42:
49:
35:
3609:
377:", which often has non-music divisions as well. A music group controls and consists of music-publishing companies, record (sound recording) manufacturers, record distributors, and record labels. Record companies (manufacturers, distributors, and labels) may also constitute a "record group" which is, in turn, controlled by a music group. The constituent companies in a music group or record group are sometimes marketed as being "divisions" of the group.
882:
in exchange for 30 percent of the net income from all touring, merchandise, endorsements, and fan-club fees. Atlantic would also have the right to approve the act's tour schedule, and the salaries of certain tour and merchandise sales employees hired by the artist. In addition, the label also offers the artist a 30 percent cut of the label's album profits—if any—which represents an improvement from the typical industry royalty of 15 percent.
509:
stated intent often being to control the quality of the artist's output. Independent labels usually do not enjoy the resources available to the "big three" and as such will often lag behind them in market shares. However, frequently independent artists manage a return by recording for a much smaller production cost of a typical big label release. Sometimes they are able to recoup their initial advance even with much lower sales numbers.
862:. In exchange for these rights, labels usually give higher advance payments to artists, have more patience with artist development, and pay higher percentages of CD sales. These 360 deals are most effective when the artist is established and has a loyal fan base. For that reason, labels now have to be more relaxed with the development of artists because longevity is the key to these types of pact. Several artists such as
827:, whose career was developed with major label backing, announced an end to their major label contracts, citing that the uncooperative nature of the recording industry with these new trends is hurting musicians, fans and the industry as a whole. However, Nine Inch Nails later returned to working with a major label, admitting that they needed the international marketing and promotional reach that a major label can provide.
619:
Collectors discussing labels as brands would say that 4th & B'way is a sublabel or imprint of just "Island" or "Island
Records". Similarly, collectors who choose to treat corporations and trademarks as equivalent might say 4th & B'way is an imprint and/or sublabel of both Island Records, Ltd. and that company's sublabel, Island Records, Inc. However, such definitions are complicated by the corporate
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the artist and supports the artist's vision is no longer present to advocate for the artist. In extreme cases, record labels can prevent the release of an artist's music for years, while also declining to release the artist from their contract, leaving the artist in a state of limbo. Artists who have had disputes with their labels over ownership and control of their music have included
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from release, or shelved. Record labels generally do this because they believe that the album will sell better if the artist complies with the label's desired requests or changes. At times, the record label's decisions are prudent ones from a commercial perspective, but these decisions may frustrate artists who feel that their art is being diminished or misrepresented by such actions.
881:
to an artist shows a variation of the structure. Atlantic's document offers a conventional cash advance to sign the artist, who would receive a royalty for sales after expenses were recouped. With the release of the artist's first album, however, the label has an option to pay an additional $ 200,000
799:
In the early days of the recording industry, recording labels were absolutely necessary for the success of any artist. The first goal of any new artist or band was to get signed to a contract as soon as possible. In the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, many artists were so desperate to sign a contract with a
735:
The relationship between record labels and artists can be a difficult one. Many artists have had conflicts with their labels over the type of sound or songs they want to make, which can result in the artist's artwork or titles being changed before release. Other artists have had their music prevented
642:
Vanity labels are labels that bear an imprint that gives the impression of an artist's ownership or control, but in fact represent a standard artist/label relationship. In such an arrangement, the artist will control nothing more than the usage of the name on the label, but may enjoy a greater say in
508:
Independent labels are often considered more artist-friendly. Though they may have less sales power, indie labels typically offer larger artist royalty with a 50% profit-share agreement, aka 50–50 deal, not uncommon. In addition, independent labels are often artist-owned (although not always), with a
857:
digital distribution, causing music sales to plummet in recent years. Labels and organizations have had to change their strategies and the way they work with artists. New types of deals called "multiple rights" or "360" deals are being made with artists, where labels are given rights and percentages
739:
In other instances, record labels have shelved artists' albums with no intention of any promotion for the artist in question. Reasons for shelving can include the label deciding to focus its resources on other artists on its roster, or the label undergoing a restructure where the person that signed
655:
However, not all labels dedicated to particular artists are completely superficial in origin. Many artists, early in their careers, create their own labels which are later bought out by a bigger company. If this is the case it can sometimes give the artist greater freedom than if they were signed
618:
Ltd. in the UK and by a subordinate branch, Island
Records, Inc., in the United States. The center label on a 4th & Broadway record marketed in the United States would typically bear a 4th & B'way logo and would state in the fine print, "4th & B'way™, an Island Records, Inc. company".
