11558:
12886:
10945:
12868:
8756:
11553:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\left={\ce {0}}{\frac {1}{k_{1}+k_{-1}}}\left(k_{-1}+k_{1}e^{-\left(k_{1}+k_{-1}\right)t}\right)+{\ce {0}}{\frac {k_{-1}}{k_{1}+k_{-1}}}\left(1-e^{-\left(k_{1}+k_{-1}\right)t}\right)\\&\left={\ce {0}}{\frac {k_{1}}{k_{1}+k_{-1}}}\left(1-e^{-\left(k_{1}+k_{-1}\right)t}\right)+{\ce {0}}{\frac {1}{k_{1}+k_{-1}}}\left(k_{1}+k_{-1}e^{-\left(k_{1}+k_{-1}\right)t}\right)\end{aligned}}}
12367:
12359:
3082:. Although not affecting the above math, the majority of first order reactions proceed via intermolecular collisions. Such collisions, which contribute the energy to the reactant, are necessarily second order. The rate of these collisions is, however, masked by the fact that the rate determining step remains the unimolecular breakdown of the energized reactant.
10487:
12863:{\displaystyle \left={\begin{cases}{\ce {0}}\left(1+{\frac {k_{1}e^{-k_{2}t}-k_{2}e^{-k_{1}t}}{k_{2}-k_{1}}}\right)+{\ce {0}}\left(1-e^{-k_{2}t}\right)+{\ce {0}}&k_{1}\neq k_{2}\\{\ce {0}}\left(1-e^{-k_{1}t}-k_{1}te^{-k_{1}t}\right)+{\ce {0}}\left(1-e^{-k_{1}t}\right)+{\ce {0}}&{\text{otherwise}}\\\end{cases}}}
14902:
12002:
13723:
This can be the case when studying a bimolecular reaction and a simultaneous hydrolysis (which can be treated as pseudo order one) takes place: the hydrolysis complicates the study of the reaction kinetics, because some reactant is being "spent" in a parallel reaction. For example, A reacts with R to
7842:
represents concurrent first order and second order reactions (or more often concurrent pseudo-first order and second order) reactions, and can be described as mixed first and second order. For sufficiently large values of such a reaction will approximate second order kinetics, but for smaller the
5048:
One way to obtain a pseudo-first order reaction is to use a large excess of one reactant (say, ≫) so that, as the reaction progresses, only a small fraction of the reactant in excess (B) is consumed, and its concentration can be considered to stay constant. For example, the hydrolysis of esters by
8023:
This is zero-order with respect to hexacyanoferrate (III) at the onset of the reaction (when its concentration is high and the ruthenium catalyst is quickly regenerated), but changes to first-order when its concentration decreases and the regeneration of catalyst becomes rate-determining.
10112:
8750:
2066:
The tentative rate equation determined by the method of initial rates is therefore normally verified by comparing the concentrations measured over a longer time (several half-lives) with the integrated form of the rate equation; this assumes that the reaction goes to completion.
14400:
17028:
4104:
551:
may or may not have reaction orders equal to their stoichiometric coefficients. This implies that the order and the rate equation of a given reaction cannot be reliably deduced from the stoichiometry and must be determined experimentally, since an unknown
409:
is a number which quantifies the degree to which the rate of a chemical reaction depends on concentrations of the reactants. In other words, the order of reaction is the exponent to which the concentration of a particular reactant is raised. The constant
9036:
15044:
8337:
4844:
2811:
For zero-order reactions, the reaction rate is independent of the concentration of a reactant, so that changing its concentration has no effect on the rate of the reaction. Thus, the concentration changes linearly with time. The rate law for
582:
reaction order with respect to a reactant if the rate is not simply proportional to some power of the concentration of that reactant; for example, one cannot talk about reaction order in the rate equation for a bimolecular reaction between
14686:
1023:
12354:{\displaystyle \left={\begin{cases}{\ce {0}}{\frac {k_{1}}{k_{2}-k_{1}}}\left(e^{-k_{1}t}-e^{-k_{2}t}\right)+{\ce {0}}e^{-k_{2}t}&k_{1}\neq k_{2}\\{\ce {0}}k_{1}te^{-k_{1}t}+{\ce {0}}e^{-k_{1}t}&{\text{otherwise}}\\\end{cases}}}
14519:
7742:
13637:
13486:
734:
10879:
60:
of a given reaction in terms of concentrations of chemical species and constant parameters (normally rate coefficients and partial orders of reaction) only. For many reactions, the initial rate is given by a power law such as
8019:
9713:
10939:= 0 is different from above, the simplifications above are invalid, and a system of differential equations must be solved. However, this system can also be solved exactly to yield the following generalized expressions:
10482:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}-{\frac {d}{dt}}&={k_{1}_{t}}-{k_{-1}_{t}}\\-{\frac {dx}{dt}}&={k_{1}x}-{k_{-1}_{t}}\\&={k_{1}x}-{k_{-1}({\ce {0}}-x)}\\&={(k_{1}+k_{-1})x}-{k_{-1}{\ce {0}}}\end{aligned}}}
14214:
10713:
4647:
10117:
8161:
When a partial order is negative, the overall order is usually considered as undefined. In the above example, for instance, the reaction is not described as first order even though the sum of the partial orders is
6642:
13714:
8510:
3908:
5937:
4257:
16500:
15999:
10589:
5156:
873:
10950:
9551:
8515:
13925:
7146:
6537:
6406:
9438:
9289:
1138:
15379:
10031:
6466:
1918:
14603:
7543:
7450:
3429:
1759:
7050:
6172:
1764:
This can be used to estimate the order of reaction of each reactant. For example, the initial rate can be measured in a series of experiments at different initial concentrations of reactant
13099:
9847:
8464:
8156:
7210:
3520:
1287:
17259:
Walsh, Dylan J.; Lau, Sii Hong; Hyatt, Michael G.; Guironnet, Damien (2017-09-25). "Kinetic Study of Living Ring-Opening
Metathesis Polymerization with Third-Generation Grubbs Catalysts".
14007:
13335:
8034:
for enzyme-catalysis: first-order in substrate (second-order overall) at low substrate concentrations, zero order in substrate (first-order overall) at higher substrate concentrations; and
3246:
2425:
814:
11836:
6131:
3151:
16876:
11665:
7282:
1527:
6020:
3934:
16566:
15512:
13769:
11912:
With the individual concentrations scaled by the total population of reactants to become probabilities, linear systems of differential equations such as these can be formulated as a
6967:
2919:
Many enzyme-catalyzed reactions are zero order, provided that the reactant concentration is much greater than the enzyme concentration which controls the rate, so that the enzyme is
2568:
17664:
Manso, José A.; Pérez-Prior, M. Teresa; García-Santos, M. del Pilar; Calle, Emilio; Casado, Julio (2005). "A Kinetic
Approach to the Alkylating Potential of Carcinogenic Lactones".
11741:
2892:
2151:
1381:
16638:
15834:
14219:
13803:
13237:
13168:
11994:
11907:
9915:
8852:
7840:
6276:
6322:
6093:
6063:
2625:
16675:
5857:
3065:
2330:. In this method, the concentration of one reactant is measured with all other reactants in large excess so that their concentration remains essentially constant. For a reaction
133:
16060:
12954:
12926:
2908:. This may occur when there is a bottleneck which limits the number of reactant molecules that can react at the same time, for example if the reaction requires contact with an
8917:
4998:
7843:
kinetics will approximate first order (or pseudo-first order). As the reaction progresses, the reaction can change from second order to first order as reactant is consumed.
5784:
5713:
5639:
527:
6857:
15121:
6231:
1207:
257:
3820:
3680:
2057:
the rate equation will not be completely determined if the rate also depends on substances not present at the beginning of the reaction, such as intermediates or products.
1844:
397:
371:
228:
14037:
5565:
5498:
14913:
5043:
1579:
16615:
14897:{\displaystyle r_{1j}{\ce {X}}_{1}+r_{2j}{\ce {X}}_{2}+\cdots +r_{Nj}{\ce {X}}_{N}{\ce {->}}\ p_{1j}{\ce {X}}_{1}+\ p_{2j}{\ce {X}}_{2}+\cdots +p_{Nj}{\ce {X}}_{N},}
9332:
8895:
8229:
6677:
4670:
2729:
2701:
2503:
2475:
2039:
1788:
16249:
16213:
15739:
15683:
15621:
15559:
8201:
5385:
5260:
4918:
4469:
3738:
3614:
4361:
2799:
1637:
16383:
16333:
16094:
15256:
15226:
10036:
The derivative is negative because this is the rate of the reaction going from A to P, and therefore the concentration of A is decreasing. To simplify notation, let
2770:
2289:
2251:
16303:
16276:
16121:
15170:
13008:
12981:
11631:
11604:
10104:
5045:
The second-order rate equation has been reduced to a pseudo–first-order rate equation, which makes the treatment to obtain an integrated rate equation much easier.
1953:
892:
16747:
10073:
9190:
9151:
9109:
9074:
4474:
The rate is first-order in one reactant (ethyl acetate), and also first-order in imidazole, which as a catalyst does not appear in the overall chemical equation.
1989:
2186:
16899:
16715:
16695:
16589:
16353:
16177:
16157:
15877:
15857:
15759:
15703:
15641:
15579:
15194:
15141:
15090:
15070:
14678:
14658:
14638:
6729:
6705:
2673:
2649:
2447:
2314:
2210:
2011:
1406:
1057:
430:
341:
317:
293:
7561:
198:
166:
13491:
13340:
3628:
A reaction is said to be second order when the overall order is two. The rate of a second-order reaction may be proportional to one concentration squared,
593:
14405:
8211:
A pair of forward and reverse reactions may occur simultaneously with comparable speeds. For example, A and B react into products P and Q and vice versa (
7764:
if they approximate to the laws for more than one order at different concentrations of the chemical species involved. For example, a rate law of the form
567:
from the underlying elementary reactions, and compared with the experimental rate equation as a test of the assumed mechanism. The equation may involve a
10724:
17064:
7877:
16062:, for systems composed of merely reversible reactions. In this case, the rate of the forward and backward reactions are equal, a principle called
9562:
10604:
4503:
16004:
This is the product of the stoichiometric matrix and the vector of reaction rate functions. Particular simple solutions exist in equilibrium,
4858:, or because it is in great excess with respect to the other reactants), its concentration can be included in the rate constant, leading to a
1435:. This predicts that the rate depends only on the concentrations of the reactants, raised to the powers of their stoichiometric coefficients.
17974:
8745:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&k_{1}^{a}^{b}=k_{-1}^{p}^{q}\\&K={\frac {^{p}^{q}}{^{a}^{b}}}={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{-1}}}\end{aligned}}}
6543:
2050:
measurement of the initial rate requires accurate determination of small changes in concentration in short times (compared to the reaction
14045:
13645:
556:
could be either elementary or complex. When the experimental rate equation has been determined, it is often of use for deduction of the
405:
reaction order is the sum of the exponents. These are often positive integers, but they may also be zero, fractional, or negative. The
3831:
5863:
4133:
16391:
5418:
to occur. However, overall reactions composed of several elementary steps can, of course, be of any (including non-integer) order.
15885:
10498:
5059:
825:
12893:
When a substance reacts simultaneously to give two different products, a parallel or competitive reaction is said to take place.
2996:). Other reactants can be present, but their concentration has no effect on the rate. The rate law for a first order reaction is
11567:
of molecules, other methods are required for the determination of rate constants for instance by complete lineshape analysis in
9453:
543:
for each reactant. The overall reaction order, i.e. the sum of stoichiometric coefficients of reactants, is always equal to the
18426:
2965:
17751:
17480:
17448:
17311:
17216:
7059:
6472:
6341:
1065:
17625:
Rushton, Gregory T.; Burns, William G.; Lavin, Judi M.; Chong, Yong S.; Pellechia, Perry; Shimizu, Ken D. (September 2007).
9347:
9198:
15271:
17941:
9923:
6412:
18186:
18063:
13808:
1854:
16640:
be the function that takes a vector and constructs a diagonal matrix whose on-diagonal entries are those of the vector.
16251:, an analytic form for the time-evolution of the species can be found. Let the rate constant of conversion from species
14526:
7461:
18020:
17494:
17441:
A Textbook of physical chemistry. Vol. 5: Dynamics of chemical reactions, statistical thermodynamics and macromolecules
17304:
A Textbook of physical chemistry. Vol. 5: Dynamics of chemical reactions, statistical thermodynamics and macromolecules
17209:
A Textbook of physical chemistry. Vol. 5: Dynamics of chemical reactions, statistical thermodynamics and macromolecules
16940:
7307:
6137:
3533:(nucleophilic substitution unimolecular) reactions consists of first-order reactions. For example, in the reaction of
3252:
1667:
18327:
17967:
17918:
17892:
17870:
17851:
17832:
17789:
17718:
17427:
17391:
17375:
17336:
16970:
6992:
1215:
14617:
13013:
9731:
8348:
8065:
7152:
3435:
2326:
The partial order with respect to a given reactant can be evaluated by the method of flooding (or of isolation) of
13930:
13244:
4099:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\ce {}}}{{\ce {}}}}={\frac {{\ce {0}}}{{\ce {0}}}}e^{\left({\ce {0}}-{\ce {0}}\right)kt};}
3825:
For the rate proportional to a single concentration squared, the time dependence of the concentration is given by
3166:
2348:
6099:
768:
11748:
3092:
18235:
18230:
18040:
16755:
14395:{\displaystyle \ln {\frac {{\ce {0}}}{{\ce {0-}}}}={\frac {k_{2}{\ce {0}}}{k_{1}'}}\left(1-e^{-k_{1}'t}\right)}
7846:
Another type of mixed-order rate law has a denominator of two or more terms, often because the identity of the
1452:
11636:
8050:
A reaction rate can have a negative partial order with respect to a substance. For example, the conversion of
7219:
563:
The rate equation of a reaction with an assumed multi-step mechanism can often be derived theoretically using
18400:
18395:
16925:
16910:
16508:
8031:
5943:
4113:
15387:
13727:
13724:
give our product C, but meanwhile the hydrolysis reaction takes away an amount of A to give B, a byproduct:
6877:
4862:(or occasionally pseudo–second-order) rate equation. For a typical second-order reaction with rate equation
2820:
17960:
16975:
16623:
15774:
11674:
7767:
2076:
1314:
17627:"Determination of the Rotational Barrier for Kinetically Stable Conformational Isomers via NMR and 2D TLC"
13774:
13173:
13104:
11922:
11843:
9855:
9031:{\displaystyle K\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ {\frac {k_{1}}{k_{-1}}}={\frac {\left_{e}}{\left_{e}}}}
8792:
8342:
The reaction rate expression for the above reactions (assuming each one is elementary) can be written as:
6241:
6069:
6039:
16646:
8158:
in an excess of oxygen. This corresponds to second order in ozone and order (−1) with respect to oxygen.
6286:
2932:
1640:
879:
540:
67:
6753:
5790:
3002:
2512:
1300:. This law generally cannot be deduced from the chemical equation and must be determined by experiment.
18421:
18365:
18055:
8220:
878:
The prefactors −1, −2 and 3 (with negative signs for reactants because they are consumed) are known as
16007:
12931:
12903:
568:
18092:
17992:
17006:(4 ed.). Research Triangle Park, NC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
2573:
17678:
17626:
17575:
17386:
R.H. Petrucci, W.S. Harwood and F.G. Herring, General
Chemistry (8th ed., Prentice-Hall 2002) p.588
15039:{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{N}r_{ij}{\ce {X}}_{i}{\ce {->}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}\ p_{ij}{\ce {X}}_{i}.}
12392:
12027:
5724:
5645:
5571:
468:
18322:
17576:"Ruthenium(VI)-Catalyzed Oxidation of Alcohols by Hexacyanoferrate(III): An Example of Mixed Order"
16955:
12874:
11564:
8500:
are related to the equilibrium coefficient for the reaction (K) by the following relationship (set
8332:{\displaystyle {\ce {{{\mathit {a}}A}+{{\mathit {b}}B}<=>{{\mathit {p}}P}+{{\mathit {q}}Q}}}}
6972:
6787:
4839:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3CH2CH2CH2Br+NaO{\mathit {t}}-Bu->CH3CH2CH=CH2+NaBr+HO{\mathit {t}}-Bu}}}
4656:, another common type of second-order reaction, if the sodium iodide and acetone are replaced with
3154:
1443:
1166:
564:
237:
53:
17:
15766:
15097:
7301:
In the steady state, the rates of formation and destruction of methyl radicals are equal, so that
6192:
2733:
in excess) is determined by a series of similar experiments with a range of initial concentration
1797:
380:
354:
211:
18370:
18171:
11563:
When the equilibrium constant is close to unity and the reaction rates very fast for instance in
8483:
is the rate coefficient for the backwards reaction, which consumes P and Q and produces A and B.
7548:
The reaction rate equals the rate of the propagation steps which form the main reaction products
3761:
3631:
2939:
5504:
5448:
4923:
18125:
17673:
16950:
16881:
thus providing the relation between the initial conditions of the system and its state at time
16594:
15173:
14523:
The integrated equations were analytically obtained but during the process it was assumed that
10924:
6658:
2710:
2682:
2484:
2456:
2020:
1769:
1538:
1412:
436:
47:
17947:
17824:
17815:
16218:
16182:
15708:
15652:
15590:
15528:
11916:. The differential equations can be solved analytically and the integrated rate equations are
9297:
8860:
8165:
6733:
for the reaction rate constant. The half-life of a first-order reaction is often expressed as
1018:{\displaystyle -{\frac {d}{dt}}=-{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d}{dt}}={\frac {1}{3}}{\frac {d}{dt}}.}
18355:
18287:
18145:
18135:
16930:
16124:
7847:
5265:
5182:
4865:
4380:
3685:
3560:
2961:
1033:
584:
572:
454:. Its value may depend on conditions such as temperature, ionic strength, surface area of an
50:
16358:
16308:
16069:
15231:
15201:
14605:. Therefore, previous equation for can only be used for low concentrations of compared to
14012:
4268:
2738:
2219:
1597:
882:. One molecule of A combines with two of B to form 3 of C, so if we use the symbol for the
18350:
18078:
16281:
16254:
16099:
15148:
12986:
12959:
11609:
11582:
10082:
8905:
5050:
4657:
4653:
2942:
can be zero order if the catalytic surface is saturated. For example, the decomposition of
2258:
1932:
16723:
7737:{\displaystyle v_{0}={\frac {d}{dt}}|_{0}=k_{p}{\ce {}}\quad \propto \quad {\ce {^{3/2}}}}
5003:
2957:
surface at high pressure is zero order in phosphine, which decomposes at a constant rate.
8:
18360:
18292:
18277:
18220:
17935:
16960:
15515:
10043:
9719:
9160:
9121:
9079:
9044:
8041:
for unimolecular reactions: second-order at low pressures, first-order at high pressures.
8038:
7851:
6976:
5415:
2969:
1424:
883:
759:
532:
203:
13632:{\displaystyle ={\frac {k_{2}}{k_{1}+k_{2}}}{\ce {0}}\left(1-e^{-(k_{1}+k_{2})t}\right)}
13481:{\displaystyle ={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{1}+k_{2}}}{\ce {0}}\left(1-e^{-(k_{1}+k_{2})t}\right)}
8203:, because the rate equation is more complex than that of a simple first-order reaction.
2779:
2161:
1960:
18385:
18155:
17984:
17902:
16884:
16700:
16680:
16574:
16338:
16162:
16142:
15862:
15842:
15744:
15688:
15626:
15564:
15263:
15179:
15126:
15075:
15055:
14663:
14643:
14623:
6757:
6714:
6690:
5161:
2973:
2658:
2634:
2432:
2299:
2195:
1996:
1432:
1391:
1042:
557:
553:
415:
326:
302:
278:
5053:, where the concentration of water is constant because it is present in large excess:
175:
143:
18380:
18375:
18337:
18282:
18201:
18181:
18117:
17914:
17888:
17866:
17847:
17828:
17785:
17747:
17714:
17691:
17646:
17595:
17500:
17490:
17444:
17423:
17387:
17371:
17332:
17307:
17284:
17276:
17212:
16980:
16128:
14514:{\displaystyle =-{\frac {k_{1}'}{k_{2}}}\ln \left(1-{\frac {\ce {}}{\ce {0}}}\right)}
10889:
of the concentration of A in time minus the concentration at equilibrium versus time
10886:
9334:
is not present because, in this simple example, the initial concentration of P is 0.
1658:
751:
729:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k{\frac {K_{1}K_{2}C_{A}C_{B}}{(1+K_{1}C_{A}+K_{2}C_{B})^{2}}}.}
548:
17074:
12889:
Time course of two first order, competitive reactions with differing rate constants.
12885:
10874:{\displaystyle \ln \left({\frac {{\ce {0}}-_{e}}{_{t}-_{e}}}\right)=(k_{1}+k_{-1})t}
6874:
has order 1 with respect to phosgene itself and order 0.5 with respect to chlorine:
6752:
In fractional order reactions, the order is a non-integer, which often indicates a
2255:
is the initial concentration at zero time. The first-order rate law is confirmed if
18312:
18261:
18215:
17880:
17739:
17683:
17638:
17587:
17363:
17268:
17078:
17069:
17007:
16965:
16063:
11568:
1428:
8027:
Notable mechanisms with mixed-order rate laws with two-term denominators include:
18390:
18302:
18251:
16920:
11913:
6781:
2327:
18097:
18086:
7850:
depends on the values of the concentrations. An example is the oxidation of an
3534:
17743:
8014:{\displaystyle v_{0}={\frac {{\ce {^2-}}}{k_{\alpha }+k_{\beta }{\ce {^2-}}}}}
1639:
represents the concentrations of the reactants, raised to the powers of their
18415:
18317:
18225:
18176:
18150:
17906:
17650:
17599:
17280:
17073:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
16945:
16123:. All other cases where detailed balance is violated are commonly studied by
10595:
9708:{\displaystyle \ _{e}={\ce {0}}-_{e}={\frac {k_{-1}}{k_{1}+k_{-1}}}{\ce {0}}}
7874:. For this reaction, the rate of disappearance of hexacyanoferrate (III) is
7287:
where • denotes a free radical. To simplify the theory, the reactions of the
6980:
4490:
4486:
4124:
3928:
The time dependence for a rate proportional to two unequal concentrations is
2292:
1589:
1582:
1029:
745:
536:
463:
57:
17952:
17911:
Physical chemistry : principles and applications in biological sciences
17082:
15258:
are the stoichiometric coefficients of reactants and products, respectively.
