434:spinal trigeminal nucleus
2415:
2386:
2333:
2294:
2255:
2221:
1151:. Churchill Livingstone.
856:Oblique arytenoid muscles
683:
598:
547:, trachea, esophagus and
454:development, a series of
428:inferior jugular ganglion
242:X) that supplies all the
228:recurrent laryngeal nerve
208:
196:
184:
172:
160:
148:
143:
97:
87:
82:
62:
50:
46:Recurrent laryngeal nerve
45:
3121:spinal accessory nucleus
2561:pterygopalatine ganglion
2352:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
2155:Anatomy figure: 21:04-01
1834:Case Reports in Medicine
1054:Clinical Voice Disorders
1000:Grant's Atlas of Anatomy
829:
790:Ancient Greek physician
532:between the two nerves.
506:superior laryngeal nerve
502:internal laryngeal nerve
498:inferior laryngeal nerve
373:inferior laryngeal nerve
106:posterior cricoarytenoid
2503:no significant branches
2405:no significant branches
2245:no significant branches
256:right subclavian artery
27:Nerve in the human body
2823:Stylopharyngeal branch
2583:submandibular ganglion
2568:Nerve to the stapedius
1947:Wedel MJ (June 2012).
1767:(3 Suppl): 149S–160S.
1666:ANZ Journal of Surgery
1552:10.1210/jendso/bvab110
1057:. Thieme. p. 74.
860:Thyroarytenoid muscles
810:to biology, anatomist
721:Horses are subject to
637:the inability to speak
611:
517:
436:Parasympathetic fibers
335:and travel within the
321:
309:
110:lateral cricoarytenoid
1966:10.4202/app.2011.0019
1885:. Manson Publishing.
1773:10.1378/chest.07-1358
1521:A&A Case Reports.
772:evidence of evolution
762:Evidence of evolution
606:
594:Clinical significance
573:interarytenoid muscle
475:ligamentum arteriosum
450:During human and all
388:ligamentum arteriosum
306:ligamentum arteriosum
295:
234:) is a branch of the
2671:Facial motor nucleus
2367:parasympathetic root
1497:10.1210/jc.2004-2533
727:disease of the axons
619:) or loss of voice (
524:usually refers to a
510:anastomosis of Galen
414:and emerge from the
400:somatic motor fibers
252:cricothyroid muscles
2983:Recurrent laryngeal
2828:Pharyngeal branches
2606:Posterior auricular
2454:trigeminal ganglion
1913:Slatter DH (2003).
1847:10.1155/2012/230736
565:cricothyroid muscle
410:are located in the
402:that innervate the
267:deep cardiac plexus
2966:Superior laryngeal
2833:Tonsillar branches
2531:Intermediate nerve
2347:oculomotor nucleus
1334:. 28 November 2023
776:intelligent design
612:
504:, a branch of the
408:pharyngeal muscles
380:bilateral symmetry
310:
296:Passing under the
69:Posterior view of
3170:
3169:
3098:
3097:
3064:Posterior gastric
2959:pharyngeal plexus
2954:Pharyngeal branch
2877:
2876:
2741:Scarpa's ganglion
2729:lateral lemniscus
2724:striae medullares
2707:vestibular nuclei
2695:Vestibulocochlear
2689:
2688:
2096:978-0-00-219818-9
1992:978-0-7614-7882-9
1926:978-0-7216-8607-3
1892:978-1-84076-608-0
1807:978-0-7817-7365-2
1404:Moore KL (1992).
1373:978-91-7409-123-6
1362:Hydman J (2008).