904:
or other online payment system. Some of these labels also offer hard copy CDs in addition to direct download. Digital Labels are the latest version of a 'net' label. Whereas 'net' labels were started as a free site, digital labels represent more competition for the major record labels.
425:
label (which would be renamed Sony Music
Entertainment after a 2008 merger); BMG kept its music publishing division separate from Sony BMG and later sold BMG Music Publishing to UMG. In 2007, the remaining record labels—then known as the Big Four—controlled about 70% of the
651:
in the UK. At one point artist Lizzie Tear (under contract with ABC themselves) appeared on the imprint, but it was devoted almost entirely to ABC's offerings and is still used for their re-releases (though
Phonogram owns the masters of all the work issued on the label).
512:
On occasion, established artists, once their record contract has finished, move to an independent label. This often gives the combined advantage of name recognition and more control over one's music along with a larger portion of royalty profits. Artists such as
699:
on the selling price of the recordings. Contracts may extend over short or long durations, and may or may not refer to specific recordings. Established, successful artists tend to be able to renegotiate their contracts to get terms more favorable to them, but
504:
is sometimes used to refer to only those independent labels that adhere to independent criteria of corporate structure and size, and some consider an indie label to be almost any label that releases non-mainstream music, regardless of its corporate structure.
560:
Some independent labels become successful enough that major record companies negotiate contracts to either distribute music for the label or in some cases, purchase the label completely, to the point where it functions as an imprint or sublabel.
947:
In the mid-2000s, some music publishing companies began undertaking the work traditionally done by labels. The publisher Sony/ATV Music, for example, leveraged its connections within the Sony family to produce, record, distribute, and promote
727:
A contract either provides for the artist to deliver completed recordings to the label, or for the label to undertake the recording with the artist. For artists without a recording history, the label is often involved in selecting producers,
623:
that occurred in 1989 (when Island was sold to PolyGram) and 1998 (when PolyGram merged with
Universal). PolyGram held sublabels including Mercury, Island and Motown. Island remained registered as corporations in both the United States and
117:, recording artists have traditionally been reliant upon record labels to broaden their consumer base, market their albums, and promote their singles on streaming services, radio, and television. Record labels also provide
145:
company which (together with the companies in its group) has more than 5% of the world market(s) for the sale of records or music videos." As of 2012, there are only three labels that can be referred to as "major labels":
1633:
1538:
732:, additional musicians, and songs to be recorded, and may supervise the output of recording sessions. For established artists, a label is usually less involved in the recording process.
3393:
3362:
845:" sales model as an online download, but they also returned to a label for a conventional release. Research shows that record labels still control most access to distribution.
2180:
Suhr, Cecilia (November 2011). "Understanding the
Hegemonic Struggle between Mainstream Vs. Independent Forces: The Music Industry and Musicians in the Age of Social Media".
3370:
598:
A record label may give a musical act an imprint as part of their branding, while other imprints serve to house other activities, such as side ventures of that label.
1208:
628:, but control of its brands changed hands multiple times as new companies were formed, diminishing the corporation's distinction as the "parent" of any sublabels.
