31:
38:
24:
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366:", which often has non-music divisions as well. A music group controls and consists of music-publishing companies, record (sound recording) manufacturers, record distributors, and record labels. Record companies (manufacturers, distributors, and labels) may also constitute a "record group" which is, in turn, controlled by a music group. The constituent companies in a music group or record group are sometimes marketed as being "divisions" of the group.
871:
in exchange for 30 percent of the net income from all touring, merchandise, endorsements, and fan-club fees. Atlantic would also have the right to approve the act's tour schedule, and the salaries of certain tour and merchandise sales employees hired by the artist. In addition, the label also offers the artist a 30 percent cut of the label's album profits—if any—which represents an improvement from the typical industry royalty of 15 percent.
498:
stated intent often being to control the quality of the artist's output. Independent labels usually do not enjoy the resources available to the "big three" and as such will often lag behind them in market shares. However, frequently independent artists manage a return by recording for a much smaller production cost of a typical big label release. Sometimes they are able to recoup their initial advance even with much lower sales numbers.
851:. In exchange for these rights, labels usually give higher advance payments to artists, have more patience with artist development, and pay higher percentages of CD sales. These 360 deals are most effective when the artist is established and has a loyal fan base. For that reason, labels now have to be more relaxed with the development of artists because longevity is the key to these types of pact. Several artists such as
816:, whose career was developed with major label backing, announced an end to their major label contracts, citing that the uncooperative nature of the recording industry with these new trends is hurting musicians, fans and the industry as a whole. However, Nine Inch Nails later returned to working with a major label, admitting that they needed the international marketing and promotional reach that a major label can provide.
608:
Collectors discussing labels as brands would say that 4th & B'way is a sublabel or imprint of just "Island" or "Island
Records". Similarly, collectors who choose to treat corporations and trademarks as equivalent might say 4th & B'way is an imprint and/or sublabel of both Island Records, Ltd. and that company's sublabel, Island Records, Inc. However, such definitions are complicated by the corporate
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the artist and supports the artist's vision is no longer present to advocate for the artist. In extreme cases, record labels can prevent the release of an artist's music for years, while also declining to release the artist from their contract, leaving the artist in a state of limbo. Artists who have had disputes with their labels over ownership and control of their music have included
725:
from release, or shelved. Record labels generally do this because they believe that the album will sell better if the artist complies with the label's desired requests or changes. At times, the record label's decisions are prudent ones from a commercial perspective, but these decisions may frustrate artists who feel that their art is being diminished or misrepresented by such actions.
870:
to an artist shows a variation of the structure. Atlantic's document offers a conventional cash advance to sign the artist, who would receive a royalty for sales after expenses were recouped. With the release of the artist's first album, however, the label has an option to pay an additional $ 200,000
788:
In the early days of the recording industry, recording labels were absolutely necessary for the success of any artist. The first goal of any new artist or band was to get signed to a contract as soon as possible. In the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, many artists were so desperate to sign a contract with a
724:
The relationship between record labels and artists can be a difficult one. Many artists have had conflicts with their labels over the type of sound or songs they want to make, which can result in the artist's artwork or titles being changed before release. Other artists have had their music prevented
631:
Vanity labels are labels that bear an imprint that gives the impression of an artist's ownership or control, but in fact represent a standard artist/label relationship. In such an arrangement, the artist will control nothing more than the usage of the name on the label, but may enjoy a greater say in
497:
Independent labels are often considered more artist-friendly. Though they may have less sales power, indie labels typically offer larger artist royalty with a 50% profit-share agreement, aka 50–50 deal, not uncommon. In addition, independent labels are often artist-owned (although not always), with a
846:
digital distribution, causing music sales to plummet in recent years. Labels and organizations have had to change their strategies and the way they work with artists. New types of deals called "multiple rights" or "360" deals are being made with artists, where labels are given rights and percentages
728:
In other instances, record labels have shelved artists' albums with no intention of any promotion for the artist in question. Reasons for shelving can include the label deciding to focus its resources on other artists on its roster, or the label undergoing a restructure where the person that signed
644:
However, not all labels dedicated to particular artists are completely superficial in origin. Many artists, early in their careers, create their own labels which are later bought out by a bigger company. If this is the case it can sometimes give the artist greater freedom than if they were signed
607:
Ltd. in the UK and by a subordinate branch, Island
Records, Inc., in the United States. The center label on a 4th & Broadway record marketed in the United States would typically bear a 4th & B'way logo and would state in the fine print, "4th & B'way™, an Island Records, Inc. company".
