Raymond Westerling

369:, as an officer of the KNIL. Conditions there, as in much of Indonesia, were tense and chaotic after the end of the Japanese occupation. Since the end of World War II, parts of the Indonesian people were in an armed and diplomatic struggle against the Dutch for independence. To restore Dutch control in Medan, Westerling set up an intelligence network and a police force. Formally, Westerling was under British command, but he mostly went his own way. Within a few months, he was notable for his sense of intelligence, which laid the foundations for some important successes for the British forces. He had built a reputation for decisive and heavy-handed action where necessary by successfully rooting out enemies classified as rogue elements by the Dutch, which those most involved legitimized by referring to the brutal methods of the opposing side. With methods such as his elimination of a gang leader who went by the name of Terakan and who was said to be responsible for attacks against European and Indonesian civilians in North Sumatra. In his memoirs he described his action as follows: “We planted a stake in the middle of the village and on it we impaled the head of Terakan. Beneath it we nailed a polite warning to the members of his band that if they persisted in their evildoing, their heads would join his own.” 157: 1014: 719:" (Naval Aviation Service) under the authority of Vice Admiral J.W. Kist. This plan was approved by Van Langen and the same day Westerling was informed of this plan. Van der Veen discussed further details with Van Langen regarding the need for money, rubber boats and fake passports. On 18 February van Langen conveyed this to General van Vreeden. Van der Veen contacted Captain (Sea) P. Vroon, Chief of the MLD and relayed the plan. Vroon informed Admiral Kist that there was a request from the KNIL to use Catalina for a special task. Kist gave his approval, although at the time he was not informed of the actual use. General van Langen, in his letter to Admiral Kist, only explained that one Catalina aircraft was needed for the visit of a high-ranking officer to the Riau Islands, and not a word about Westerling. Subsequently, a false passport was made at the High Commissioner's office (without an official report). The name on the passport was Willem Ruitenbeek, born in Manila. 845: 1066: 519:, Dutch revisionist historian Willem IJzereef claims that the actions of the DST cost about 1,500 Indonesian lives. About 400 of them were executed during actions led by Westerling himself, while the remaining 1,100 were killed during actions of his second in command. The responsibility for these executions was this second in command, as was stated by the Enthoven investigational committee (1948). Another 1,500 deaths could be added as a result of actions of other KNIL units. Approximately 900 Indonesians were killed by pro-Dutch police units and members of the village police. IJzereef believes that Indonesian resistance caused around 1,500 victims. In the report of the Enthoven Committee (1948) the 'red and white terror' is also held responsible for 2,661 cases of rampok (robbery) and 555 cases of arson. 669: 442: 626:, soldiers of the DST and other KNIL units, who opposed the creation of the Indonesian republic. Raymond Westerling claimed that the APRA counted 22,000 men. However, Dutch historian Jaap de Moor says that such an extensive organization only existed in the fantasy of Westerling. He stated that APRA hardly had any size and Westerling was hoping for help from soldiers of the KNIL and in particular the Regiment Speciale Troepen (the successor to the DST/KST), of which he had been commander. These Special Forces soldiers would still have had Westerling on their hands. There are strong indications that senior Indonesian officials, and top Dutch military officers were also involved in the coup. For instance, it is certain that Sultan 568:. Lieutenant Colonel van Beek had been commissioned to carry out a special staff study in order to merge the First Para Company with the Special Forces Corps and, at the same time, carry out a selection for quality among its cadre and men. General Spoor had some special assignments in mind for Westerling. However, based on this new approach and because of the negative publicity surrounding Westerling and the 'old' KST, the army command decided to appoint another commander for the newly formed military unit. On 16 November 1948, Westerling handed over the command of his unit to Lieutenant Colonel W.C.A. van Beek, who was tasked with transforming the Special Forces into a unit suitable for airborne operations in Djokja. 539:, in his 2019 study Captain Raymond Westerling and the South Celebes Affair, argues that Westerling's actions in South Celebes were the result of deliberate decisions taken by the military and political top brass in the Dutch East Indies. Through the General Commission, the representation of the Dutch government in the Dutch East Indies, the entire Cabinet was ultimately responsible for this. Even the top of the judiciary, in the person of Attorney General H.J. Felderhof, endorsed that military action was necessary and warranted by emergency law. Geersing therefore concludes that Westerling's action was in line with the political and social morals of the time and the legal and military frameworks in place at the time. 945: 502:

information received from his own informants or the Dutch military intelligence service, the members of the DST surrounded one or more suspected villages during night, after which they drove the population to a central location. At daybreak, the operation began, often led by Westerling. Men would be separated from women and children. From information obtained through spying and the local people, Westerling deemed certain people as terrorists and murderers. Based on this information they were shot. Persons who offered armed resistance were immediately killed. Afterwards, Westerling would install a new village leader and set up a village police force. All present would have to swear on the

941:, was arrested by the state police. Schilling was sentenced to one year in prison for swindling and embezzling substantial sums of money collected for sabotage operations in Indonesia, while Westerling was acquitted of involvement. Schilling still belonged to the close circle around Westerling in 1969. Meanwhile, the Indonesian Foreign Ministry issued a 'White Paper' in early 1957, stating that investigations into far-right networks supporting the armed uprisings in the Moluccas had been ongoing since the early 1950s. Dutch government circles were also allegedly involved in the plotting, according to the Indonesians. 631:

in the coup, he was later convicted. Consequently, supporters of Westerling call it a myth that this so-called 'Bandung coup' was solely the work of the ousted commander and his faithful. Rather, Westerling served as a forward post. On 5 January 1950, Westerling sent an ultimatum to the government of Jakarta. His demands were the recognition of the APRA as the official army of the state of Pasundan and unconditional respect for the autonomy of the federal states. Westerling added that if the answer was not positive, he could not be held responsible for the outbreak of large-scale fighting by the APRA.

1117:

take an integrated approach and delve deeper into issues that had been addressed in Limpach's study. The spiral of violence of the Bersiap needed to be systematically examined. Political decision-making in The Hague on decolonisation was the subject of that study. The aftermath after 1949 and veteran care also needed further investigation. The Royal Institute for Language, Land and Ethnology (KITLV), the Netherlands Institute for Military History (NIMH) and the Netherlands Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies (NIOD) have been commissioned by the cabinet to conduct the research.

797: 1136:, they managed to interview Westerling. It was Westerling's first recorded appearance on television, but unfortunately, fearing threats and repercussions, not a single Dutch broadcaster dared to broadcast it. After the footage was donated, it was finally broadcast on Dutch television for the first time on the program "Altijd Wat" (There's Just) on NCRV television on 14 August 2012, at 21.10. In the unseen interview, Westerling denied that atrocities were committed in the Dutch East Indies under his responsibility, saying in the interview: 1203:

eyes of the Dutch authorities, he was successful at the time. Determant and effective". In 1949, the Dutch–Indonesian agreement on transfer of power stipulated neither country would call the other on its wartime atrocities, thus ruling out any attempt by Indonesia to press for Westerling's extradition. Geersing wrote in his book, that Westerling received his orders from the political and military top in Batavia with the consent of the Dutch government representatives there. (Commissie-Generaal)

1042: 647:, Westerling's men captured Bandung. However, they failed to take over Jakarta. Law and order were quickly restored by the Republican army and the Indonesian police force. In spite of the coup's relative brevity, it claimed dozens of lives on both sides. The captured APRA soldiers, including some 125 from the Special Troops Regiment, were handed over to the Dutch troops still remaining on Java. A Dutch court-martial sentenced them to prison terms ranging from six to twelve months. Lieutenant 768:, off the coast of Singapore. Previously, a Dutch cabinet meeting on August 7 had decided that upon his arrival in the Netherlands, Westerling would be immediately detained, though it was uncertain for the situation of Westerling in Singapore. Thus, on 15 August 1950, at the High Court hearing in Singapore, Judge Evans ruled that Westerling as a Dutch citizen could not be extradited to Indonesia and that the newly formed Republic of Indonesia had no extradition treaty with the British. 221: 33: 1057:

stated he had based his tactics on the premise that he performed the role of policeman, combating terror: "I arrested terrorists, not because they acted as instigators of the Republican government... but because they made themselves guilty of open and unmistaken crimes...I never had them bombard a village, nor did I take the hut of innocent under fire. I had executed some criminals, but nobody had died needlessly or wrongly by my doing.