3461:
360:
358:
2308:
529:, among others, have done this. Historically, companies started in this manner have been re-absorbed into the major labels (two examples are American singer
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have emerged. Depending on the ideals of the net label, music files from the artists may be downloaded free of charge or for a fee that is paid via
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record company that they sometimes ended up signing agreements in which they sold the rights to their recordings to the record label in perpetuity.
349:
352:
121:, who assist performers in gaining positive media coverage, and arrange for their merchandise to be available via stores and other media outlets.
3456:
1546:
1079:
441:: most of EMI's recorded music division was absorbed into UMG; EMI Music Publishing was absorbed into Sony/ATV Music Publishing; finally, EMI's
684:
If an artist and a label want to work together, whether an artist has contacted a label directly, usually by sending their team a demo, or the
338:
1769:
3398:
3347:
1275:
3342:
2066:
1303:"CNN Transcript – Special Event: Lars Ulrich, Roger McGuinn Testify Before Senate Judiciary Committee on Downloading Music on the Internet"
1714:
3446:
3357:
3529:
3408:
3388:
1510:
1302:
340:
2283:
553:'s Maverick Records (started by Madonna with her manager and another partner) was to come under control of Warner Music when Madonna
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to refer to either an imprint or a subordinate label company (such as those within a group). For example, in the 1980s and 1990s,
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3034:
2303:
3544:
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3422:
1150:
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PolyGram was merged into
Universal Music Group (UMG) in 1999, leaving the remaining record labels to be known as the Big Five.
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347:
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team of the label has scouted the artist and reached out directly, they will usually enter in to a contractual relationship.
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233:
1484:
3478:
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1335:
823:, and other services, at little to no cost, but with correspondingly low financial returns. Established artists, such as
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348:
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with recording artists and their managers. The term "record label" derives from the circular label in the center of a
318:
2139:
1825:
1223:
583:. An imprint is often marketed as a "unit" or "division" of the parent label, though in most cases, they operate as
356:
3054:
2354:
1743:
138:
75:
490:
Record labels and music publishers that are not under the control of the big three are generally considered to be
3044:
2512:
2411:
83:
3473:
1057:
968:
was founded as the
Internet's first record label where the releases were directly funded by the artist's fans.
342:
2160:
1569:
811:, the role of labels is rapidly changing, as artists are able to freely distribute their own material through
357:
345:
339:
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17:
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1659:
343:
3169:
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In 2004, Sony and BMG agreed to a joint venture and merged their recorded music division to create the
341:
337:
336:
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2488:
611:
355:
271:
142:
134:
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985:
914:
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485:
227:
130:
2633:
1485:"JoJo Spent Nearly a Decade Fighting Her Label and Won. Here's What She Learned, in Her Own Words"
199:
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2237:
457:
400:
91:
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757:
685:
370:
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Record labels are often under the control of a corporate umbrella organization called a "music
99:
2193:
1209:"More and more corporate brands are starting their own record labels (Again). Will they last?"
158:. In 2014, AIM estimated that the majors had a collective global market share of some 65–70%.
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2349:
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705:
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8:
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526:
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and leaving only Sony Music as wholly-owned subsidiary of an international conglomerate (
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2144:
2115:
2021:
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717:
692:
538:
469:
465:
450:
427:
384:
281:
195:
155:
103:
1932:"Trent Reznor on Nine Inch Nails' Columbia Signing: 'I'm Not a Major Label Apologist'"
1798:"Lupe Fiasco Blasts Atlantic and Lyor Cohen, Calls Music Biz 'Damn Near a Mob Cartel'"
1715:"After Years of Record-Label Limbo, Michelle Branch Can Tell You That She's Happy Now"
643:
the packaging of their work. An example of such a label is the
Neutron label owned by
351:
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3235:
3230:
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2025:
1802:
1607:
1422:
932:
842:
801:
701:
522:
41:
1174:
Mergers of Majors: Applying the
Failing Firm Doctrine in the Recorded Music Industry
1158:
716:
never received any of the royalties they had been promised for their biggest hits, "
289:
3266:
3180:
3082:
3014:
2906:
2832:
2796:
2791:
2658:
2590:
2535:
2437:
2189:
2011:
2003:
1905:
1881:
1539:"Tinashe Reveals She 'Fired' Her Team, Alleges Former Record Label 'Sabotaged' Her"
1458:
878:
729:
312:
265:
656:
directly to the big label. There are many examples of this kind of label, such as
110:
which prominently displays the manufacturer's name, along with other information.
