540:
266:
1176:
322:
40:
456:, although he left a small detachment of his troops in Antioch, where Bohemond also remained. As Adhemar had died in Antioch, Raymond, along with the prestige given to him by the Holy Lance, became the new leader of the crusade. Bohemond however, expelled Raymond's detachment from Antioch in January 1099. Raymond then began to search for a city of his own. He
440:
relinquish his control of the city to
Bohemond, reminding Bohemond that he was obligated to return Antioch to the court of Emperor Alexios, as he had sworn to do. A struggle then arose between Raymond's supporters and the supporters of Bohemond, partly over the genuineness of the Lance, but mostly over the possession of Antioch.
439:
The "miracle" raised the morale of the crusaders, and to their surprise they were able to rout
Kerbogha outside Antioch. The Lance itself became a valuable relic among Raymond's followers, despite Adhemar of Le Puy's skepticism and Bohemond's disbelief and occasional mockery. Raymond also refused to
594:, led an attack on Mons Peregrinus in September 1104 and lit a wing of the citadel on fire. Raymond himself managed to escape across a rooftop, but was badly burned and spent his final months in agony. He died of his injuries on February 28, 1105, before Tripoli was captured.
657:
Raymond of
Toulouse seems to have been driven both by religious and material motives. On the one hand he accepted the discovery of the Holy Lance and rejected the kingship of Jerusalem, but on the other hand he could not resist the temptation of a new territory.
514:
was defeated. However, Raymond wanted to occupy
Ascalon himself rather than give it to Godfrey, and in the resulting dispute Ascalon remained unoccupied. It was not taken by the crusaders until 1153. Godfrey also blamed him for the failure of his army to capture
412:, so Raymond sent his army ahead to occupy it, offending Bohemond of Taranto who wanted the city for himself. The city was, however, still occupied, and was taken by the crusaders only after a difficult siege in June 1098. Raymond took the
491:, but refused, as he was reluctant to rule in the city in which Jesus had suffered. He said that he shuddered to think of being called "King of Jerusalem". It is also likely that he wished to continue the
370:. He ignored requests by his niece, Philippa (the rightful heiress to Toulouse) to grant the rule of Toulouse to her in his stead; instead, he left Bertrand, his eldest son, to govern. He marched to
527:, where he allied with Alexios I, Bohemond's most powerful enemy. Bohemond was at the time attempting to expand Antioch into Byzantine territory, and blatantly refused to fulfill his oath to the
475:
The siege of Arqa, a town outside
Tripoli, lasted longer than Raymond had hoped. Although he successfully captured Hisn al-Akrad, a fortress that would later become the important
705:
832:
654:. William was deposed in the same year by Raymond's eldest son Bertrand, and the county remained in the possession of the counts of Toulouse throughout the 12th century.
457:
1259:
1224:
565:, regent of Antioch during the captivity of Bohemond, and was only dismissed after promising not to attempt any conquests in the country between Antioch and
468:
on 14 February 1099, apparently with the intent of founding an independent territory in
Tripoli that could limit the power of Bohemond to expand the
354:
during an earlier pilgrimage to
Jerusalem. The oldest and the richest of the crusaders, Raymond left Toulouse at the end of October 1096, with a
483:, and he lost much of the support he had gained after Antioch. Raymond finally agreed to continue the march to Jerusalem on 13 May, and after
690:
1249:
961:
561:. He escaped and returned to Constantinople. In 1102, he traveled by sea from Constantinople to Antioch, where he was imprisoned by
389:. Instead, Raymond swore an oath of friendship, and offered his support against Bohemond, mutual enemy of both Raymond and Alexios.
1244:
1145:
628:
359:
152:
337:
17:
574:
543:
519:. When Raymond went north, in the winter of 1099–1100, his first act was one of hostility against Bohemond, capturing
880:
606:
by Pope
Gregory VII in 1076 and in 1078. These excommunications were lifted in 1080, on the death of his first wife.
769:
Jean-Luc Déjean, The Counts of
Toulouse (1050-1250), Fayard, 1979 (reprinted 1988) (ISBN 2-213-02188-0), p. 31-32.
602:
Raymond IV of
Toulouse was married three times, and twice excommunicated for marrying within forbidden degrees of
1254:
1060:
355:
1035:
581:. He was aided by Alexius I, who preferred a friendly state in Tripoli to balance the hostile state in Antioch.