1269:978-0-86577-838-2
1192:978-1-4160-4844-2
1126:978-0-86577-976-1
1096:978-1-58890-441-6
1064:978-1-58890-662-5
1037:978-1-58890-443-0
1010:978-0-7817-7055-2
983:978-0-07-154769-7
951:978-0-8089-2306-0
918:. Merriam-Webster
892:. Merriam-Webster
703:Ortner's syndrome
674:systematic review
663:, during which a
625:respiratory tract
537:subclavian artery
487:cricoid cartilage
468:ductus arteriosus
404:laryngeal muscles
384:arch of the aorta
349:subclavian artery
298:subclavian artery
244:intrinsic muscles
224:
223:
219:
16:(Redirected from
3200:
3116:nucleus ambiguus
3090:Solitary nucleus
3080:Nucleus ambiguus
3059:Anterior gastric
3006:Inferior cardiac
2936:Auricular branch
2931:Meningeal branch
2889:
2888:
2869:Solitary nucleus
2859:Nucleus ambiguus
2838:Lingual branches
2759:
2758:
2753:Glossopharyngeal
2676:Solitary nucleus
2556:Greater petrosal
2521:
2520:
2371:ciliary ganglion
2207:
2200:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2143:
2142:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1681:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1554:
1530:
1524:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1490:(5): 3084–3088.
1475:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1377:
1359:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1328:
1317:
1316:
1285:The Laryngoscope
1280:
1274:
1273:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1227:10.1002/ca.22011
1215:Clinical Anatomy
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1148:Human embryology
1142:
1131:
1130:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1080:
1069:
1068:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1021:
1015:
1014:
994:
988:
987:
967:
956:
955:
937:
928:
927:
925:
923:
908:
902:
901:
899:
897:
882:
866:
840:
816:Andreas Vesalius
774:, as opposed to
432:solitary nucleus
412:nucleus ambiguus
341:carotid arteries
216:edit on Wikidata
213:
67:
55:
43:
42:
21:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3137:
3094:
3068:
3030:
2992:
2940:
2916:
2873:
2847:
2811:lesser petrosal
2806:tympanic plexus
2786:
2747:
2712:cochlear nuclei
2685:
2659:
2597:
2589:
2546:
2540:
2509:
2480:
2411:
2382:
2329:
2290:
2284:olfactory tract
2251:
2217:
2211:
2151:
2146:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2047:
2043:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1792:
1788:
1756:
1752:
1721:(1): CD012483.
1707:
1703:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1643:
1625:
1621:
1582:
1578:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1513:
1476:
1472:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1402:
1395:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1360:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1254:
1250:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1143:
1134:
1127:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1081:
1072:
1065:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1022:
1018:
1011:
995:
991:
984:
968:
959:
952:
938:
931:
921:
919:
910:
909:
905:
895:
893:
890:Free Dictionary
884:
883:
879:
875:
870:
869:
841:
837:
832:
800:recurrent nerve
788:
764:
748:dinosaurs, the
719:
699:
686:
649:
601:
596:
563:except for the
557:
520:), even though
483:
456:pharyngeal arch
448:
424:jugular foramen
396:
367:underneath the
333:jugular foramen
290:
278:pharyngeal arch
220:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
78:
58:
39:
32:thenar eminence
28:
23:
22:
18:Recurrent nerve
15:
12:
11:
5:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2886:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2797:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2719:Cochlear nerve
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2700:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2628:Parotid plexus
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2573:Chorda tympani
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2340:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2279:olfactory bulb
2273:
2272:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2215:cranial nerves
2210:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2158:
2150:
2149:External links
2147:
2145:
2144:
2125:(2): 249–253.
2109:
2095:
2071:
2041:
2014:(3): 216–221.
2008:Neuroscientist
1998:
1991:
1972:
1959:(2): 251–256.
1939:
1925:
1905:
1891:
1871:
1820:
1806:
1786:
1750:
1701:
1672:(1–2): 15–21.
1652:
1619:
1592:(3): 619–632.
1576:
1545:(8): bvab110.
1525:
1511:
1470:
1421:
1414:
1393:
1372:
1345:
1318:
1291:(6): 983–987.
1275:
1268:
1248:
1221:(6): 722–728.