707:- Westerling's successor as commander of the elite KST troops - on 16 February at the officers' mess where KL Adjutant H.J. van Bessem lived at Kebon Sirih 66 a meeting took place with Westerling, where Westerling was then hiding. Borghouts reported the meeting to KNIL Lieutenant Colonel Pereira, an officer on the General Staff, who then forwarded the results of this meeting to MayJend. van Langen. 651:, who had acted as a liaison with Westerling, received a sentence of one year and eight months. All were transferred to Dutch New Guinea to serve their sentences there. After their imprisonment (1951-'52) many former APRA soldiers went directly from New Guinea to the Netherlands. While the Dutch government had officially condemned the coup, they helped smuggle Westerling out of Indonesia to 389: 836:

High Commissioner in the Netherlands Susanto requested that Westerling be extradited to Indonesia, but was refused by the Dutch government. Even the day after the extradition request, on 13 May, Westerling was released from custody. The decision of the Dutch Supreme Court on 31 October 1952 stated that Westerling was a Dutch citizen and therefore would not be extradited to Indonesia.

699:. But the day after, on 9 February, Hatta stated that if the Dutch managed to capture Westerling, the Republic would demand that Westerling be handed over to the Indonesians. Hirschfeld recognised that they could not help Westerling as this would bring shame to the Dutch government. Therefore, he told the Dutch military leadership to abandon the plan to rescue Westerling. 711:

relayed these developments to Secretary of State Andreae Fockema. Thus, with the exception of Hirschfeld, the Dutch High Commissioner, all of the highest Dutch ranks in Jakarta, both military and civilian, were aware of and involved in the conspiracy to hide Westerling and his escape from Indonesia. Andreae Fockema stated that he would take over all responsibility.

461:. That island - like other parts of the Dutch East Indies - was in the grip of a violent uprising that was characterised by the Dutch government and in the media as 'red-white terror'. Government authority had all but collapsed, economic life was paralysed, while people in doubt were pressurised to turn away from colonial authority. Guerilla fighters from 1053:

introduction of martial law in South Celebes was the result of purely human reasoning, although for many people it was a bestial act. But go deeper into the reasoning of why I was forced to do it - I put myself aside, I risked martial law and public opinion - then it is the only way to restore peace and order on Celebes with a minimum of bloodshed."

272:. He was the second son of a Greek mother, Sophia Moutzou, and a Dutch dealer in antiques, Paul Westerling, whose family had lived there for three generations. He grew up speaking Greek, Turkish, French and English, and later wrote: "One of the few Western European languages that I didn't speak a word of was my mother tongue: Dutch." When 1194:

According to Indonesian former colonel and military historian Prof Muhammad Natzir Said, Westerling cannot simply be labeled a war perpetrator. "Every soldier knows: under a State of War, people are shot dead on the spot. That is normal. Summary executions were not only carried out by Westerling, but

1116:

decided that a broad, independent investigation should be conducted into the broad context of post-war decolonisation (including society) and political, administrative, judicial and military action in 1945–1949 in the Dutch East Indies, both from a Hague and local perspective. That research needed to

1098:

in 1954. Van Rij and Stam concluded, among other things, "Both the Lieutenant-Governor-General, and the Military Authority, as well as in its opinions the Mr Procurator-General were at fault". Any legal prosecution of the perpetrators of atrocities would have to "bring up the whole background and all

775:

On February 25, Hirschfeld realized that all the reports were true and it turned out that he and Admiral Kist were the only ones who were not informed by van Vreeden, van Langen, and Fockema about the existence of a Dutch conspiracy to save Westerling from being arrested by the Indonesians. Following

1169:

After a historian asked the interior minister for all documents relating to Westerling's coup against the Indonesian president in 1950, he was told that one document had been found at the AIVD that he could access. This document covered 11 pages. An appeal against this decision was rejected. In late

1052:

Westerling's life in the Netherlands was dominated by allegations of atrocities over his actions in South Celebes. Westerling continued to defend his purges and denied accusations of atrocities. That, when he saw fit, he acted ruthlessly, he never contradicted. In interviews, however, he stated "The

763:

After hearing that Westerling had been arrested by the British Police in Singapore, the RIS Government submitted a request to the authorities in Singapore via the British Embassy in Jakarta concerning the extradition of Westerling "on the grounds of crimes perpetrated by him in Indonesia". With this

465:

had joined the local groups and government officials and members of the pro-Dutch Eurasian and Indo-Chinese community, were attacked and killed. The KNIL garrisons, stationed on the island, were not able to provide protection. Criminal gangs had free rein. This period of disorder entered the history

750:

After arriving to port, Westerling had been staying at Chia Piet Kay house in the centre of Singapore. After a visit by special branch officer Mr. A.R. McEwan, it was found that Westerling had entered the colony without the correct papers, mainly the false passport. Alerted by this, McEwan followed

710:

Westerling moved to another hiding place and stayed for a few days at the place of KNIL Sergeant Major L.A. Savalle, who then reported to van der Veen. Van der Veen himself then reported to General van Langen and General Buurman van Vreeden, Commander-in-Chief of the Dutch Army. Van Vreeden himself

630:

of Pontianak, minister in Sukarno's cabinet at the time, played an active role in it. The sultan was a former KNIL colonel, former adjutant of the queen and a friend of Prince Bernhard. He favoured a federal form of state, different from the unitary state Sukarno pursued. Because of his involvement

511:

commented in his publication on Westerling's action: "There may have been guilty ones among those indicated as having aided the T.R.I.S. or other resistance groups, but surely there were innocent ones among them. Besides that: there was no judicial basis for these summary judicial bloodbaths – even

1202:

Westerling's actions were denounced as a war criminal by the Indonesian government and left-wing parties in the Netherlands. Westerling was twice the subject of official inquiries. Dutch historian Nico Schulte Nordholt stated: "...his actions had the approval of the highest authorities, and in the

1056:

His memoirs devote a chapter to his self-defense. "They painted me as a bloodthirsty monster, who attacked the people of Celebes by fire and sword and exposed all those, who in the interest of Indonesia's national independence resisted Dutch rule, to a merciless campaign of repression". Westerling

835:

Early April 1952, Westerling secretly entered the Netherlands. His whereabouts could not be hidden and were soon discovered, and on 16 April, Westerling was arrested at the home of Graaf A.S.H. van Rechteren. Hearing the news of Westerling's arrest in the Netherlands, on 12 May 1952 the Indonesian

771:

The coverage in the mass media deeply hit and humiliated the Dutch civil and military leadership in Indonesia. The RIS Cabinet flooded the Dutch High Commissioner Hirschfeld with questions. Hirschfeld himself did not believe in the mass media at first, while Jend. Buurman van Vreeden and Gen. van

755:

having to enter the territory illegally. Westerling explained to the Singaporean authorities, that he had come to Malaya in an attempt to garner financial support and arms for his organization in Indonesia. Previously, on February 20 when Westerling was still in Jakarta, Hugh Laming, a journalist

506:

that they would not follow in the path of the “terrorists". Finally, Westerling organised a new police force and appointed kampong boards that were made responsible for maintaining order. In 1954, the Van Rij/Stam committee characterised Westerling's actions as a "solemn" method, which would have

925:

river and Westerling had to surrender his passport. The Dutch government refused any support to the movement, after which a protest rally in November 1955 openly threatened a coup of the Dutch government if they would not cooperate. "We have sufficiently filled arms depots," a spokesman for the

579:

drew attention to the fact that Westerling had still not received an award, even though he was a "rare brave, sturdy and handsome commander". Bernhard inquired from General Spoor the same month whether or not Westerling would be awarded a decoration. Spoor informed the prince that he would make

546:

The aftermath of the South Celebes affair has left deep marks, both in Indonesia and the Netherlands. On 12 September 2013, the Dutch government, through its ambassador in Jakarta, Tjeerd de Zwaan, apologised to all victims of the massacre. Ten widows who were still alive received compensation.