1234:
1155:
1150:
1115:
1100:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
931:
294:
1140:
1120:
1105:
1090:
1055:
1040:
954:
93:
1135:
1025:
351:
302:
342:
Raymond was deeply religious, and wished to die in the Holy Land, and so when the call was raised for the
1219:
1110:
164:
103:
1264:
1229:
1214:
1160:
1020:
562:
397:
1239:
1010:
985:
484:
1165:
995:
947:
680:
499:
in Jerusalem, which he had taken after the fall of the city, and it was only with difficulty that
1085:
591:
469:
190:
1125:
1050:
914:
647:
610:
452:, and they convinced Raymond to lead them there in the autumn of 1098. Raymond led them out to
298:
382:. At the end of April 1097, he was the only crusade leader not to swear an oath of fealty to
1204:
1015:
1005:
379:
632:
1209:
1045:
662:, a clerk in Raymond's army, wrote an account of the crusade from Raymond's point of view.
614:
488:
326:
286:
270:
242:
200:
539:
8:
659:
523:
from him (Bohemond had himself recently taken it from Alexios). From Laodicea he went to
500:
476:
453:
350:
in Latin) after a rumour that he had lost an eye in a scuffle with the doorkeeper of the
990:
554:
420:) and the tower over the Bridge Gate. He was ill during the second siege of Antioch by
386:
290:
130:
1000:
971:
921:
876:
651:
621:
507:
433:
383:
363:
330:
250:
234:
180:
159:
138:
75:
346:, he was one of the first to take the cross. He is sometimes called "the one-eyed" (
578:
528:
492:
461:
401:
282:
238:
134:
50:
901:
The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and its Aftermath
550:
448:
Many of the minor knights and foot soldiers preferred to continue their march to
393:
1130:
643:
636:
524:
496:
495:
rather than remain in Jerusalem. However, he was also reluctant to give up the
375:
210:
168:
68:
894:. Translated by Barton, Simon; Fletcher, Richard. Manchester University Press.
1198:
694:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 934–935.
685:
603:
343:
274:
249:
from 1096 to 1099. He spent the last five years of his life establishing the
246:
939:
566:
487:
the city was captured on 15 July. Raymond was offered the crown of the new
460:
from Maarat, which had been captured in December 1098, into the emirate of
409:
367:
679:
890:
Oviedo, Bishop Pelayo (2000). "Chapter II:Chronicon Regum Legionensium".
417:
311:
comes nimirum Tholosanorum ac Ruthenensium et marchio Provintie Raimundus
265:
510:
soon after the capture of Jerusalem, during which an invading army from
425:
309:
passed to Raymond. A bull of Urban's dated 22 July 1096 names Raymond
480:
449:
254:
862:
Jansen, Katherine L.; Drell, Joanna; Andrews, Frances, eds. (2009).
741:
739:
737:
371:
321:
39:
1175:
974:
558:
421:
313:("Raymond, count of Toulouse and Rouergue, margrave of Provence").
306:
846:
The Chanson D'Antioche: An Old French Account of the First Crusade
772:
293:
with the title of "count" from his father and displaced his niece
1030:
734:
520:
405:
175:
784:
808:
570:
534:
837:
The History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Hundred Years
400:
in 1097, but his first major role came in October 1097 at the
903:. Translated by Sibley, W.A.; Sibley, M.D. The Boydell Press.
620:
His second wife was Matilda (Mafalda), the daughter of Count
613:. Married in 1066, she was repudiated in 1076. Their son was
516:
511:
866:. Translated by Loud, G.A. University of Pennsylvania Press.
569:. He immediately broke his promise, attacking and capturing
586:
465:
429:
269:
19th-century depiction of Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse by
796:
892:
The World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest
855:
The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade
724:
722:
479:, his insistence on taking Tripoli delayed the march to
301:'s daughter, in 1094 from inheriting Toulouse. In 1094,
424:
which culminated in a controversial rediscovery of the
898:
778:
719:
833:"The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople]"
751:
362:, his infant son (who would die on the journey) and
843:
745:
861:
844:Edgington, Susan; Sweetenham, Carol, eds. (2011).
790:
443:
839:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 253–79.
1196:
650:, finally captured Tripoli and established the
577:("Pilgrim's Mountain") which would help in his
1260:French royalty and nobility with disabilities
969:
955:
1225:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
852:
814:
535:Crusade of 1101, siege of Tripoli, and death
225:1041 – 28 February 1105), also called
962:
948:
635:. They married in 1094. Together they had
38:
624:. Married in 1080, Mafalda died in 1094.
245:from 1094, and one of the leaders of the
538:
320:
264:
128:28 February 1105 (aged 63–64)
870:
830:
757:
728:
14:
1197:
889:
802:
677:
642:Following Raymond's death, his nephew
597:
943:
573:, and began to build a castle on the
404:. The crusaders heard a rumour that
864:Medieval Italy: Texts in Translation
716:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
631:, the illegitimate daughter of King
338:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Apamea
325:19th-century painting on display at
316:
609:His first wife was the daughter of
24:
25:
1276:
1250:Christians of the Crusade of 1101
835:. In Baldwin, Marshall W. (ed.).
708:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
305:died and his margravial title to
1174:
791:Jansen, Drell & Andrews 2009
329:depicting Raymond IV along with
1245:Christians of the First Crusade
746:Edgington & Sweetenham 2011
553:, where he was defeated at the
549:Raymond was part of the doomed
444:Extending his territorial reach
899:William of Puylaurens (2003).
873:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes
763:
698:
671:
646:in 1109, with the aid of King
503:was able to take it from him.
295:Philippa, Duchess of Aquitaine
273:. Raymond was a leader of the
260:
148:Daughter of Godfrey I of Arles
13:
1:
853:Graham-Leigh, Elaine (2005).
665:
378:along the same route used by
222:
117:
506:Raymond participated in the
352:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
303:William Bertrand of Provence
7:
706:Raymond IV, of Saint-Gilles
681:"Raymund of Toulouse"
27:French noble (c. 1041–1105)
10:
1281:
831:Duncalf, Frederic (1969).
823:
779:William of Puylaurens 2003
335:
1183:
1172:
981:
928:
919:
911:
627:Raymond's third wife was
611:Godfrey I, Count of Arles
464:, and began the siege of
408:had been deserted by the
364:Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy
206:
196:
186:
174:
158:
144:
124:
113:
109:
99:
89:
81:
74:
64:
56:
49:
37:
32:
704:Bréhier, Louis (1911). "
44:Sketch of Raymond's seal
691:Encyclopædia Britannica
678:Barker, Ernest (1911).
592:Fakhr al-Mulk ibn Ammar
470:Principality of Antioch
454:besiege Maarat al-Numan
358:that included his wife
219:Raymond of Saint-Gilles
1255:French Roman Catholics
1187:Count through conquest
1185:Count through marriage
871:Maalouf, Amin (1983).
648:Baldwin I of Jerusalem
546:
392:He was present at the
333:
278:
227:Raymond IV of Toulouse
1235:Margraves of Provence
710:Catholic Encyclopedia
542:
324:
281:Raymond was a son of
268:
857:. The Boydell Press.
805:, p. 88 note91.
489:Kingdom of Jerusalem
416:(the palace of emir
287:Almodis de La Marche
271:Merry-Joseph Blondel
243:margrave of Provence
231:Raymond I of Tripoli
201:Almodis de la Marche
18:Raymond I of Tripoli
660:Raymond of Aguilers
598:Spouses and progeny
501:Godfrey of Bouillon
477:Krak des Chevaliers
398:Battle of Dorylaeum
380:Bohemond of Taranto
374:, and then east to
1220:Counts of Toulouse
633:Alfonso VI of León
555:Battle of Mersivan
547:
387:Alexios I Komnenos
334:
279:
1265:House of Rouergue
1230:Dukes of Narbonne
1215:Counts of Tripoli
1192:
1191:
938:
937:
929:Succeeded by
922:Count of Toulouse
815:Graham-Leigh 2005
652:County of Tripoli
622:Roger I of Sicily
508:battle of Ascalon
434:Peter Bartholomew
414:palatium Cassiani
384:Byzantine emperor
360:Elvira of Castile
331:Adhemar of Le Puy
317:The First Crusade
251:County of Tripoli
235:count of Toulouse
216:
215:
181:House of Toulouse
153:Elvira of Castile
150:Matilda of Sicily
139:County of Tripoli
76:Count of Toulouse
16:(Redirected from
1272:
1240:Occitan nobility
1178:
964:
957:
950:
941:
940:
912:Preceded by
909:
908:
904:
895:
886:
867:
858:
849:
840:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
732:
726:
717:
702:
696:
695:
683:
675:
579:siege of Tripoli
529:Byzantine Empire
493:siege of Tripoli
402:siege of Antioch
283:Pons of Toulouse
239:duke of Narbonne
224:
191:Pons of Toulouse
119:
51:Count of Tripoli
42:
30:
29:
21:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1179:
1170:
977:
968:
934:
925:
917:
907:
883:
826:
821:
813:
809:
801:
797:
789:
785:
777:
773:
768:
764:
756:
752:
744:
735:
727:
720:
703:
699:
676:
672:
668:
600:
575:Mons Peregrinus
551:Crusade of 1101
544:Mons Peregrinus
537:
485:months of siege
446:
394:siege of Nicaea
340:
319:
263:
167:
151:
149:
129:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
982:
979:
978:
967:
966:
959:
952:
944:
936:
935:
930:
927:
918:
913:
906:
905:
896:
887:
881:
868:
859:
850:
841:
827:
825:
822:
820:
819:
807:
795:
793:, p. 428.
