675:
636:
to Khmer Rouge control. The Khmer Rouge regime, which had not initially been harsh in
Ratanakiri, became increasingly oppressive. The Khmer Loeu were forbidden from speaking their native languages or practicing their traditional customs and religion, which were seen as incompatible with communism. Communal living became compulsory, and the province's few schools were closed. Purges of ethnic minorities increased in frequency, and thousands of refugees fled to Vietnam and Laos. Preliminary studies indicate that bodies accounting for approximately 5% of Ratanakiri's residents were deposited in mass graves, a significantly lower rate than elsewhere in Cambodia.
866:
instead primarily respected advisors and consensus builders. Village elders are generally male, but women also play a role in the management of the community and its resources. A village may also have a village chief, i.e., a local government person who is appointed by a higher governmental official. The village chief serves as a liaison between the village and outside government officials, but lacks traditional authority. The role of the village chief in village governance may be poorly defined; in one Kreung village, residents told a researcher that they were "very unclear exactly what the work of the village chief entailed."
1474:
100:
70:
596:
1305:
1231:
6544:
806:, poaching, and mineral extraction. Though the province has been known for its relatively pristine environment, recent development has spawned environmental problems. The unspoiled image of the province often conflicts with the reality on the ground: visitors "expecting to find pristine forests teeming with wildlife are increasingly disappointed to find lifeless patches of freshly cut tree stumps". Land use patterns are changing as population growth has accelerated and agriculture and logging have intensified.
1604:
1333:
744:
1470:. Ratanakiri residents' poor health can be attributed to a variety of factors, including poverty, remoteness of villages, poor quality medical services, and language and cultural barriers that prevent Khmer Loeu from obtaining medical care. The province has one referral hospital, 10 health centers, and 17 health posts. Medical equipment and supplies are minimal, and most health facilities are staffed by nurses or midwives, who are often poorly trained and irregularly paid.
1495:. Only 21.6% of Ratanakiri residents obtained water from sources that are considered safe (purchased water, piped water, or tube/piped wells). Household water sources were within the home for 28.0% of households, near the home for 39.1%, and away from the home for 32.9%. The most common source of light was battery power (39.5%), followed by government-provided power (25.5%), and kerosene (16.5%). Most households (85%) used firewood as the main fuel for cooking. A
6495:
6933:
151:
6443:
6365:
870:
6406:
6348:
1666:
have been attributed to contact with internal immigrants, government officials, and NGO workers. Clothing and diets are becoming more standardized, and traditional music is being displaced by Khmer music. Many villagers have also observed a loss of respect for elders and a growing divide between the young and the old. Young people have begun to refuse to abide by traditional rules and have stopped believing in spirits.
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6398:
324:
85:
252:
6381:
6287:
1313:
local communities receive very little income from tourism and because guides sometimes bring tourists to villages without residents' consent, disrupting traditional ways of life. A few initiatives have sought to address these issues: a provincial tourism steering committee aims to ensure that tourism is non-destructive, and some programs provide
English and tourism skills to indigenous people.
1269:, a trend that has accelerated in recent years. Ratanakiri villagers have traditionally had little contact with the cash economy. Barter exchange remains widespread, and Khmer Loeu villagers tended to visit markets only once per year until quite recently. As of 2005, monetary income in the province averaged US$ 5 per month per person; purchased possessions such as motorcycles, televisions, and
846:. Political scientist Caroline Hughes has suggested that the CPP's overwhelming dominance in rural areas such as Ratanakiri stems from the central government's ability to suppress collective action, which in urban areas is offset by international donors and NGOs that provide support for opposition parties. Fifty-one commune council members in Ratanakiri (20%) were women as of the
1301:
environmental reasons and because of land alienation. In 1997, an estimated 300,000 cubic meters of logs were exported illegally from
Ratanakiri to Vietnam, compared to a legal limit of 36,000 cubic meters. John Dennis, a researcher for the Asian Development Bank, described the logging in Ratanakiri as a "human rights emergency".
484:. Ratanakiri is among the least developed provinces of Cambodia. Its infrastructure is poor, and the local government is weak. Health indicators in Ratanakiri are extremely poor; men's life expectancy is 39 years, and women's is 43 years. Education levels are also low, with just under half of the population illiterate.
1551:) of actively cultivated land and 5β6 hectares (12.5β15 acres) of fallow land. The ecologically sustainable cultivation cycle practiced by the Khmer Loeu generally lasts 10 to 15 years. Villagers supplement their agricultural livelihood with low-intensity hunting, fishing, and gathering over a large area.