542:

Westerling's actions temporarily restored Dutch control in Southern Celebes. Until the end of 1949 the situation there was relatively quiet and under control. However, the Netherlands East Indies government and the Dutch army command soon realised that Westerling's actions led to growing public

780:

that Hirschfeld had absolutely no knowledge of this matter. According to Moor's indications, since the scandal which was very embarrassing to the Dutch Government was uncovered, the relationship between Hirschfeld and the top Dutch military leadership in Indonesia has reached the lowest point.

634:

With no reply to his ultimatum, Westerling started the coup in the night of 22–23 January, a month after international recognition of the Republic of Indonesia. His plan was to attack Bandung and Jakarta at the same time, concentrating on garrisons, police stations, media centres and other key

555:

The Dutch army command did not consider Westerling suitable for the task of commander of a newly formed military unit due to the ongoing negative publicity about his performance in South Celebes and criticism of the violent actions of the DST. The DST then consisted of about 1,200 men. General

977:

spoke in 1969 about the "misdeeds" committed under Westerling's command, he unsuccessfully filed a libel complaint. A government committee concluded in 1969, partly on the basis of an earlier 1954 report, that military excesses had indeed taken place on Celebes. Van Rij and Stam's report held

485:

and the Dutch army command, it was decided to deploy an extra battalion of troops and the DST led by Raymond Westerling. He was given a clear mandate and instructions to organise a counterguerrilla operation against the 'red-white terror'. Part of the mandate Westerling received from Colonel

501:

Westerling claimed that “pacifying” Southern Celebes without losing thousands of innocent lives could only be accomplished by instituting summary execution, on the spot, for suspected enemy fighters, who were generally executed. This became known as part of the "Westerling Method". Based on

930:. Westerling, reportedly still on his way to Ambon, subsequently distanced himself from the new party, after which his comrades brought him before an 'honour council' on suspicion of embezzlement. However, he denied all allegations and the public tribunal was cancelled for unclear reasons. 738:, Westerling explained that his rubber boat was leaking and taking on water. Luckily he was rescued by a Chinese fishing boat that took him to Singapore. On arrival in Singapore, he immediately contacted his Chinese friend Chia Piet Kay, who had helped when buying weapons for the 1178:

that it was implausible that the intelligence service AIVD had only one document about Westerling's failed coup. More documents should be found in the archives; possibly stored under a title other than 'the coup against Sukarno in 1950'. The minister had to take a new decision.

522:

The violent period prior to Westerling's crackdown saw 1,200 Indonesian casualties in South Celebes from rival gangs, crime and political terror under the Republican banner. This, according to Westerling's sympathisers, justified the crackdown. This reading is endorsed by Mr

702:

However, unbeknownst to Hirschfeld, on 10 February Major General van Langen ordered the Chief of Intelligence of the General Staff, Major F. van der Veen to contact Westerling and make arrangements for his escape from Indonesia. With the help of Lieutenant Colonel

973:. Yet not a year went by that the newspapers did not write about him; he was regularly mentioned in connection with foreign conflicts and planned attacks; several times he was refused entry to the country at foreign airports. When former prime minister 1382:"Rapport van mr. Van Rij en mr. Stam, leden van de in 1949 ingestelde commissie met als opdracht, onderzoek te doen naar de beweerde excessen van militairen in Indonesië, met twee departementale nota's en een geleidebrief. (NL-HaNA - 2.09.95)" 695:, State Secretary of the Dutch Cabinet who was also in Jakarta. The subject of the conversation was the rescue of Westerling, who in the eyes of many Dutch people was a hero. It was considered, among other things, to bring Westerling to 313:. Within a year, he was teaching these skills to 10 Commando as a whole, and was also instructing in "Toughness Training". At his own request, he left this staff position and, in December 1943, he rejoined No. 2 Dutch Troop in India. In 512:

in a state of war they did not exist." In the recent publication of Geersing, he claimed that the actions of Westerling were in conformity with the existing and applicable legal and military principles and regulations in those days.

543:

criticism. There was an official inquiry by the Dutch government in April 1947 and Raymond Westerling's actions were justified by this committee. In 1948 he decided to leave the army. He was relieved of his duties in November 1948.

453:(DST) commando unit. Westerling's training of his unit was primarily based on his experiences with the British commandos. In September 1946, the DST, stationed at Batavia (modern-day Jakarta), numbered about 130 soldiers, a mix of 990:, he complained about the "Westerling myth" perpetuated by the lack of an official investigation. Just hours before his death in 1987, he is said to have announced his intention to file summary proceedings against the historian 580:

efforts to obtain an award. However, there was no feeling for this in The Hague. When Westerling's departure from the Special Forces was already certain, Colonel Reemer made one last attempt. He proposed to give Westerling a

1158:

He later stated that the Dutch government supported him. The news shocked and angered many veterans. As a result, journalists for the “Achter het Nieuws” event were escorted by the police because they were threatened.

730:

and then continued its flight to Singapore. They arrived in Singapore waters late in the evening. Approximately one kilometre from the coast of Singapore the plane landed in the sea and the rubber boat was lowered.

602:

area. Here he put together an armed movement from groups opposed to the impending transfer of official power from the Dutch to the Indonesian Republic with the aim of preserving the autonomy of the Dutch-created

714:

On 17 February Lieutenant Colonel Borghouts and Major van der Veen were tasked with drawing up an evacuation plan. A plan was drawn up to take Westerling out of Indonesia on a Catalina aircraft belonging to the

968:

in 1958, however, proved unsuccessful. After that, Westerling led a seemingly unremarkable life. He said he wrote some military reports, including for a foreign oil company, but turned down offers to work as a

863:. After his release from detention, Westerling was often asked to speak at meetings, which were often packed with his devotees. At one meeting, he was asked why Sukarno had not been shot. Westerling replied, 156: 535:("Soldaat in Indonesië", 2016) also give the impression that Westerling's actions, if not directly ordered from on high, were at least condoned by the military and political authorities in Batavia. 1112:

in June 1969. This paper highlights the failure of administrative and political accountability. On 2 December 2016, in response to Rémy Limpach's study, The Burning Campongs of General Spoor, the

584:

for his work in Sumatra, Celebes and Java. Reemer's request was also rejected. In the end, Westerling received only a special certificate of satisfaction at his demobilisation on 14 January 1949.

1199:, spy of the KNIL....to the tree!'" In 1977, Natsir wrote that the stories about thousands of executions had been propaganda fables to generate sympathy for the Indonesian independence struggle. 2822: 1021:

Westerling was married three times. From one of the first two marriages, he had a daughter. He also had a daughter, named Palmyra Westerling, from his third marriage. Around 1955, he lived in

515:

The counter-insurgency operation started in December 1946 and ended in February 1947. According to Indonesian accounts, all this came at the cost of large numbers of casualties. In his book

2109: 938: 688: 1094:

about Dutch atrocities in Java, the Van Rij and Stam committee was set up, using the Enthoven report. Their report was submitted to ministers Donker (Justice) and Staf (War) of the

1147:"I stand firmly behind my actions, with the understanding that one must distinguish between war crimes and severe measures, consistent and just under very difficult circumstances." 722:

On Wednesday 22 February, one month after the failed "coup", Westerling, wearing the uniform of a KNIL sergeant, was picked up by van der Veen and taken by car to the MLD base at

1106:, the Dutch government had archival research conducted by historians led by Cees Fasseur into the excesses committed by Dutch troops in Indonesia: this led to the publication of 1658: 1186:

began investigating claims by widows and children of men allegedly executed there by Dutch soldiers in South Sulawesi. He had been appointed by the court in The Hague to do so.