3134:
3127:
2855:
2776:
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2663:
2648:
2643:
2007:
1936:
1602:
998:
953:
824:
773:
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665:
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534:
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374:
366:
48:
2618:
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3006:
2962:
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2842:
2818:
2781:
2713:
2530:
2260:
1719:
867:
812:
789:
753:
648:
625:
615:
546:
114:
1395:"'I had no confidence, no money': the pop stars kept in limbo by major labels"
3628:
3155:
2847:
2786:
2718:
2575:
2555:
2525:
2124:
1638:
1611:
949:
928:
854:
769:
709:
530:
496:
380:
From 1929 to 1998, there were six major record labels, known as the Big Six:
308:
261:
222:
87:
86:
company that manages such brands and trademarks, coordinates the production,
34:
3569:
3534:
3303:
3282:
3148:
3019:
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2952:
2911:
2901:
2875:
2801:
2771:
2550:
2498:
2446:
2298:
2091:
1959:
1830:
1770:"Kanye West Says Universal Music Group Refuses To Tell Him Cost of Masters"
1691:
1399:
816:
741:
661:
637:
514:
107:
3579:
3514:
3331:
3106:
2985:
2886:
2863:
2811:
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2703:
2673:
2668:
2628:
2600:
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2565:
2483:
1003:
965:
859:
853:
Computers and internet technology led to an increase in file sharing and
837:
793:
785:
542:
500:), even if they are large corporations with complex structures. The term
79:
2140:"Madonna Is a Free Agent After Decade-Long Deal With Interscope Records"
1423:"Tinashe's Studio Session Tale Shows How Ruthless The Music Business Is"
1023:
3240:
3162:
3067:
2756:
2739:
2595:
2545:
2388:
2016:
1511:"Scooter Braun Sells Taylor Swift's Big Machine Masters for Big Payday"
820:
781:
644:
580:
518:
442:
394:
243:
151:
1634:"Virgin/EMI Sue 30 Seconds to Mars for $ 30 Million, Leto Fights Back"
1454:"What's it like for musicians whose labels won't release their music?"
3499:
3195:
3113:
2859:
2708:
2580:
2493:
828:
713:
592:
584:
438:
218:
118:
95:
71:
1172:
672:, who were releasing EPs for years before the company was bought by
575:
A label used as a trademark or brand and not a company is called an
453:
Group (WMG) in July 2013. This left the so-called Big Three labels.
3275:
3225:
3120:
2749:
2744:
1858:
1371:
1276:"Inside Prince's Career-Long Battle to Master His Artistic Destiny"
897:
891:
863:
808:
422:
412:
82:, or the company that owns it. Sometimes, a record label is also a
3024:
2947:
2921:
2879:
2462:
2229:
2165:
1664:
896:
With the Internet now being a viable source for obtaining music,
745:
3049:
2585:
1427:
1050:"Independent Music is now a growing force in the global market"
901:
831:
also cited similar motives with the end of their contract with
761:
712:'s claim, made in July 2000 before a US Senate committee, that
695:
with an artist to market the artist's recordings in return for
554:
461:
285:
1742:
Lockett, Dee; Gordon, Amanda; Zhan, Jennifer (23 April 2021).