893:
or other online payment system. Some of these labels also offer hard copy CDs in addition to direct download. Digital Labels are the latest version of a 'net' label. Whereas 'net' labels were started as a free site, digital labels represent more competition for the major record labels.
414:
label (which would be renamed Sony Music
Entertainment after a 2008 merger); BMG kept its music publishing division separate from Sony BMG and later sold BMG Music Publishing to UMG. In 2007, the remaining record labels—then known as the Big Four—controlled about 70% of the
640:
in the UK. At one point artist Lizzie Tear (under contract with ABC themselves) appeared on the imprint, but it was devoted almost entirely to ABC's offerings and is still used for their re-releases (though
Phonogram owns the masters of all the work issued on the label).
501:
On occasion, established artists, once their record contract has finished, move to an independent label. This often gives the combined advantage of name recognition and more control over one's music along with a larger portion of royalty profits. Artists such as
688:
on the selling price of the recordings. Contracts may extend over short or long durations, and may or may not refer to specific recordings. Established, successful artists tend to be able to renegotiate their contracts to get terms more favorable to them, but
493:
is sometimes used to refer to only those independent labels that adhere to independent criteria of corporate structure and size, and some consider an indie label to be almost any label that releases non-mainstream music, regardless of its corporate structure.
549:
Some independent labels become successful enough that major record companies negotiate contracts to either distribute music for the label or in some cases, purchase the label completely, to the point where it functions as an imprint or sublabel.
936:
In the mid-2000s, some music publishing companies began undertaking the work traditionally done by labels. The publisher Sony/ATV Music, for example, leveraged its connections within the Sony family to produce, record, distribute, and promote
716:
A contract either provides for the artist to deliver completed recordings to the label, or for the label to undertake the recording with the artist. For artists without a recording history, the label is often involved in selecting producers,
612:
that occurred in 1989 (when Island was sold to PolyGram) and 1998 (when PolyGram merged with
Universal). PolyGram held sublabels including Mercury, Island and Motown. Island remained registered as corporations in both the United States and
106:, recording artists have traditionally been reliant upon record labels to broaden their consumer base, market their albums, and promote their singles on streaming services, radio, and television. Record labels also provide
134:
company which (together with the companies in its group) has more than 5% of the world market(s) for the sale of records or music videos." As of 2012, there are only three labels that can be referred to as "major labels":
1622:
1527:
721:, additional musicians, and songs to be recorded, and may supervise the output of recording sessions. For established artists, a label is usually less involved in the recording process.
3382:
3351:
834:" sales model as an online download, but they also returned to a label for a conventional release. Research shows that record labels still control most access to distribution.
2169:
Suhr, Cecilia (November 2011). "Understanding the
Hegemonic Struggle between Mainstream Vs. Independent Forces: The Music Industry and Musicians in the Age of Social Media".
3359:
587:
A record label may give a musical act an imprint as part of their branding, while other imprints serve to house other activities, such as side ventures of that label.
1197:
617:, but control of its brands changed hands multiple times as new companies were formed, diminishing the corporation's distinction as the "parent" of any sublabels.
3450:
349:
347:
2297:
518:, among others, have done this. Historically, companies started in this manner have been re-absorbed into the major labels (two examples are American singer
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1920:
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1977:
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have emerged. Depending on the ideals of the net label, music files from the artists may be downloaded free of charge or for a fee that is paid via
789:
record company that they sometimes ended up signing agreements in which they sold the rights to their recordings to the record label in perpetuity.
338:
341:
110:, who assist performers in gaining positive media coverage, and arrange for their merchandise to be available via stores and other media outlets.