2964:
zero order behavior can come about from reversible inhibition. For example,
18297:
18103:
18010:
18000:
17810:
17695:
17288:
16915:
7859:
6765:
4661:
4485:(bimolecular nucleophilic substitution) reactions, such as the reaction of
3538:
3526:
2928:
544:
27:
Relation between chemical reaction rate and concentrations of the reactants
17504:
17487:
Kinetic systems: mathematical description of chemical kinetics in solution
10708:{\displaystyle {\frac {dx}{dt}}={\frac {k_{-1}{\ce {0}}}{x_{e}}}(x_{e}-x)}
4642:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + NaI -> CH3CH2CH2CH2I + NaBr(v)}}}
18256:
18191:
17272:
4262:
This reaction is first-order in each reactant and second-order overall:
459:
262:
15384:
which denotes the flux of molecules per unit time and unit volume. Here
2972:
catalyst exhibits zero order behavior in catalyst due to the reversible
17642:
17591:
16934:
16096:
alone and does not depend on the particular form of the rate functions
8857:
where the reaction starts with an initial concentration of reactant A,
4120:
1209:
has some functional dependence on the concentrations of the reactants,
17687:
15879:. The reaction rate equations can then be written in the general form
8755:
6975:
approximation for the concentration of reactive intermediates such as
6637:{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {{\ce {0}}^{g}(1-2^{-g})}{gk}}}
5179:) in acid solution is often cited as a first-order reaction with rate
18307:
17011:
14209:{\displaystyle {\ce {=0}}\left0}}\left(1-e^{-k_{1}'t}\right)}\right]}
7863:
6761:
4854:
If the concentration of a reactant remains constant (because it is a
4371:
4367:
4109:
if the concentrations are equal, they satisfy the previous equation.
3086:
2943:
2913:
2051:
455:
31:
14969:
14783:
17734:
Chen, Luonan; Wang, Ruiqi; Li, Chunguang; Aihara, Kazuyuki (2010).
16933:: rate equations for reactions where at least one of the reactants
13709:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\ce {}}}{{\ce {}}}}={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{2}}}}
7871:
6871:
6860:
6682:
5399:
are normally constant, so that the reaction is pseudo–first-order.
4855:
4117:
2977:
2954:
2070:
For example, the integrated rate law for a first-order reaction is
755:
270:
17663:
16139:
For a general unimolecular reaction involving interconversion of
6777:
4494:
3758:
and zero order in the reactant CO. The observed rate is given by
2924:
17844:
Chemical kinetics : the study of reaction rates in solution
17768:
System modeling in cell biology: from concepts to nuts and bolts
13718:
9111:
are the concentrations of A and P at equilibrium, respectively.
8476:
is the rate coefficient for the reaction that consumes A and B;
3903:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{{\ce {}}}}={\frac {1}{{\ce {0}}}}+kt.}
462:. If the reaction goes to completion, the rate equation for the
17029:"14.3: Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates: The Rate Law"
15765:
Each of these is discussed in detail below. One can define the
8059:
7855:
5932:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{{\ce {}}}}={\frac {1}{{\ce {0}}}}+kt}
4252:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3COOC2H5 + OH- -> CH3COO- + C2H5OH}}}
2909:
17443:. Vol. 5 (repr ed.). New Dehi: Macmillan India Ltd.
17306:. Vol. 5 (repr ed.). New Dehi: Macmillan India Ltd.
17211:. Vol. 5 (repr ed.). New Dehi: Macmillan India Ltd.
17001:
16134:
16066:. Detailed balance is a property of the stoichiometric matrix
15514:
is the vector of concentrations. This definition includes the
12877:
approximation leads to very similar results in an easier way.
18210:
17574:
Mucientes, Antonio E.; de la Peña, María A. (November 2006).
16495:{\displaystyle X(t)=(X_{1}(t),X_{2}(t),\ldots ,X_{N}(t))^{T}}
15994:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=\sum _{j=1}^{R}r_{ij}f_{j}().}
10584:{\displaystyle k_{1}+k_{-1}=k_{-1}{\frac {{\ce {0}}}{x_{e}}}}
8051:
5402:
5151:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3COOCH3 + H2O -> CH3COOH + CH3OH}}}
4652:
This same compound can be made to undergo a bimolecular (E2)
3089:
is independent of the starting concentration and is given by
1924:
266:
6971:
The order of a chain reaction can be rationalized using the
6784:
proceeds with an order of 1.5 with respect to acetaldehyde:
868:{\displaystyle -\mathrm {A} -2\mathrm {B} +3\mathrm {C} =0.}
17003:
The IUPAC Compendium of
Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book
12856:
12347:
9546:{\displaystyle _{e}={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{1}+k_{-1}}}{\ce {0}}}
4477:
Another well-known class of second-order reactions are the
3617:
9722:, and allow us to solve for the concentration of A alone.
8897:, and an initial concentration of 0 for product P at time
1032:
at constant temperature and volume, without a build-up of
18030:
15492:
15460:
15436:
14591:
14549:
14501:
14330:
14273:
14250:
14153:
14084:
13879:
13748:
13567:
13416:
13281:
12842:
12777:
12673:
12621:
12556:
12414:
12310:
12248:
12173:
12049:
11959:
11422:
11289:
11135:
10989:
10760:
10666:
10565:
10470:
10373:
9701:
9609:
9539:
9426:
9398:
9372:
9320:
9277:
9249:
9223:
8883:
8131:
8101:
7991:
7923:
7712:
7680:
7659:
7598:
7510:
7483:
7419:
7379:
7334:
7270:
7257:
7241:
7192:
7167:
7134:
7112:
7093:
7077:
7029:
7007:
6934:
6913:
6821:
6588:
6522:
6384:
5989:
5914:
5829:
5763:
5364:
5325:
5312:
5299:
5242:
5229:
5216:
5141:
5122:
5103:
5087:
5074:
4781:
4768:
4724:
4711:
4698:
4685:
4621:
4608:
4595:
4582:
4557:
4544:
4531:
4518:
4478:
4451:
4438:
4425:
4328:
4315:
4302:
4242:
4229:
4203:
4174:
4161:
4148:
4076:
4050:
4015:
3992:
3882:
3795:
3682:
or (more commonly) to the product of two concentrations,
3508:
3479:
3463:
3450:
3391:
3378:
3353:
3322:
3293:
3280:
3234:
3218:
3198:
3185:
1585:
of change of reactant concentration with respect to time.
7141:{\displaystyle {\ce {.CH3 + CH3CHO -> CH3CO. + CH4}}}
6532:{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {1}{k{\ce {0}}}}}
6401:{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {{\ce {0}}}{2k}}}
16502:
be the vector of concentrations as a function of time.
9433:{\displaystyle {\ce {_{\mathit {e}}=0-_{\mathit {e}}}}}
9284:{\displaystyle {\ce {_{\mathit {t}}=0-_{\mathit {t}}}}}
2291:
is in fact a linear function of time. In this case the
1133:{\displaystyle v={\frac {1}{\nu _{i}}}{\frac {d}{dt}},}
17766:
Szallasi, Z., and
Stelling, J. and Periwal, V. (2006)
17624:
17258:
15374:{\displaystyle f_{j}()=k_{j}\prod _{z=1}^{N}^{r_{zj}}}
14042:
The integrated rate equation for the main product is
9884:
8821:
8282:
7455:
so that the concentration of methyl radical satisfies
3488:
3095:
1600:
1541:
16887:
16758:
16726:
16703:
16683:
16649:
16626:
16597:
16577:
16511:
16394:
16361:
16341:
16311:
16284:
16257:
16221:
16185:
16165:
16145:
16102:
16072:
16010:
15888:
15865:
15845:
15777:
15747:
15711:
15691:
15655:
15629:
15593:
15567:
15531:
15390:
15274:
15234:
15204:
15182:
15151:
15129:
15100:
15078:
15058:
14916:
14689:
14680:-th reaction can then be written in the generic form
14666:
14646:
14626:
14529:
14408:
14402:. Concentration of B is related to that of C through
14222:
14048:
14015:
13933:
13811:
13777:
13730:
13648:
13494:
13343:
13247:
13176:
13107:
13016:
12989:
12962:
12934:
12906:
12370:
12005:
11925:
11846:
11751:
11677:
11639:
11612:
11585:
11579:
If the rate constants for the following reaction are
10948:
10727:
10607:
10501:
10115:
10085:
10046:
10026:{\displaystyle -{\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{1}_{t}-k_{-1}_{t}}
9926:
9858:
9734:
9565:
9456:
9350:
9300:
9201:
9163:
9124:
9082:
9047:
8920:
8863:
8795:
8763:= 0.25 mol/L) and B versus time reaching equilibrium
8513:
8351:
8232:
8168:
8068:
7880:
7770:
7564:
7464:
7310:
7222:
7155:
7062:
6995:
6880:
6790:
6717:
6693:
6661:
6546:
6475:
6415:
6344:
6289:
6244:
6195:
6140:
6102:
6072:
6042:
5946:
5866:
5793:
5727:
5648:
5574:
5507:
5451:
5268:
5185:
5062:
5006:
4926:
4868:
4673:
4506:
4383:
4271:
4136:
3937:
3834:
3764:
3688:
3634:
3563:
3438:
3255:
3169:
3005:
2992:
depends on the concentration of only one reactant (a
2823:
2782:
2741:
2713:
2685:
2661:
2637:
2576:
2515:
2487:
2459:
2435:
2351:
2302:
2261:
2222:
2198:
2164:
2079:
2023:
1999:
1963:
1935:
1857:
1800:
1772:
1670:
1455:
1416:. The exponents, which can be fractional, are called
1394:
1317:
1218:
1169:
1068:
1045:
895:
828:
771:
596:
471:
418:
383:
357:
329:
305:
281:
240:
214:
178:
146:
70:
13920:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{1}{\ce {}}=k_{1}'}
12880:
9341:
is at infinity; i.e., equilibrium has been reached:
7760:
More complex rate laws have been described as being
6461:{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {\ln(2)}{k}}}
4920:
if the concentration of reactant B is constant then
2653:
may be determined by the integral method. The order
2046:
However, this method is not always reliable because
1913:{\displaystyle \ln v_{0}=x\ln+{\textrm {constant}}.}
1308:
A common form for the rate equation is a power law:
17573:
15262:The rate of such a reaction can be inferred by the
14611:
14598:{\displaystyle {\ce {0}}-{\ce {}}\approx {\ce {0}}}
10930:
7538:{\displaystyle {\ce {\quad \propto \quad ^{1/2}.}}}
17942:Reaction kinetics, examples of important rate laws
17814:
16893:
16870:
16741:
16709:
16689:
16669:
16632:
16609:
16583:
16560:
16494:
16377:
16347:
16327:
16297:
16270:
16243:
16207:
16171:
16151:
16115:
16088:
16054:
15993:
15871:
15851:
15828:
15753:
15733:
15697:
15677:
15635:
15615:
15573:
15553:
15506:
15373:
15250:
15220:
15188:
15164:
15135:
15115:
15084:
15064:
15038:
14896:
14672:
14652:
14632:
14597:
14513:
14394:
14208:
14031:
14001:
13919:
13797:
13763:
13708:
13631:
13480:
13329:
13231:
13162:
13093:
13002:
12975:
12948:
12920:
12862:
12353:
11988:
11901:
11830:
11735:
11659:
11625:
11598:
11552:
10873:
10707:
10583:
10481:
10098:
10067:
10025:
9909:
9841:
9707:
9545:
9432:
9326:
9283:
9184:
9145:
9103:
9068:
9030:
8889:
8846:
8744:
8458:
8331:
8195:
8150:
8013:
7834:
7736:
7537:
7445:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{i}-k_{t}^{2}=0,}
7444:
7276:
7204:
7140:
7044:
6961:
6851:
6723:
6699:
6671:
6636:
6531:
6460:
6400:
6316:
6270:
6225:
6166:
6125:
6087:
6057:
6014:
5931:
5851:
5778:
5707:
5633:
5559:
5492:
5379:
5254:
5150:
5037:
4992:
4912:
4838:
4641:
4463:
4355:
4251:
4098:
3902:
3814:
3732:
3674:
3608:
3514:
3423:
3240:
3145:
3059:
2886:
2793:
2764:
2723:
2695:
2667:
2643:
2619:
2562:
2497:
2469:
2441:
2419:
2308:
2283:
2245:
2204:
2180:
2145:
2033:
2005:
1983:
1947:
1912:
1838:
1782:
1753:
1647:
1631:
1573:
1521:
1400:
1375:
1281:
1201:
1132:
1051:
1017:
867:
808:
728:
521:
424:
391:
365:
335:
311:
287:
251:
222:
192:
160:
127:
9892:
9891:
9874:
9873:
8829:
8828:
8811:
8810:
8290:
8289:
8272:
8271:
7747:in agreement with the experimental order of 3/2.
5387:however, the concentrations of both the catalyst
3424:{\displaystyle {\ce {^2+ + H2O -> ^3+ + Cl-}}}
1754:{\displaystyle \ln v_{0}=\ln k+x\ln+y\ln+\cdots }
18413:
17733:
17708:
16159:different species, whose concentrations at time
10106:be the concentration of A at equilibrium. Then:
7045:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3CHO -> .CH3 + .CHO}}}
6167:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\rm {M}}^{g}}{\rm {s}}}}
1420:and their sum is the overall order of reaction.
1154:is the stoichiometric coefficient for chemical X
17779:
17484:
9725:The reaction equation was given previously as:
9153:, is related to the concentration of P at time
5410:Elementary reaction steps with order 3 (called
3822:and is independent of the concentration of CO.
529:applies throughout the course of the reaction.
17809:
17780:Iglesias, Pablo A.; Ingalls, Brian P. (2010).
17522:
17485:Capellos, Christos; Bielski, Benon H. (1972).
17351:
17234:
17170:
17146:
17110:
17093:
17052:
14907:which is often written in the equivalent form
13094:{\displaystyle -{\frac {d}{dt}}=(k_{1}+k_{2})}
9842:{\displaystyle v=k_{1}^{a}^{b}-k_{-1}^{p}^{q}}
8459:{\displaystyle v=k_{1}^{a}^{b}-k_{-1}^{p}^{q}}
8151:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k{\ce {^2}}{\ce {^{-1}}}}
7205:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3CO. -> .CH3 + CO}}}
6979:. For the pyrolysis of acetaldehyde, the Rice-
3740:As an example of the first type, the reaction
3515:{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2 -> H2O + 1/2O2}}}
1282:{\displaystyle v_{0}=f\left(,,\ldots \right),}
17982:
17968:
17709:Heinrich, Reinhart; Schuster, Stefan (2012).
17545:
17543:
14002:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{2}{\ce {}}}
13719:One first order and one second order reaction
13330:{\displaystyle ={\ce {0}}e^{-(k_{1}+k_{2})t}}
8786:In a simple equilibrium between two species:
3241:{\displaystyle {\ce {2N2O5 -> 4NO2 + O2}}}
17518:
17516:
17514:
17476:
17474:
17472:
17418:Whitten K. W., Galley K. D. and Davis R. E.
12896:
2420:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k\cdot ^{x}\cdot ^{y},}
809:{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+ {2B}-> {3C}}}.}
571:, and may depend on the concentration of an
17936:Chemical kinetics, reaction rate, and order
17106:
17104:
17102:
17023:
17021:
16135:General dynamics of unimolecular conversion
13642:One important relationship in this case is
11831:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{1}-k_{2}}
6126:{\displaystyle {\rm {\frac {1}{M\cdot s}}}}
5000:where the pseudo–first-order rate constant
3146:{\textstyle t_{1/2}={\frac {\ln {(2)}}{k}}}
2923:. For example, the biological oxidation of
17975:
17961:
17901:
17540:
17463:
17403:
17401:
17399:
17370:(3rd ed., Harper & Row 1987), p.303-5
17246:
14640:of distinct chemical species reacting via
2318:is equal to the slope with sign reversed.
1652:
479:
475:
85:
81:
17863:Chemical kinetics and reaction mechanisms
17713:. Springer Science & Business Media.
17677:
17511:
17469:
17329:Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms
17230:
17228:
16871:{\displaystyle X(t)={\mathcal {L}}^{-1},}
16127:, which has been developed to understand
14660:reactions. The chemical equation of the
11660:{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> B -> C}}}
9718:These equations allow us to uncouple the
7277:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 .CH3 -> C2H6}}}
7227:
6252:
5403:Summary for reaction orders 0, 1, 2, and
3207:
3174:
1522:{\displaystyle -{d \over dt}=k\prod _{i}}
797:
785:
17860:
17561:
17422:(4th edition, Saunders 1992), pp. 638–9
17326:
17261:Journal of the American Chemical Society
17194:
17182:
17158:
17099:
17058:
17018:
15839:denoting the net extent of molecules of
15072:is the reaction index running from 1 to
12884:
11574:
9192:, by the equilibrium reaction equation:
8754:
6015:{\displaystyle ^{g}={{\ce {0}}^{g}}-gkt}
1427:(one having a single step with a single
17879:
17841:
17823:(8th ed.). W.H. Freeman. pp.
17736:Modeling Biomolecular Networks in Cells
17612:
17549:
17534:
17407:
17396:
17134:
17122:
16561:{\displaystyle J=(1,1,1,\ldots ,1)^{T}}
16335:, and construct a rate-constant matrix
15507:{\displaystyle {\ce {()=(,,\ldots ,)}}}
13764:{\displaystyle {\ce {A + H2O -> B}}}
13241:The integrated rate equations are then
9867:
8804:
8265:
6962:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k{\ce { }}^{1/2}.}
5262:The true rate equation is third-order,
1160:, with a negative sign for a reactant.
14:
18414:
18001:Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution
17438:
17301:
17225:
17206:
16677:be the inverse Laplace transform from
15705:; that is, a bimolecular reaction, or
11736:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=-k_{1}}
9443:then it follows, by the definition of
4112:The second type includes nucleophilic
2966:ring-opening metathesis polymerization
2887:{\displaystyle -{d \over dt}=k^{0}=k,}
2479:is determined using a large excess of
2146:{\displaystyle \ln {}=-kt+\ln {_{0}},}
1376:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k^{x}^{y}\cdots }
18011:Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution
17956:
16633:{\displaystyle \operatorname {diag} }
15829:{\displaystyle N_{ij}=p_{ij}-r_{ij},}
15486:
13798:{\displaystyle {\ce {A + R -> C}}}
13232:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{2}}
13163:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{1}}
11989:{\displaystyle ={\ce {0}}e^{-k_{1}t}}
11902:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{2}}
9910:{\displaystyle {\ce {A <=> P}}}
9420:
9366:
9271:
9217:
8847:{\displaystyle {\ce {A <=> P}}}
8319:
8304:
8252:
8237:
7835:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k_{1}+k_{2}^{2}}
6271:{\displaystyle {\ce {{\frac {1}{}}}}}
4849:
4822:
4742:
2321:
547:of the elementary reaction. However,
17481:NDRL Radiation Chemistry Data Center
16999:
14039:is the pseudo first order constant.
8206:
6317:{\displaystyle {\ce {{\rm {}}^{g}}}}
6088:{\displaystyle {\rm {\frac {1}{s}}}}
6058:{\displaystyle {\rm {\frac {M}{s}}}}
5049:dilute mineral acids follows pseudo-
1292:and this dependence is known as the
44:empirical differential rate equation
18064:Electrophilic aromatic substitution
16670:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{-1}}
15761:; that is, a dimerization reaction.
15401:
6747:
5852:{\displaystyle {\ce { = 0}}e^{-kt}}
4366:If the same hydrolysis reaction is
3525:In organic chemistry, the class of
3060:{\displaystyle -{\frac {d}{dt}}=k,}
1431:) is empirically found to obey the
128:{\displaystyle v_{0}\;=\;k^{x}^{y}}
24:
18031:Nucleophilic internal substitution
18021:Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
17887:(3rd ed.). Harper & Row.
17782:Control theory and systems biology
17711:The Regulation of Cellular Systems
17070:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
16941:Reaction progress kinetic analysis
16777:
16653:
14616:The most general description of a
8943:
8940:
8937:
6664:
6158:
6146:
6116:
6110:
6079:
6049:
6046:
2747:
2716:
2688:
2599:
2563:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k'\cdot ^{x}}
2545:
2490:
2462:
2399:
2376:
2228:
2170:
2061:
2026:
1820:
1806:
1775:
1661:of the power-law rate equation is
1258:
1244:
1103:
994:
953:
909:
855:
844:
833:
539:have reaction orders equal to the
533:Elementary (single-step) reactions
385:
359:
242:
216:
183:
151:
111:
93:
25:
18438:
17929:
17842:Connors, Kenneth Antonio (1990).
17816:"The rates of chemical reactions"
16055:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=0}
12949:{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> C}}}
12921:{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> B}}}
12881:Parallel or competitive reactions
10935:If the concentration at the time
10893:gives a straight line with slope
10075:, the concentration of A at time
8781:
8045:
2935:(LADH) is zero order in ethanol.