335:
2870:
2520:
936:
777:
765:
98:
for sound recordings and music videos, while also conducting
67:
2182:
International Journal of Technology, Knowledge & Society
614:(pronounced as "Broadway") was a trademarked brand owned by
3220:
3072:
2560:
2452:
2328:
2087:"Behind the music: When artists are held hostage by labels"
804:
are usually employed by artists to discuss contract terms.
473:
369:". A music group is usually affiliated to an international
1177:, 7 Brook. J. Corp. Fin. & Com. L. 589, 601–04 (2013).
3245:
3215:
3141:
2916:
2457:
2071:
1964:
1336:"Musicians That Were Forced To Change Their Album Covers"
1307:
832:
673:
434:
389:
124:
1744:"The Complete History of Kesha's Fight Against Dr. Luke"
1598:"'My December': Kelly Clarkson, Striking Out On Her Own"
1189:"5 Lessons Big Record Labels Learned From Independents"
2041:"A decade of iTunes singles killed the music industry"
1367:"What It's Like When A Label Won't Release Your Album"
956:, rather than waiting for a deal with a proper label.
1570:"Why Is Megan Thee Stallion Suing Her Record Label?"
975:
430:, and about 80% of the United States music market.
549:, now owned by Universal Music Group). Similarly,
2067:"You Ask, We Answer: What Exactly Is A 360 Deal?"
1886:(BA thesis). Claremont McKenna College. Paper 703
1741:
3626:
2161:"Madonna move shows music industry's 360-model"
1989:"iTunes: Breaking Barriers and Building Walls"
885:
557:herself of controlling shares in the company.
100:talent scouting and development of new artists
2245:
1854:"Musicians v. record labels: 14 famous feuds"
456:In 2020 and 2021, both WMG and UMG had their
679:
403:(formed in 1985 as RCA/Ariola International)
133:" ("indie"), or they may be part of a large
27:Brand associated with music and music videos
1960:"Radiohead sign 'conventional' record deal"
1660:"The Clipse ends tumultuous tenure at Jive"
1482:
1080:"Global record companies market share 2022"
691:A label typically enters into an exclusive
129:Record labels may be small, localized and "
94:, marketing, promotion, and enforcement of
2252:
2238:
1687:"Ciara: 'I pray my label will release me'"
1094:"The Rise And Fall Of Major Record Labels"
919:The new century brought the phenomenon of
708:provides a strong counterexample, as does
2727:
2015:
1796:Cowen, Trace William (11 February 2019).
927:record labels. These are inspired by the
591:or separate business structure (although
397:(known as CBS Records until January 1991)
1508:
1186:
877:A look at an actual 360 deal offered by
858:to artist's touring, merchandising, and
807:Due to advancing technology such as the
2158:
1657:
1250:"How to send a demo to a record label?"
942:
848:
704:'s much-publicized 1994–1996 feud with
579:, a term used for a similar concept in
14:
3627:
2206:
2137:
2038:
1986:
1879:
1823:
1595:
1536:
1509:Halperin, Shirley (16 November 2020).
1483:JoJo; Lockett, Dee (2 November 2015).
1451:
1420:
1273:
1187:McDonald, Heather (20 November 2019).
125:Major versus independent record labels
2233:
2108:
2104:
2102:
1795:
1767:
1631:
1567:
1478:
1476:
1447:
1445:
1392:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1333:
1221:
959:
908:
2179:
2064:
1851:
1658:Crosley, Hillary (29 October 2007).
1247:
1148:
1124:"Copyright Law, Treaties and Advice"
668:; and Morning Records, owned by the
606:Music collectors often use the term
234:List of Universal Music Group labels
3479:Global Recording Artist of the Year
3447:Highest-grossing live music artists
2194:10.18848/1832-3669/CGP/v07i06/56248
1596:du Lac, J. Freedom (26 June 2007).
24:
2259:
2159:Adegoke, Yinka (11 October 2007).
2099:
1883:The Rise and Fall of Record Labels
1768:Jones, Jiggy (16 September 2020).