3445:
1535:
1068:
430:: most of EMI's recorded music division was absorbed into UMG; EMI Music Publishing was absorbed into Sony/ATV Music Publishing; finally, EMI's
673:
If an artist and a label want to work together, whether an artist has contacted a label directly, usually by sending their team a demo, or the
327:
1758:
3387:
3336:
1264:
3331:
2055:
1292:"CNN Transcript – Special Event: Lars Ulrich, Roger McGuinn Testify Before Senate Judiciary Committee on Downloading Music on the Internet"
1703:
3435:
3346:
3518:
3397:
3377:
1499:
1291:
329:
2272:
542:'s Maverick Records (started by Madonna with her manager and another partner) was to come under control of Warner Music when Madonna
333:
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to refer to either an imprint or a subordinate label company (such as those within a group). For example, in the 1980s and 1990s,
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3023:
2292:
3533:
3440:
3411:
1139:
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PolyGram was merged into
Universal Music Group (UMG) in 1999, leaving the remaining record labels to be known as the Big Five.
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336:
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team of the label has scouted the artist and reached out directly, they will usually enter in to a contractual relationship.
2405:
2307:
222:
1473:
3467:
3457:
1786:
1324:
812:, and other services, at little to no cost, but with correspondingly low financial returns. Established artists, such as
339:
337:
335:
342:
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95:
with recording artists and their managers. The term "record label" derives from the circular label in the center of a
307:
2128:
1814:
1212:
572:. An imprint is often marketed as a "unit" or "division" of the parent label, though in most cases, they operate as
345:
3043:
2343:
1732:
127:
64:
479:
Record labels and music publishers that are not under the control of the big three are generally considered to be
3033:
2501:
2400:
72:
3462:
1046:
957:
was founded as the
Internet's first record label where the releases were directly funded by the artist's fans.
331:
2149:
1558:
800:, the role of labels is rapidly changing, as artists are able to freely distribute their own material through
346:
334:
328:
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3543:
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2233:
1842:
1116:
1090:
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1648:
332:
3158:
2410:
410:
In 2004, Sony and BMG agreed to a joint venture and merged their recorded music division to create the
330:
326:
325:
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2477:
600:
344:
260:
131:
123:
2029:
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974:
903:
609:
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216:
119:
2622:
1474:"JoJo Spent Nearly a Decade Fighting Her Label and Won. Here's What She Learned, in Her Own Words"
188:
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446:
389:
80:
1238:
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746:
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359:
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Record labels are often under the control of a corporate umbrella organization called a "music
88:
2182:
1198:"More and more corporate brands are starting their own record labels (Again). Will they last?"
147:. In 2014, AIM estimated that the majors had a collective global market share of some 65–70%.
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136:
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8:
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and leaving only Sony Music as wholly-owned subsidiary of an international conglomerate (
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2529:
2387:
2312:
2133:
2104:
2010:
1504:
706:
681:
527:
458:
454:
439:
416:
373:
270:
184:
144:
92:
1921:"Trent Reznor on Nine Inch Nails' Columbia Signing: 'I'm Not a Major Label Apologist'"
1787:"Lupe Fiasco Blasts Atlantic and Lyor Cohen, Calls Music Biz 'Damn Near a Mob Cartel'"
1704:"After Years of Record-Label Limbo, Michelle Branch Can Tell You That She's Happy Now"
632:
the packaging of their work. An example of such a label is the
Neutron label owned by
340:
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3508:
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3219:
3199:
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2456:
2109:
2014:
1791:
1596:
1411:
921:
831:
790:
690:
511:
30:
1163:
Mergers of Majors: Applying the
Failing Firm Doctrine in the Recorded Music Industry
1147:
705:
never received any of the royalties they had been promised for their biggest hits, "
278:
3255:
3169:
3071:
3003:
2895:
2821:
2785:
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2647:
2579:
2524:
2426:
2178:
2000:
1992:
1894:
1870:
1528:"Tinashe Reveals She 'Fired' Her Team, Alleges Former Record Label 'Sabotaged' Her"
1447:
867:
718:
301:
254:
645:
directly to the big label. There are many examples of this kind of label, such as
99:
which prominently displays the manufacturer's name, along with other information.