2054:) and is sensitive to errors, and
1442:for an elementary reaction using
1028:If the reaction takes place in a
17489:. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
15978:
15292:
14612:Stoichiometric reaction networks
10931:Generalization of simple example
9720:system of differential equations
3751:is second-order in the reactant
3160:Examples of such reactions are:
2705:under the same conditions (with
18187:Lindemann–Hinshelwood mechanism
17913:(3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
17773:
17760:
17727:
17702:
17666:Chemical Research in Toxicology
17657:
17618:
17606:
17567:
17555:
17528:
17457:
17432:
17412:
17380:
17357:
17345:
17320:
17295:
17252:
17240:
17200:
17188:
17176:
17164:
17152:
9114:The concentration of A at time
7750:
7695:
7691:
7494:
7490:
5779:{\displaystyle {\ce { = 0}}-kt}
5708:{\displaystyle -{d}/{dt}=k^{n}}
5634:{\displaystyle -{d}/{dt}=k^{2}}
3623:
2620:{\displaystyle k'=k\cdot ^{y},}
1648:Determination of reaction order
522:{\displaystyle v\;=\;k^{x}^{y}}
18236:Outer sphere electron transfer
18231:Inner sphere electron transfer
18041:Nucleophilic acyl substitution
17802:
17140:
17128:
17116:
17087:
17046:
16993:
16862:
16859:
16853:
16838:
16821:
16812:
16794:
16791:
16768:
16762:
16736:
16730:
16549:
16518:
16483:
16479:
16473:
16451:
16445:
16429:
16423:
16410:
16404:
16398:
16238:
16232:
16202:
16196:
16032:
16017:
15985:
15982:
15974:
15971:
15910:
15895:
15499:
15495:
15477:
15463:
15447:
15439:
15423:
15419:
15409:
15405:
15397:
15393:
15352:
15336:
15299:
15296:
15288:
15285:
14581:
14575:
14564:
14558:
14539:
14533:
14491:
14485:
14479:
14473:
14417:
14409:
14320:
14314:
14288:
14282:
14263:
14257:
14240:
14234:
14143:
14137:
14074:
14068:
14057:
14051:
13994:
13988:
13983:
13977:
13948:
13940:
13914:
13906:
13885:
13866:
13861:
13855:
13826:
13818:
13788:
13754:
13672:
13666:
13659:
13653:
13616:
13590:
13557:
13551:
13503:
13495:
13465:
13439:
13406:
13400:
13352:
13344:
13319:
13293:
13271:
13265:
13256:
13248:
13226:
13218:
13191:
13183:
13157:
13149:
13122:
13114:
13088:
13080:
13077:
13051:
13034:
13026:
12939:
12911:
12832:
12826:
12767:
12761:
12663:
12657:
12611:
12605:
12546:
12540:
12404:
12398:
12300:
12294:
12238:
12232:
12163:
12157:
12039:
12033:
11949:
11943:
11934:
11926:
11896:
11888:
11861:
11853:
11825:
11817:
11801:
11793:
11766:
11758:
11730:
11722:
11692:
11684:
11650:
11644:
11412:
11406:
11279:
11273:
11125:
11119:
10979:
10973:
10865:
10836:
10817:
10808:
10796:
10787:
10776:
10767:
10750:
10744:
10702:
10683:
10656:
10650:
10555:
10549:
10460:
10454:
10427:
10398:
10383:
10363:
10357:
10351:
10299:
10290:
10214:
10205:
10178:
10169:
10137:
10129:
10056:
10047:
10014:
10005:
9980:
9971:
9944:
9936:
9894:
9869:
9830:
9821:
9812:
9803:
9778:
9769:
9760:
9751:
9691:
9685:
9625:
9616:
9599:
9593:
9578:
9569:
9529:
9523:
9466:
9457:
9414:
9408:
9388:
9382:
9360:
9354:
9310:
9304:
9265:
9259:
9239:
9233:
9211:
9205:
9173:
9164:
9134:
9125:
9092:
9083:
9057:
9048:
8873:
8867:
8831:
8806:
8696:
8687:
8678:
8669:
8658:
8649:
8640:
8631:
8608:
8599:
8590:
8581:
8556:
8547:
8538:
8529:
8447:
8438:
8429:
8420:
8395:
8386:
8377:
8368:
8292:
8267:
8184:
8175:
8134:
8118:
8104:
8088:
7994:
7981:
7975:
7967:
7926:
7913:
7907:
7899:
7823:
7816:
7800:
7794:
7755:
7718:
7699:
7686:
7667:
7662:
7643:
7618:
7602:
7584:
7516:
7497:
7486:
7467:
7424:
7402:
7386:
7365:
7338:
7317:
7244:
7176:
7099:
7013:
6937:
6921:
6916:
6900:
6852:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k^{3/2}.}
6829:
6807:
6620:
6598:
6578:
6572:
6512:
6506:
6449:
6443:
6374:
6368:
6301:
6295:
6261:
6255:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6204:
5979:
5973:
5956:
5947:
5904:
5898:
5880:
5874:
5819:
5813:
5802:
5796:
5753:
5747:
5736:
5730:
5696:
5687:
5664:
5656:
5622:
5613:
5590:
5582:
5554:
5546:
5523:
5515:
5467:
5459:
5371:
5350:
5347:
5332:
5329:
5285:
5246:
5202:
5109:
5029:
5021:
4984:
4976:
4962:
4954:
4951:
4943:
4904:
4896:
4893:
4885:
4755:
4634:
4569:
4455:
4411:
4408:
4400:
4350:
4335:
4332:
4288:
4190:
4114:addition-elimination reactions
4066:
4060:
4040:
4034:
4005:
3999:
3982:
3976:
3961:
3955:
3948:
3942:
3872:
3866:
3848:
3842:
3800:
3781:
3724:
3716:
3713:
3705:
3660:
3651:
3600:
3580:
3466:
3394:
3381:
3365:
3359:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3296:
3283:
3267:
3259:
3201:
3133:
3127:
3051:
3043:
3023:
3015:
2983:
2866:
2859:
2839:
2833:
2751:
2742:
2605:
2594:
2551:
2540:
2405:
2394:
2382:
2371:
2277:
2269:
2232:
2223:
2173:
2165:
2130:
2121:
2095:
2087:
1991:then corresponds to the order
1978:
1970:
1894:
1886:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1792:with all other concentrations
1742:
1734:
1719:
1711:
1626:
1611:
1568:
1560:
1516:
1501:
1482:
1474:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1262:
1254:
1248:
1240:
1113:
1098:
998:
990:
957:
949:
913:
905:
790:
711:
658:
565:quasi-steady state assumptions
549:complex (multi-step) reactions
510:
501:
492:
483:
187:
179:
155:
147:
116:
107:
98:
89:
13:
1:
18427:Chemical reaction engineering
18401:Diffusion-controlled reaction
17865:(2nd ed.). McGraw Hill.
17631:Journal of Chemical Education
17580:Journal of Chemical Education
16986:
16971:Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
15116:{\displaystyle {\ce {X}}_{i}}
11667:, then the rate equation is:
6226:{\displaystyle {\ce {\ln()}}}
2806:
2190:is the concentration at time
1444:mathematical product notation
1303:
1202:{\displaystyle v_{0}=v_{t=0}}
739:
252:{\displaystyle \mathrm {B} ,}
16720:Then the time-evolved state
9337:This applies even when time
6681:stands for concentration in
4374:, the rate equation becomes
3815:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k^{2},}
3675:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k^{2},}
1839:{\displaystyle ,,\dots }}}}}
578:A reaction can also have an
392:{\displaystyle \mathrm {B} }
366:{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }
223:{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }
7:
18056:Electrophilic substitutions
17861:Espenson, James H. (1987).
17331:. McGraw-Hill. p. 14.
17327:Espenson, James H. (1981).
16904:
8221:stoichiometric coefficients
5560:{\displaystyle -{d}/{dt}=k}
5493:{\displaystyle -{d}/{dt}=k}
4993:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k=k',}
2933:liver alcohol dehydrogenase
1641:stoichiometric coefficients
880:stoichiometric coefficients
541:stoichiometric coefficients
10:
18443:
18366:Energy profile (chemistry)
18328:More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot
17993:Nucleophilic substitutions
17821:Atkins' Physical chemistry
17813:; de Paula, Julio (2006).
17523:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17352:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17235:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17171:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17147:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17111:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17094:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17053:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17000:Gold, Victor, ed. (2019).
16956:Steady state approximation
13805:. The rate equations are:
8062:follows the rate equation
2980:and the ruthenium center.
1574:{\textstyle -{d \over dt}}
1440:differential rate equation
1418:partial orders of reaction
1163:The initial reaction rate
758:A and B combine to form a
743:
18396:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
18336:
18270:
18244:
18200:
18164:
18116:
18077:
18054:
17991:
17846:. John Wiley & Sons.
17744:10.1007/978-1-84996-214-8
16926:Reaction–diffusion system
16911:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
16610:{\displaystyle N\times N}
14618:chemical reaction network
14216:, which is equivalent to
12897:Two first order reactions
9327:{\displaystyle {\ce {0}}}
8890:{\displaystyle {\ce {0}}}
8032:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
6870:) to carbon monoxide and
6672:{\displaystyle {\rm {M}}}
6178:Linear Plot to determine
2938:Similarly reactions with
2774:so that the variation of
2724:{\displaystyle {\rm {B}}}
2696:{\displaystyle {\rm {B}}}
2498:{\displaystyle {\rm {B}}}
2470:{\displaystyle {\rm {A}}}
2034:{\displaystyle {\rm {A}}}
2015:with respect to reactant
1783:{\displaystyle {\rm {A}}}
1423:In a dilute solution, an
819:This can also be written
452:specific rate of reaction
18323:Potential energy surface
18202:Electron/Proton transfer
18087:Unimolecular elimination
16976:Lotka–Volterra equations
16244:{\displaystyle X_{N}(t)}
16208:{\displaystyle X_{1}(t)}
15734:{\displaystyle r_{zj}=2}
15678:{\displaystyle r_{zj}=1}
15616:{\displaystyle r_{zj}=1}
15554:{\displaystyle r_{zj}=0}
8196:{\displaystyle 2+(-1)=1}
6030:Units of Rate Constant (
5380:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k;}
5255:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k.}
4913:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k,}
4464:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k.}
3733:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k.}
3609:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k,}
1848:kept constant, so that
1643:and multiplied together.
18371:Transition state theory
18172:Intramolecular reaction
18098:Bimolecular elimination
17083:10.1351/goldbook.R05156
16568:be the vector of ones.
11565:conformational analysis
10925:reaction rate constants
10885:A plot of the negative
6754:chemical chain reaction
4356:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k}
3557:, the rate equation is
2970:third-generation Grubbs
2940:heterogeneous catalysis
1653:Method of initial rates
1632:{\textstyle \prod _{i}}
446:and at very few places
54:mathematical expression
18165:Unimolecular reactions
18126:Electrophilic addition
17770:. MIT Press Cambridge.
17464:Tinoco & Wang 1995
17439:Kapoor, K. L. (2007).
17302:Kapoor, K. L. (2007).
17247:Tinoco & Wang 1995
17207:Kapoor, K. L. (2007).
16951:Reaction rate constant
16895:
16872:
16743:
16711:
16691:
16671:
16634:
16611:
16585:
16562:
16496:
16379:
16378:{\displaystyle k_{ij}}
16355:whose entries are the
16349:
16329:
16328:{\displaystyle k_{ij}}
16299:
16272:
16245:
16209:
16173:
16153:
16117:
16090:
16089:{\displaystyle N_{ij}}
16056:
15995:
15947:
15873:
15853:
15830:
15755:
15735:
15699:
15679:
15646:second order reactions
15637:
15617:
15575:
15555:
15508:
15375:
15335:
15252:
15251:{\displaystyle p_{ij}}
15222:
15221:{\displaystyle r_{ij}}
15190:
15166:
15137:
15117:
15086:
15066:
15040:
15004:
14937:
14898:
14674:
14654:
14634:
14599:
14515:
14396:
14210:
14033:
14032:{\displaystyle k_{1}'}
14003:
13921:
13799:
13765:
13710:
13633:
13482:
13331:
13233:
13164:
13095:
13004:
12977:
12950:
12922:
12890:
12864:
12355:
11990:
11903:
11832:
11737:
11661:
11627:
11600:
11554:
10875:
10709:
10585:
10483:
10100:
10069:
10027:
9911:
9843:
9709:
9547:
9434:
9328:
9285:
9186:
9147:
9105:
9070:
9032:
8891:
8848:
8778:
8746:
8460:
8333:
8197:
8152:
8015:
7860:hexacyanoferrate (III)
7836:
7738:
7539:
7446:
7278:
7206:
7142:
7046:
6963:
6853:
6725:
6701:
6673:
6638:
6533:
6462:
6402:
6318:
6272:
6227:
6168:
6127:
6089:
6059:
6016:
5933:
5853:
5780:
5709:
5635:
5561:
5494:
5381:
5256:
5152:
5039:
4994:
4914:
4840:
4643:
4465:
4357:
4253:
4100:
3904:
3816:
3734:
3676:
3616:where Ar indicates an
3610:
3516:
3425:
3242:
3147:
3061:
2888:
2814:zero order reaction is
2795:
2766:
2765:{\displaystyle _{0}}}}
2725:
2697:
2669:
2645:
2621:
2564:
2499:
2471:
2443:
2421:
2310:
2285:
2284:{\displaystyle \ln {}}
2247:
2246:{\displaystyle _{0}}}}
2206:
2182:
2147:
2035:
2007:
1985:
1949:
1914:
1840:
1784:
1755:
1633:
1575:
1523:
1402:
1377:
1283:
1203:
1134:
1053:
1034:reaction intermediates
1019:
869:
810:
730:
523:
437:reaction rate constant
426:
393:
367:
337:
313:
289:
253:
224:
194:
162:
129:
18356:Rate-determining step
18288:Reactive intermediate
18146:Free-radical addition
18136:Nucleophilic addition
18079:Elimination reactions
17944:(lecture with audio).
16931:Reactions on surfaces
16896:
16873:
16744:
16712:
16692:
16672:
16635:
16612:
16586:
16563:
16497:
16380:
16350:
16330:
16300:
16298:{\displaystyle X_{j}}
16273:
16271:{\displaystyle X_{i}}
16246:
16210:
16174:
16154:
16125:flux balance analysis
16118:
16116:{\displaystyle f_{j}}
16091:
16057:
15996:
15927:
15874:
15854:
15831:
15767:stoichiometric matrix
15756:
15736:
15700:
15680:
15638:
15618:
15584:first order reactions
15576:
15556:
15509:
15376:
15315:
15253:
15223:
15191:
15167:
15165:{\displaystyle k_{j}}
15143:-th chemical species,
15138:
15118:
15087:
15067:
15041:
14984:
14917:
14899:
14675:
14655:
14635:
14600:
14516:
14397:
14211:
14034:
14004:
13922:
13800:
13766:
13711:
13634:
13483:
13332:
13234:
13165:
13096:
13005:
13003:{\displaystyle k_{2}}
12978:
12976:{\displaystyle k_{1}}
12951:
12923:
12888:
12865:
12356:
11991:
11904:
11833:
11738:
11662:
11628:
11626:{\displaystyle k_{2}}
11601:
11599:{\displaystyle k_{1}}
11575:Consecutive reactions
11555:
10876:
10710:
10586:
10484:
10101:
10099:{\displaystyle x_{e}}
10070:
10028:
9912:
9844:
9710:
9548:
9435:
9329:
9286:
9187:
9148:
9106:
9071:
9033:
8892:
8849:
8759:Concentration of A (A
8758:
8747:
8461:
8334:
8198:
8153:
8016:
7848:rate-determining step
7837:
7739:
7540:
7447:
7279:
7207:
7143:
7047:
6964:
6859:The decomposition of
6854:
6726:
6702:
6674:
6639:
6534:
6463:
6403:
6319:
6273:
6228:
6169:
6128:
6090:
6060:
6017:
5934:
5854:
5781:
5710:
5636:
5562:
5495:
5382:
5257:
5153:
5040:
5038:{\displaystyle k'=k.}
4995:
4915:
4841:
4644:
4466:
4358:
4254:
4101:
3905:
3817:
3735:
3677:
3611:
3541:in aqueous solution,
3517:
3426:
3243:
3148:
3062:
2994:unimolecular reaction
2962:homogeneous catalysis
2889:
2796:
2767:
2726:
2698:
2670:
2646:
2622:
2565:
2500:
2472:
2444:
2422:
2311:
2286:
2248:
2207:
2183:
2148:
2036:
2008:
1986:
1950:
1948:{\displaystyle \ln v}
1915:
1841:
1785:
1756:
1634:
1576:
1524:
1403:
1378:
1284:
1204:
1135:
1054:
1020:
870:
811:
731:
524:
427:
394:
368:
338:
314:
290:
254:
225:
195:
163:
130:
18351:Equilibrium constant
17938:(needs flash player)
17881:Laidler, Keith James
17273:10.1021/jacs.7b08010
17033:Chemistry LibreTexts
16885:
16756:
16742:{\displaystyle X(t)}
16724:
16701:
16681:
16647:
16624:
16595:
16575:
16509:
16392:
16359:
16339:
16309:
16282:
16255:
16219:
16183:
16163:
16143:
16100:
16070:
16008:
15886:
15863:
15843:
15775:
15745:
15709:
15689:
15653:
15627:
15591:
15565:
15529:
15522:zero order reactions
15516:elementary reactions
15388:
15272:
15232:
15202:
15180:
15149:
15127:
15098:
15076:
15056:
14914:
14687:
14664:
14644:
14624:
14527:
14406:
14220:
14046:
14013:
13931:
13809:
13775:
13728:
13646:
13492:
13341:
13245:
13174:
13105:
13014:
12987:
12960:
12932:
12904:
12368:
12003:
11923:
11844:
11749:
11675:
11637:
11610:
11583:
10946:
10907:. By measurement of
10725:
10605:
10499:
10113:
10083:
10068:{\displaystyle _{t}}
10044:
9924:
9856:
9732:
9563:
9454:
9348:
9298:
9199:
9185:{\displaystyle _{t}}
9161:
9146:{\displaystyle _{t}}
9122:
9104:{\displaystyle _{e}}
9080:
9069:{\displaystyle _{e}}
9045:
8918:
8906:equilibrium constant
8861:
8793:
8511:
8349:
8230:
8166:
8066:
7878:
7768:
7562:
7462:
7308:
7220:
7153:
7060:
6993:
6878:
6788:
6715:
6691:
6659:
6544:
6473:
6413:
6342:
6287:
6242:
6193:
6138:
6100:
6070:
6040:
5944:
5864:
5791:
5725:
5719:Integrated Rate Law
5646:
5572:
5505:
5449:
5266:
5183:
5060:
5051:first order kinetics
5004:
4924:
4866:
4671:
4658:sodium tert-butoxide
4654:elimination reaction
4504:
4381:
4269:
4134:
3935:
3832:
3762:
3686:
3632:
3561:
3436:
3253:
3167:
3093:
3003:
2990:first order reaction
2976:that occurs between
2821:
2780:
2739:
2711:
2683:
2659:
2635:
2574:
2513:
2485:
2457:
2433:
2349:
2300:
2259:
2220:
2196:
2162:
2077:
2021:
1997:
1961:
1933:
1855:
1798:
1770:
1668:
1598:
1539:
1453:
1392:
1315:
1216:
1167:
1066:
1043:
893:
826:
769:
594:
469:
416:
381:
355:
327:
303:
279:
238:
212:
204:molar concentrations
176:
144:
68:
18361:Reaction coordinate
18293:Radical (chemistry)
18278:Elementary reaction
18221:Grotthuss mechanism
17985:reaction mechanisms
17903:Tinoco, Ignacio Jr.
17267:(39): 13644–13647.
16961:Gillespie algorithm
15494:
15462:
15438:
14980:
14794:
14620:considers a number
14593:
14551:
14503:
14440:
14381:
14347:
14332:
14275:
14252:
14188:
14155:
14131:
14086:
14028:
13905:
13881:
13750:
13569:
13418:
13283:
13010:and rate equations
12844:
12779:
12675:
12623:
12558:
12416:
12312:
12250:
12175:
12051:
11961:
11424:
11291:
11137:
10991:
10762:
10668:
10567:
10472:
10375:
9880:
9703:
9611:
9541:
9428:
9400:
9374:
9322:
9279:
9251:
9225:
8885:
8817:
8278:
8133:
8103:
8039:Lindemann mechanism
7993:
7925:
7714:
7682:
7661:
7600:
7512:
7485:
7421:
7381:
7336:
7272:
7259:
7243:
7194:
7169:
7136:
7114:
7095:
7079:
7031:
7009:
6936:
6915:
6823:
6760:. For example, the
6590:
6524:
6386:
5991:
5916:
5831:
5765:
5438:th order (g = 1−n)
5366:
5327:
5314:
5301:
5244:
5231:
5218:
5143:
5124:
5105:
5089:
5076:
4806:
4783:
4770:
4726:
4713:
4700:
4687:
4623:
4610:
4597:
4584:
4559:
4546:
4533:
4520:
4453:
4440:
4427:
4330:
4317:
4304:
4244:
4231:
4205:
4176:
4163:
4150:
4078:
4052:
4017:
3994:
3884:
3797:
3598:
3510:
3481:
3465:
3452:
3393:
3380:
3355:
3324:
3295:
3282:
3236:
3220:
3200:
3187:
1984:{\displaystyle \ln}
1425:elementary reaction
884:molar concentration
750:Consider a typical
38:(also known as the
18386:Arrhenius equation
18156:Oxidative addition
18118:Addition reactions
17643:10.1021/ed084p1499
17592:10.1021/ed083p1643
17552:, pp. 310–311
17173:, pp. 798–800
16891:
16868:
16739:
16707:
16687:
16667:
16630:
16607:
16581:
16558:
16492:
16375:
16345:
16325:
16295:
16268:
16241:
16205:
16169:
16149:
16129:metabolic pathways
16113:
16086:
16052:
15991:
15869:
15849:
15826:
15751:
15731:
15695:
15675:
15633:
15613:
15571:
15551:
15504:
15480:
15450:
15426:
15371:
15264:law of mass action
15248:
15218:
15186:
15162:
15133:
15113:
15082:
15062:
15036:
14894:
14670:
14650:
14630:
14595:
14573:
14531:
14511:
14483:
14428:
14392:
14369:
14335:
14312:
14255:
14232:
14206:
14176:
14135:
14119:
14066:
14029:
14016:
13999:
13917:
13893:
13869:
13795:
13761:
13738:
13706:
13629:
13549:
13478:
13398:
13327:
13263:
13229:
13160:
13091:
13000:
12973:
12946:
12918:
12891:
12860:
12855:
12824:
12759:
12655:
12603:
12538:
12396:
12351:
12346:
12292:
12230:
12155:
12031:
11986:
11941:
11899:
11828:
11733:
11657:
11623:
11596:
11550:
11548:
11404:
11271:
11117:
10971:
10871:
10742:
10718:which results in:
10705:
10648:
10581:
10547:
10479:
10477:
10452:
10355:
10096:
10065:
10023:
9907:
9899:
9839:
9705:
9683:
9591:
9543:
9521:
9430:
9406:
9380:
9352:
9324:
9302:
9281:
9257:
9231:
9203:
9182:
9143:
9101:
9066:
9028:
8887:
8865:
8844:
8836:
8779:
8742:
8740:
8456:
8329:
8297:
8193:
8148:
8121:
8091:
8011:
7973:
7905:
7832:
7734:
7702:
7670:
7649:
7588:
7535:
7500:
7473:
7442:
7409:
7369:
7324:
7274:
7260:
7247:
7231:
7202:
7182:
7157:
7138:
7124:
7102:
7083:
7067:
7042:
7019:
6997:
6959:
6924:
6903:
6849:
6811:
6758:reaction mechanism
6744:(as ln(2)≈0.693).