1473:
1442:
1421:Joseph, Delenda (9 January 2017).
1353:
437:were sold off separately by owner
25:
3646:
2382:
2225:
1852:Park, Andrea (25 February 2016).
1274:Newman, Melinda (28 April 2016).
1056:. 1 February 2014. Archived from
874:have signed such types of deals.
319:List of Warner Music Group labels
3608:
3607:
3594:
2624:Artists and repertoire (A&R)
2355:Universal Music Publishing Group
2138:Moreau, Jordan (8 August 2020).
2109:Leeds, Jeff (11 November 2007).
2039:Covert, Adrian (25 April 2013).
1632:Kreps, Daniel (18 August 2008).
1452:Martin, Felicity (7 July 2021).
1334:Boone, Brian (13 January 2020).
1054:Association of Independent Music
978:
631:
541:for some time now, and musician
433:In 2012, the major divisions of
139:Association of Independent Music
47:
40:
33:
3045:Entertainment Monitoring Africa
2207:Butler, Susan (31 March 2007).
2200:
2173:
2152:
2131:
2079:
2058:
2032:
1980:
1952:
1924:
1906:"Nine inch nails = independent"
1898:
1873:
1845:
1817:
1789:
1761:
1735:
1707:
1679:
1651:
1625:
1589:
1561:
1530:
1502:
1414:
1393:Jones, Rhian (11 August 2021).
1386:
1327:
1295:
1267:
1241:
1215:
1149:Jobs, Steve (6 February 2007).
409:(known as MCA Music until 1996)
161:
137:, or somewhere in between. The
3545:Largest recorded music markets
3452:Highest-grossing concert tours
2065:Cole, Tom (24 November 2010).
1537:Furdyk, Brent (19 July 2019).
1311:. 11 July 2000. Archived from
1201:
1180:
1165:
1142:
1116:
1086:
1072:
1042:
1028:Online Etymological Dictionary
1016:
479:
230:, United States (operational)
141:(AIM) defines a 'major' as "a
13:
1:
2111:"The New Deal: Band as Brand"
1126:. Copynot.org. Archived from
1009:
935:movements and the success of
587:for it and do not exist as a
460:with WMG starting trading at
3601:Record production portal
2417:Independent UK record labels
2008:10.1080/03007766.2013.810849
1824:Hudson, John (18 May 2010).
1568:Hogan, Marc (6 March 2020).
1365:Zafar, Aylin (13 May 2013).
1222:Rosen, Jody (11 June 2019).
954:a dormant Sony-owned imprint
595:are sometimes registered).
464:and UMG starting trading at
294:
247:
204:
7:
3469:Most-attended concert tours
1996:Popular Music & Society
1648:Retrieved 3 September 2021.
971:
886:Internet and digital labels
601:
589:distinct business operation
207:; 90 years ago
10:
3651:
3484:Wealthiest musical artists
3337:Best-selling music artists
1224:"The Day the Music Burned"
912:
889:
635:
568:
564:
537:, which has been owned by
483:
472:which in turn is owned by
449:labels were absorbed into
225:, Netherlands (corporate)
166:
3588:
3492:
3324:
3259:
3188:
3179:
3091:
3055:New Zealand singles chart
2976:
2940:
2831:
2609:
2511:
2476:
2430:
2373:
2337:
2276:
2267:
680:Relationship with artists
272:List of Sony Music labels
135:international media group
54:"Big Three" music labels
3525:Christian music industry
3040:GfK Entertainment charts
2684:Professional audio store
1826:"Paul McCartney vs. EMI"
986:Record production portal
915:Open-source record label
686:Artists & Repertoire
486:Independent record label
244:Sony Music Entertainment
228:Santa Monica, California
2932:Music streaming service
2365:Disney Music Publishing
718:Mr. Tambourine Man
612:4th & B'way Records
329:
3474:Most-attended concerts
3442:Highest-paid musicians
1987:Arditi, David (2014).