1205:
1191:
1171:
1157:
1132:
1125:
1102:
1095:
1070:
1063:
1043:
1036:
1016:
1009:
989:
982:
957:
950:
929:
903:
876:
874:
871:
868:
867:
864:Vocalis muscle
834:
833:
831:
828:
787:
784:
770:, is cited as
763:
760:
718:
715:
698:
695:
685:
682:
648:
645:
600:
597:
595:
592:
556:
553:
545:cardiac plexus
482:
479:
447:
444:
395:
392:
363:and enter the
339:alongside the
337:carotid sheath
289:
286:
222:
221:
212:
206:
205:
200:
194:
193:
188:
182:
181:
176:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
141:
140:
118:thyroarytenoid
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
80:
79:
68:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3205:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:Vagal trunks
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2923:jugular fossa
2919:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2894:jugular fossa
2890:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2843:Carotid sinus
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2816:otic ganglion
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2793:jugular fossa
2789:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2764:jugular fossa
2760:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:lingual nerve
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2235:septal nuclei
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2161:cranialnerves
2159:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1415:0-683-06133-X
1411:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1366:. Stockholm.
1365:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1160:
1158:0-443-08724-5
1154:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1001:
993:
985:
979:
975:
974:
966:
964:
962:
953:
947:
943:
936:
934:
917:
913:
907:
891:
887:
881:
877:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
839:
835:
827:
825:
821:
820:Thomas Willis
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
759:
757:
756:
751:
747:
742:
740:
735:
733:
728:
724:
717:Other animals
714:
712:
708:
704:
697:Other disease
694:
691:
681:
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
610:
605:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
478:
476:
471:
469:
463:
461:
457:
453:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
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361:thyroid gland
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122:aryepiglottis
119:
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37:
33:
19:
3188:Human throat
2982:
2596:stylomastoid
2548:facial canal
2502:
2404:
2318:optic chiasm
2244:
2164:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2102:February 27,
2100:. Retrieved
2085:
2074:
2064:February 27,
2062:. Retrieved
2057:
2044:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1981:
1975:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1915:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1881:
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1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1796:
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1655:
1644:. Retrieved
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1363:
1336:. Retrieved
1288:
1284:
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1218:
1214:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1181:
1174:
1164:February 26,
1162:. Retrieved
1147:
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1085:
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999:
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941:
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915:
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894:. Retrieved
889:
880:
842:Namely, the
838:
812:Richard Owen
799:
789:
765:
753:
743:
736:
722:
720:
700:
687:
678:neuroimaging
665:stroboscopic
661:laryngoscopy
650:
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577:
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534:
526:blood vessel
509:
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231:
227:
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179:A14.2.01.166
154:
40:
3183:Vagus nerve
3143:Hypoglossal
2524:Near origin
2323:optic tract
912:"Recurrent"
824:Frank Lahey
755:Supersaurus
750:vertebrates
690:lung cancer
670:medicolegal
657:parathyroid
530:anastomoses
522:anastomosis
518:ansa galeni
446:Development
345:aortic arch
324:(back) and
314:vagus nerve
302:aortic arch
236:vagus nerve
144:Identifiers
92:Vagus nerve
3177:Categories
2736:Vestibular
2648:mandibular
2621:stylohyoid
2611:Suprahyoid
2536:Geniculate
2474:mandibular
2464:ophthalmic
2417:Trigeminal
2335:Oculomotor
2079:Berry RJ,
1840:: 230736.
1813:August 12,
1646:2022-05-24
1633:StatPearls
1441:(2): 102.
1262:. Thieme.
1089:. Thieme.
1030:. Thieme.
873:References
732:stertorous
617:hoarseness
580:vocal fold
452:vertebrate
98:Innervates
3156:Branches
3104:Accessory
3024:posterior
3011:Pulmonary
2697:(CN VIII)
2638:zygomatic
2616:digastric
2499:Branches
2469:maxillary
2460:Branches
2401:Branches
2388:Trochlear
2358:Branches
2257:Olfactory
2028:1073-8584
1614:231611505
1586:Endocrine
1382:cite book
780:tetrapods
584:esophagus
481:Variation
357:esophagus
288:Structure
260:recurrent
126:esophagus
114:arytenoid
75:bronchial
3145:(CN XII)
3019:anterior
2976:internal
2971:external
2910:inferior
2905:superior
2901:Ganglia
2801:Tympanic
2780:inferior
2775:superior
2771:Ganglia
2653:cervical
2633:temporal
2517:(CN VII)
2486:Abducens
2376:inferior
2362:superior
2337:(CN III)
2223:Terminal
2139:14769313
2083:(1986).