293:

At the age of 22, in 1941, Westerling reported to the Dutch consulate in Istanbul as a volunteer for the Allies. He made his way to England, where he was conscripted into the

1195:

also on our side. Quite a few spies of the Dutch were shot dead by us after being investigated on the spot. We then surrounded such a desa and if those people said, 'He is a

855:

After protracted wanderings, with constant threats of extradition to Indonesia, Westerling eventually arrived in the Netherlands and published his memoirs. With the help of

856: 248:

and participated in a coup attempt against the Government of Indonesia in January 1950, a month after the official transfer of sovereignty. Both actions were denounced as

859:, in preventing his extradition to Indonesia and the escorting of his Indonesian-French wife, Yvonne Fournier, Westerling settled down in a small town in the province of 1183: 2852: 687:, who was Chief of Staff, at his residence. Westerling's wife told van Langen about the situation her husband was facing. That same day van Langen contacted General 399: 2257:

Van Rij en Stam: Rapporten van de Commissie van onderzoek naar beweerde excessen gepleegd door Nederlandse militairen in Indonesië, 1949-1954 (Bronnenpublicatie)

676:

Since the failure of 23 January, Westerling had been in hiding in Jakarta, where he brought his wife and children. He moved from place to place, among others at

886:. The new grouping - an amalgamation of far-right politicians, adventurers and handy businessmen - made headlines for plans for armed action against Indonesia. 2535: 692: 1594: 475: 301:, but was unhappy with garrison life. Westerling was among the first 48 Dutch soldiers to receive special training at the Commando Basic Training Centre in 2847: 1133: 1013: 844: 704: 898: 2376: 528: 1589: 536: 2165: 1085:

in 1948. It was not made public and nothing was done with it. In that report, this committee concluded that Westerling's actions were warranted.

1065: 934: 495: 487: 309:

in July 1942. After his promotion to corporal, Westerling became the instructor for "Unarmed Combat" and "Silent Killing", in No. 2 Dutch Troop,

410: 1108: 524: 1425:, who later became the leader of an Islamist separatist movement in South Celebes against the new government, which existed from 1950 to 1965. 2857: 2484: 1129:

is working to ensure that the relatives of victims of the purges in South Celebes receive compensation and recognition from the Netherlands.

1073:

Westerling's actions were investigated by the Enthoven Commission at the behest of the Lieutenant Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies,

994:

for accusing the Dutch forces in the Dutch East Indies of atrocities in a draft chapter and for portraying Westerling as a ruthless soldier.

648: 576: 1948: 812:, It turned out that Westerling himself was not immediately taken to the Netherlands, but – with van der Gaag's permission – he got off in 294: 882:(1949). In 1955, he co-founded the Dutch Conservative Party (renamed to Dutch Opposition Union), a continuation of the banned Nazi party 879: 1875: 1539: 338:. He was then taken to London. After healing, he was promoted to lieutenant by the head of BBO, General Van Oorschot, and sent to the 2842: 1126: 979: 867:

The Dutch are very calculating, a bullet costs 35 cents, Soekarno costs less than 5 cents, meaning an unaccountable loss of 30 cents.

112: 378: 199: 328:. To his disappointment, Westerling was never sent to the front line. Instead, he was appointed sergeant major instructor of the 2047: 2018: 1996: 1901: 1274:

Westerling's oorlog: Indonesië 1945-1950 : de geschiedenis van de commando's en parachutisten in Nederlands-Indië 1945-1950

2832: 2827: 997:

He maintained his reputation as a fire-eater; as recently as 1977, he was mentioned in connection with possible kidnapping of

926:

former underground stated. In the process, Westerling was outlined as the ideal leader for the intended armed struggle in the

2787: 2265: 1885: 1744: 1282: 494:. In doing so, he was accountable to the operational commander on site and to the Allied Command Officer (CDO) Major General 457:, and Indonesians. In December 1946, he received the instruction to eliminate the insurgency and to restore Dutch control in 2213: 2191: 2138: 2074: 1970: 1923: 572: 571:

Although Westerling was nominated for an award several times, he was not awarded one. In August 1948, in an open letter to

325: 445:

DST Troops parading through Batavia for Princess Juliana's Birthday in 1947. Leading the way is Captain Raymond Westerling

2110:"Nederlandse militairen noemden het 'godsgericht', gedwongen gevechten tussen Indiërs waarna ze de verliezer doodschoten" 1488:"Gert Oostindie, Soldaat in Indonesië, 1945-1950. Getuigenissen van een oorlog aan de verkeerde kant van de geschiedenis" 2285: 233: 772:

Langen denied that they knew about the Dutch military leadership's assistance to Westerling in escaping to Singapore.

2749: 2726: 2705: 2667: 2648: 2627: 2606: 2585: 2564: 2543: 2457: 1046: 883: 760:, sent a telegram to London and reported that Westerling was on his way to Singapore, to then continue on to Europe. 684: 668: 428: 788:

aircraft and was accompanied by the Dutch Consul General to Singapore, Mr. R. van der Gaag, a Westerling supporter.

1696: 1141:"I am responsible and not the troops who have been under my orders. I personally take responsibility for the acts." 776:

his word, Fockema immediately took the blame and stated that he was responsible and informed the Government of the

334:

in the liberated southern Netherlands. On 10 March 1945 Westerling was seriously injured by a German attack with a

1381: 1836: 441: 2812: 1789: 1171: 310: 241: 194: 944: 2817: 1005:. In 1979, he campaigned for the payment of overdue salaries to former KNIL soldiers, using strong language. 618:

Supporters were recruited from several social, cultural, and political groups. Even with the name, most were

2738:

Kapitein Raymond Westerling en de Zuid-Celebes-Affaire (december 1946 - maart 1947) - Mythe en werkelijkheid

2837: 1082: 878:, which called for extra-parliamentary actions to force compliance with the peace agreement reached at the 627: 561: 321: 2494: 1033:

at the age of 68 in his sleep from cardiac arrest and was buried at Nieuwe Ooster Cemetery in Amsterdam.

615:

that a messianic figure would come to save the people of Java and establish universal peace and justice.

330: 2771: 2766: 2742:

Captain Raymond Westerling and the South Celebes Affairs (December 1946 - March 1947) - Myth and reality

1125:

The Dutch military operations in the Dutch East Indies continue to cause a stir in the Netherlands. The

849: 777: 482: 871:

A few days later, the Indonesian High Commissioner protested to the Dutch cabinet against the insult.