6721:
6697:
6669:
6634:
6570:
6529:
6504:
6458:
6398:
6366:
6314:
6268:
6223:
6164:
6123:
6085:
6055:
6012:
5971:
5929:
5896:
5849:
5811:
5776:
5745:
5705:
5631:
5557:
5490:
5377:
5354:
5315:
5302:
5289:
5252:
5232:
5219:
5206:
5148:
5131:
5112:
5093:
5077:
5064:
5035:
4990:
4910:
4860:pseudo–first-order
4850:Pseudo-first order
4836:
4792:
4771:
4758:
4714:
4701:
4688:
4675:
4639:
4611:
4598:
4585:
4572:
4547:
4534:
4521:
4508:
4461:
4441:
4428:
4415:
4353:
4318:
4305:
4292:
4249:
4232:
4219:
4193:
4164:
4151:
4138:
4096:
4058:
4032:
3997:
3974:
3900:
3864:
3812:
3785:
3730:
3672:
3606:
3584:
3512:
3498:
3497:
3469:
3453:
3440:
3421:
3368:
3363:
3343:
3312:
3270:
3265:
3238:
3224:
3208:
3188:
3175:
3143:
3057:
2884:
2794:{\displaystyle k'}
2791:
2762:
2721:
2693:
2665:
2641:
2617:
2560:
2495:
2467:
2439:
2427:the partial order
2417:
2322:Method of flooding
2306:
2281:
2243:
2202:
2181:{\displaystyle }}}
2178:
2143:
2031:
2003:
1981:
1945:
1910:
1836:
1780:
1751:
1629:
1610:
1571:
1519:
1500:
1433:law of mass action
1398:
1373:
1279:
1199:
1130:
1049:
1015:
865:
806:
726:
585:adsorbed molecules
558:reaction mechanism
554:reaction mechanism
519:
422:
389:
363:
347:orders of reaction
333:
309:
285:
249:
220:
190:
158:
125:
18422:Chemical kinetics
18409:
18408:
18381:Activated complex
18376:Activation energy
18338:Chemical kinetics
18283:Reaction dynamics
18182:Photodissociation
17948:Rates of Reaction
17885:Chemical kinetics
17753:978-1-84996-213-1
17688:10.1021/tx050031d
17564:, pp. 34, 60
17450:978-1-4039-2277-9
17420:General Chemistry
17368:Chemical Kinetics
17313:978-1-4039-2277-9
17218:978-1-4039-2277-9
16981:Chemical kinetics
16894:{\displaystyle t}
16710:{\displaystyle t}
16690:{\displaystyle s}
16617:identity matrix.
16584:{\displaystyle I}
16348:{\displaystyle K}
16172:{\displaystyle t}
16152:{\displaystyle N}
16044:
16024:
15922:
15902:
15872:{\displaystyle j}
15852:{\displaystyle i}
15754:{\displaystyle z}
15698:{\displaystyle z}
15636:{\displaystyle z}
15574:{\displaystyle z}
15488:
15483:
15453:
15429:
15403:
15343:
15189:{\displaystyle j}
15136:{\displaystyle i}
15105:
15085:{\displaystyle R}
15065:{\displaystyle j}
15025:
15007:
14981:
14955:
14883:
14849:
14831:
14818:
14800:
14795:
14769:
14735:
14707:
14673:{\displaystyle j}
14653:{\displaystyle R}
14633:{\displaystyle N}
14580:
14563:
14538:
14504:
14490:
14478:
14451:
14415:
14348:
14319:
14293:
14287:
14262:
14239:
14142:
14132:
14073:
14056:
13993:
13982:
13960:
13946:
13912:
13884:
13872:
13860:
13838:
13824:
13793:
13787:
13781:
13759:
13753:
13741:
13734:
13704:
13677:
13671:
13658:
13556:
13546:
13501:
13405:
13395:
13350:
13270:
13254:
13224:
13203:
13189:
13155:
13134:
13120:
13086:
13046:
13032:
12956:, with constants
12944:
12938:
12916:
12910:
12851:
12831:
12766:
12662:
12610:
12545:
12527:
12403:
12378:
12342:
12299:
12237:
12162:
12090:
12038:
12013:
11948:
11932:
11894:
11873:
11859:
11823:
11799:
11778:
11764:
11728:
11704:
11690:
11655:
11649:
11643:
11459:
11411:
11333:
11278:
11261:
11182:
11124:
11026:
10978:
10961:
10887:natural logarithm
10827:
10814:
10793:
10773:
10749:
10681:
10655:
10626:
10579:
10554:
10459:
10362:
10296:
10249:
10211:
10175:
10149:
10135:
10053:
10011:
9977:
9956:
9942:
9905:
9901:
9862:
9827:
9809:
9775:
9757:
9690:
9680:
9622:
9598:
9575:
9568:
9528:
9518:
9463:
9422:
9413:
9387:
9368:
9359:
9309:
9273:
9264:
9238:
9219:
9210:
9170:
9131:
9089:
9054:
9026:
9014:
8994:
8979:
8953:
8948:
8926:
8911:is expressed as:
8872:
8842:
8838:
8799:
8736:
8706:
8693:
8675:
8655:
8637:
8605:
8587:
8553:
8535:
8444:
8426:
8392:
8374:
8326:
8321:
8311:
8306:
8299:
8259:
8254:
8244:
8239:
8207:Opposed reactions
8124:
8094:
8009:
7980:
7972:
7912:
7904:
7730:
7717:
7705:
7685:
7673:
7652:
7614:
7591:
7528:
7515:
7503:
7476:
7412:
7384:
7372:
7350:
7327:
7291:to form a second
7263:
7250:
7234:
7200:
7185:
7172:
7160:
7127:
7117:
7105:
7098:
7086:
7070:
7040:
7022:
7012:
7000:
6927:
6906:
6826:
6814:
6756:or other complex
6724:{\displaystyle k}
6700:{\displaystyle t}
6651:
6650:
6646:
6632:
6577:
6559:
6527:
6511:
6488:
6456:
6428:
6396:
6373:
6357:
6330:
6310:
6300:
6265:
6260:
6213:
6162:
6120:
6082:
6052:
6024:
5978:
5953:
5918:
5903:
5885:
5879:
5818:
5801:
5752:
5735:
5693:
5662:
5619:
5588:
5552:
5521:
5465:
5416:rare and unlikely
5412:ternary reactions
5369:
5357:
5339:
5318:
5305:
5292:
5235:
5222:
5209:
5146:
5134:
5127:
5115:
5108:
5096:
5080:
5067:
5027:
4982:
4960:
4949:
4902:
4891:
4834:
4824:
4819:
4810:
4795:
4786:
4774:
4761:
4754:
4744:
4739:
4730:
4717:
4704:
4691:
4678:
4632:
4626:
4614:
4601:
4588:
4575:
4568:
4562:
4550:
4537:
4524:
4511:
4444:
4431:
4418:
4406:
4342:
4321:
4308:
4295:
4247:
4235:
4222:
4209:
4196:
4183:
4167:
4154:
4141:
4065:
4039:
4019:
4004:
3981:
3966:
3960:
3947:
3886:
3871:
3853:
3847:
3788:
3722:
3711:
3657:
3587:
3501:
3496:
3484:
3472:
3456:
3443:
3413:
3371:
3358:
3346:
3338:
3327:
3315:
3273:
3264:
3227:
3211:
3191:
3178:
3141:
3049:
3035:
3021:
2851:
2803:can be measured.
2668:{\displaystyle y}
2644:{\displaystyle x}
2442:{\displaystyle x}
2309:{\displaystyle k}
2275:
2205:{\displaystyle t}
2127:
2093:
2006:{\displaystyle x}
1976:
1957:as a function of
1904:
1892:
1740:
1717:
1659:natural logarithm
1618:
1601:
1566:
1558:
1508:
1491:
1480:
1472:
1401:{\displaystyle k}
1358:
1340:
1125:
1090:
1052:{\displaystyle v}
1010:
982:
969:
941:
925:
800:
788:
776:
752:chemical reaction
721:
507:
489:
448:velocity constant
425:{\displaystyle k}
407:order of reaction
336:{\displaystyle y}
312:{\displaystyle x}
297:). The exponents
288:{\displaystyle M}
16:(Redirected from
18434:
18313:Collision theory
18262:Matrix isolation
18216:Harpoon reaction
18093:E1cB-elimination
17977:
17970:
17963:
17954:
17953:
17924:
17898:
17876:
17857:
17838:
17818:
17796:
17795:
17777:
17771:
17764:
17758:
17757:
17731:
17725:
17724:
17706:
17700:
17699:
17681:
17672:(7): 1161–1166.
17661:
17655:
17654:
17622:
17616:
17610:
17604:
17603:
17571:
17565:
17559:
17553:
17547:
17538:
17532:
17526:
17520:
17509:
17508:
17478:
17467:
17466:, pp. 328–9
17461:
17455:
17454:
17436:
17430:
17416:
17410:
17405:
17394:
17384:
17378:
17364:Keith J. Laidler
17361:
17355:
17354:, pp. 813–4
17349:
17343:
17342:
17324:
17318:
17317:
17299:
17293:
17292:
17256:
17250:
17244:
17238:
17232:
17223:
17222:
17204:
17198:
17197:, pp. 30–31
17192:
17186:
17185:, pp. 15–18
17180:
17174:
17168:
17162:
17156:
17150:
17149:, pp. 797–8
17144:
17138:
17132:
17126:
17120:
17114:
17108:
17097:
17091:
17085:
17075:Rate of reaction
17062:
17056:
17050:
17044:
17043:
17041:
17040:
17025:
17016:
17015:
17012:10.1351/goldbook
16997:
16966:Balance equation
16900:
16898:
16897:
16892:
16877:
16875:
16874:
16869:
16849:
16848:
16836:
16835:
16790:
16789:
16781:
16780:
16748:
16746:
16745:
16740:
16716:
16714:
16713:
16708:
16696:
16694:
16693:
16688:
16676:
16674:
16673:
16668:
16666:
16665:
16657:
16656:
16639:
16637:
16636:
16631:
16616:
16614:
16613:
16608:
16590:
16588:
16587:
16582:
16567:
16565:
16564:
16559:
16557:
16556:
16501:
16499:
16498:
16493:
16491:
16490:
16472:
16471:
16444:
16443:
16422:
16421:
16384:
16382:
16381:
16376:
16374:
16373:
16354:
16352:
16351:
16346:
16334:
16332:
16331:
16326:
16324:
16323:
16304:
16302:
16301:
16296:
16294:
16293:
16277:
16275:
16274:
16269:
16267:
16266:
16250:
16248:
16247:
16242:
16231:
16230:
16214:
16212:
16211:
16206:
16195:
16194:
16178:
16176:
16175:
16170:
16158:
16156:
16155:
16150:
16122:
16120:
16119:
16114:
16112:
16111:
16095:
16093:
16092:
16087:
16085:
16084:
16064:detailed balance
16061:
16059:
16058:
16053:
16045:
16043:
16035:
16031:
16030:
16025:
16022:
16012:
16000:
15998:
15997:
15992:
15981:
15970:
15969:
15960:
15959:
15946:
15941:
15923:
15921:
15913:
15909:
15908:
15903:
15900:
15890:
15878:
15876:
15875:
15870:
15858:
15856:
15855:
15850:
15835:
15833:
15832:
15827:
15822:
15821:
15806:
15805:
15790:
15789:
15760:
15758:
15757:
15752:
15740:
15738:
15737:
15732:
15724:
15723:
15704:
15702:
15701:
15696:
15685:for exactly two
15684:
15682:
15681:
15676:
15668:
15667:
15642:
15640:
15639:
15634:
15622:
15620:
15619:
15614:
15606:
15605:
15580:
15578:
15577:
15572:
15560:
15558:
15557:
15552:
15544:
15543:
15513:
15511:
15510:
15505:
15503:
15502:
15498:
15493:
15490:
15489:
15481:
15466:
15461:
15458:
15451:
15442:
15437:
15434:
15427:
15417:
15412:
15408:
15404:
15380:
15378:
15377:
15372:
15370:
15369:
15368:
15367:
15350:
15349:
15344:
15341:
15334:
15329:
15314:
15313:
15295:
15284:
15283:
15257:
15255:
15254:
15249:
15247:
15246:
15227:
15225:
15224:
15219:
15217:
15216:
15196:-th reaction and
15195:
15193:
15192:
15187:
15171:
15169:
15168:
15163:
15161:
15160:
15142:
15140:
15139:
15134:
15122:
15120:
15119:
15114:
15112:
15111:
15106:
15103:
15091:
15089:
15088:
15083:
15071:
15069:
15068:
15063:
15045:
15043:
15042:
15037:
15032:
15031:
15026:
15023:
15020:
15019:
15005:
15003:
14998:
14983:
14982:
14979:
14978:
14965:
14962:
14961:
14956:
14953:
14950:
14949:
14936:
14931:
14903:
14901:
14900:
14895:
14890:
14889:
14884:
14881:
14878:
14877:
14856:
14855:
14850:
14847:
14844:
14843:
14829:
14825:
14824:
14819:
14816:
14813:
14812:
14798:
14797:
14796:
14793:
14792:
14779:
14776:
14775:
14770:
14767:
14764:
14763:
14742:
14741:
14736:
14733:
14730:
14729:
14714:
14713:
14708:
14705:
14702:
14701:
14679:
14677:
14676:
14671:
14659:
14657:
14656:
14651:
14639:
14637:
14636:
14631:
14604:
14602:
14601:
14596:
14594:
14592:
14589:
14584:
14578:
14568:
14567:
14561:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14542:
14536:
14520:
14518:
14517:
14512:
14510:
14506:
14505:
14502:
14499:
14494:
14488:
14482:
14476:
14471:
14452:
14450:
14449:
14436:
14427:
14416:
14413:
14401:
14399:
14398:
14393:
14391:
14387:
14386:
14385:
14377:
14349:
14343:
14334:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14323:
14317:
14310:
14309:
14299:
14294:
14292:
14291:
14285:
14280:
14274:
14271:
14266:
14260:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14243:
14237:
14230:
14215:
14213:
14212:
14207:
14205:
14201:
14200:
14199:
14198:
14194:
14193:
14192:
14184:
14156:
14154:
14151:
14146:
14140:
14133:
14127:
14118:
14117:
14108:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14077:
14071:
14065:
14060:
14054:
14038:
14036:
14035:
14030:
14024:
14008:
14006:
14005:
14000:
13998:
13997:
13991:
13986:
13980:
13974:
13973:
13961:
13959:
13951:
13947:
13944:
13935:
13926:
13924:
13923:
13918:
13913:
13910:
13901:
13889:
13888:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13870:
13864:
13858:
13852:
13851:
13839:
13837:
13829:
13825:
13822:
13813:
13804:
13802:
13801:
13796:
13794:
13791:
13785:
13779:
13770:
13768:
13767:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13739:
13732:
13715:
13713:
13712:
13707:
13705:
13703:
13702:
13693:
13692:
13683:
13678:
13676:
13675:
13669:
13663:
13662:
13656:
13650:
13638:
13636:
13635:
13630:
13628:
13624:
13623:
13622:
13615:
13614:
13602:
13601:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13560:
13554:
13547:
13545:
13544:
13543:
13531:
13530:
13520:
13519:
13510:
13502:
13499:
13487:
13485:
13484:
13479:
13477:
13473:
13472:
13471:
13464:
13463:
13451:
13450:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13409:
13403:
13396:
13394:
13393:
13392:
13380:
13379:
13369:
13368:
13359:
13351:
13348:
13336:
13334:
13333:
13328:
13326:
13325:
13318:
13317:
13305:
13304:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13274:
13268:
13255:
13252:
13238:
13236:
13235:
13230:
13225:
13222:
13217:
13216:
13204:
13202:
13194:
13190:
13187:
13178:
13169:
13167:
13166:
13161:
13156:
13153:
13148:
13147:
13135:
13133:
13125:
13121:
13118:
13109:
13100:
13098:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13084:
13076:
13075:
13063:
13062:
13047:
13045:
13037:
13033:
13030:
13021:
13009:
13007:
13006:
13001:
12999:
12998:
12982:
12980:
12979:
12974:
12972:
12971:
12955:
12953:
12952:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12936:
12927:
12925:
12924:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12908:
12869:
12867:
12866:
12861:
12859:
12858:
12852:
12849:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12835:
12829:
12819:
12815:
12814:
12813:
12809:
12808:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12770:
12764:
12754:
12750:
12749:
12748:
12744:
12743:
12723:
12722:
12710:
12709:
12705:
12704:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12666:
12660:
12649:
12648:
12636:
12635:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12614:
12608:
12598:
12594:
12593:
12592:
12588:
12587:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12549:
12543:
12533:
12529:
12528:
12526:
12525:
12524:
12512:
12511:
12501:
12500:
12499:
12495:
12494:
12477:
12476:
12464:
12463:
12459:
12458:
12441:
12440:
12430:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12407:
12401:
12383:
12379:
12376:
12360:
12358:
12357:
12352:
12350:
12349:
12343:
12340:
12336:
12335:
12331:
12330:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12303:
12297:
12287:
12286:
12282:
12281:
12261:
12260:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12241:
12235:
12224:
12223:
12211:
12210:
12199:
12198:
12194:
12193:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12166:
12160:
12150:
12146:
12145:
12144:
12140:
12139:
12119:
12118:
12114:
12113:
12091:
12089:
12088:
12087:
12075:
12074:
12064:
12063:
12054:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12042:
12036:
12018:
12014:
12011:
11995:
11993:
11992:
11987:
11985:
11984:
11980:
11979:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11952:
11946:
11933:
11930:
11908:
11906:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11892:
11887:
11886:
11874:
11872:
11864:
11860:
11857:
11848:
11837:
11835:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11821:
11816:
11815:
11800:
11797:
11792:
11791:
11779:
11777:
11769:
11765:
11762:
11753:
11745:For reactant B:
11742:
11740:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11726:
11721:
11720:
11705:
11703:
11695:
11691:
11688:
11679:
11671:For reactant A:
11666:
11664:
11663:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11647:
11641:
11632:
11630:
11629:
11624:
11622:
11621:
11605:
11603:
11602:
11597:
11595:
11594:
11569:NMR spectroscopy
11559:
11557:
11556:
11551:
11549:
11545:
11541:
11540:
11539:
11535:
11531:
11530:
11529:
11514:
11513:
11491:
11490:
11475:
11474:
11460:
11458:
11457:
11456:
11441:
11440:
11427:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11415:
11409:
11399:
11395:
11394:
11393:
11389:
11385:
11384:
11383:
11368:
11367:
11334:
11332:
11331:
11330:
11315:
11314:
11304:
11303:
11294:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11282:
11276:
11266:
11262:
11259:
11252:
11248:
11244:
11243:
11242:
11238:
11234:
11233:
11232:
11217:
11216:
11183:
11181:
11180:
11179:
11164:
11163:
11153:
11152:
11140:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11128:
11122:
11112:
11108:
11107:
11106:
11102:
11098:
11097:
11096:
11081:
11080:
11058:
11057:
11045:
11044:
11027:
11025:
11024:
11023:
11008:
11007:
10994:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10982:
10976:
10966:
10962:
10959:
10952:
10880:
10878:
10877:
10872:
10864:
10863:
10848:
10847:
10832:
10828:
10826:
10825:
10824:
10815:
10812:
10804:
10803:
10794:
10791:
10785:
10784:
10783:
10774:
10771:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10753:
10747:
10739:
10714:
10712:
10711:
10706:
10695:
10694:
10682:
10680:
10679:
10670:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10659:
10653:
10646:
10645:
10632:
10627:
10625:
10617:
10609:
10590:
10588:
10587:
10582:
10580:
10578:
10577:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10558:
10552:
10545:
10543:
10542:
10527:
10526:
10511:
10510:
10488:
10486:
10485:
10480:
10478:
10474:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10463:
10457:
10450:
10449:
10433:
10426:
10425:
10410:
10409:
10390:
10386:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10366:
10360:
10350:
10349:
10333:
10329:
10328:
10312:
10308:
10307:
10306:
10297:
10294:
10289:
10288:
10272:
10268:
10267:
10250:
10248:
10240:
10232:
10223:
10222:
10221:
10212:
10209:
10204:
10203:
10187:
10186:
10185:
10176:
10173:
10168:
10167:
10150:
10148:
10140:
10136:
10133:
10124:
10105:
10103:
10102:
10097:
10095:
10094:
10074:
10072:
10071:
10066:
10064:
10063:
10054:
10051:
10032:
10030:
10029:
10024:
10022:
10021:
10012:
10009:
10004:
10003:
9988:
9987:
9978:
9975:
9970:
9969:
9957:
9955:
9947:
9943:
9940:
9931:
9916:
9914:
9913:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9900:
9898:
9897:
9890:
9882:
9881:
9879:
9872:
9864:
9860:
9848:
9846:
9845:
9840:
9838:
9837:
9828:
9825:
9820:
9819:
9810:
9807:
9802:
9801:
9786:
9785:
9776:
9773:
9768:
9767:
9758:
9755:
9750:
9749:
9714:
9712:
9711:
9706:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9694:
9688:
9681:
9679:
9678:
9677:
9662:
9661:
9651:
9650:
9638:
9633:
9632:
9623:
9620:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9602:
9596:
9586:
9585:
9576:
9573:
9566:
9556:and, therefore,
9552:
9550:
9549:
9544:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9532:
9526:
9519:
9517:
9516:
9515:
9500:
9499:
9489:
9488:
9479:
9474:
9473:
9464:
9461:
9439:
9437:
9436:
9431:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9417:
9411:
9405:
9399:
9396:
9391:
9385:
9379:
9373:
9370:
9369:
9363:
9357:
9333:
9331:
9330:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9313:
9307:
9290:
9288:
9287:
9282:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9268:
9262:
9256:
9250:
9247:
9242:
9236:
9230:
9224:
9221:
9220:
9214:
9208:
9191:
9189:
9188:
9183:
9181:
9180:
9171:
9168:
9152:
9150:
9149:
9144:
9142:
9141:
9132:
9129:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9102:
9100:
9099:
9090:
9087:
9075:
9073:
9072:
9067:
9065:
9064:
9055:
9052:
9037:
9035:
9034:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9024:
9019:
9015:
9012:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8985:
8980:
8978:
8977:
8965:
8964:
8955:
8951:
8950:
8949:
8947:
8946:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8896:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8876:
8870:
8853:
8851:
8850:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8834:
8827:
8819:
8818:
8816:
8809:
8801:
8797:
8751:
8749:
8748:
8743:
8741:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8722:
8721:
8712:
8707:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8694:
8691:
8686:
8685:
8676:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8656:
8653:
8648:
8647:
8638:
8635:
8629:
8620:
8616:
8615:
8606:
8603:
8598:
8597:
8588:
8585:
8580:
8579:
8564:
8563:
8554:
8551:
8546:
8545:
8536:
8533:
8528:
8527:
8517:
8504:=0 in balance):
8465:
8463:
8462:
8457:
8455:
8454:
8445:
8442:
8437:
8436:
8427:
8424:
8419:
8418:
8403:
8402:
8393:
8390:
8385:
8384:
8375:
8372:
8367:
8366:
8338:
8336:
8335:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8322:
8312:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8295:
8288:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8270:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8255:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8240:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8137:
8132:
8129:
8122:
8114:
8113:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8099:
8092:
8078:
8077:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8010:
8008:
8007:
8006:
8005:
7997:
7992:
7989:
7984:
7978:
7970:
7963:
7962:
7950:
7949:
7939:
7938:
7937:
7929:
7924:
7921:
7916:
7910:
7902:
7895:
7890:
7889:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7815:
7814:
7793:
7792:
7780:
7779:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7731:
7723:
7721:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7703:
7690:
7689:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7671:
7665:
7660:
7657:
7650:
7640:
7639:
7627:
7626:
7621:
7615:
7613:
7605:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7589:
7579:
7574:
7573:
7554:
7544:
7542:
7541:
7536:
7534:
7530:
7529:
7521:
7519:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7501:
7489:
7484:
7481:
7474:
7451:
7449:
7448:
7443:
7432:
7431:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7410:
7401:
7400:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7351:
7349:
7341:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7325:
7312:
7297:
7290:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7248:
7242:
7239:
7232:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7193:
7190:
7183:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7158:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7125:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7103:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7084:
7078:
7075:
7068:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7030:
7027:
7020:
7010:
7008:
7005:
6998:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6954:
6950:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6932:
6925:
6919:
6914:
6911:
6904:
6890:
6889:
6869:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6812:
6800:
6799:
6775:
6748:Fractional order
6732:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6623:
6619:
6618:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6581:
6575:
6566:
6561:
6560:
6552:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6515:
6509:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6481:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6457:
6452:
6435:
6430:
6429:
6421:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6364:
6359:
6358:
6350:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6298:
6281:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6258:
6253:
6247:
6236:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6187:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6142:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6105:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6075:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6045:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6013:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5982:
5976:
5964:
5963:
5954:
5951:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5907:
5901:
5891:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5877:
5868:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5739:
5733:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5694:
5691:
5680:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5620:
5617:
5606:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5550:
5539:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5483:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5463:
5421:
5420:
5398:
5391:and the solvent
5390:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5355:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5290:
5278:
5277:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5207:
5195:
5194:
5178:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5094:
5088:
5085:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5065:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5028:
5025:
5014:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4961:
4958:
4950:
4947:
4936:
4935:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4903:
4900:
4892:
4889:
4878:
4877:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4805:
4800:
4793:
4791:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4676:
4664:as the solvent:
4660:as the salt and
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4509:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4416:
4407:
4404:
4393:
4392:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4340:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4293:
4281:
4280:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4139:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4002:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3845:
3836:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3786:
3774:
3773:
3757:
3750:
3746:+ CO → NO + CO
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3723:
3720:
3712:
3709:
3698:
3697:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3658:
3655:
3644:
3643:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3573:
3572:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3499:
3489:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3441:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3271:
3262:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3209:
3199:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3176:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3047:
3036:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3010:
2952:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2874:
2873:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2828:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2677:with respect to
2676:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2584:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2536:
2525:
2524:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2451:with respect to
2450:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2361:
2360:
2344:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2125:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1893:
1890:
1873:
1872:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1741:
1738:
1718:
1715:
1686:
1685:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1609:
1592:of the reaction.