783:
771:
762:
750:
748:, p. 391.
733:
731:, p. 272.
718:
697:
686:Chisholm, Hugh
669:
667:
664:
644:William-Jordan
637:Alfonso Jordan
599:
596:
536:
533:
525:Constantinople
497:Tower of David
472:to the south.
445:
442:
376:Constantinople
318:
315:
297:, his brother
289:. He received
262:
259:
214:
213:
211:Roman Catholic
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
172:
171:
169:Alfonso Jordan
162:
156:
155:
146:
142:
141:
126:
122:
121:
115:
111:
110:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
72:
71:
69:Alfonso Jordan
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1277:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1182:
1177:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
980:
976:
973:
965:
960:
958:
953:
951:
946:
945:
942:
933:
924:
923:
916:
910:
902:
897:
893:
888:
884:
882:0-8052-0898-4
878:
875:. JC Lattes.
874:
869:
865:
860:
856:
851:
847:
842:
838:
834:
829:
828:
816:
811:
804:
799:
792:
787:
781:, p. 17.
780:
775:
766:
760:, p. 75.
759:
754:
747:
742:
740:
738:
730:
725:
723:
715:
711:
707:
701:
693:
692:
687:
682:
674:
670:
663:
661:
655:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
618:
616:
612:
607:
605:
604:consanguinity
595:
593:
589:
588:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
545:
541:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
441:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:large company
353:
349:
345:
344:First Crusade
339:
332:
328:
323:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
276:
275:First Crusade
272:
267:
258:
256:
252:
248:
247:First Crusade
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
220:
212:
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
192:
189:
185:
182:
179:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163:
161:
157:
154:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
116:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1205:1040s births
1095:
1061:Raymond Pons
920:
900:
891:
872:
863:
854:
848:. Routledge.
845:
836:
810:
798:
786:
774:
765:
758:Maalouf 1983
753:
729:Duncalf 1969
713:
709:
700:
689:
673:
656:
641:
626:
619:
608:
601:
590:of Tripoli,
585:
583:
548:
505:
474:
447:
438:
413:
410:Seljuk Turks
391:
368:papal legate
347:
341:
310:
291:Saint-Gilles
280:
230:
226:
218:
217:
1210:1105 deaths
1166:Alphonse II
1156:Raymond VII
1081:William III
1076:Raymond (?)
1066:Raymond (?)
1046:Bernard III
803:Oviedo 2000
418:Yaghi-Siyan
372:Dyrrhachium
261:Early years
90:Predecessor
85:1094 – 1105
60:1102 – 1105
1199:Categories
1141:Raymond VI
1131:Alphonse I
1126:William VI
1096:Raymond IV
1091:William IV
1056:Raymond II
1041:Bernard II
1016:William II
926:1094–1098
915:William IV
817:, table 5.
666:References
426:Holy Lance
336:See also:
327:Versailles
299:William IV
233:, was the
94:William IV
33:Raymond IV
1136:Raymond V
1121:William V
1106:William V
1026:Raymond I
1006:Bernard I
991:William I
972:counts of
481:Jerusalem
450:Jerusalem
348:monoculus
255:Near East
100:Successor
65:Successor
1116:Philippa
1111:Bertrand
1101:Philippa
1071:Hugh (?)
1021:Fredelon
1001:Berengar
975:Toulouse
932:Philippa
615:Bertrand
559:Anatolia
521:Laodicea
422:Kerbogha
396:and the
307:Provence
207:Religion
165:Bertrand
104:Bertrand
1031:Humfrid
970:Ruling
824:Sources
688:(ed.).
563:Tancred
462:Tripoli
458:marched
406:Antioch
253:in the
135:Tripoli
131:Citadel
1151:Amaury
1036:Sunyer
1011:Acfred
986:Torson
879:
629:Elvira
571:Tartus
432:named
366:, the
241:, and
197:Mother
187:Father
145:Spouse
1146:Simon
996:Beggo
684:. In
517:Arsuf
512:Egypt
428:by a
176:House
160:Issue
82:Reign
57:Reign
1161:Joan
1086:Pons
877:ISBN
587:qadi
584:The
567:Acre
466:Arqa
430:monk
285:and
125:Died
120:1041
114:Born
1051:Odo
617:.
557:in
229:or
133:of
1201::
736:^
721:^
714:12
712:.
639:.
531:.
436:.
257:.
237:,
223:c.
137:,
118:c.
963:e
956:t
949:v
885:.
277:.
221:(
20:)
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