2406: 598:

Raymond Westerling settled down in western Java, married and started a transportation company in the

581: 1877:

Serangan Umum 1 Maret 1949 dalam Kaleidoskop Sejarah Perjuangan Mempertahankan Kemerdekaan Indonesia

449:

In July 1946, Having completed his first assignment as a first lieutenant, Westerling took over the

1153:"the hidden sadism in people in war conditions can flourish much faster than in normal situations." 608: 178: 2349: 2323: 403:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

1821: 1345: 471: 1340: 1090: 957: 765: 764:

communiqué, the authorities had intended to momentarily hold Westerling in a detention camp on

639:

cabinet during one of its government meetings. An interim-federal government, presided over by

450: 277: 173: 160: 1399: 593: 348:(Sumatra) to act together with the British against Indonesian insurgents in and around Medan. 320:

In 1944, he was appointed sergeant for special services and was placed at the disposal of the

204: 723: 2782: 406: 2807: 2802: 2022: 1422: 1216: 1113: 1095: 677: 454: 306: 1816: 8: 1464: 1448: 796: 276:

engulfed Europe in 1941, he went to the Dutch consulate in Istanbul and enlisted in the

644: 305:, on the barren, cold and uninhabited Scottish coast. He completed this training under 917:, which, however, was detained by the Dutch government. Another try was made with the 2745: 2722: 2701: 2684: 2663: 2644: 2623: 2602: 2581: 2560: 2539: 2431: 2261: 1881: 1844: 1740: 1662: 1509: 1468: 1278: 1074: 604: 491: 982:, responsible for some of these excesses. Westerling responded with an interview in 560:

toyed with the idea of carrying out an airborne landing in the Javanese province of

2489: 1499: 1460: 1421:

According to some reports, the high figures mentioned by the Indonesians came from

949: 696: 619: 1025:. Westerling later divorced and remarried. He moved to Amsterdam, where he ran an 2716: 2678: 2638: 2617: 2596: 2575: 2554: 2525: 2255: 1667: 1272: 640: 623: 565: 340: 335: 1564: 1222: 1212: 983: 927: 825: 636: 532: 253: 76: 1734: 1313: 1041: 478:(1948), There was no organised rebellion against Dutch authority at the time. 2796: 2779:

Documentary on Westerling's counter-insurgency operation in southern Sulawesi

2688: 1848: 1763: 1513: 1504: 1487: 1472: 1002: 914: 752: 727: 622:

who wanted an independent Pasundan not ruled by Javanese, defectors from the

517:

De Zuid-Celebes Affaire: Kapitein Westerling en de standrechtelijke executies

366: 298: 232:(31 August 1919 – 26 November 1987) was a Dutch military officer of the 127: 114: 1166:

Westerling revealed that he had court-martialed and executed 350 prisoners.

784:

On 21 August, Westerling left Singapore as a free man aboard the Australian

751:

by arresting Westerling without any resistance. He was then incarcerated in

490:, the operational commander on South Celebes, was the authority to exercise 2788:

Summary of Dutch publications about Westerling and his actions in Indonesia

2217: 2142: 1974: 1103: 974: 906: 890: 273: 245: 909:. The ship proved unseaworthy, after which they purchased the Schnellboot 848:

Yvonne Fournier and John Thiessen flocked by journalists after landing at

527:, then the attorney-general's representative on South Celebes. Historians 507:

made a deep impression on the population (Conclusion VI). Dutch historian

2521: 2166:"Mijn vader omstreden? 'Hij heeft op Zuid-Celebes ook veel mensen gered'" 1026: 991: 922: 874:

In 1953, he founded the S.O.S. Foundation (Steunt Ontredderde Staten) in

557: 508: 2377:"Kapitein Westerling geeft in tv-interview wandaden op Zuid-Celebes toe" 1221:, which focuses on his role in leading counterinsurgency operations in 739: 302: 1628:

Research conducted by Mr. T. Kempenaars and col. b.d. Guido van Oppen.

672:

Westerling in hiding, days after the attempted coup (10 February 1950)

72: 1030: 998: 970: 860: 652: 612: 324:(BBO), an organization that trained agents for covert actions in the 249: 96: 32: 1132:

In 1969, together with cameraman Hans van der Busken and journalist

824:" (Foundation of Perpetual Faithfulness). They planned to return to 817: 813: 458: 269: 237: 828:

to stir up rebellion there. In the Netherlands itself, Westerling

481:

After intensive consultations between the political leadership in

220: 987: 805: 757: 643:, would take control. Despite their numerical inferiority to the 467: 361:

Westerling first came to Indonesia in September 1945, landing in

1904:(in Dutch). Provinciale Drentsche en Asser Courant. 30 May 1953 1175: 1022: 785: 599: 314: 2823:

Dutch military personnel of the Indonesian National Revolution

470:

era. All this thwarted the Dutch plan to prepare the state of

2783:

Images of Westerling, his troops, his passport and gravestone

2050:(in Dutch). Indische Courant voor Nederland. 16 February 1957 1678: 1676: 965: 961: 875: 809: 503: 362: 345: 268:

Raymond "The Turk" Westerling was born on 31 August 1919 in

2776: 2108:

Rieger-Rompas, Tineke Bennema en Yvonne (25 January 2018).

1017:

A veteran saluting during the funeral of Raymond Westerling

462: 400:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

2048:""Witboek" geeft uiteenzetting over kwestie Ton Schilling" 1673: 1640: 1520: 1291: 658: 2232: 1601: 1341:"De Zuid-celebesaffaire en De Nederlandse Pers 1946-1982" 1240: 1189: 1102:

In the late 1960s, following revelations by psychologist

816:, Belgium. He was soon visited by representatives of the 1060: 2328:

Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia

1817:"De Politieke Steun in Nederland Aan De Republiek Zuid" 1794:

Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia

1428: 1252: 937:(1919-1984), a freelance journalist and founder of the 683:

On 8 February 1950 Westerling's wife met Major General

531:("De brandende kampongs van generaal Spoor", 2016) and 1764:"Westerling Arrested In Singapore; Extradition Sought" 1637:

Venner, D. (1982) Westerling 'De eenling' p.p.343 e.v.

1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 986:, where he defended the use of summary executions. To 2089: 1951:. NDC mediagroep - De Krant van Toen. 11 January 1988 1924:"Westerling wil met Evipan Molukken gaan "bevrijden"" 745: 2407:"How the Netherlands Hid Its War Crimes for Decades" 1971:"Waterval van aanklachten tegen beleid van regering" 948:

Westerling and KNIL veterans protesting in front of

742:. He immediately made plans to return to Indonesia. 1590:

Kapitein Westerling en de Speciale Troepen in Indië

1540:"Dutch apology for mass killings – DW – 09/12/2013" 1353: 607:in western Java. Westerling named his movement the 260:, Westerling was of mixed Dutch and Greek descent. 236:. He orchestrated a counter-guerrilla operation in 2744:] (in Dutch). Soesterberg: Uitgeverij Aspekt. 2532:The Kingdom of the Netherlands During World War II 1565:"Netherlands apology for Indonesia 1940s killings" 1029:bookshop in Amsterdam. He died in his hometown of 2527:Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Wereldoorlog 635:positions. The APRA would raid and eliminate the 351: 2853:Royal Netherlands Army personnel of World War II 2794: 2194:(in Dutch). Limburgsch dagblad. 27 November 1987 2019:"Ereraad verlangt verantwoording van Westerling" 1739:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Uitgeverij Spoor. 726:. The Catalina aircraft only made a stopover in 2279: 2277: 1697:"Westerling's Wife Started Plan for His Escape" 344:on Malacca. From that corps he was deployed to 2458:"Onderzoek in Indonesië naar claims executies" 1949:"Het schot dat Raymond Westerling nooit loste" 2534:] (in Dutch). Vol. 1–14. Amsterdam: 2107: 1695:VIVA, PT VIVA MEDIA BARU- (9 February 2009). 2643:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw. 2622:. San Francisco: Stanford University Press. 2598:The Indonesian National Revolution 1945–1950 2274: 1997:"Nieuwe ,,ster" aan het politieke firmament" 1036: 956:Thereafter, Westerling studied voice at the 663: 2848:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army officers 2520: 2404: 2139:"Hij trad ruw op, maar hij was geen sadist" 1999:(in Dutch). Het Binnenhof. 28 November 1955 1405: 1225:during the Indonesian National Revolution. 1099:responsibilities will have to be checked". 252:by the Indonesian authorities. Born in the 2767:Westerling biography in the Dutch language 2695: 2676: 2619:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 2238: 1873: 1607: 1449:"De brandende kampongs van generaal Spoor" 1297: 1246: 1162:In a 1971 interview he gave to the weekly 839: 474:for independence. Though according to the 31: 2374: 1619:Moor, J.A. de, Westerlings Oorlog, p. 410 1503: 1446: 1127:Dutch Honorary Debts Committee Foundation 1088:After a revealing publication in 1949 in 933:In December 1956, Westerling's confidant 429:Learn how and when to remove this message 2735: 2714: 2615: 2559:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 2411:Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies 2260:(in Dutch). Amsterdam University Press. 1874:Hutagalung, Batara R. (1 January 2010). 1814: 1434: 1368: 1069:Raymond Westerling under inquiry in 1952 1064: 1040: 1012: 943: 843: 795: 667: 440: 2721:(in Dutch). Dieren: De Bataafse Leeuw. 2636: 2573: 2556:Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia 2482: 2405:Gerstenfeld, Manfred (31 August 2020). 2095: 2069: 2067: 2065: 1926:(in Dutch). Het Vrije Volk. 8 June 1955 1902:"Het streven van Westerlings stichting" 1682: 1646: 1526: 1258: 800:Raymond Westerling In Brussels, Belgium 659:Dutch conspiracy in Westerling's escape 2795: 2657: 2318: 2316: 2254:Bent, Maarten van der (1 March 2022). 1880:(in Indonesian). Lkis Pelangi Aksara. 1732: 1598:, December 1999 (Reterived 11-05-2023) 1492:BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review 1190:Views in Indonesia and the Netherlands 889:With financial support from ex-NSB Mr 705:Johannes Josephus Franciscus Borghouts 2552: 2400: 2398: 2249: 2247: 2133: 2131: 2042: 2040: 1943: 1941: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1758: 1756: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1182:In August 2016, Australian historian 1061:Investigation by the Dutch government 893:and Groningen businessman and former 822:Stichting Door de Eeuwen Trouw - DDET 791: 2858:Turkish emigrants to the Netherlands 2594: 2310:Brief kabinet TK 26 049, Nr. 82, p.4 2253: 2163: 2062: 1694: 1485: 1338: 1308: 1306: 1270: 960:. His début as a tenor in Puccini's 382: 379:South Sulawesi campaign of 1946–1947 372: 108:De Nieuwe Ooster Cemetery, Amsterdam 16:Dutch military commander (1919–1987) 2350:"Tv-interview Westerling opgedoken" 2313: 1790:"Kisah Perburuan Kapten Westerling" 1211:Raymond Westerling was depicted by 1120: 13: 2395: 2375:Nicolasen, Lidy (14 August 2012). 2244: 2164:Liem, Suzanne (2 September 2020). 2128: 2037: 1938: 1862: 1753: 1715: 1465:10.5553/benm/138900692017044002011 1447:Fritschij, Ineke (February 2017). 1206: 939:Veterans Legion of the Netherlands 746:Arrival and detention at Singapore 283: 234:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 14: 2869: 2760: 1796:(in Indonesian). 25 February 2016 1303: 884:National European Social Movement 820:from The Hague, who founded the " 689:Dirk Cornelis Buurman van Vreeden 587: 2843:Military personnel from Istanbul 2077:(in Dutch). De Tijd. 8 July 1969 1008: 832:became a most respected person. 387: 356: 317:, he underwent jungle training. 219: 155: 2616:Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993). 2580:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Balans. 2553:Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). 2513: 2476: 2450: 2424: 2368: 2342: 2330:(in Indonesian). 15 August 2012 2304: 2283: 2214:"Kapitein Westerling overleden" 2206: 2184: 2157: 2101: 2011: 1989: 1963: 1916: 1894: 1829: 1808: 1782: 1688: 1652: 1631: 1622: 1613: 1583: 1557: 1532: 1479: 1440: 1415: 978:Westerling, along with Captain 288: 280:, much to his father's dismay. 2700:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Spoor. 2601:. Melbourne: Longman Pty Ltd. 2192:"Raymond Westerling overleden" 1959:– via dekrantvantoen.nl. 1837:"Belgium Reprieves Westerling" 1374: 1332: 1264: 680:62A, with the De Nijs family. 352:Indonesian National Revolution 311:No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando 242:Indonesian National Revolution 230:Raymond Pierre Paul Westerling 195:Indonesian National Revolution 46:Raymond Pierre Paul Westerling 1: 2833:Dutch war crimes in Indonesia 2828:Dutch people of Greek descent 2483:Sidarto, Lina (19 May 2010). 1320:(in Dutch). 15 September 2006 1228: 322:Office of Special Assignments 263: 2696:Westerling, Raymond (1982). 2677:Westerling, Raymond (1952). 1592:, door dr. J.A. de Moor, in 1486:Coté, Joost (13 June 2016). 1233: 717:Marineluchtvaartdienst - MLD 641:Sultan Hamid II of Pontianak 550: 7: 2683:(in Dutch). Antwerp: Vink. 921:, but it was seized on the 331:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten 10: 2874: 2660:Westerling: Guérilla Story 2658:Venner, Dominique (1977). 2464:(in Dutch). 14 August 2016 2356:(in Dutch). 14 August 2012 1733:Venner, Dominique (1982). 1659:Voormalige APRA-militairen 778:United States of Indonesia 624:Indonesian Republican Army 591: 376: 2715:IJzereef, Willem (1984). 1318:Raymond Westerling Online 1037:Allegations of atrocities 905:was purchased to sail to 895:Sicherheitspolizei and SD 664:Flight from Tanjung Priok 582:Military Order of William 215: 187: 166: 151: 143: 103: 86: 58: 50: 42: 30: 23: 2736:Geersing, Bauke (2019). 1815:Bosscher, Doeko (1978). 1736:Westerling: 'de eenling' 1505:10.18352/bmgn-lchr.10214 609:Legion of the Just Ruler 256:, despite his nickname, 205:APRA coup d'état attempt 179:Legion of the Just Ruler 2718:De Zuid-Celebes Affaire 2228:– via delpher.nl. 2202:– via delpher.nl. 2153:– via delpher.nl. 2085:– via delpher.nl. 2058:– via delpher.nl. 2033:– via delpher.nl. 2007:– via delpher.nl. 1985:– via delpher.nl. 1934:– via delpher.nl. 1912:– via delpher.nl. 1822:University of Groningen 1346:University of Groningen 840:Life in the Netherlands 200:South Sulawesi campaign 2698:Westerling, de Eenling 2595:Reid, Anthony (1974). 2324:"Pengakuan Sang Jagal" 1453:Beleid en Maatschappij 1271:Moor, Jaap de (1999). 