3123:
3116:
2844:
2765:
2682:
2652:
2637:
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1996:
1925:
1591:
987:
942:
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654:
646:
523:
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363:
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37:
2607:
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2807:
2770:
2702:
2519:
2249:
1708:
856:
801:
778:
742:
637:
614:
604:
535:
103:
1384:"'I had no confidence, no money': the pop stars kept in limbo by major labels"
3617:
3144:
2836:
2775:
2707:
2564:
2544:
2514:
2113:
1627:
1600:
938:
917:
843:
758:
698:
519:
485:
369:
From 1929 to 1998, there were six major record labels, known as the Big Six:
297:
250:
211:
76:
75:
company that manages such brands and trademarks, coordinates the production,
23:
3558:
3523:
3292:
3271:
3137:
3008:
2966:
2941:
2900:
2890:
2864:
2790:
2760:
2539:
2487:
2435:
2287:
2080:
1948:
1819:
1759:"Kanye West Says Universal Music Group Refuses To Tell Him Cost of Masters"
1680:
1388:
805:
730:
650:
626:
503:
96:
3568:
3503:
3320:
3095:
2974:
2875:
2852:
2800:
2795:
2750:
2723:
2692:
2662:
2657:
2617:
2589:
2559:
2554:
2472:
992:
954:
848:
842:
Computers and internet technology led to an increase in file sharing and
826:
782:
774:
531:
489:), even if they are large corporations with complex structures. The term
68:
2129:"Madonna Is a Free Agent After Decade-Long Deal With Interscope Records"
1412:"Tinashe's Studio Session Tale Shows How Ruthless The Music Business Is"
1012:
3229:
3151:
3056:
2745:
2728:
2584:
2534:
2377:
2005:
1500:"Scooter Braun Sells Taylor Swift's Big Machine Masters for Big Payday"
809:
770:
633:
569:
507:
431:
383:
232:
140:
1623:"Virgin/EMI Sue 30 Seconds to Mars for $ 30 Million, Leto Fights Back"
1443:"What's it like for musicians whose labels won't release their music?"
3488:
3184:
3102:
2848:
2697:
2569:
2482:
817:
702:
581:
573:
427:
207:
107:
84:
60:
1161:
661:, who were releasing EPs for years before the company was bought by
564:
A label used as a trademark or brand and not a company is called an
442:
Group (WMG) in July 2013. This left the so-called Big Three labels.
3264:
3214:
3109:
2738:
2733:
1847:
1360:
1265:"Inside Prince's Career-Long Battle to Master His Artistic Destiny"
886:
880:
852:
797:
411:
401:
71:, or the company that owns it. Sometimes, a record label is also a
3013:
2936:
2910:
2868:
2451:
2218:
2154:
1653:
885:
With the Internet now being a viable source for obtaining music,
734:
3038:
2574:
1416:
1039:"Independent Music is now a growing force in the global market"
890:
820:
also cited similar motives with the end of their contract with
750:
701:'s claim, made in July 2000 before a US Senate committee, that
684:
with an artist to market the artist's recordings in return for
543:
450:
274:
1731:
Lockett, Dee; Gordon, Amanda; Zhan, Jennifer (23 April 2021).
324:
2859:
2509:
925:
766:
754:
87:
for sound recordings and music videos, while also conducting
56:
2171:
International Journal of Technology, Knowledge & Society
603:(pronounced as "Broadway") was a trademarked brand owned by
3209:
3061:
2549:
2441:
2317:
2076:"Behind the music: When artists are held hostage by labels"
793:
are usually employed by artists to discuss contract terms.
462:
358:". A music group is usually affiliated to an international
1166:, 7 Brook. J. Corp. Fin. & Com. L. 589, 601–04 (2013).
3234:
3204:
3130:
2905:
2446:
2060:
1953:
1325:"Musicians That Were Forced To Change Their Album Covers"
1296:
821:
662:
423:
378:
113:
1733:"The Complete History of Kesha's Fight Against Dr. Luke"
1587:"'My December': Kelly Clarkson, Striking Out On Her Own"
1178:"5 Lessons Big Record Labels Learned From Independents"
2030:"A decade of iTunes singles killed the music industry"
1356:"What It's Like When A Label Won't Release Your Album"
945:, rather than waiting for a deal with a proper label.
1559:"Why Is Megan Thee Stallion Suing Her Record Label?"
964:
419:, and about 80% of the United States music market.
538:, now owned by Universal Music Group). Similarly,
2056:"You Ask, We Answer: What Exactly Is A 360 Deal?"
1875:(BA thesis). Claremont McKenna College. Paper 703
1730:
3615:
2150:"Madonna move shows music industry's 360-model"
1978:"iTunes: Breaking Barriers and Building Walls"
874:
546:herself of controlling shares in the company.