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1546:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1499:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1460:
1429:transition state
1409:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1327:
1326:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1247:
1228:
1227:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1179:
1178:
1153:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1076:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1001:
997:
985:
983:
975:
970:
968:
960:
956:
944:
942:
934:
926:
924:
916:
912:
900:
874:
872:
871:
866:
858:
847:
836:
815:
813:
812:
807:
802:
801:
798:
789:
786:
777:
774:
735:
733:
732:
727:
722:
720:
719:
718:
709:
708:
699:
698:
686:
685:
676:
675:
656:
655:
654:
645:
644:
635:
634:
625:
624:
614:
606:
605:
569:fractional order
528:
526:
525:
520:
518:
517:
508:
505:
500:
499:
490:
487:
443:rate coefficient
433:
431:
429:
428:
423:
400:
398:
396:
395:
390:
388:
374:
372:
370:
369:
364:
362:
345:are the partial
344:
342:
340:
339:
334:
320:
318:
316:
315:
310:
296:
294:
292:
291:
286:
260:
258:
256:
255:
250:
245:
231:
229:
227:
226:
221:
219:
201:
199:
197:
196:
193:{\displaystyle }
191:
186:
169:
167:
165:
164:
161:{\displaystyle }
159:
154:
134:
132:
131:
126:
124:
123:
114:
106:
105:
96:
80:
79:
21:
18442:
18441:
18437:
18436:
18435:
18433:
18432:
18431:
18412:
18411:
18410:
18405:
18391:Eyring equation
18332:
18303:Stereochemistry
18266:
18252:Solvent effects
18240:
18196:
18160:
18141:
18131:
18112:
18107:
18073:
18069:
18050:
18046:
18036:
18026:
18016:
18006:
17987:
17981:
17932:
17927:
17921:
17895:
17873:
17854:
17835:
17805:
17800:
17799:
17792:
17778:
17774:
17765:
17761:
17754:
17732:
17728:
17721:
17707:
17703:
17679:10.1.1.632.3473
17662:
17658:
17623:
17619:
17611:
17607:
17572:
17568:
17560:
17556:
17548:
17541:
17533:
17529:
17521:
17512:
17497:
17479:
17470:
17462:
17458:
17451:
17437:
17433:
17417:
17413:
17406:
17397:
17385:
17381:
17362:
17358:
17350:
17346:
17339:
17325:
17321:
17314:
17300:
17296:
17257:
17253:
17245:
17241:
17233:
17226:
17219:
17205:
17201:
17193:
17189:
17181:
17177:
17169:
17165:
17157:
17153:
17145:
17141:
17133:
17129:
17121:
17117:
17109:
17100:
17092:
17088:
17063:
17059:
17051:
17047:
17038:
17036:
17027:
17026:
17019:
16998:
16994:
16989:
16921:Petersen matrix
16907:
16886:
16883:
16882:
16841:
16837:
16831:
16827:
16782:
16776:
16775:
16774:
16757:
16754:
16753:
16725:
16722:
16721:
16702:
16699:
16698:
16682:
16679:
16678:
16658:
16652:
16651:
16650:
16648:
16645:
16644:
16625:
16622:
16621:
16596:
16593:
16592:
16576:
16573:
16572:
16552:
16548:
16510:
16507:
16506:
16486:
16482:
16467:
16463:
16439:
16435:
16417:
16413:
16393:
16390:
16389:
16366:
16362:
16360:
16357:
16356:
16340:
16337:
16336:
16316:
16312:
16310:
16307:
16306:
16289:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16279:
16262:
16258:
16256:
16253:
16252:
16226:
16222:
16220:
16217:
16216:
16190:
16186:
16184:
16181:
16180:
16179:are denoted by
16164:
16161:
16160:
16144:
16141:
16140:
16137:
16107:
16103:
16101:
16098:
16097:
16077:
16073:
16071:
16068:
16067:
16036:
16026:
16021:
16020:
16013:
16011:
16009:
16006:
16005:
15977:
15965:
15961:
15952:
15948:
15942:
15931:
15914:
15904:
15899:
15898:
15891:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15883:
15864:
15861:
15860:
15844:
15841:
15840:
15814:
15810:
15798:
15794:
15782:
15778:
15776:
15773:
15772:
15746:
15743:
15742:
15716:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15706:
15690:
15687:
15686:
15660:
15656:
15654:
15651:
15650:
15628:
15625:
15624:
15598:
15594:
15592:
15589:
15588:
15566:
15563:
15562:
15536:
15532:
15530:
15527:
15526:
15491:
15485:
15484:
15476:
15459:
15454:
15446:
15435:
15430:
15422:
15418:
15413:
15400:
15396:
15392:
15391:
15389:
15386:
15385:
15360:
15356:
15355:
15351:
15345:
15340:
15339:
15330:
15319:
15309:
15305:
15291:
15279:
15275:
15273:
15270:
15269:
15239:
15235:
15233:
15230:
15229:
15209:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15199:
15181:
15178:
15177:
15156:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15146:
15128:
15125:
15124:
15107:
15102:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15095:
15077:
15074:
15073:
15057:
15054:
15053:
15027:
15022:
15021:
15012:
15008:
14999:
14988:
14974:
14970:
14964:
14963:
14957:
14952:
14951:
14942:
14938:
14932:
14921:
14915:
14912:
14911:
14885:
14880:
14879:
14870:
14866:
14851:
14846:
14845:
14836:
14832:
14820:
14815:
14814:
14805:
14801:
14788:
14784:
14778:
14777:
14771:
14766:
14765:
14756:
14752:
14737:
14732:
14731:
14722:
14718:
14709:
14704:
14703:
14694:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14684:
14665:
14662:
14661:
14645:
14642:
14641:
14625:
14622:
14621:
14614:
14608:
14590:
14585:
14574:
14572:
14557:
14556:
14548:
14543:
14532:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14524:
14500:
14495:
14484:
14472:
14470:
14463:
14459:
14445:
14441:
14432:
14426:
14412:
14407:
14404:
14403:
14373:
14365:
14361:
14354:
14350:
14339:
14329:
14324:
14313:
14311:
14305:
14301:
14300:
14298:
14281:
14276:
14272:
14267:
14256:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14233:
14231:
14229:
14221:
14218:
14217:
14180:
14172:
14168:
14161:
14157:
14152:
14147:
14136:
14134:
14123:
14113:
14109:
14107:
14103:
14099:
14092:
14088:
14083:
14078:
14067:
14061:
14050:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14043:
14020:
14014:
14011:
14010:
13987:
13976:
13975:
13969:
13965:
13952:
13943:
13936:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13928:
13909:
13897:
13878:
13873:
13865:
13854:
13853:
13847:
13843:
13830:
13821:
13814:
13812:
13810:
13807:
13806:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13772:
13747:
13742:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13725:
13721:
13698:
13694:
13688:
13684:
13682:
13665:
13664:
13652:
13651:
13649:
13647:
13644:
13643:
13610:
13606:
13597:
13593:
13586:
13582:
13575:
13571:
13566:
13561:
13550:
13548:
13539:
13535:
13526:
13522:
13521:
13515:
13511:
13509:
13498:
13493:
13490:
13489:
13459:
13455:
13446:
13442:
13435:
13431:
13424:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13399:
13397:
13388:
13384:
13375:
13371:
13370:
13364:
13360:
13358:
13347:
13342:
13339:
13338:
13313:
13309:
13300:
13296:
13289:
13285:
13280:
13275:
13264:
13262:
13251:
13246:
13243:
13242:
13221:
13212:
13208:
13195:
13186:
13179:
13177:
13175:
13172:
13171:
13152:
13143:
13139:
13126:
13117:
13110:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13102:
13083:
13071:
13067:
13058:
13054:
13038:
13029:
13022:
13020:
13015:
13012:
13011:
12994:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12984:
12967:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12957:
12935:
12933:
12930:
12929:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12901:
12899:
12883:
12854:
12853:
12848:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12825:
12823:
12804:
12800:
12796:
12792:
12785:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12760:
12758:
12739:
12735:
12731:
12727:
12718:
12714:
12700:
12696:
12692:
12688:
12681:
12677:
12672:
12667:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12650:
12644:
12640:
12631:
12627:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12604:
12602:
12583:
12579:
12575:
12571:
12564:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12539:
12537:
12520:
12516:
12507:
12503:
12502:
12490:
12486:
12482:
12478:
12472:
12468:
12454:
12450:
12446:
12442:
12436:
12432:
12431:
12429:
12422:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12397:
12395:
12388:
12387:
12375:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12365:
12345:
12344:
12339:
12337:
12326:
12322:
12318:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12293:
12291:
12277:
12273:
12269:
12265:
12256:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12231:
12229:
12226:
12225:
12219:
12215:
12206:
12202:
12200:
12189:
12185:
12181:
12177:
12172:
12167:
12156:
12154:
12135:
12131:
12127:
12123:
12109:
12105:
12101:
12097:
12096:
12092:
12083:
12079:
12070:
12066:
12065:
12059:
12055:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12032:
12030:
12023:
12022:
12010:
12006:
12004:
12001:
12000:
11975:
11971:
11967:
11963:
11958:
11953:
11942:
11940:
11929:
11924:
11921:
11920:
11914:master equation
11891:
11882:
11878:
11865:
11856:
11849:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11841:
11840:For product C:
11820:
11811:
11807:
11796:
11787:
11783:
11770:
11761:
11754:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11746:
11725:
11716:
11712:
11696:
11687:
11680:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11672:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11634:
11617:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11607:
11590:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11580:
11577:
11547:
11546:
11522:
11518:
11509:
11505:
11504:
11500:
11496:
11492:
11483:
11479:
11470:
11466:
11465:
11461:
11449:
11445:
11436:
11432:
11431:
11426:
11421:
11416:
11405:
11403:
11376:
11372:
11363:
11359:
11358:
11354:
11350:
11346:
11339:
11335:
11323:
11319:
11310:
11306:
11305:
11299:
11295:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11272:
11270:
11258:
11254:
11250:
11249:
11225:
11221:
11212:
11208:
11207:
11203:
11199:
11195:
11188:
11184:
11172:
11168:
11159:
11155:
11154:
11145:
11141:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11118:
11116:
11089:
11085:
11076:
11072:
11071:
11067:
11063:
11059:
11053:
11049:
11037:
11033:
11032:
11028:
11016:
11012:
11003:
10999:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10972:
10970:
10958:
10954:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10943:
10933:
10927:will be known.
10918:
10912:
10905:
10898:
10856:
10852:
10843:
10839:
10820:
10816:
10811:
10799:
10795:
10790:
10786:
10779:
10775:
10770:
10759:
10754:
10743:
10741:
10740:
10738:
10734:
10726:
10723:
10722:
10690:
10686:
10675:
10671:
10665:
10660:
10649:
10647:
10638:
10634:
10633:
10631:
10618:
10610:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10602:
10573:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10548:
10546:
10544:
10535:
10531:
10519:
10515:
10506:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10496:
10476:
10475:
10469:
10464:
10453:
10451:
10442:
10438:
10437:
10418:
10414:
10405:
10401:
10397:
10388:
10387:
10372:
10367:
10356:
10354:
10342:
10338:
10337:
10324:
10320:
10319:
10310:
10309:
10302:
10298:
10293:
10281:
10277:
10276:
10263:
10259:
10258:
10251:
10241:
10233:
10231:
10225:
10224:
10217:
10213:
10208:
10196:
10192:
10191:
10181:
10177:
10172:
10163:
10159:
10158:
10151:
10141:
10132:
10125:
10123:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10110:
10090:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10080:
10059:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10042:
10041:
10017:
10013:
10008:
9996:
9992:
9983:
9979:
9974:
9965:
9961:
9948:
9939:
9932:
9930:
9925:
9922:
9921:
9917:this is simply
9893:
9886:
9885:
9883:
9875:
9868:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9853:
9833:
9829:
9824:
9815:
9811:
9806:
9794:
9790:
9781:
9777:
9772:
9763:
9759:
9754:
9745:
9741:
9733:
9730:
9729:
9700:
9695:
9684:
9682:
9670:
9666:
9657:
9653:
9652:
9643:
9639:
9637:
9628:
9624:
9619:
9608:
9603:
9592:
9590:
9581:
9577:
9572:
9564:
9561:
9560:
9538:
9533:
9522:
9520:
9508:
9504:
9495:
9491:
9490:
9484:
9480:
9478:
9469:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9425:
9419:
9418:
9407:
9401:
9397:
9392:
9381:
9375:
9371:
9365:
9364:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9345:
9319:
9314:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9295:
9276:
9270:
9269:
9258:
9252:
9248:
9243:
9232:
9226:
9222:
9216:
9215:
9204:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9196:
9176:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9159:
9158:
9137:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9120:
9119:
9095:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9060:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9020:
9011:
9007:
9006:
9000:
8991:
8987:
8986:
8984:
8970:
8966:
8960:
8956:
8954:
8936:
8935:
8930:
8928:
8927:
8919:
8916:
8915:
8882:
8877:
8866:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8858:
8830:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8812:
8805:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8784:
8776:
8769:
8762:
8739:
8738:
8727:
8723:
8717:
8713:
8711:
8699:
8695:
8690:
8681:
8677:
8672:
8668:
8661:
8657:
8652:
8643:
8639:
8634:
8630:
8628:
8618:
8617:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8593:
8589:
8584:
8572:
8568:
8559:
8555:
8550:
8541:
8537:
8532:
8523:
8519:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8499:
8492:
8482:
8475:
8450:
8446:
8441:
8432:
8428:
8423:
8411:
8407:
8398:
8394:
8389:
8380:
8376:
8371:
8362:
8358:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8318:
8317:
8316:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8291:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8273:
8266:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8251:
8250:
8249:
8236:
8235:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8209:
8167:
8164:
8163:
8138:
8130:
8125:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8108:
8100:
8095:
8087:
8086:
8085:
8073:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8057:
8048:
7998:
7990:
7985:
7974:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7958:
7954:
7945:
7941:
7940:
7930:
7922:
7917:
7906:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7885:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7869:
7826:
7822:
7810:
7806:
7788:
7784:
7775:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7758:
7753:
7722:
7711:
7706:
7698:
7697:
7696:
7679:
7674:
7666:
7658:
7653:
7642:
7641:
7635:
7631:
7622:
7617:
7616:
7606:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7580:
7578:
7569:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7553:
7549:
7520:
7509:
7504:
7496:
7495:
7482:
7477:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7427:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7405:
7396:
7392:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7359:
7355:
7342:
7333:
7328:
7320:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7269:
7264:
7256:
7251:
7240:
7235:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7191:
7186:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7133:
7128:
7111:
7106:
7092:
7087:
7076:
7071:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7028:
7023:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6946:
6942:
6933:
6928:
6920:
6912:
6907:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6885:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6868:
6864:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6795:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6782:carbon monoxide
6773:
6769:
6750:
6739:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6624:
6611:
6607:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6551:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6521:
6516:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6494:
6480:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6436:
6434:
6420:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6349:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6325:
6307:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6254:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6207:
6203:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6157:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6109:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5959:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5913:
5908:
5897:
5895:
5890:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5837:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5812:
5806:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5762:
5757:
5746:
5740:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5673:
5668:
5659:
5652:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5625:
5621:
5616:
5599:
5594:
5585:
5578:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5549:
5532:
5527:
5518:
5511:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5476:
5471:
5462:
5455:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5408:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5324:
5319:
5311:
5306:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5273:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5241:
5236:
5228:
5223:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5140:
5135:
5121:
5116:
5102:
5097:
5086:
5081:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5024:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4979:
4968:
4957:
4946:
4931:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4899:
4888:
4873:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4852:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4796:
4787:
4780:
4775:
4767:
4762:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4710:
4705:
4697:
4692:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4633:
4620:
4615:
4607:
4602:
4594:
4589:
4581:
4576:
4556:
4551:
4543:
4538:
4530:
4525:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4487:n-butyl bromide
4482:
4450:
4445:
4437:
4432:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4403:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4327:
4322:
4314:
4309:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4241:
4236:
4228:
4223:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4168:
4160:
4155:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4075:
4070:
4059:
4057:
4049:
4044:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4009:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3954:
3953:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3881:
3876:
3865:
3863:
3858:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3719:
3708:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3530:
3507:
3502:
3478:
3473:
3462:
3457:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3414:
3410:
3398:
3390:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3364:
3352:
3347:
3339:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3316:
3300:
3292:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3233:
3228:
3217:
3212:
3197:
3192:
3184:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3046:
3027:
3018:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2986:
2951:
2947:
2869:
2865:
2843:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2809:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2529:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:. In this case
2489:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2331:
2324:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2062:Integral method
2025:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1973:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1819:
1818:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1737:
1714:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1650:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1563:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1477:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1257:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1117:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1002:
993:
986:
984:
974:
961:
952:
945:
943:
933:
917:
908:
901:
899:
894:
891:
890:
886:of chemical X,
854:
843:
832:
827:
824:
823:
793:
781:
773:
772:
770:
767:
766:
748:
742:
714:
710:
704:
700:
694:
690:
681:
677:
671:
667:
657:
650:
646:
640:
636:
630:
626:
620:
616:
615:
613:
601:
597:
595:
592:
591:
513:
509:
504:
495:
491:
486:
470:
467:
466:
417:
414:
413:
411:
384:
382:
379:
378:
376:
358:
356:
353:
352:
350:
328:
325:
324:
322:
304:
301:
300:
298:
280:
277:
276:
274:
241:
239:
236:
235:
233:
215:
213:
210:
209:
207:
206:of the species
182:
177:
174:
173:
171:
150:
145:
142:
141:
139:
119:
115:
110:
101:
97:
92:
75:
71:
69:
66:
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18440:
18430:
18429:
18424:
18407:
18406:
18404:
18403:
18398:
18393:
18388:
18383:
18378:
18373:
18368:
18363:
18358:
18353:
18348:
18342:
18340:
18334:
18333:
18331:
18330:
18325:
18320:
18315:
18310:
18305:
18300:
18295:
18290:
18285:
18280:
18274:
18272:
18271:Related topics
18268:
18267:
18265:
18264:
18259:
18254:
18248:
18246:
18245:Medium effects
18242:
18241:
18239:
18238:
18233:
18228:
18223:
18218:
18213:
18207:
18205:
18198:
18197:
18195:
18194:
18189:
18184:
18179:
18174:
18168:
18166:
18162:
18161:
18159:
18158:
18153:
18148:
18143:
18139:
18133:
18129:
18122:
18120:
18114:
18113:
18111:
18110:
18105:
18101:
18095:
18090:
18083:
18081:
18075:
18074:
18072:
18071:
18067:
18060:
18058:
18052:
18051:
18049:
18048:
18044:
18038:
18034:
18028:
18024:
18018:
18014:
18008:
18004:
17997:
17995:
17989:
17988:
17980:
17979:
17972:
17965:
17957:
17951:
17950:
17945:
17939:
17931:
17930:External links
17928:
17926:
17925:
17919:
17907:Wang, James C.