2081:Hallam A
2052:(1841).
2036:72125962
1932:March 2,
1898:March 2,
1866:23424588
1781:17873166
1745:30659577
1688:22989215
1641:29261997
1606:33449296
1571:34258495
1506:15728196
1465:35415225
1338:3 August
1313:26161510
1305:10369294
1243:23512491
1235:22162120
1198:March 6,
922:March 1,
896:March 1,
808:homology
768:giraffes
746:sauropod
586:and the
555:Function
71:tracheal
3160:lingual
3152:Nucleus
3128:Cranial
3112:Nuclei
3106:(CN XI)
3054:Hepatic
3036:Abdomen
2892:Before
2762:Before
2755:(CN IX)
2703:Nuclei
2598:foramen
2495:Nucleus
2488:(CN VI)
2450:Course
2425:Nuclei
2397:Nucleus
2390:(CN IV)
2343:Nuclei
2314:Course
2304:Nuclei
2298:(CN II)
2275:Course
2265:Nuclei
2241:Course
2231:Nuclei
2177:youTube
1857:3477763
1736:6353246
1696:8581189
1562:8271212
1456:8984510
886:"Recur"
786:History
739:stridor
653:thyroid
647:Surgery
633:dyspnea
621:aphonia
588:trachea
418:in the
416:medulla
394:Nucleus
386:at the
353:trachea
326:currere
246:of the
167:D012009
134:trachea
83:Details
3133:Spinal
3073:Nuclei
3044:Celiac
2998:Thorax
2921:After
2885:(CN X)
2852:Nuclei
2791:After
2664:Nuclei
2643:buccal
2545:Inside
2515:Facial
2419:(CN V)
2259:(CN I)
2225:(CN 0)
2137:
2093:
2050:Owen R
2034:
2026:
1989:
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1779:
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1189:
1155:
1123:
1093:
1061:
1034:
1007:
980:
948:
804:goiter
684:Tumors
609:goitre
599:Injury
460:embryo
406:, and
365:larynx
248:larynx
102:Larynx
34:, see
3049:Renal
2883:Vagus
2296:Optic
2032:S2CID
1761:Chest
1692:S2CID
1610:S2CID
1309:S2CID
1239:S2CID
830:Notes
792:Galen
711:heart
707:palsy
541:aorta
514:Latin
318:Latin
282:Galen
214:[
150:Latin
130:heart
2946:Neck
2213:The
2135:PMID
2104:2013
2091:ISBN
2066:2013
2024:ISSN
1987:ISBN
1934:2013
1921:ISBN
1900:2013
1887:ISBN
1862:PMID
1838:2012
1815:2013
1802:ISBN
1777:PMID
1741:PMID
1684:PMID
1637:PMID
1602:PMID
1567:PMID
1502:PMID
1461:PMID
1410:ISBN
1388:link
1368:ISBN
1340:2024
1301:PMID
1264:ISBN
1231:PMID
1200:2013
1187:ISBN
1166:2013
1153:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1059:ISBN
1032:ISBN
1005:ISBN
978:ISBN
946:ISBN
924:2013
898:2013
862:and
818:and
725:, a
655:and
398:The
355:and
304:and
226:The
203:6246
191:6344
174:TA98
162:MeSH
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73:and
2594:At
2444:TMN
2429:PSN
2369:of
2127:doi
2123:187
2016:doi
1961:doi
1852:PMC
1842:doi
1769:doi
1765:132
1731:PMC
1723:doi
1674:doi
1594:doi
1557:PMC
1547:doi
1492:doi
1451:PMC
1443:doi
1293:doi
1289:109
1223:doi
744:In
701:In
539:or
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232:RLN
198:FMA
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