89:talent scouting and development of new artists
2234:
1843:"Musicians v. record labels: 14 famous feuds"
445:In 2020 and 2021, both WMG and UMG had their
668:
392:(formed in 1985 as RCA/Ariola International)
122:" ("indie"), or they may be part of a large
16:Brand associated with music and music videos
1949:"Radiohead sign 'conventional' record deal"
1649:"The Clipse ends tumultuous tenure at Jive"
1471:
1069:"Global record companies market share 2022"
680:A label typically enters into an exclusive
118:Record labels may be small, localized and "
83:, marketing, promotion, and enforcement of
2241:
2227:
1676:"Ciara: 'I pray my label will release me'"
1083:"The Rise And Fall Of Major Record Labels"
908:The new century brought the phenomenon of
697:provides a strong counterexample, as does
2716:
2004:
1785:Cowen, Trace William (11 February 2019).
916:record labels. These are inspired by the
580:or separate business structure (although
386:(known as CBS Records until January 1991)
1497:
1175:
866:A look at an actual 360 deal offered by
847:to artist's touring, merchandising, and
796:Due to advancing technology such as the
2147:
1646:
1239:"How to send a demo to a record label?"
931:
837:
693:'s much-publicized 1994–1996 feud with
568:, a term used for a similar concept in
3616:
2195:
2126:
2027:
1975:
1868:
1812:
1584:
1525:
1498:Halperin, Shirley (16 November 2020).
1472:JoJo; Lockett, Dee (2 November 2015).
1440:
1409:
1262:
1176:McDonald, Heather (20 November 2019).
114:Major versus independent record labels
2222:
2097:
2093:
2091:
1784:
1756:
1620:
1556:
1467:
1465:
1436:
1434:
1381:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1322:
1210:
948:
897:
2168:
2053:
1840:
1647:Crosley, Hillary (29 October 2007).
1236:
1137:
1113:"Copyright Law, Treaties and Advice"
657:; and Morning Records, owned by the
595:Music collectors often use the term
223:List of Universal Music Group labels
3468:Global Recording Artist of the Year
3436:Highest-grossing live music artists
2183:10.18848/1832-3669/CGP/v07i06/56248
1585:du Lac, J. Freedom (26 June 2007).
13:
2248:
2148:Adegoke, Yinka (11 October 2007).
2088:
1872:The Rise and Fall of Record Labels
1757:Jones, Jiggy (16 September 2020).
1462:
1431:
1410:Joseph, Delenda (9 January 2017).
1342:
426:were sold off separately by owner
14:
3635:
2371:
2214:
1841:Park, Andrea (25 February 2016).
1263:Newman, Melinda (28 April 2016).
1045:. 1 February 2014. Archived from
863:have signed such types of deals.
308:List of Warner Music Group labels
3597:
3596:
3583:
2613:Artists and repertoire (A&R)
2344:Universal Music Publishing Group
2127:Moreau, Jordan (8 August 2020).
2098:Leeds, Jeff (11 November 2007).
2028:Covert, Adrian (25 April 2013).
1621:Kreps, Daniel (18 August 2008).
1441:Martin, Felicity (7 July 2021).
1323:Boone, Brian (13 January 2020).
1043:Association of Independent Music
967:
620:
530:for some time now, and musician
422:In 2012, the major divisions of
128:Association of Independent Music
36:
29:
22:
3034:Entertainment Monitoring Africa
2196:Butler, Susan (31 March 2007).
2189:
2162:
2141:
2120:
2068:
2047:
2021:
1969:
1941:
1913:
1895:"Nine inch nails = independent"
1887:
1862:
1834:
1806:
1778:
1750:
1724:
1696:
1668:
1640:
1614:
1578:
1550:
1519:
1491:
1403:
1382:Jones, Rhian (11 August 2021).
1375:
1316:
1284:
1256:
1230:
1204:
1138:Jobs, Steve (6 February 2007).
398:(known as MCA Music until 1996)
150:
126:, or somewhere in between. The
3534:Largest recorded music markets
3441:Highest-grossing concert tours
2054:Cole, Tom (24 November 2010).
1526:Furdyk, Brent (19 July 2019).