17899:
17893:
17877:
17871:
17858:
17852:
17839:
17833:
17806:
17804:
17801:
17798:
17797:
17790:
17772:
17759:
17752:
17726:
17719:
17701:
17656:
17617:
17605:
17566:
17554:
17539:
17527:
17510:
17496:978-0471134503
17495:
17468:
17456:
17449:
17431:
17411:
17395:
17379:
17356:
17344:
17337:
17319:
17312:
17294:
17251:
17239:
17224:
17217:
17199:
17187:
17175:
17163:
17161:, pp. 5–8
17151:
17139:
17127:
17115:
17098:
17086:
17057:
17045:
17017:
16991:
16990:
16988:
16985:
16984:
16983:
16978:
16973:
16968:
16963:
16958:
16953:
16948:
16943:
16938:
16937:onto a surface
16928:
16923:
16918:
16913:
16906:
16903:
16890:
16879:
16878:
16867:
16864:
16861:
16858:
16855:
16852:
16847:
16844:
16840:
16834:
16830:
16826:
16823:
16820:
16817:
16814:
16811:
16808:
16805:
16802:
16799:
16796:
16793:
16788:
16785:
16779:
16773:
16770:
16767:
16764:
16761:
16738:
16735:
16732:
16729:
16706:
16686:
16664:
16661:
16655:
16629:
16606:
16603:
16600:
16580:
16555:
16551:
16547:
16544:
16541:
16538:
16535:
16532:
16529:
16526:
16523:
16520:
16517:
16514:
16489:
16485:
16481:
16478:
16475:
16470:
16466:
16462:
16459:
16456:
16453:
16450:
16447:
16442:
16438:
16434:
16431:
16428:
16425:
16420:
16416:
16412:
16409:
16406:
16403:
16400:
16397:
16372:
16369:
16365:
16344:
16322:
16319:
16315:
16305:be denoted as
16292:
16288:
16265:
16261:
16240:
16237:
16234:
16229:
16225:
16204:
16201:
16198:
16193:
16189:
16168:
16148:
16136:
16133:
16110:
16106:
16083:
16080:
16076:
16051:
16048:
16042:
16039:
16034:
16029:
16019:
16016:
16002:
16001:
15990:
15987:
15984:
15980:
15976:
15973:
15968:
15964:
15958:
15955:
15951:
15945:
15940:
15937:
15934:
15930:
15926:
15920:
15917:
15912:
15907:
15897:
15894:
15868:
15848:
15837:
15836:
15825:
15820:
15817:
15813:
15809:
15804:
15801:
15797:
15793:
15788:
15785:
15781:
15763:
15762:
15750:
15730:
15727:
15722:
15719:
15715:
15694:
15674:
15671:
15666:
15663:
15659:
15647:
15644:
15632:
15612:
15609:
15604:
15601:
15597:
15585:
15582:
15570:
15550:
15547:
15542:
15539:
15535:
15523:
15501:
15497:
15479:
15475:
15472:
15469:
15465:
15457:
15449:
15445:
15441:
15433:
15425:
15421:
15416:
15411:
15407:
15399:
15395:
15382:
15381:
15366:
15363:
15359:
15354:
15348:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15325:
15322:
15318:
15312:
15308:
15304:
15301:
15298:
15294:
15290:
15287:
15282:
15278:
15260:
15259:
15245:
15242:
15238:
15215:
15212:
15208:
15197:
15185:
15159:
15155:
15144:
15132:
15110:
15093:
15081:
15061:
15047:
15046:
15035:
15030:
15018:
15015:
15011:
15002:
14997:
14994:
14991:
14987:
14977:
14973:
14968:
14960:
14948:
14945:
14941:
14935:
14930:
14927:
14924:
14920:
14905:
14904:
14893:
14888:
14876:
14873:
14869:
14865:
14862:
14859:
14854:
14842:
14839:
14835:
14828:
14823:
14811:
14808:
14804:
14791:
14787:
14782:
14774:
14762:
14759:
14755:
14751:
14748:
14745:
14740:
14728:
14725:
14721:
14717:
14712:
14700:
14697:
14693:
14669:
14649:
14629:
14613:
14610:
14606:
14588:
14583:
14577:
14571:
14566:
14560:
14555:
14546:
14541:
14535:
14509:
14498:
14493:
14487:
14481:
14475:
14469:
14466:
14462:
14458:
14455:
14448:
14444:
14439:
14435:
14431:
14425:
14422:
14419:
14411:
14390:
14384:
14380:
14376:
14372:
14368:
14364:
14360:
14357:
14353:
14346:
14342:
14338:
14327:
14322:
14316:
14308:
14304:
14297:
14290:
14284:
14279:
14270:
14265:
14259:
14247:
14242:
14236:
14228:
14225:
14204:
14197:
14191:
14187:
14183:
14179:
14175:
14171:
14167:
14164:
14160:
14150:
14145:
14139:
14130:
14126:
14122:
14116:
14112:
14106:
14102:
14098:
14095:
14091:
14081:
14076:
14070:
14064:
14059:
14053:
14027:
14023:
14019:
13996:
13990:
13985:
13979:
13972:
13968:
13964:
13958:
13955:
13950:
13942:
13939:
13916:
13908:
13904:
13900:
13896:
13892:
13887:
13876:
13868:
13863:
13857:
13850:
13846:
13842:
13836:
13833:
13828:
13820:
13817:
13790:
13784:
13756:
13745:
13737:
13720:
13717:
13701:
13697:
13691:
13687:
13681:
13674:
13668:
13661:
13655:
13627:
13621:
13618:
13613:
13609:
13605:
13600:
13596:
13592:
13589:
13585:
13581:
13578:
13574:
13564:
13559:
13553:
13542:
13538:
13534:
13529:
13525:
13518:
13514:
13508:
13505:
13497:
13476:
13470:
13467:
13462:
13458:
13454:
13449:
13445:
13441:
13438:
13434:
13430:
13427:
13423:
13413:
13408:
13402:
13391:
13387:
13383:
13378:
13374:
13367:
13363:
13357:
13354:
13346:
13324:
13321:
13316:
13312:
13308:
13303:
13299:
13295:
13292:
13288:
13278:
13273:
13267:
13261:
13258:
13250:
13228:
13220:
13215:
13211:
13207:
13201:
13198:
13193:
13185:
13182:
13159:
13151:
13146:
13142:
13138:
13132:
13129:
13124:
13116:
13113:
13090:
13082:
13079:
13074:
13070:
13066:
13061:
13057:
13053:
13050:
13044:
13041:
13036:
13028:
13025:
13019:
12997:
12993:
12970:
12966:
12941:
12913:
12898:
12895:
12882:
12879:
12871:
12870:
12857:
12847:
12839:
12834:
12828:
12822:
12818:
12812:
12807:
12803:
12799:
12795:
12791:
12788:
12784:
12774:
12769:
12763:
12757:
12753:
12747:
12742:
12738:
12734:
12730:
12726:
12721:
12717:
12713:
12708:
12703:
12699:
12695:
12691:
12687:
12684:
12680:
12670:
12665:
12659:
12653:
12652:
12647:
12643:
12639:
12634:
12630:
12626:
12618:
12613:
12607:
12601:
12597:
12591:
12586:
12582:
12578:
12574:
12570:
12567:
12563:
12553:
12548:
12542:
12536:
12532:
12523:
12519:
12515:
12510:
12506:
12498:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12481:
12475:
12471:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12453:
12449:
12445:
12439:
12435:
12428:
12425:
12421:
12411:
12406:
12400:
12394:
12393:
12391:
12386:
12382:
12374:
12362:
12361:
12348:
12338:
12334:
12329:
12325:
12321:
12317:
12307:
12302:
12296:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12276:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12259:
12255:
12245:
12240:
12234:
12228:
12227:
12222:
12218:
12214:
12209:
12205:
12201:
12197:
12192:
12188:
12184:
12180:
12170:
12165:
12159:
12153:
12149:
12143:
12138:
12134:
12130:
12126:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12108:
12104:
12100:
12095:
12086:
12082:
12078:
12073:
12069:
12062:
12058:
12046:
12041:
12035:
12029:
12028:
12026:
12021:
12017:
12009:
11997:
11996:
11983:
11978:
11974:
11970:
11966:
11956:
11951:
11945:
11939:
11936:
11928:
11910:
11909:
11898:
11890:
11885:
11881:
11877:
11871:
11868:
11863:
11855:
11852:
11838:
11827:
11819:
11814:
11810:
11806:
11803:
11795:
11790:
11786:
11782:
11776:
11773:
11768:
11760:
11757:
11743:
11732:
11724:
11719:
11715:
11711:
11708:
11702:
11699:
11694:
11686:
11683:
11652:
11646:
11620:
11616:
11593:
11589:
11576:
11573:
11561:
11560:
11544:
11538:
11534:
11528:
11525:
11521:
11517:
11512:
11508:
11503:
11499:
11495:
11489:
11486:
11482:
11478:
11473:
11469:
11464:
11455:
11452:
11448:
11444:
11439:
11435:
11430:
11419:
11414:
11408:
11402:
11398:
11392:
11388:
11382:
11379:
11375:
11371:
11366:
11362:
11357:
11353:
11349:
11345:
11342:
11338:
11329:
11326:
11322:
11318:
11313:
11309:
11302:
11298:
11286:
11281:
11275:
11269:
11265:
11257:
11253:
11251:
11247:
11241:
11237:
11231:
11228:
11224:
11220:
11215:
11211:
11206:
11202:
11198:
11194:
11191:
11187:
11178:
11175:
11171:
11167:
11162:
11158:
11151:
11148:
11144:
11132:
11127:
11121:
11115:
11111:
11105:
11101:
11095:
11092:
11088:
11084:
11079:
11075:
11070:
11066:
11062:
11056:
11052:
11048:
11043:
11040:
11036:
11031:
11022:
11019:
11015:
11011:
11006:
11002:
10997:
10986:
10981:
10975:
10969:
10965:
10957:
10953:
10951:
10932:
10929:
10919:the values of
10914:
10908:
10903:
10896:
10883:
10882:
10870:
10867:
10862:
10859:
10855:
10851:
10846:
10842:
10838:
10835:
10831:
10823:
10819:
10810:
10807:
10802:
10798:
10789:
10782:
10778:
10769:
10766:
10757:
10752:
10746:
10737:
10733:
10730:
10716:
10715:
10704:
10701:
10698:
10693:
10689:
10685:
10678:
10674:
10663:
10658:
10652:
10644:
10641:
10637:
10630:
10624:
10621:
10616:
10613:
10592:
10591:
10576:
10572:
10562:
10557:
10551:
10541:
10538:
10534:
10530:
10525:
10522:
10518:
10514:
10509:
10505:
10490:
10489:
10467:
10462:
10456:
10448:
10445:
10441:
10436:
10432:
10429:
10424:
10421:
10417:
10413:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10389:
10385:
10382:
10379:
10370:
10365:
10359:
10353:
10348:
10345:
10341:
10336:
10332:
10327:
10323:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10311:
10305:
10301:
10292:
10287:
10284:
10280:
10275:
10271:
10266:
10262:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10247:
10244:
10239:
10236:
10230:
10227:
10226:
10220:
10216:
10207:
10202:
10199:
10195:
10190:
10184:
10180:
10171:
10166:
10162:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10147:
10144:
10139:
10131:
10128:
10122:
10119:
10118:
10093:
10089:
10062:
10058:
10049:
10034:
10033:
10020:
10016:
10007:
10002:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9986:
9982:
9973:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9954:
9951:
9946:
9938:
9935:
9929:
9896:
9889:
9878:
9871:
9850:
9849:
9836:
9832:
9823:
9818:
9814:
9805:
9800:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9784:
9780:
9771:
9766:
9762:
9753:
9748:
9744:
9740:
9737:
9716:
9715:
9698:
9693:
9687:
9676:
9673:
9669:
9665:
9660:
9656:
9649:
9646:
9642:
9636:
9631:
9627:
9618:
9615:
9606:
9601:
9595:
9589:
9584:
9580:
9571:
9554:
9553:
9536:
9531:
9525:
9514:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9498:
9494:
9487:
9483:
9477:
9472:
9468:
9459:
9441:
9440:
9416:
9410:
9404:
9395:
9390:
9384:
9378:
9362:
9356:
9317:
9312:
9306:
9292:
9291:
9267:
9261:
9255:
9246:
9241:
9235:
9229:
9213:
9207:
9179:
9175:
9166:
9140:
9136:
9127:
9098:
9094:
9085:
9063:
9059:
9050:
9039:
9038:
9023:
9018:
9010:
9003:
8998:
8990:
8983:
8976:
8973:
8969:
8963:
8959:
8945:
8942:
8939:
8933:
8923:
8880:
8875:
8869:
8855:
8854:
8833:
8826:
8815:
8808:
8783:
8782:Simple example
8780:
8774:
8767:
8760:
8753:
8752:
8733:
8730:
8726:
8720:
8716:
8710:
8702:
8698:
8689:
8684:
8680:
8671:
8664:
8660:
8651:
8646:
8642:
8633:
8627:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8614:
8610:
8601:
8596:
8592:
8583:
8578:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8562:
8558:
8549:
8544:
8540:
8531:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8516:
8497:
8490:
8486:The constants
8480:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8453:
8449:
8440:
8435:
8431:
8422:
8417:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8401:
8397:
8388:
8383:
8379:
8370:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8354:
8340:
8339:
8315:
8294:
8287:
8276:
8269:
8248:
8208:
8205:
8192:
8189:
8186:
8183:
8180:
8177:
8174:
8171:
8144:
8141:
8136:
8128:
8120:
8111:
8106:
8098:
8090:
8084:
8081:
8076:
8072:
8055:
8047:
8046:Negative order
8044:
8043:
8042:
8035:
8004:
8001:
7996:
7988:
7983:
7977:
7969:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7948:
7944:
7936:
7933:
7928:
7920:
7915:
7909:
7901:
7893:
7888:
7884:
7867:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7818:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7802:
7799:
7796:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7778:
7774:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7745:
7744:
7729:
7726:
7720:
7709:
7701:
7694:
7688:
7677:
7669:
7664:
7656:
7648:
7645:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7612:
7609:
7604:
7595:
7586:
7583:
7577:
7572:
7568:
7551:
7546:
7545:
7533:
7527:
7524:
7518:
7507:
7499:
7493:
7488:
7480:
7472:
7469:
7453:
7452:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7430:
7426:
7416:
7408:
7404:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7388:
7376:
7367:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7348:
7345:
7340:
7331:
7323:
7319:
7316:
7294:
7285:
7284:
7267:
7254:
7246:
7238:
7230:
7226:
7215:
7212:
7197:
7189:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7164:
7148:
7131:
7123:
7120:
7109:
7101:
7090:
7082:
7074:
7066:
7055:
7052:
7037:
7034:
7026:
7018:
7015:
7004:
6988:
6983:mechanism is
6958:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6931:
6923:
6918:
6910:
6902:
6896:
6893:
6888:
6884:
6866:
6848:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6818:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6771:
6749:
6746:
6737:
6720:
6709:for time, and
6696:
6666:
6649:
6648:
6630:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6595:
6585:
6580:
6574:
6564:
6558:
6555:
6550:
6539:
6519:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6487:
6484:
6479:
6468:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6424:
6419:
6408:
6394:
6391:
6381:
6376:
6370:
6362:
6356:
6353:
6348:
6337:
6333:
6332:
6303:
6297:
6282:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6237:
6220:
6216:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6188:
6182:
6175:
6174:
6160:
6154:
6148:
6133:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6095:
6081:
6078:
6065:
6051:
6048:
6035:
6027:
6026:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5996:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5949:
5939:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5911:
5906:
5900:
5894:
5889:
5882:
5876:
5871:
5859:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5809:
5804:
5798:
5786:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5760:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5738:
5732:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5702:
5698:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5641:
5628:
5624:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5556:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5517:
5514:
5510:
5500:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5407:
5401:
5394:
5376:
5373:
5361:
5352:
5349:
5343:
5334:
5331:
5322:
5309:
5296:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5251:
5248:
5239:
5226:
5213:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5162:The hydrolysis
5159:
5158:
5138:
5130:
5119:
5111:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5071:
5034:
5031:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
4989:
4986:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4956:
4953:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4909:
4906:
4898:
4895:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4830:
4814:
4804:
4799:
4790:
4778:
4765:
4757:
4750:
4734:
4721:
4708:
4695:
4682:
4650:
4649:
4636:
4629:
4618:
4605:
4592:
4579:
4571:
4565:
4554:
4541:
4528:
4515:
4480:
4472:
4471:
4460:
4457:
4448:
4435:
4422:
4413:
4410:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4364:
4363:
4352:
4346:
4337:
4334:
4325:
4312:
4299:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4260:
4259:
4239:
4226:
4218:
4213:
4200:
4192:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4158:
4145:
4116:, such as the
4107:
4106:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4029:
4024:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3970:
3963:
3957:
3950:
3944:
3911:
3910:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3857:
3850:
3844:
3839:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3754:
3747:
3743:
3729:
3726:
3718:
3715:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3625:
3622:
3605:
3602:
3596:
3591:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3553:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3505:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3447:
3431:
3417:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3388:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3361:
3350:
3342:
3335:
3330:
3319:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3248:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3206:
3203:
3195:
3182:
3173:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3068:
3067:
3056:
3053:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3017:
3014:
3008:
2985:
2982:
2949:
2931:by the enzyme
2883:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2808:
2805:
2789:
2786:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2718:
2690:
2664:
2640:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2492:
2464:
2438:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2345:with rate law
2323:
2320:
2305:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2201:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2154:
2153:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2028:
2002:
1980:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1927:of a graph of
1921:
1920:
1909:
1899:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1777:
1762:
1761:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1628:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1593:
1586:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1410:is called the
1397:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1305:
1302:
1290:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1059:is defined as
1048:
1026:
1025:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
981:
978:
973:
967:
964:
959:
955:
951:
948:
940:
937:
932:
929:
923:
920:
915:
911:
907:
904:
898:
876:
875:
864:
861:
857:
853:
850:
846:
842:
839:
835:
831:
817:
816:
805:
796:
792:
784:
780:
744:Main article:
741:
738:
737:
736:
725:
717:
713:
707:
703:
697:
693:
689:
684:
680:
674:
670:
666:
663:
660:
653:
649:
643:
639:
633:
629:
623:
619:
612:
609:
604:
600:
537:reaction steps
516:
512:
503:
498:
494:
485:
482:
478:
474:
421:
387:
361:
332:
308:
284:
248:
244:
218:
189:
185:
181:
157:
153:
149:
136:
135:
122:
118:
113:
109:
104:
100:
95:
91:
88:
84:
78:
74:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18439:
18428:
18425:
18423:
18420:
18419:
18417:
18402:
18399:
18397:
18394:
18392:
18389:
18387:
18384:
18382:
18379:
18377:
18374:
18372:
18369:
18367:
18364:
18362:
18359:
18357:
18354:
18352:
18349:
18347:
18346:Rate equation
18344:
18343:
18341:
18339:
18335:
18329:
18326:
18324:
18321:
18319:
18318:Arrow pushing
18316:
18314:
18311:
18309:
18306:
18304:
18301:
18299:
18296:
18294:
18291:
18289:
18286:
18284:
18281:
18279:
18276:
18275:
18273:
18269:
18263:
18260:
18258:
18255:
18253:
18250:
18249:
18247:
18243:
18237:
18234:
18232:
18229:
18227:
18226:Marcus theory
18224:
18222:
18219:
18217:
18214:
18212:
18209:
18208:
18206:
18203:
18199:
18193:
18190:
18188:
18185:
18183:
18180:
18178:
18177:Isomerization
18175:
18173:
18170:
18169:
18167:
18163:
18157:
18154:
18152:
18151:Cycloaddition
18149:
18147:
18144:
18137:
18134:
18127:
18124:
18123:
18121:
18119:
18115:
18109:
18102:
18099:
18096:
18094:
18091:
18088:
18085:
18084:
18082:
18080:
18076:
18065:
18062:
18061:
18059:
18057:
18053:
18042:
18039:
18032:
18029:
18022:
18019:
18012:
18009:
18002:
17999:
17998:
17996:
17994:
17990:
17986:
17978:
17973:
17971:
17966:
17964:
17959:
17958:
17955:
17949:
17946:
17943:
17940:
17937:
17934:
17933:
17922:
17920:9780131865457
17916:
17912:
17908:
17904:
17900:
17896:
17894:9780060438623
17890:
17886:
17882:
17878:
17874:
17872:9780071139496
17868:
17864:
17859:
17855:
17853:9781560810063
17849:
17845:
17840:
17836:
17834:0-7167-8759-8
17830:
17826:
17822:
17817:
17812:
17811:Atkins, Peter
17808:
17807:
17793:
17791:9780262013345
17787:
17784:. MIT Press.