758:Thirty Seconds to Mars
474:Sony Group Corporation
297:; 66 years ago
250:; 95 years ago
248:September 9, 1929
113:Within the mainstream
3555:Most valuable records
3550:Most expensive albums
3505:Album-equivalent unit
3035:Italian singles chart
2892:Promotional recording
2360:Warner Chappell Music
2350:Sony Music Publishing
2345:BMG Rights Management
1880:Bielas, Ilan (2013).
1248:Leighton, Mackenzie.
1098:www.arkatechbeatz.com
994:List of record labels
952:'s debut album under
819:file sharing such as
802:Entertainment lawyers
407:Universal Music Group
192:Universal Music Group
148:Universal Music Group
3530:Environmental impact
3430:Best-selling singles
2443:Digital music stores
2209:"Publisher = Label?"
1646:on 4 September 2018.
943:Publishers as labels
849:New label strategies
706:Warner Bros. Records
670:Cooper Temple Clause
571:imprint (trade name)
186:Global market share
3560:Music certification
3540:Largest music deals
3418:Best-selling albums
3251:The Country Network
3030:Irish Singles Chart
2679:Musical instruments
1549:on 3 September 2021
1171:Joshua R. Wueller,
1151:"Thoughts on Music"
1060:on 23 February 2019
841:was released as a "
750:Megan Thee Stallion
205:September 1934
174:Major record label
3073:SNEP singles chart
2848:Extended play (EP)
2619:Album cover design
2116:The New York Times
1695:. 16 February 2011
1228:The New York Times
1211:. 9 December 2019.
1161:on 3 January 2009.
960:Crowdfunded labels
909:Open-source labels
722:Turn! Turn!, Turn!
693:recording contract
539:Warner Music Group
470:Sony Entertainment
466:Euronext Amsterdam
428:world music market
385:Warner Music Group
295:April 6, 1958
282:Warner Music Group
196:Euronext Amsterdam
156:Warner Music Group
102:, and maintaining
3622:
3621:
3565:Parental Advisory
3520:Bootleg recording
3510:A-side and B-side
3367:
3320:
3319:
3236:The Music Factory
3078:Sverigetopplistan
3002:Argentina Hot 100
2968:Music competition
2958:Concert residency
2897:Phonograph record
2867:
2827:
2826:
2654:Music and fashion
2639:Entertainment law
2507:
2506:
2468:Virgin Megastores
2270:and organizations
1968:. 31 October 2007
843:pay what you want
835:when their album
730:recording studios
327:
326:
16:(Redirected from
3642:
3611:
3610:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3365:
3186:
3185:
3083:UK singles chart
3015:Canadian Hot 100
2907:Compact cassette
2845:
2792:Session musician
2767:Hip hop producer
2725:
2724:
2659:Music journalism
2591:Rhythm and blues
2309:IFPI (worldwide)
2274:
2273:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2219:
2218:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2095:. 15 April 2010.