1300:. 11 July 2000. Archived from
1190:
1169:
1154:
1131:
1105:
1075:
1061:
1031:
1017:Online Etymological Dictionary
1005:
468:
219:, United States (operational)
130:(AIM) defines a 'major' as "a
1:
2100:"The New Deal: Band as Brand"
1115:. Copynot.org. Archived from
998:
924:movements and the success of
576:for it and do not exist as a
449:with WMG starting trading at
3590:Record production portal
2406:Independent UK record labels
1997:10.1080/03007766.2013.810849
1813:Hudson, John (18 May 2010).
1557:Hogan, Marc (6 March 2020).
1354:Zafar, Aylin (13 May 2013).
1211:Rosen, Jody (11 June 2019).
943:a dormant Sony-owned imprint
584:are sometimes registered).
453:and UMG starting trading at
283:
236:
193:
7:
3458:Most-attended concert tours
1985:Popular Music & Society
1637:Retrieved 3 September 2021.
960:
875:Internet and digital labels
590:
578:distinct business operation
196:; 90 years ago
10:
3640:
3473:Wealthiest musical artists
3326:Best-selling music artists
1213:"The Day the Music Burned"
901:
878:
624:
557:
553:
526:, which has been owned by
472:
461:which in turn is owned by
438:labels were absorbed into
214:, Netherlands (corporate)
155:
3577:
3481:
3313:
3248:
3177:
3168:
3080:
3044:New Zealand singles chart
2965:
2929:
2820:
2598:
2500:
2465:
2419:
2362:
2326:
2265:
2256:
669:Relationship with artists
261:List of Sony Music labels
124:international media group
43:"Big Three" music labels
3514:Christian music industry
3029:GfK Entertainment charts
2673:Professional audio store
1815:"Paul McCartney vs. EMI"
975:Record production portal
904:Open-source record label
675:Artists & Repertoire
475:Independent record label
233:Sony Music Entertainment
217:Santa Monica, California
2921:Music streaming service
2354:Disney Music Publishing
707:Mr. Tambourine Man
601:4th & B'way Records
318:
3463:Most-attended concerts
3431:Highest-paid musicians
1976:Arditi, David (2014).
747:Thirty Seconds to Mars
463:Sony Group Corporation
286:; 66 years ago
239:; 95 years ago
237:September 9, 1929
102:Within the mainstream
3544:Most valuable records
3539:Most expensive albums
3494:Album-equivalent unit
3024:Italian singles chart
2881:Promotional recording
2349:Warner Chappell Music
2339:Sony Music Publishing
2334:BMG Rights Management
1869:Bielas, Ilan (2013).
1237:Leighton, Mackenzie.
1087:www.arkatechbeatz.com
983:List of record labels
941:'s debut album under
808:file sharing such as
791:Entertainment lawyers
396:Universal Music Group
181:Universal Music Group
137:Universal Music Group
3519:Environmental impact
3419:Best-selling singles
2432:Digital music stores
2198:"Publisher = Label?"
1635:on 4 September 2018.
932:Publishers as labels
838:New label strategies
695:Warner Bros. Records
659:Cooper Temple Clause
560:imprint (trade name)
175:Global market share
3549:Music certification
3529:Largest music deals
3407:Best-selling albums
3240:The Country Network
3019:Irish Singles Chart
2668:Musical instruments
1538:on 3 September 2021
1160:Joshua R. Wueller,
1140:"Thoughts on Music"
1049:on 23 February 2019
830:was released as a "
739:Megan Thee Stallion
194:September 1934
163:Major record label
3062:SNEP singles chart
2837:Extended play (EP)
2608:Album cover design
2105:The New York Times
1684:. 16 February 2011
1217:The New York Times
1200:. 9 December 2019.
1150:on 3 January 2009.
949:Crowdfunded labels
898:Open-source labels
711:Turn! Turn!, Turn!