1156: 1091:De Groene Amsterdammer 1070: 1049: 1018: 958:Amsterdam conservatory 953: 880:Round Table Conference 869: 852: 804:After a brief stop to 801: 673: 446: 409:by rewriting it in an 295:Princess Irene Brigade 278:Royal Netherlands Army 174:Korps Speciale Troepen 2813:Dutch anti-communists 2640:De Politionele Acties 1768:Sydney Morning Herald 1138: 1081:was presented to the 1068: 1045:Raymond Westerling's 1044: 1016: 947: 901:, the armoured yacht 865: 847: 799: 671: 444: 2818:Dutch mass murderers 2637:Teitler, G. (1990). 2574:De Moor, J. (1999). 2023:Algemeen Handelsblad 1423:Abdul Kahar Muzakkar 1277:(in Dutch). Balans. 693:W.H. Andreae Fockema 691:, Hirschfeld and Mr 575:, his then adjutant 566:Second Police Action 564:(Djokja) during the 455:Dutch war volunteers 451:Depot Special Forces 326:occupied Netherlands 307:William E. Fairbairn 128:52.34583°N 4.93917°E 81:(current-day Turkey) 2838:Dutch war criminals 2662:. Paris: Hachette. 2577:Westerling's oorlog 1977:. 28 November 1955 1685:, pp. 437–512. 1649:, pp. 413–436. 1595:Militaire Spectator 1571:. 12 September 2013 1529:, pp. 277–282. 1096:third Drees cabinet 476:Enthoven Commission 124: / 2497:on 4 February 2013 2485:"Westerling's War" 2220:. 27 November 1987 2145:. 27 November 1987 2075:"Westerling Praat" 1843:. 25 August 1950. 1841:The New York Times 1770:. 27 February 1950 1339:Ijzereef, Willem. 1134:Joop Buddinghausen 1071: 1050: 1019: 954: 853: 802: 792:Landing in Belgium 724:Tanjung Priok Port 674: 645:Siliwangi Division 447: 411:encyclopedic style 398:is written like a 144:Service years 37:Westerling in 1948 25:Raymond Westerling 2286:"De excessennota" 2267:978-90-485-5687-8 1887:978-979-1283-94-6 1746:978-90-6122-714-4 1663:Nationaal Archief 1386:Nationaal Archief 1300:, pp. 81–87. 1284:978-90-5018-425-0 1261:, pp. 89–96. 1215:in the 2020 film 1151:Westerling added 1145:He further said, 766:St. John's Island 605:state of Pasundan 492:summary execution 472:eastern Indonesia 439: 438: 431: 373:Southern Sulawesi 227: 226: 133:52.34583; 4.93917 2865: 2755: 2732: 2711: 2692: 2673: 2654: 2633: 2612: 2591: 2570: 2549: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2493:. Archived from 2490:The Jakarta Post 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2432:"201310644/1/A3" 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2402: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2320: 2311: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2251: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2135: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2071: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2044: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1945: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1871: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1760: 1751: 1750: 1730: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1671: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1507: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1419: 1413: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1351: 1350: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1310: 1301: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1249:, pp. 9–16. 1244: 1172:Council of State 1121:Renewed interest 950:Soestdijk Palace 850:Schiphol Airport 611:(APRA) from the 594:APRA Coup d'état 434: 427: 423: 420: 414: 391: 390: 383: 223: 159: 139: 138: 136: 135: 134: 129: 125: 122: 121: 120: 117: 93: 90:26 November 1987 82: 79: 68: 66: 35: 21: 20: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2793: 2792: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2729: 2708: 2670: 2651: 2630: 2609: 2588: 2567: 2546: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2403: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2282: 2275: 2268: 2252: 2245: 2239:Westerling 1952 2237: 2233: 2223: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2137: 2136: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2106: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1872: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1813: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1773: 1771: 1762: 1761: 1754: 1747: 1731: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1703:(in Indonesian) 1693: 1689: 1681: 1674: 1668:Wayback Machine 1657: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1608:Westerling 1952 1606: 1602: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1572: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1525: 1521: 1484: 1480: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1420: 1416: 1406:De Jong 1969–88 1404: 1400: 1390: 1388: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1367: 1354: 1337: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1298:Westerling 1952 1296: 1292: 1285: 1269: 1265: 1257: 1253: 1247:Westerling 1952 1245: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1209: 1207:Popular culture 1192: 1170:July 2014, the 1123: 1079:Enthoven Report 1063: 1039: 1011: 964:in the city of 899:Pieter Gaillard 842: 794: 748: 666: 661: 628:Syarif Hamid II 596: 590: 573:Prince Bernhard 553: 435: 424: 418: 415: 407:help improve it 404: 392: 388: 381: 375: 359: 354: 341:Korps Insulinde 291: 286: 284:Military career 266: 211: 183: 132: 130: 126: 123: 118: 115: 113: 111: 110: 109: 95: 91: 80: 71: 70: 64: 62: 38: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2871: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2769: 2762: 2761:External links 2759: 2757: 2756: 2750: 2733: 2727: 2712: 2706: 2693: 2674: 2668: 2655: 2649: 2634: 2628: 2613: 2607: 2592: 2586: 2571: 2565: 2550: 2544: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2475: 2449: 2436:Raad van State 2423: 2394: 2367: 2341: 2312: 2303: 2273: 2266: 2243: 2241:, p. 150. 2231: 2205: 2183: 2156: 2127: 2100: 2088: 2061: 2036: 2025:. 3 March 1956 2010: 1988: 1962: 1937: 1915: 1893: 1886: 1861: 1828: 1807: 1781: 1752: 1745: 1714: 1701:www.viva.co.id 1687: 1672: 1651: 1639: 1630: 1621: 1612: 1610:, p. 146. 1600: 1582: 1556: 1531: 1519: 1478: 1459:(2): 166–169. 1439: 1437:, p. 172. 1427: 1414: 1398: 1373: 1352: 1331: 1302: 1290: 1283: 1263: 1251: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1223:South Sulawesi 1213:Marwan Kenzari 1208: 1205: 1191: 1188: 1122: 1119: 1062: 1059: 1038: 1035: 1010: 1007: 984:Vrij Nederland 841: 838: 793: 790: 747: 744: 728:Tanjung Pinang 665: 662: 660: 657: 649:P.E.D. Titaley 592:Main article: 589: 588:Attempted coup 586: 552: 549: 537:Bauke Geersing 533:Gert Oostindie 437: 436: 395: 393: 386: 377:Main article: 374: 371: 358: 355: 353: 350: 290: 287: 285: 282: 265: 262: 254:Ottoman Empire 225: 224: 217: 213: 212: 210: 209: 208: 207: 202: 191: 189: 185: 184: 182: 181: 176: 170: 168: 164: 163: 153: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 107: 105: 101: 100: 94:(aged 68) 88: 84: 83: 77:Ottoman Empire 73:Pera, Istanbul 69:31 August 1919 60: 56: 55: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2870: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2753: 2751:9789463387651 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2728:9789067070300 2724: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2707:9789061227144 2703: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2680:Mijn Memoires 2675: 2671: 2669:9782010029080 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2650:9789067072359 2646: 2642: 2641: 2635: 2631: 2629:9780804721943 2625: 2621: 2620: 2614: 2610: 2608:9780582710474 2604: 2600: 2599: 2593: 2589: 2587:9789050184250 2583: 2579: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2566:9780877277347 2562: 2558: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2545:9789068902228 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2399: 2382: 2381:de Volkskrant 2378: 2371: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2317: 2307: 2291: 2290:Andere Tijden 2287: 2280: 2278: 2269: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2250: 2248: 2240: 2235: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2193: 2187: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2132: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2098:, p. 17. 