2083:
2077:
2076:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
1993:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1940:. 19 August 2013
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1912:. 8 October 2007
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1642:. Archived from
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1545:. Archived from
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1362:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1184:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1157:. Archived from
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1100:. Archived from
1090:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1030:. Douglas Harper
1020:
988:
983:
982:
981:
879:Atlantic Records
315:, United States
305:
303:
298:
268:, United States
258:
256:
251:
215:
213:
208:
171:
170:
76:music recordings
51:
44:
37:
21:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3595:
3593:
3584:
3488:
3316:
3255:
3175:
3170:Top of the Pops
3135:Musica e dischi
3087:
2972:
2936:
2856:Cassette single
2834:
2823:
2777:Record producer
2723:
2694:Radio promotion
2664:Music publisher
2649:Music executive
2644:Music education
2611:
2605:
2503:
2472:
2426:
2369:
2333:
2277:Representatives
2269:
2268:Major companies
2263:
2258:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2205:
2201:
2178:
2174:
2157:
2153:
2136:
2132:
2107:
2100:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2037:
2033:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1723:. 23 March 2017
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1656:
1652:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1603:Washington Post
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1481:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1450:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1363:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1315:on 4 March 2016
1301:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1166:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1130:on 19 June 2013
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1012:
999:Streaming media
984:
979:
977:
974:
962:
945:
917:
911:
894:
888:
851:
825:Nine Inch Nails
774:Michelle Branch
682:
666:Nine Inch Nails
658:Nothing Records
640:
634:
604:
573:
567:
547:A&M Records
535:Reprise Records
488:
482:
447:Virgin Classics
375:holding company
364:
362:
361:
359:
332:
301:
299:
296:
254:
252:
249:
226:
211:
209:
206:
169:
164:
127:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3648:
3638:
3637:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3604:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3575:Surprise album
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3368:
3363:United Kingdom
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3010:Brasil Hot 100
3004:
2996:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2963:Music festival
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2927:Music download
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2868:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2819:Sound engineer
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2789:
2784:
2782:Rhythm section
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2714:Talent manager
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:Easy listening
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2261:Music industry
2257:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2226:External links
2224:
2221:
2220:
2199:
2188:(6): 123–136.
2172:
2151:
2130:
2098:
2078:
2057:
2031:
2002:(4): 408–424.
1979:
1951:
1923:
1897:
1872:
1844:
1816:
1788:
1760:
1734:
1720:Paste Magazine
1706:
1678:
1650:
1624:
1588:
1560:
1529:
1501:
1472:
1441:
1413:
1385:
1352:
1326:
1294:
1266:
1240:
1214:
1200:
1179:
1164:
1141:
1115:
1085:
1071:
1041:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:
989:
973:
970:
961:
958:
944:
941:
913:Main article:
910:
907:
890:Main article:
887:
884:
850:
847:
790:Paul McCartney
754:Kelly Clarkson
681:
678:
649:Phonogram Inc.
636:Main article:
633:
630:
616:Island Records
603:
600:
566:
563:
484:Main article:
481:
478:
416:
415:
410:
404:
398:
392:
387:
334:
333:
331:
328:
325:
324:
321:
316:
306:
293:
278:
277:
274:
269:
259:
246:
240:
239:
236:
231:
216:
203:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
168:
165:
163:
160:
126:
123:
115:music industry
64:record company
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3647:
3636:
3635:Record labels
3633:
3632:
3630:
3615:
3614:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:Nationality:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3371:United States
3369:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:Rolling Stone
3153:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3061:Rolling Stone
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Oricon charts
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:G-Music chart
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:Backup singer
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2719:Tour promoter
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
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2772:Horn section
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1865:3 September
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1522:3 September
1494:3 September
1465:3 September
1434:3 September
1406:3 September
1378:3 September
1345:3 September
1259:14 November
1233:22 November
1194:The Balance
1134:14 November
1004:White label
966:ArtistShare
933:open source
921:open-source
870:, and even
838:In Rainbows
794:Johnny Cash
786:Lupe Fiasco
660:, owned by
543:Herb Alpert
502:indie label
492:independent
480:Independent
131:independent
88:manufacture
3435:by country
3423:by country
3181:Television
3163:Smash Hits
3068:Sino Chart
2941:Live shows
2852:12" single
2740:Songwriter
2728:Production
2536:Electronic
2477:Live music
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1775:The Source
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1010:References
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255:1929-09-09
183:Divisions
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3500:Album era
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3270:franchise
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3008:Billboard
3000:Billboard
2992:Billboard
2860:CD single
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3189:Channels
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2750:Lyricist
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1972:29 April
1944:29 April
1916:29 April
1859:CBS News
1372:BuzzFeed
1319:29 April
1064:20 March
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892:Netlabel
864:Paramore
809:Internet
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