682:recording contract
528:Warner Music Group
459:Sony Entertainment
455:Euronext Amsterdam
417:world music market
374:Warner Music Group
284:April 6, 1958
271:Warner Music Group
185:Euronext Amsterdam
145:Warner Music Group
91:, and maintaining
3611:
3610:
3554:Parental Advisory
3509:Bootleg recording
3499:A-side and B-side
3356:
3309:
3308:
3225:The Music Factory
3067:Sverigetopplistan
2991:Argentina Hot 100
2957:Music competition
2947:Concert residency
2886:Phonograph record
2856:
2816:
2815:
2643:Music and fashion
2628:Entertainment law
2496:
2495:
2457:Virgin Megastores
2259:and organizations
1957:. 31 October 2007
832:pay what you want
824:when their album
719:recording studios
316:
315:
3631:
3600:
3599:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3354:
3175:
3174:
3072:UK singles chart
3004:Canadian Hot 100
2896:Compact cassette
2834:
2781:Session musician
2756:Hip hop producer
2714:
2713:
2648:Music journalism
2580:Rhythm and blues
2298:IFPI (worldwide)
2263:
2262:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2208:
2207:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2084:. 15 April 2010.
2072:
2066:
2065:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2008:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1929:. 19 August 2013
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1901:. 8 October 2007
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1631:. Archived from
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1534:. Archived from
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1351:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1146:. Archived from
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1089:. Archived from
1079:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1019:. Douglas Harper
1009:
977:
972:
971:
970:
868:Atlantic Records
304:, United States
294:
292:
287:
257:, United States
247:
245:
240:
204:
202:
197:
160:
159:
65:music recordings
40:
33:
26:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3584:
3582:
3573:
3477:
3305:
3244:
3164:
3159:Top of the Pops
3124:Musica e dischi
3076:
2961:
2925:
2845:Cassette single
2823:
2812:
2766:Record producer
2712:
2683:Radio promotion
2653:Music publisher
2638:Music executive
2633:Music education
2600:
2594:
2492:
2461:
2415:
2358:
2322:
2266:Representatives
2258:
2257:Major companies
2252:
2247:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2194:
2190:
2167:
2163:
2146:
2142:
2125:
2121:
2096:
2089:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2026:
2022:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1712:. 23 March 2017
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1645:
1641:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1592:Washington Post
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1470:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1439:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1352:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1304:on 4 March 2016
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1174:
1170:
1159:
1155:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1119:on 19 June 2013
1111:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1001:
988:Streaming media
973:
968:
966:
963:
951:
934:
906:
900:
883:
877:
840:
814:Nine Inch Nails
763:Michelle Branch
671:
655:Nine Inch Nails
647:Nothing Records
629:
623:
593:
562:
556:
536:A&M Records
524:Reprise Records
477:
471:
436:Virgin Classics
364:holding company
353:
351:
350:
348:
321:
290:
288:
285:
243:
241:
238:
215:
200:
198:
195:
158:
153:
116:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3637:
3627:
3626:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3593:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3564:Surprise album
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3357:
3352:United Kingdom
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:Brasil Hot 100
2993:
2985:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2952:Music festival
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2916:Music download
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2857:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2808:Sound engineer
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2778:
2773:
2771:Rhythm section
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2703:Talent manager
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Easy listening
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2250:Music industry
2246:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2216:
2215:External links
2213:
2210:
2209:
2188:
2177:(6): 123–136.
2161:
2140:
2119:
2087:
2067:
2046:
2020:
1991:(4): 408–424.
1968:
1940:
1912:
1886:
1861:
1833:
1805:
1777:
1749:
1723:
1709:Paste Magazine
1695:
1667:
1639:
1613:
1577:
1549:
1518:
1490:
1461:
1430:
1402:
1374:
1341:
1315:
1283:
1255:
1229:
1203:
1189:
1168:
1153:
1130:
1104:
1074:
1060:
1030:
1003:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
990:
985:
979:
978:
962:
959:
950:
947:
933:
930:
902:Main article:
899:
896:
879:Main article:
876:
873:
839:
836:
779:Paul McCartney
743:Kelly Clarkson
670:
667:
638:Phonogram Inc.