17783:
17776:
17769:
17763:
17755:
17749:
17745:
17741:
17737:
17730:
17722:
17720:9781461311614
17716:
17712:
17705:
17697:
17693:
17689:
17685:
17680:
17675:
17671:
17667:
17660:
17652:
17648:
17644:
17640:
17636:
17632:
17628:
17621:
17615:, p. 305
17614:
17609:
17601:
17597:
17593:
17589:
17585:
17581:
17577:
17570:
17563:
17562:Espenson 1987
17558:
17551:
17546:
17544:
17537:, p. 301
17536:
17531:
17525:, p. 830
17524:
17519:
17517:
17515:
17506:
17502:
17498:
17492:
17488:
17482:
17477:
17475:
17473:
17465:
17460:
17452:
17446:
17442:
17435:
17429:
17428:0-03-072373-6
17425:
17421:
17415:
17409:
17404:
17402:
17400:
17393:
17392:0-13-014329-4
17389:
17383:
17377:
17376:0-06-043862-2
17373:
17369:
17365:
17360:
17353:
17348:
17340:
17338:0-07-019667-2
17334:
17330:
17323:
17315:
17309:
17305:
17298:
17290:
17286:
17282:
17278:
17274:
17270:
17266:
17262:
17255:
17249:, p. 331
17248:
17243:
17237:, p. 796
17236:
17231:
17229:
17220:
17214:
17210:
17203:
17196:
17195:Espenson 1987
17191:
17184:
17183:Espenson 1987
17179:
17172:
17167:
17160:
17159:Espenson 1987
17155:
17148:
17143:
17136:
17131:
17124:
17119:
17113:, p. 796
17112:
17107:
17105:
17103:
17096:, p. 795
17095:
17090:
17084:
17080:
17076:
17072:
17071:
17066:
17061:
17055:, p. 794
17054:
17049:
17034:
17030:
17024:
17022:
17013:
17009:
17005:
17004:
16996:
16992:
16982:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16969:
16967:
16964:
16962:
16959:
16957:
16954:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16946:Reaction rate
16944:
16942:
16939:
16936:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16908:
16902:
16888:
16865:
16856:
16850:
16845:
16842:
16832:
16828:
16824:
16818:
16815:
16809:
16806:
16803:
16800:
16797:
16786:
16783:
16771:
16765:
16759:
16752:
16751:
16750:
16733:
16727:
16718:
16704:
16684:
16662:
16659:
16641:
16627:
16618:
16604:
16601:
16598:
16578:
16569:
16553:
16545:
16542:
16539:
16536:
16533:
16530:
16527:
16524:
16521:
16515:
16512:
16503:
16487:
16476:
16468:
16464:
16460:
16457:
16454:
16448:
16440:
16436:
16432:
16426:
16418:
16414:
16407:
16401:
16395:
16386:
16370:
16367:
16363:
16342:
16320:
16317:
16313:
16290:
16286:
16263:
16259:
16235:
16227:
16223:
16199:
16191:
16187:
16166:
16146:
16132:
16130:
16126:
16108:
16104:
16081:
16078:
16074:
16065:
16049:
16046:
16040:
16037:
16027:
16014:
15988:
15966:
15962:
15956:
15953:
15949:
15943:
15938:
15935:
15932:
15928:
15924:
15918:
15915:
15905:
15892:
15882:
15881:
15880:
15866:
15846:
15823:
15818:
15815:
15811:
15807:
15802:
15799:
15795:
15791:
15786:
15783:
15779:
15771:
15770:
15769:
15768:
15748:
15741:for a single
15728:
15725:
15720:
15717:
15713:
15692:
15672:
15669:
15664:
15661:
15657:
15648:
15645:
15630:
15623:for a single
15610:
15607:
15602:
15599:
15595:
15586:
15583:
15568:
15548:
15545:
15540:
15537:
15533:
15524:
15521:
15520:
15519:
15517:
15473:
15470:
15467:
15455:
15443:
15431:
15414:
15364:
15361:
15357:
15346:
15331:
15326:
15323:
15320:
15316:
15310:
15306:
15302:
15280:
15276:
15268:
15267:
15266:
15265:
15243:
15240:
15236:
15213:
15210:
15206:
15198:
15183:
15175:
15174:rate constant
15157:
15153:
15145:
15130:
15108:
15094:
15079:
15059:
15052:
15051:
15050:
15033:
15028:
15016:
15013:
15009:
15000:
14995:
14992:
14989:
14985:
14975:
14971:
14966:
14958:
14946:
14943:
14939:
14933:
14928:
14925:
14922:
14918:
14910:
14909:
14908:
14891:
14886:
14874:
14871:
14867:
14863:
14860:
14857:
14852:
14840:
14837:
14833:
14826:
14821:
14809:
14806:
14802:
14789:
14785:
14780:
14772:
14760:
14757:
14753:
14749:
14746:
14743:
14738:
14726:
14723:
14719:
14715:
14710:
14698:
14695:
14691:
14683:
14682:
14681:
14667:
14647:
14627:
14619:
14609:
14586:
14569:
14553:
14544:
14521:
14507:
14496:
14467:
14464:
14460:
14456:
14453:
14446:
14442:
14437:
14433:
14429:
14423:
14420:
14388:
14382:
14378:
14374:
14370:
14366:
14362:
14358:
14355:
14351:
14344:
14340:
14336:
14325:
14306:
14302:
14295:
14277:
14268:
14245:
14226:
14223:
14202:
14195:
14189:
14185:
14181:
14177:
14173:
14169:
14165:
14162:
14158:
14148:
14128:
14124:
14120:
14114:
14110:
14104:
14100:
14096:
14093:
14089:
14079:
14062:
14040:
14025:
14021:
14017:
13970:
13966:
13962:
13956:
13953:
13937:
13902:
13898:
13894:
13890:
13874:
13848:
13844:
13840:
13834:
13831:
13815:
13782:
13743:
13735:
13716:
13699:
13695:
13689:
13685:
13679:
13640:
13625:
13619:
13611:
13607:
13603:
13598:
13594:
13587:
13583:
13579:
13576:
13572:
13562:
13540:
13536:
13532:
13527:
13523:
13516:
13512:
13506:
13474:
13468:
13460:
13456:
13452:
13447:
13443:
13436:
13432:
13428:
13425:
13421:
13411:
13389:
13385:
13381:
13376:
13372:
13365:
13361:
13355:
13322:
13314:
13310:
13306:
13301:
13297:
13290:
13286:
13276:
13259:
13239:
13213:
13209:
13205:
13199:
13196:
13180:
13144:
13140:
13136:
13130:
13127:
13111:
13072:
13068:
13064:
13059:
13055:
13048:
13042:
13039:
13023:
13017:
12995:
12991:
12968:
12964:
12894:
12887:
12878:
12876:
12837:
12820:
12816:
12810:
12805:
12801:
12797:
12793:
12789:
12786:
12782:
12772:
12755:
12751:
12745:
12740:
12736:
12732:
12728:
12724:
12719:
12715:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12697:
12693:
12689:
12685:
12682:
12678:
12668:
12645:
12641:
12637:
12632:
12628:
12616:
12599:
12595:
12589:
12584:
12580:
12576:
12572:
12568:
12565:
12561:
12551:
12534:
12530:
12521:
12517:
12513:
12508:
12504:
12496:
12491:
12487:
12483:
12479:
12473:
12469:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12451:
12447:
12443:
12437:
12433:
12426:
12423:
12419:
12409:
12389:
12384:
12380:
12372:
12364:
12363:
12332:
12327:
12323:
12319:
12315:
12305:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12274:
12270:
12266:
12262:
12257:
12253:
12243:
12220:
12216:
12212:
12207:
12203:
12195:
12190:
12186:
12182:
12178:
12168:
12151:
12147:
12141:
12136:
12132:
12128:
12124:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12106:
12102:
12098:
12093:
12084:
12080:
12076:
12071:
12067:
12060:
12056:
12044:
12024:
12019:
12015:
12007:
11999:
11998:
11981:
11976:
11972:
11968:
11964:
11954:
11937:
11919:
11918:
11917:
11915:
11883:
11879:
11875:
11869:
11866:
11850:
11839:
11812:
11808:
11804:
11788:
11784:
11780:
11774:
11771:
11755:
11744:
11717:
11713:
11709:
11706:
11700:
11697:
11681:
11670:
11669:
11668:
11618:
11614:
11591:
11587:
11572:
11570:
11566:
11542:
11536:
11532:
11526:
11523:
11519:
11515:
11510:
11506:
11501:
11497:
11493:
11487:
11484:
11480:
11476:
11471:
11467:
11462:
11453:
11450:
11446:
11442:
11437:
11433:
11428:
11417:
11400:
11396:
11390:
11386:
11380:
11377:
11373:
11369:
11364:
11360:
11355:
11351:
11347:
11343:
11340:
11336:
11327:
11324:
11320:
11316:
11311:
11307:
11300:
11296:
11284:
11267:
11263:
11255:
11245:
11239:
11235:
11229:
11226:
11222:
11218:
11213:
11209:
11204:
11200:
11196:
11192:
11189:
11185:
11176:
11173:
11169:
11165:
11160:
11156:
11149:
11146:
11142:
11130:
11113:
11109:
11103:
11099:
11093:
11090:
11086:
11082:
11077:
11073:
11068:
11064:
11060:
11054:
11050:
11046:
11041:
11038:
11034:
11029:
11020:
11017:
11013:
11009:
11004:
11000:
10995:
10984:
10967:
10963:
10955:
10942:
10941:
10940:
10938:
10928:
10926:
10922:
10917:
10911:
10906:
10899:
10892:
10888:
10868:
10860:
10857:
10853:
10849:
10844:
10840:
10833:
10829:
10821:
10805:
10800:
10780:
10764:
10755:
10735:
10731:
10728:
10721:
10720:
10719:
10699:
10696:
10691:
10687:
10676:
10672:
10661:
10642:
10639:
10635:
10628:
10622:
10619:
10614:
10611:
10601:
10600:
10599:
10597:
10596:reaction rate
10574:
10570:
10560:
10539:
10536:
10532:
10528:
10523:
10520:
10516:
10512:
10507:
10503:
10495:
10494:
10493:
10465:
10446:
10443:
10439:
10434:
10430:
10422:
10419:
10415:
10411:
10406:
10402:
10394:
10392:
10380:
10377:
10368:
10346:
10343:
10339:
10334:
10330:
10325:
10321:
10316:
10314:
10303:
10285:
10282:
10278:
10273:
10269:
10264:
10260:
10255:
10253:
10245:
10242:
10237:
10234:
10228:
10218:
10200:
10197:
10193:
10188:
10182:
10164:
10160:
10155:
10153:
10145:
10142:
10126:
10120:
10109:
10108:
10107:
10091:
10087:
10078:
10060:
10039:
10018:
10000:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9984:
9966:
9962:
9958:
9952:
9949:
9933:
9927:
9920:
9919:
9918:
9887:
9876:
9834:
9816:
9798:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9782:
9764:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9735:
9728:
9727:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9696:
9674:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9658:
9654:
9647:
9644:
9640:
9634:
9629:
9613:
9604:
9587:
9582:
9559:
9558:
9557:
9534:
9512:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9496:
9492:
9485:
9481:
9475:
9470:
9450:
9449:
9448:
9446:
9402:
9393:
9376:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9340:
9335:
9315:
9253:
9244:
9227:
9195:
9194:
9193:
9177:
9156:
9138:
9117:
9112:
9096:
9061:
9021:
9016:
9008:
9001:
8996:
8988:
8981:
8974:
8971:
8967:
8961:
8957:
8931:
8921:
8914:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8902:
8900:
8878:
8824:
8813:
8789:
8788:
8787:
8773:
8766:
8757:
8731:
8728:
8724:
8718:
8714:
8708:
8700:
8682:
8662:
8644:
8625:
8622:
8612:
8594:
8576:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8560:
8542:
8524:
8520:
8507:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8496:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8472:
8451:
8433:
8415:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8399:
8381:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8352:
8345:
8344:
8343:
8313:
8285:
8274:
8246:
8226:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8204:
8190:
8187:
8181:
8178:
8172:
8169:
8159:
8142:
8139:
8126:
8109:
8096:
8082:
8079:
8074:
8070:
8061:
8053:
8040:
8036:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8028:
8025:
8021:
8002:
7999:
7986:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7946:
7942:
7934:
7931:
7918:
7891:
7886:
7882:
7873:
7866:(VI) ion (RuO
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7844:
7827:
7819:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7797:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7776:
7772:
7763:
7748:
7727:
7724:
7707:
7692:
7675:
7654:
7646:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7623:
7610:
7607:
7593:
7581:
7575:
7570:
7566:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7531:
7525:
7522:
7505:
7491:
7478:
7470:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7439:
7436:
7433:
7428:
7414:
7406:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7374:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7346:
7343:
7329:
7321:
7314:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7299:
7298:are ignored.
7265:
7252:
7236:
7228:
7224:
7216:
7213:
7195:
7187:
7179:
7173:
7162:
7149:
7129:
7121:
7118:
7107:
7088:
7080:
7072:
7064:
7056:
7053:
7035:
7032:
7024:
7016:
7002:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6977:free radicals
6974:
6969:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6929:
6908:
6894:
6891:
6886:
6882:
6873:
6862:
6846:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6816:
6804:
6801:
6796:
6792:
6783:
6779:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6745:
6743:
6736:
6718:
6694:
6684:
6647:
6628:
6625:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6601:
6593:
6583:
6562:
6556:
6553:
6548:
6540:
6517:
6500:
6496:
6491:
6485:
6482:
6477:
6469:
6453:
6446:
6440:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6422:
6417:
6409:
6392:
6389:
6379:
6360:
6354:
6351:
6346:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6283:
6249:
6238:
6200:
6197:
6189:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6176:
6152:
6134:
6113:
6106:
6096:
6076:
6066:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5994:
5984:
5965:
5960:
5940:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5909:
5892:
5887:
5869:
5860:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5824:
5807:
5787:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5758:
5741:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5700:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5669:
5653:
5649:
5642:
5626:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5595:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5528:
5512:
5508:
5501:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5472:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5432:Second order
5431:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5400:
5374:
5359:
5341:
5320:
5307:
5294:
5282:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5249:
5237:
5224:
5211:
5199:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5163:
5136:
5128:
5117:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5069:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5046:
5032:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
4987:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4940:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4907:
4882:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4861:
4857:
4828:
4812:
4802:
4797:
4788:
4776:
4763:
4748:
4732:
4719:
4706:
4693:
4680:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4627:
4616:
4603:
4590:
4577:
4563:
4552:
4539:
4526:
4513:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4491:sodium iodide
4488:
4484:
4475:
4458:
4446:
4433:
4420:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4344:
4323:
4310:
4297:
4285:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4237:
4224:
4216:
4211:
4198:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4156:
4143:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:ethyl acetate
4122:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4054:
4045:
4027:
4022:
4010:
3987:
3968:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3877:
3860:
3855:
3837:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3809:
3804:
3790:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3727:
3702:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3669:
3664:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3621:
3619:
3603:
3594:
3589:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3552:+ X → ArX + N
3540:
3536:
3535:aryldiazonium
3532:
3503:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3474:
3458:
3445:
3432:
3415:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3386:
3373:
3348:
3317:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3288:
3275:
3249:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3204:
3193:
3180:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:mean lifetime
3138:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3054:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3012:
3006:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2804:
2787:
2784:
2755:
2662:
2638:
2627:
2614:
2609:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2555:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2436:
2414:
2409:
2391:
2386:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2319:
2303:
2294:
2293:rate constant
2265:
2262:
2236:
2199:
2140:
2134:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2083:
2080:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2000:
1967:
1964:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1926:
1907:
1897:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1829:
1826:
1812:
1748:
1745:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1642:
1621:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1591:
1590:rate constant
1587:
1584:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1511:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1413:rate constant
1395:
1386:The constant
1370:
1365:
1347:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:rate equation
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1251:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1108:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1046:
1039:
1038:reaction rate
1035:
1031:
1030:closed system
1012:
1006:
1003:
987:
979:
976:
971:
965:
962:
946:
938:
935:
930:
927:
921:
918:
902:
896:
889:
888:
887:
885:
881:
862:
859:
851:
848:
840:
837:
829:
822:
821:
820:
803:
794:
782:
778:
765:
764:
763:
761:
757:
754:in which two
753:
747:
746:Reaction rate
723:
715:
705:
701:
695:
691:
687:
682:
678:
672:
668:
664:
661:
651:
647:
641:
637:
631:
627:
621:
617:
610:
607:
602:
598:
590:
589:
588:
586:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
514:
496:
480:
476:
472:
465:
464:reaction rate
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:
439:
438:
419:
408:
404:
348:
330:
306:
282:
272:
268:
264:
246:
205:
120:
102:
86:
82:
76:
72:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:reaction rate
55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:rate equation
33:
19:
18345:
18298:Molecularity
17910:
17884:
17862:
17843:
17820:
17781:
17775:
17767:
17762:
17735:
17729:
17710:
17704:
17669:
17665:
17659:
17634:
17630:
17620:
17613:Laidler 1987
17608:
17586:(11): 1643.
17583:
17579:
17569:
17557:
17550:Laidler 1987
17535:Laidler 1987
17530:
17486:
17483:. See also:
17459:
17440:
17434:
17419:
17414:
17408:Connors 1990
17382:
17367:
17359:
17347:
17328:
17322:
17303:
17297:
17264:
17260:
17254:
17242:
17208:
17202:
17190:
17178:
17166:
17154:
17142:
17137:, p. 12
17135:Connors 1990
17130:
17125:, p. 13
17123:Connors 1990
17118:
17089:
17068:
17060:
17048:
17037:. Retrieved
17035:. 2015-01-18
17032:
17002:
16995:
16916:Molecularity
16880:
16749:is given by
16719:
16642:
16619:
16570:
16504:
16387:
16138:
16003:
15859:in reaction
15838:
15764:
15383:
15261:
15123:denotes the
15048:
14906:
14615:
14522:
14041:
13722:
13641:
13240:
12900:
12892:
12875:steady state
12872:
11911:
11578:
11562:
10936:
10934:
10923:and the two
10920:
10915:
10909:
10901:
10894:
10890:
10884:
10717:
10593:
10491:
10076:
10037:
10035:
9851:
9724:
9717:
9555:
9444:
9442:
9338:
9336:
9293:
9154:
9115:
9113:
9040:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8856:
8785:
8771:
8770:= 2 min and
8764:
8501:
8494:
8487:
8485:
8477:
8470:
8468:
8341:
8216:
8212:
8210:
8160:
8049:
8026:
8022:
7845:
7761:
7759:
7751:Complex laws
7746:
7547:
7454:
7300:
7286:
6973:steady state
6970:
6766:acetaldehyde
6751:
6741:
6734:
6652:
6644:
6328:
6179:
6031:
6022:
5435:
5429:First order
5411:
5409:
5404:
5164:of sucrose (
5160:
5047:
4859:
4853:
4662:tert-butanol
4651:
4476:
4473:
4365:
4261:
4111:
4108:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3913:The unit of
3912:
3824:
3627:
3624:Second order
3539:nucleophiles
3524:
3159:
3157:is τ = 1/k.
3084:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3070:The unit of
3069:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2959:
2937:
2929:acetaldehyde
2920:
2918:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2896:The unit of
2895:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2628:
2509:
2340:
2339:·B →
2336:
2332:
2325:
2155:
2069:
2065:
2045:
1922:
1763:
1656:
1531:
1439:
1437:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1385:
1307:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1037:
1027:
877:
818:
749:
579:
577:
573:intermediate
562:
545:molecularity
531:
451:
447:
442:
441:
435:
406:
402:
346:
137:
51:differential
43:
39:
35:
29:
18257:Cage effect
18192:RRKM theory
18108:elimination
17803:Books cited
17637:(9): 1499.
16278:to species
7762:mixed order
7756:Mixed order
7214:Termination
7054:Propagation
6685:(mol · L),
5426:Zero order
2984:First order
2953:) on a hot
460:irradiation
458:, or light
261:usually in
18416:Categories
17039:2023-04-10
16987:References
16388:Also, let
15649:for which
15587:for which
15525:for which
7862:ion with
6987:Initiation
6336:Half-life
4121:hydrolysis
3537:ions with
2974:inhibition
2916:surface.
2807:Zero order
2335:·A +
1304:Power laws
740:Definition
18308:Catalysis
18204:reactions
17674:CiteSeerX
17651:0021-9584
17600:0021-9584
17281:0002-7863
16843:−
16825:−
16810:
16784:−
16660:−
16602:×
16540:…
16458:…
15929:∑
15808:−
15471:…
15317:∏
14986:∑
14919:∑
14861:⋯
14747:⋯
14570:≈
14554:−
14468:−
14457:
14424:−
14367:−
14359:−
14278:−
14227:
14174:−
14166:−
14105:−
14097:−
13789:⟶
13755:⟶
13588:−
13580:−
13437:−
13429:−
13291:−
13018:−
12940:⟶
12912:⟶
12850:otherwise
12798:−
12790:−
12733:−
12712:−
12694:−
12686:−
12638:≠
12577:−
12569:−
12514:−
12484:−
12466:−
12448:−
12341:otherwise
12320:−
12271:−
12213:≠
12183:−
12129:−
12121:−
12103:−
12077:−
11969:−
11805:−
11710:−
11651:⟶
11645:⟶
11524:−
11498:−
11485:−
11451:−
11378:−
11352:−
11344:−
11325:−
11227:−
11201:−
11193:−
11174:−
11147:−
11091:−
11065:−
11039:−
11018:−
10858:−
10806:−
10765:−
10732:
10697:−
10640:−
10598:becomes:
10537:−
10521:−
10444:−
10435:−
10420:−
10378:−
10344:−
10335:−
10283:−
10274:−
10229:−
10198:−
10189:−
10121:−
9998:−
9990:−
9928:−
9895:⇀
9888:−
9877:−
9870:↽
9796:−
9788:−
9672:−
9645:−
9614:−
9510:−
9403:−
9294:The term
9254:−
8972:−
8904:Then the
8832:⇀
8825:−
8814:−
8807:↽
8729:−
8574:−
8413:−
8405:−
8293:⇀
8286:−
8275:−
8268:↽
8179:−
8140:−
8003:−
7960:β
7947:α
7935:−
7864:ruthenate
7693:∝
7647:⋅
7532:⋅
7492:∝
7471:⋅
7407:⋅
7390:−
7322:⋅
7245:⟶
7229:⋅
7180:⋅
7177:⟶
7174:⋅
7119:⋅
7100:⟶
7065:⋅
7036:⋅
7017:⋅
7014:⟶
6762:pyrolysis
6613:−
6605:−
6441:
6201:
6114:⋅
6001:−
5839:−
5768:−
5650:−
5576:−
5509:−
5453:−
5443:Rate Law
5110:⟶
4829:−
4756:⟶
4749:−
4635:↓
4570:⟶
4405:imidazole
4372:imidazole
4368:catalyzed
4345:−
4212:−
4191:⟶
4186:−
4055:−
3467:⟶
3416:−
3329:⟶
3202:⟶
3124:
3087:half-life
3007:−
2944:phosphine
2921:saturated
2914:catalytic
2825:−
2592:⋅
2538:⋅
2392:⋅
2369:⋅
2266:
2118:
2103:−
2084:
2052:half-life
1968:
1940:
1884:
1862:
1830:…
1749:⋯
1732:
1709:
1694:
1675:
1617:Reactants
1603:∏
1588:k is the
1565:Reactants
1543:−
1507:Reactants
1493:∏
1479:Reactants
1457:−
1371:⋯
1269:…
1082:ν
931:−
897:−
838:−
830:−
791:⟶
756:reactants
580:undefined
575:species.
456:adsorbent
48:empirical
32:chemistry
17909:(1995).
17883:(1987).
17696:16022509
17289:28944665
16905:See also
16215:through
15561:for all
14967:→
14781:→
14438:′
14379:′
14345:′
14186:′
14129:′
14026:′
14009:, where
13903:′
8219:are the
7872:catalyst
7555:and CO:
6981:Herzfeld
6872:chlorine
6861:phosgene
6740:= 0.693/
6683:molarity
5012:′
4973:′
4856:catalyst
4118:alkaline
3922:mol dm s
2978:pyridine
2955:tungsten
2905:mol dm s
2788:′
2582:′
2534:′
1903:constant
1298:rate law
401:and the
271:molarity
202:are the
56:for the
46:) is an
40:rate law
18:Rate Law
17825:791–823
16935:adsorbs
16591:be the
15176:of the
15172:is the
10492:Since:
9447:, that
8777:= 1 min
8469:where:
8213:a, b, p
7852:alcohol
6778:methane
6776:) into
6731:
6711:
6707:
6687:
6679:
6655:
4495:acetone
3620:group.