2097: 2092: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2049: 2043: 2041: 2024: 2020: 2014: 1998: 1992: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1925: 1919: 1903: 1897: 1889: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1811: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1648: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1528: 1523: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1443: 1436: 1435:IJzereef 1984 1431: 1424: 1418: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1370: 1369:Geersing 2019 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1335: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1307: 1299: 1294: 1286: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1267: 1260: 1255: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1118: 1115: 1114:Rutte cabinet 1111: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1083:Drees cabinet 1080: 1076: 1075:H.J. van Mook 1067: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1043: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1015: 1009:Personal life 1006: 1004: 1003:Pieter Menten 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 972: 967: 963: 959: 951: 946: 942: 940: 936: 935:Ton Schilling 931: 929: 924: 920: 916: 915:Wilhelmshaven 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 872: 868: 864: 862: 858: 857:John Thiessen 851: 846: 837: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 798: 789: 787: 782: 779: 773: 769: 767: 761: 759: 754: 753:Changi Prison 743: 741: 737: 732: 729: 725: 720: 718: 712: 708: 706: 700: 698: 697:western Papua 694: 690: 686: 681: 679: 670: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 632: 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 613:Javanese myth 610: 606: 601: 595: 585: 583: 578: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 548: 544: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 520: 518: 513: 510: 505: 499: 497: 496:Eduard Engles 493: 489: 488:Henk de Vries 484: 479: 477: 473: 469: 466:books as the 464: 460: 456: 452: 443: 433: 430: 422: 412: 408: 402: 401: 396:This section 394: 385: 384: 380: 370: 368: 367:North Sumatra 364: 357:North Sumatra 349: 347: 343: 342: 337: 333: 332: 327: 323: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 299:Wolverhampton 296: 281: 279: 275: 271: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 222: 218: 214: 206: 203: 201: 198: 197: 196: 193: 192: 190: 186: 180: 177: 175: 172: 171: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 137: 106: 102: 99:, Netherlands 98: 89: 85: 78: 74: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 2772: 2741: 2737: 2717: 2697: 2679: 2659: 2639: 2618: 2597: 2576: 2555: 2531: 2526: 2514:Bibliography 2499:. Retrieved 2495:the original 2488: 2478: 2466:. Retrieved 2461: 2452: 2440:. Retrieved 2435: 2426: 2414:. Retrieved 2410: 2385:. Retrieved 2380: 2370: 2358:. Retrieved 2353: 2344: 2332:. Retrieved 2327: 2306: 2294:. Retrieved 2289: 2256: 2234: 2222:. Retrieved 2218:De Telegraaf 2216:(in Dutch). 2208: 2196:. Retrieved 2186: 2174:. Retrieved 2169: 2159: 2147:. Retrieved 2143:De Telegraaf 2141:(in Dutch). 2118:. Retrieved 2113: 2103: 2096:De Moor 1999 2091: 2079:. Retrieved 2052:. Retrieved 2027:. Retrieved 2021:(in Dutch). 2013: 2001:. Retrieved 1991: 1979:. Retrieved 1975:De Telegraaf 1973:(in Dutch). 1965: 1953:. Retrieved 1928:. Retrieved 1918: 1906:. Retrieved 1896: 1876: 1852:. Retrieved 1840: 1831: 1820: 1810: 1798:. Retrieved 1793: 1784: 1772:. Retrieved 1767: 1735: 1705:. Retrieved 1700: 1690: 1683:De Moor 1999 1661: 1654: 1647:De Moor 1999 1642: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1603: 1593: 1585: 1573:. Retrieved 1568: 1559: 1547:. Retrieved 1543: 1534: 1527:De Moor 1999 1522: 1495: 1491: 1481: 1456: 1452: 1442: 1430: 1417: 1409: 1401: 1389:. Retrieved 1385: 1376: 1344: 1334: 1322:. Retrieved 1317: 1293: 1273: 1266: 1259:De Moor 1999 1254: 1242: 1217: 1210: 1201: 1196: 1193: 1184:Robert Cribb 1181: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1131: 1124: 1109:Excessennota 1107: 1104:Joop Hueting 1101: 1089: 1087: 1078: 1072: 1055: 1051: 1020: 996: 975:Willem Drees 955: 932: 918: 910: 902: 894: 891:Jan Wolthuis 888: 873: 870: 866: 854: 834: 829: 821: 803: 783: 774: 770: 762: 749: 735: 734:In his book 733: 721: 716: 713: 709: 701: 682: 675: 633: 617: 597: 570: 554: 545: 541: 529:Rémy Limpach 525:B.J. Lambers 521: 516: 514: 500: 480: 448: 425: 416: 397: 360: 339: 329: 319: 292: 289:World War II 274:World War II 267: 257: 246:World War II 229: 228: 92:(1987-11-26) 18: 2808:1987 deaths 2803:1919 births 2524:(1969–88). 2522:De Jong, L. 2416:30 November 1314:"Biografie" 1027:antiquarian 992:Loe de Jong 830:in absentia 678:Kebon Sirih 600:Puncak Pass 577:Henk Ulrici 558:Simon Spoor 509:Lou de Jong 240:during the 188:Conflict(s) 131: / 51:Nickname(s) 2797:Categories 2438:(in Dutch) 2383:(in Dutch) 2292:(in Dutch) 2172:(in Dutch) 2116:(in Dutch) 1229:References 999:war crimes 740:Pao An Tui 736:De Eenling 685:van Langen 562:Yokyakarta 336:V-1 Rocket 303:Achnacarry 264:Early life 250:war crimes 119:04°56′21″E 116:52°20′45″N 65:1919-08-31 43:Birth name 2689:943636733 1849:0362-4331 1514:2211-2898 1473:1389-0069 1412:, p. 994. 1234:Footnotes 1197:mata-mate 1174:ruled on 1031:Purmerend 971:mercenary 861:Friesland 808:and then 653:Singapore 620:Sundanese 551:Departure 216:Signature 147:1941–1950 97:Purmerend 2354:NOS News 1569:BBC News 1218:The East 1164:Panorama 1001:suspect 928:Moluccas 911:Seeadler 897:officer 818:Ambonese 814:Brussels 806:Tangiers 459:Sulawesi 419:May 2022 270:Istanbul 258:The Turk 238:Sulawesi 167:Commands 54:The Turk 2773:Celebes 2501:26 June 1077:. That 1023:Marssum 988:De Tijd 980:Rijborz 952:in 1979 786:Quantas 758:Reuters 483:Batavia 468:Bersiap 405:Please 161:Captain 2748: 2725: 2704: 2687: 2666: 2647: 2626: 2605: 2584: 2563: 2542: 2468:17 May 2442:17 May 2387:17 May 2360:17 May 2334:17 May 2296:11 May 2264: 2224:13 May 2198:13 May 2176:13 May 2149:13 May 2120:13 May 2081:13 May 2054:13 May 2029:13 May 2003:13 May 1981:13 May 1955:13 May 1930:13 May 1908:13 May 1884: 1854:12 May 1847: 1800:12 May 1774:12 May 1743: 1707:12 May 1575:10 May 1549:10 May 1544:dw.com 1512: 1471: 1391:10 May 1324:10 May 1281: 1176:appeal 1047:pistol 919:Evipan 903:Evipan 826:Maluku 315:Ceylon 244:after 104:Buried 2740:[ 2530:[ 2462:Trouw 2284:NTR. 2170:Trouw 2114:Trouw 1666:(via 1498:(2). 966:Breda 962:Tosca 907:Ambon 876:Sneek 810:Paris 756:from 637:Hatta 504:Koran 363:Medan 346:Medan 2777:VPRO 2746:ISBN 2723:ISBN 2702:ISBN 2685:OCLC 2664:ISBN 2645:ISBN 2624:ISBN 2603:ISBN 2582:ISBN 2561:ISBN 2540:ISBN 2536:NIOD 2503:2018 2470:2023 2444:2023 2418:2020 2389:2023 2362:2023 2336:2023 2298:2023 2262:ISBN 2226:2023 2200:2023 2178:2023 2151:2023 2122:2023 2083:2023 2056:2023 2031:2023 2005:2023 1983:2023 1957:2023 1932:2023 1910:2023 1882:ISBN 1856:2023 1845:ISSN 1802:2023 1776:2023 1741:ISBN 1709:2023 1577:2023 1551:2023 1510:ISSN 1469:ISSN 1393:2023 1326:2023 1279:ISBN 463:Java 152:Rank 87:Died 59:Born 1500:doi 1496:131 1461:doi 923:Ems 913:in 297:in 2799:: 2538:. 2487:. 2460:. 2434:. 2409:. 2397:^ 2379:. 2352:. 2326:. 2315:^ 2288:. 2276:^ 2246:^ 2168:. 2130:^ 2112:. 2064:^ 2039:^ 1940:^ 1864:^ 1839:. 1819:. 1792:. 1766:. 1755:^ 1717:^ 1699:. 1675:^ 1567:. 1542:. 1508:. 1494:. 1490:. 1467:. 1457:44 1455:. 1451:. 1410:12 1408:, 1384:. 1355:^ 1343:. 1316:. 1305:^ 655:. 498:. 365:, 75:, 2754:. 2731:. 2710:. 2691:. 2672:. 2653:. 2632:. 2611:. 2590:. 2569:. 2548:. 2505:. 2472:. 2446:. 2420:. 2391:. 2364:. 2338:. 2300:. 2270:. 2180:. 2124:. 1890:. 1858:. 1825:. 1804:. 1778:. 1749:. 1711:. 1670:) 1579:. 1553:. 1516:. 1502:: 1475:. 1463:: 1395:. 1371:. 1349:. 1328:. 1287:. 715:" 432:) 426:( 421:) 417:( 413:. 67:) 63:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index