625:Main article:
622:
619:
605:Island Records
592:
589:
555:
552:
473:Main article:
470:
467:
405:
404:
399:
393:
387:
381:
376:
323:
322:
320:
317:
314:
313:
310:
305:
295:
282:
267:
266:
263:
258:
248:
235:
229:
228:
225:
220:
205:
192:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
157:
154:
152:
149:
115:
112:
104:music industry
53:record company
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3636:
3625:
3624:Record labels
3622:
3621:
3619:
3604:
3603:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:Nationality:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3360:United States
3358:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3145:Rolling Stone
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3050:Rolling Stone
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Oricon charts
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:G-Music chart
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Backup singer
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2708:Tour promoter
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
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3314:Achievements
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3081:Publications
3049:
3009:Circle Chart
2996:
2988:
2980:
2942:Concert tour
2865:Double album
2791:Ghost singer
2776:Orchestrator
2761:Horn section
2688:Record label
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2623:Distribution
2530:Experimental
2502:Major genres
2488:Ticketmaster
2436:iTunes Store
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2033:
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1952:
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1924:
1915:
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1899:Sputnikmusic
1898:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
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1852:. Retrieved
1846:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:The Atlantic
1818:
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1796:. Retrieved
1790:
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1762:
1752:
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1736:
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1714:. Retrieved
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1681:The Guardian
1679:
1670:
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1652:
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1389:The Guardian
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1302:the original
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1243:Groover Blog
1242:
1232:
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1216:
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849:endorsements
841:
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806:peer-to-peer
802:online radio
795:
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731:Taylor Swift
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651:Trent Reznor
643:
630:
627:Vanity label
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504:Dolly Parton
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440:Warner Music
421:
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360:conglomerate
352:
151:Major labels
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97:vinyl record
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69:music videos
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49:record label
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3504:Backmasking
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2891:Eight-track
2876:Music video
2853:Maxi single
2801:Ghostwriter
2796:Vocal coach
2751:Disc jockey
2724:Arrangement
2693:Record shop
2663:Music venue
2658:Music store
2618:Disc jockey
2478:Live Nation
2473:CTS Eventim
2395:Independent
2006:10106/27052
1879:3 September
1854:3 September
1826:3 September
1798:3 September
1770:3 September
1742:3 September
1716:3 September
1688:3 September
1660:3 September
1606:3 September
1570:3 September
1542:3 September
1511:3 September
1483:3 September
1454:3 September
1423:3 September
1395:3 September
1367:3 September
1334:3 September
1248:14 November
1222:22 November
1183:The Balance
1123:14 November
993:White label
955:ArtistShare
922:open source
910:open-source
859:, and even
827:In Rainbows
783:Johnny Cash
775:Lupe Fiasco
649:, owned by
532:Herb Alpert
491:indie label
481:independent
469:Independent
120:independent
77:manufacture
3424:by country
3412:by country
3170:Television
3152:Smash Hits
3057:Sino Chart
2930:Live shows
2841:12" single
2729:Songwriter
2717:Production
2525:Electronic
2466:Live music
2327:Publishers
2308:PROMUSICAE
1764:The Source
1329:Grunge.com
999:References
810:BitTorrent
771:Kanye West
582:trademarks
570:publishing
558:See also:
508:Aimee Mann
432:Parlophone
384:Sony Music
291:1958-04-06
244:1929-09-09
172:Divisions
141:Sony Music
108:publicists
73:publishing
3489:Album era
3383:Brazilian
3355:(Females)
3286:The Voice
3259:franchise
3220:MuchMusic
3185:Channel V
3103:Hot Press
3089:Billboard
2997:Billboard
2989:Billboard
2981:Billboard
2849:CD single
2746:Conductor
2698:Road crew
2678:Promotion
2601:and roles
2483:LiveStyle
2420:Retailers
2383:Universal
2203:Billboard
2114:0362-4331
2015:191563044
1601:0190-8286
1564:Pitchfork
1532:ET Canada
1270:Billboard
953:In 2002,
887:netlabels
818:Radiohead
703:the Byrds
686:royalties
636:while at
574:pseudonym
428:Citigroup
208:Hilversum
93:contracts
85:copyright
61:trademark
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3602:Category
3446:by women
3279:The Four
3265:Popstars
3178:Channels
3110:Kerrang!
2739:Lyricist
2734:Composer
2039:29 April
1961:29 April
1933:29 April
1905:29 April
1848:CBS News
1361:BuzzFeed
1308:29 April
1053:20 March
961:See also
881:Netlabel
853:Paramore
798:Internet
597:sublabel
591:Sublabel
544:divested
412:Sony BMG
402:PolyGram
302:New York
255:New York
3398:Swedish
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3378:Belgian
3364:Genre:
3342:Germany
3337:Finland
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2983:Hot 100
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2869:Mixtape
2824:formats
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