2925:ethanol
2801:
2776:
2772:
2735:
2731:
2707:
2703:
2679:
2675:
2655:
2651:
2631:
2505:
2481:
2477:
2453:
2449:
2429:
2343:·C
2328:Ostwald
2316:
2296:
2253:
2216:
2212:
2192:
2188:
2158:
2041:
2017:
2013:
1993:
1955:
1929:
1846:
1794:
1790:
1766:
1581:is the
1532:Where:
1408:
1388:
760:product
434:is the
432:
412:
403:overall
399:
377:
373:
351:
343:
323:
319:
299:
295:
275:
259:
234:
230:
208:
200:
172:
168:
140:
17983:Basic
17917:
17891:
17869:
17850:
17831:
17788:
17750:
17717:
17694:
17676:
17649:
17598:
17505:247275
17503:
17493:
17447:
17426:
17390:
17374:
17335:
17310:
17287:
17279:
17215:
15006:
14830:
14799:
13170:and
10079:. Let
9567:
9041:where
8952:
8925:
8215:, and
8060:oxygen
7856:ketone
5414:) are
3153:. The
2968:using
2910:enzyme
2156:where
1143:where
1036:, the
138:where
34:, the
18211:Redox
18047:Acyl)
17065:IUPAC
15049:Here
8058:) to
8052:ozone
7870:) as
7854:to a
6653:Here
5079:COOCH
4489:with
2912:or a
2570:with
1925:slope
267:liter
263:moles
18100:(E2)
18089:(E1)
17915:ISBN
17889:ISBN
17867:ISBN
17848:ISBN
17829:ISBN
17786:ISBN
17748:ISBN
17715:ISBN
17692:PMID
17647:ISSN
17596:ISSN
17501:OCLC
17491:ISBN
17445:ISBN
17424:ISBN
17388:ISBN
17372:ISBN
17333:ISBN
17308:ISBN
17285:PMID
17277:ISSN
17213:ISBN
16807:diag
16643:Let
16628:diag
16620:Let
16571:Let
16505:Let
15228:and
13927:and
13771:and
13488:and
13101:;
12983:and
12928:and
12873:The
11606:and
10913:and
10594:the
9852:For
9076:and
8901:=0.
8493:and
8037:the
7289:*CHO
6905:COCl
6865:COCl
6780:and
6324:vs.
6278:vs.
6233:vs.
6184:vs.
5126:COOH
4809:NaBr
4631:NaBr
4430:COOC
4307:COOC
4153:COOC
3925:.
3618:aryl
3263:CoCl
3085:The
2629:and
2214:and
1923:The
1657:The
1583:rate
1446:is:
1438:The
535:and
375:and
349:for
321:and
265:per
232:and
170:and
18070:Ar)
18027:Ar)
17740:doi
17684:doi
17639:doi
17588:doi
17269:doi
17265:139
17079:doi
17077:".
17008:doi
16697:to
10040:be
8223:):
7858:by
7716:CHO
7684:CHO
7514:CHO
7383:CHO
7293:*CH
7097:CHO
7039:CHO
7011:CHO
6825:CHO
6774:CHO
6764:of
6738:1/2
4738:NaO
4567:NaI
4493:in
4370:by
4208:COO
4123:of
3919:is
3586:ArN
3543:ArN
3076:is
2960:In
2927:to
2902:is
1296:or
762:C:
450:or
440:or
42:or
30:In
18418::
18138:(A
18128:(A
18066:(S
18043:(S
18037:i)
18033:(S
18023:(S
18017:2)
18013:(S
18007:1)
18003:(S
17905:;
17827:.
17819:.
17746:.
17738:.
17690:.
17682:.
17670:18
17668:.
17645:.
17635:84
17633:.
17629:.
17594:.
17584:83
17582:.
17578:.
17542:^
17513:^
17499:.
17471:^
17398:^
17366:,
17283:.
17275:.
17263:.
17227:^
17101:^
17067:,
17031:.
17020:^
16901:.
16717:.
16385:.
16131:.
15518::
14454:ln
14224:ln
13639:.
13337:;
11633:;
11571:.
10904:−1
10900:+
10729:ln
9157:,
9118:,
8775:−1
8498:−1
8481:−1
8054:(O
7979:CN
7971:Fe
7911:CN
7903:Fe
7704:CH
7672:CH
7651:CH
7590:CH
7550:CH
7502:CH
7475:CH
7411:CH
7371:CH
7326:CH
7233:CH
7199:CO
7184:CH
7171:CO
7159:CH
7126:CH
7116:CO
7104:CH
7085:CH
7069:CH
7021:CH
6999:CH
6926:Cl
6813:CH
6770:CH
6438:ln
6198:ln
6034:)
5321:11
5308:22
5295:12
5238:11
5225:22
5212:12
5176:11
5172:22
5168:12
5145:OH
5133:CH
5114:CH
5066:CH
4833:Bu
4818:HO
4794:CH
4785:CH
4773:CH
4760:CH
4753:Bu
4729:Br
4716:CH
4703:CH
4690:CH
4677:CH
4613:CH
4600:CH
4587:CH
4574:CH
4561:Br
4549:CH
4536:CH
4523:CH
4510:CH
4497::
4417:CH
4341:OH
4294:CH
4246:OH
4195:CH
4182:OH
4140:CH
4127::
3787:NO
3753:NO
3742:NO
3412:Cl
3370:NH
3337:Co
3272:NH
3210:NO
3121:ln
2988:A
2948:PH
2263:ln
2115:ln
2081:ln
2043:.
1965:ln
1937:ln
1881:ln
1859:ln
1729:ln
1706:ln
1691:ln
1672:ln
863:0.
587::
560:.
273:,
18142:)
18140:N
18132:)
18130:E
18106:i
18104:E
18068:E
18045:N
18035:N
18025:N
18015:N
18005:N
17976:e
17969:t
17962:v
17923:.
17897:.
17875:.
17856:.
17837:.
17794:.
17756:.
17742::
17723:.
17698:.
17686::
17653:.
17641::
17602:.
17590::
17507:.
17453:.
17341:.
17316:.
17291:.
17271::
17221:.
17081::
17042:.
17014:.
17010::
16889:t
16866:,
16863:]
16860:)
16857:0
16854:(
16851:X
16846:1
16839:)
16833:T
16829:K
16822:)
16819:J
16816:K
16813:(
16804:+
16801:I
16798:s
16795:(
16792:[
16787:1
16778:L
16772:=
16769:)
16766:t
16763:(
16760:X
16737:)
16734:t
16731:(
16728:X
16705:t
16685:s
16663:1
16654:L
16605:N
16599:N
16579:I
16554:T
16550:)
16546:1
16543:,
16537:,
16534:1
16531:,
16528:1
16525:,
16522:1
16519:(
16516:=
16513:J
16488:T
16484:)
16480:)
16477:t
16474:(
16469:N
16465:X
16461:,
16455:,
16452:)
16449:t
16446:(
16441:2
16437:X
16433:,
16430:)
16427:t
16424:(
16419:1
16415:X
16411:(
16408:=
16405:)
16402:t
16399:(
16396:X
16371:j
16368:i
16364:k
16343:K
16321:j
16318:i
16314:k
16291:j
16287:X
16264:i
16260:X
16239:)
16236:t
16233:(
16228:N
16224:X
16203:)
16200:t
16197:(
16192:1
16188:X
16167:t
16147:N
16109:j
16105:f
16082:j
16079:i
16075:N
16050:0
16047:=
16041:t
16038:d
16033:]
16028:i
16023:X
16018:[
16015:d
15989:.
15986:)
15983:]
15979:X
15975:[
15972:(
15967:j
15963:f
15957:j
15954:i
15950:r
15944:R
15939:1
15936:=
15933:j
15925:=
15919:t
15916:d
15911:]
15906:i
15901:X
15896:[
15893:d
15867:j
15847:i
15824:,
15819:j
15816:i
15812:r
15803:j
15800:i
15796:p
15792:=
15787:j
15784:i
15780:N
15749:z
15729:2
15726:=
15721:j
15718:z
15714:r
15693:z
15673:1
15670:=
15665:j
15662:z
15658:r
15643:,
15631:z
15611:1
15608:=
15603:j
15600:z
15596:r
15581:,
15569:z
15549:0
15546:=
15541:j
15538:z
15534:r
15500:)
15496:]
15487:N
15482:X
15478:[
15474:,
15468:,
15464:]
15456:2
15452:X
15448:[
15444:,
15440:]
15432:1
15428:X
15424:[
15420:(
15415:=
15410:)
15406:]
15402:X
15398:[
15394:(
15365:j
15362:z
15358:r
15353:]
15347:z
15342:X
15337:[
15332:N
15327:1
15324:=
15321:z
15311:j
15307:k
15303:=
15300:)
15297:]
15293:X
15289:[
15286:(
15281:j
15277:f
15244:j
15241:i
15237:p
15214:j
15211:i
15207:r
15184:j
15158:j
15154:k
15131:i
15109:i
15104:X
15092:,
15080:R
15060:j
15034:.
15029:i
15024:X
15017:j
15014:i
15010:p
15001:N
14996:1
14993:=
14990:i
14976:j
14972:k
14959:i
14954:X
14947:j
14944:i
14940:r
14934:N
14929:1
14926:=
14923:i
14892:,
14887:N
14882:X
14875:j
14872:N
14868:p
14864:+
14858:+
14853:2
14848:X
14841:j
14838:2
14834:p
14827:+
14822:1
14817:X
14810:j
14807:1
14803:p
14790:j
14786:k
14773:N
14768:X
14761:j
14758:N
14754:r
14750:+
14744:+
14739:2
14734:X
14727:j
14724:2
14720:r
14716:+
14711:1
14706:X
14699:j
14696:1
14692:r
14668:j
14648:R
14628:N
14607:0
14587:0
14582:]
14579:A
14576:[
14565:]
14562:C
14559:[
14545:0
14540:]
14537:A
14534:[
14508:)
14497:0
14492:]
14489:R
14486:[
14480:]
14477:C
14474:[
14465:1
14461:(
14447:2
14443:k
14434:1
14430:k
14421:=
14418:]
14414:B
14410:[
14389:)
14383:t
14375:1
14371:k
14363:e
14356:1
14352:(
14341:1
14337:k
14326:0
14321:]
14318:A
14315:[
14307:2
14303:k
14296:=
14289:]
14286:C
14283:[
14269:0
14264:]
14261:R
14258:[
14246:0
14241:]
14238:R
14235:[
14203:]
14196:)
14190:t
14182:1
14178:k
14170:e
14163:1
14159:(
14149:0
14144:]
14141:A
14138:[
14125:1
14121:k
14115:2
14111:k
14101:e
14094:1
14090:[
14080:0
14075:]
14072:R
14069:[
14063:=
14058:]
14055:C
14052:[
14022:1
14018:k
13995:]
13992:R
13989:[
13984:]
13981:A
13978:[
13971:2
13967:k
13963:=
13957:t
13954:d
13949:]
13945:C
13941:[
13938:d
13915:]
13911:A
13907:[
13899:1
13895:k
13891:=
13886:]
13883:O
13875:2
13871:H
13867:[
13862:]
13859:A
13856:[
13849:1
13845:k
13841:=
13835:t
13832:d
13827:]
13823:B
13819:[
13816:d
13792:C
13786:R
13783:+
13780:A
13758:B
13752:O
13744:2
13740:H
13736:+
13733:A
13700:2
13696:k
13690:1
13686:k
13680:=
13673:]
13670:C
13667:[
13660:]
13657:B
13654:[
13626:)
13620:t
13617:)
13612:2
13608:k
13604:+
13599:1
13595:k
13591:(
13584:e
13577:1
13573:(
13563:0
13558:]
13555:A
13552:[
13541:2
13537:k
13533:+
13528:1
13524:k
13517:2
13513:k
13507:=
13504:]
13500:C
13496:[
13475:)
13469:t
13466:)
13461:2
13457:k
13453:+
13448:1
13444:k
13440:(
13433:e
13426:1
13422:(
13412:0
13407:]
13404:A
13401:[
13390:2
13386:k
13382:+
13377:1
13373:k
13366:1
13362:k
13356:=
13353:]
13349:B
13345:[
13323:t
13320:)
13315:2
13311:k
13307:+
13302:1
13298:k
13294:(
13287:e
13277:0
13272:]
13269:A
13266:[
13260:=
13257:]
13253:A
13249:[
13227:]
13223:A
13219:[
13214:2
13210:k
13206:=
13200:t
13197:d
13192:]
13188:C
13184:[
13181:d
13158:]
13154:A
13150:[
13145:1
13141:k
13137:=
13131:t
13128:d
13123:]
13119:B
13115:[
13112:d
13089:]
13085:A
13081:[
13078:)
13073:2
13069:k
13065:+
13060:1
13056:k
13052:(
13049:=
13043:t
13040:d
13035:]
13031:A
13027:[
13024:d
12996:2
12992:k
12969:1
12965:k
12943:C
12937:A
12915:B
12909:A
12838:0
12833:]
12830:C
12827:[
12821:+
12817:)
12811:t
12806:1
12802:k
12794:e
12787:1
12783:(
12773:0
12768:]
12765:B
12762:[
12756:+
12752:)
12746:t
12741:1
12737:k
12729:e
12725:t
12720:1
12716:k
12707:t
12702:1
12698:k
12690:e
12683:1
12679:(
12669:0
12664:]
12661:A
12658:[
12646:2
12642:k
12633:1
12629:k
12617:0
12612:]
12609:C
12606:[
12600:+
12596:)
12590:t
12585:2
12581:k
12573:e
12566:1
12562:(
12552:0
12547:]
12544:B
12541:[
12535:+
12531:)
12522:1
12518:k
12509:2
12505:k
12497:t
12492:1
12488:k
12480:e
12474:2
12470:k
12461:t
12456:2
12452:k
12444:e
12438:1
12434:k
12427:+
12424:1
12420:(
12410:0
12405:]
12402:A
12399:[
12390:{
12385:=
12381:]
12377:C
12373:[
12333:t
12328:1
12324:k
12316:e
12306:0
12301:]
12298:B
12295:[
12289:+
12284:t
12279:1
12275:k
12267:e
12263:t
12258:1
12254:k
12244:0
12239:]
12236:A
12233:[
12221:2
12217:k
12208:1
12204:k
12196:t
12191:2
12187:k
12179:e
12169:0
12164:]
12161:B
12158:[
12152:+
12148:)
12142:t
12137:2
12133:k
12125:e
12116:t
12111:1
12107:k
12099:e
12094:(
12085:1
12081:k
12072:2
12068:k
12061:1
12057:k
12045:0
12040:]
12037:A
12034:[
12025:{
12020:=
12016:]
12012:B
12008:[
11982:t
11977:1
11973:k
11965:e
11955:0
11950:]
11947:A
11944:[
11938:=
11935:]
11931:A
11927:[
11897:]
11893:B
11889:[
11884:2
11880:k
11876:=
11870:t
11867:d
11862:]
11858:C
11854:[
11851:d
11826:]
11822:B
11818:[
11813:2
11809:k
11802:]
11798:A
11794:[
11789:1
11785:k
11781:=
11775:t
11772:d
11767:]
11763:B
11759:[
11756:d
11731:]
11727:A
11723:[
11718:1
11714:k
11707:=
11701:t
11698:d
11693:]
11689:A
11685:[
11682:d
11654:C
11648:B
11642:A
11619:2
11615:k
11592:1
11588:k
11543:)
11537:t
11533:)
11527:1
11520:k
11516:+
11511:1
11507:k
11502:(
11494:e
11488:1
11481:k
11477:+
11472:1
11468:k
11463:(
11454:1
11447:k
11443:+
11438:1
11434:k
11429:1
11418:0
11413:]
11410:P
11407:[
11401:+
11397:)
11391:t
11387:)
11381:1
11374:k
11370:+
11365:1
11361:k
11356:(
11348:e
11341:1
11337:(
11328:1
11321:k
11317:+
11312:1
11308:k
11301:1
11297:k
11285:0
11280:]
11277:A
11274:[
11268:=
11264:]
11260:P
11256:[
11246:)
11240:t
11236:)
11230:1
11223:k
11219:+
11214:1
11210:k
11205:(
11197:e
11190:1
11186:(
11177:1
11170:k
11166:+
11161:1
11157:k
11150:1
11143:k
11131:0
11126:]
11123:P
11120:[
11114:+
11110:)
11104:t
11100:)
11094:1
11087:k
11083:+
11078:1
11074:k
11069:(
11061:e
11055:1
11051:k
11047:+
11042:1
11035:k
11030:(
11021:1
11014:k
11010:+
11005:1
11001:k
10996:1
10985:0
10980:]
10977:A
10974:[
10968:=
10964:]
10960:A
10956:[
10937:t
10921:K
10916:e
10910:e
10902:k
10897:1
10895:k
10891:t
10881:.
10869:t
10866:)
10861:1
10854:k
10850:+
10845:1
10841:k
10837:(
10834:=
10830:)
10822:e
10818:]
10813:A
10809:[
10801:t
10797:]
10792:A
10788:[
10781:e
10777:]
10772:A
10768:[
10756:0
10751:]
10748:A
10745:[
10736:(
10703:)
10700:x
10692:e
10688:x
10684:(
10677:e
10673:x
10662:0
10657:]
10654:A
10651:[
10643:1
10636:k
10629:=
10623:t
10620:d
10615:x
10612:d
10575:e
10571:x
10561:0
10556:]
10553:A
10550:[
10540:1
10533:k
10529:=
10524:1
10517:k
10513:+
10508:1
10504:k
10466:0
10461:]
10458:A
10455:[
10447:1
10440:k
10431:x
10428:)
10423:1
10416:k
10412:+
10407:1
10403:k
10399:(
10395:=
10384:)
10381:x
10369:0
10364:]
10361:A
10358:[
10352:(
10347:1
10340:k
10331:x
10326:1
10322:k
10317:=
10304:t
10300:]
10295:P
10291:[
10286:1
10279:k
10270:x
10265:1
10261:k
10256:=
10246:t
10243:d
10238:x
10235:d
10219:t
10215:]
10210:P
10206:[
10201:1
10194:k
10183:t
10179:]
10174:A
10170:[
10165:1
10161:k
10156:=
10146:t
10143:d
10138:]
10134:A
10130:[
10127:d
10092:e
10088:x
10077:t
10061:t
10057:]
10052:A
10048:[
10038:x
10019:t
10015:]
10010:P
10006:[
10001:1
9994:k
9985:t
9981:]
9976:A
9972:[
9967:1
9963:k
9959:=
9953:t
9950:d
9945:]
9941:A
9937:[
9934:d
9904:P
9861:A
9835:q
9831:]
9826:Q
9822:[
9817:p
9813:]
9808:P
9804:[
9799:1
9792:k
9783:b
9779:]
9774:B
9770:[
9765:a
9761:]
9756:A
9752:[
9747:1
9743:k
9739:=
9736:v
9697:0
9692:]
9689:A
9686:[
9675:1
9668:k
9664:+
9659:1
9655:k
9648:1
9641:k
9635:=
9630:e
9626:]
9621:P
9617:[
9605:0
9600:]
9597:A
9594:[
9588:=
9583:e
9579:]
9574:A
9570:[
9535:0
9530:]
9527:A
9524:[
9513:1
9506:k
9502:+
9497:1
9493:k
9486:1
9482:k
9476:=
9471:e
9467:]
9462:P
9458:[
9445:K
9421:e
9415:]
9412:P
9409:[
9394:0
9389:]
9386:A
9383:[
9377:=
9367:e
9361:]
9358:A
9355:[
9339:t
9316:0
9311:]
9308:P
9305:[
9272:t
9266:]
9263:P
9260:[
9245:0
9240:]
9237:A
9234:[
9228:=
9218:t
9212:]
9209:A
9206:[
9178:t
9174:]
9169:P
9165:[
9155:t
9139:t
9135:]
9130:A
9126:[
9116:t
9097:e
9093:]
9088:P
9084:[
9062:e
9058:]
9053:A
9049:[
9022:e
9017:]
9013:A
9009:[
9002:e
8997:]
8993:P
8989:[
8982:=
8975:1
8968:k
8962:1
8958:k
8944:f
8941:e
8938:d
8932:=
8922:K
8909:K
8899:t
8879:0
8874:]
8871:A
8868:[
8841:P
8798:A
8772:k
8768:1
8765:k
8761:0
8732:1
8725:k
8719:1
8715:k
8709:=
8701:b
8697:]
8692:B
8688:[
8683:a
8679:]
8674:A
8670:[
8663:q
8659:]
8654:Q
8650:[
8645:p
8641:]
8636:P
8632:[
8626:=
8623:K
8613:q
8609:]
8604:Q
8600:[
8595:p
8591:]
8586:P
8582:[
8577:1
8570:k
8566:=
8561:b
8557:]
8552:B
8548:[
8543:a
8539:]
8534:A
8530:[
8525:1
8521:k
8502:v
8495:k
8491:1
8488:k
8478:k
8474:1
8471:k
8452:q
8448:]
8443:Q
8439:[
8434:p
8430:]
8425:P
8421:[
8416:1
8409:k
8400:b
8396:]
8391:B
8387:[
8382:a
8378:]
8373:A
8369:[
8364:1
8360:k
8356:=
8353:v
8325:Q
8320:q
8314:+
8310:P
8305:p
8258:B
8253:b
8247:+
8243:A
8238:a
8217:q
8191:1
8188:=
8185:)
8182:1
8176:(
8173:+
8170:2
8143:1
8135:]
8127:2
8123:O
8119:[
8110:2
8105:]
8097:3
8093:O
8089:[
8083:k
8080:=
8075:0
8071:v
8056:3
8000:2
7995:]
7987:6
7982:)
7976:(
7968:[
7956:k
7952:+
7943:k
7932:2
7927:]
7919:6
7914:)
7908:(
7900:[
7892:=
7887:0
7883:v
7868:4
7828:2
7824:]
7820:A
7817:[
7812:2
7808:k
7804:+
7801:]
7798:A
7795:[
7790:1
7786:k
7782:=
7777:0
7773:v
7728:2
7725:3
7719:]
7708:3
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20:)
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