635:
in the region, aiming to disrupt sanctuaries for communist
Vietnamese troops. Villagers were forced outside of main towns to escape the bombings, foraging for food and living on the run with the Khmer Rouge. In June 1970, the central government withdrew its troops from Ratanakiri, abandoning the area
587:
from elsewhere in
Cambodia were moved into the province, and roads and large rubber plantations were built. After facing harsh working conditions and sometimes involuntary labor on the plantations, many Khmer Loeu left their traditional homes and moved farther from provincial towns. In 1968, tensions
1665:
Because of the province's high prevalence of malaria and its distance from regional centers, Ratanakiri was isolated from
Western influences until the late 20th century. Major cultural shifts have occurred in recent years however, particularly in villages near roads and district towns; these changes
1634:
leaves, all of which are collected from nearby forests; they typically last for around three years. Village spatial organization varies by ethnic group. Kreung villages are constructed in a circular manner, with houses facing inwards toward a central meeting house. In Jarai villages, vast longhouses
643:
in 1979, government policy toward
Ratanakiri became one of benign neglect. The Khmer Loeu were permitted to return to their traditional livelihoods, but the government provided little infrastructure in the province. Under the Vietnamese, there was little contact between the provincial government and
1490:
Ratanakiri is one of the least developed provinces in
Cambodia. As of 2013, the average home had 1.9 rooms, and only 14.9% of buildings in the province had permanent roofs, walls, and flooring. Relatively few households (27.8%) had toilet facilities. The largest share of households (38.0%) obtained
1343:
As of 2013, Ratanakiri
Province had a population of approximately 184,000. Its population nearly doubled between 1998 and 2013, largely due to internal migration. In 2013, Ratanakiri made up 1.3% of Cambodia's total population; its population density of 17.0 residents per square kilometer was just
1312:
Ratanakiri's tourist industry has rapidly expanded in recent years: visits to the province increased from 6,000 in 2002 to 105,000 in 2008 and 118,000 in 2011. The region's tourism development strategy focuses on encouraging ecotourism. Increasing tourism in
Ratanakiri has been problematic because
1316:
Ox-cart and motorcycle are common means of transportation in Ratanakiri. The provincial road system is better than in some parts of the country, but remains in somewhat bad condition. National Road 78 between Banlung and the Vietnam border was built between 2007 and 2010; the road was expected to
647:
Ratanakiri's recent history has been characterized by development and attendant challenges to traditional ways of life. The national government has built roads, encouraged tourism and agriculture, and facilitated rapid immigration of lowland Khmers into Ratanakiri. Road improvements and political
1642:, and their cosmologies are intertwined with the natural world. Some forests are believed to be inhabited by local spirits, and local taboos forbid cutting in those areas. Within spirit forests, certain natural features such as rock formations, waterfalls, pools, and vegetation are sacred. Major
1300:
are also produced. Gems are generally mined using traditional methods, with individuals digging holes and tunnels and manually removing the gems; recently, however, commercial mining operations have been moving into the province. Logging, particularly illegal logging, has been a problem both for
865:
and other indigenous institutions, are dominant. Members of each village designate one or more community elders to manage village affairs, mediate conflicts, and ensure that villagers follow customary laws, particularly about land and resource use. Elders do not play an autocratic role, and are
1481:
As of 1998, Ratanakiri had 76 primary schools, one junior high school, and one high school. Education levels, particularly among Khmer Loeu, are very low. A 2002 survey of residents in six villages found that fewer than 10% of respondents had attended any primary school. Access to education is
1486:
as of 2013 (compared to 80% in Cambodia overall). Bilingual education initiatives, in which students begin instruction in native languages and gradually transition to instruction in Khmer, began in Ratanakiri in 2002 and appear to have been successful. The programs aim to make education more
1344:
over one fifth the national average. About 70% of the province's population lives in the highlands; of the other 30%, approximately half live in more urbanized towns, and half live along rivers and in the lowlands, where they practice wetland rice cultivation and engage in market activities.
822:
Government in Ratanakiri is weak, largely due to the province's remoteness, ethnic diversity, and recent history of Khmer Rouge dominance. The provincial legal framework is poor, and the rule of law is even weaker in Ratanakiri than elsewhere in Cambodia. Furthermore, government services are
735:
climate with a rainy season from June to October, a cool season from November to January, and a hot season from March to May. Ratanakiri tends to be cooler than elsewhere in Cambodia. The average daily high temperature in the province is 34.0 Β°C (93.2 Β°F), and the average daily low
1482:
limited because of the expense of books, distance to schools, children's need to contribute to their families' livelihood, frequent absence of teachers, and instruction that is culturally inappropriate and in a language foreign to most students. Only 55% of Ratanakiri adults were
1359:
In 2013, 37% of Ratanakiri residents were under age 15, 52% were age 15 to 49, 7% were age 50 to 64, and 3% were aged 65 or older; 49.7% of residents were male, and 50.3% were female. Each household had an average of 4.9 members, and most households (85.6%) were headed by men.
5790:
Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002: Reports by Governments on the Situation in Their Countries and on the Progress Made in the Standardization of Geographical Names Since the Seventh
644:
many local communities. Long after the fall of the Khmer Rouge regime, however, Khmer Rouge rebels remained in the forests of Ratanakiri. Rebels largely surrendered their arms in the 1990s, though attacks along provincial roads continued until 2002.
1554:
Khmer Loeu diets in Ratanakiri are largely dictated by the food that is available for harvesting or gathering. Numerous food taboos also limit food choice, particularly among pregnant women, children, and the sick. The primary staple grain is
770:
ecosystems in mainland Southeast Asia. One 1996 survey of two sites in Ratanakiri and one site in neighboring Mondulkiri recorded 44 mammal species, 76 bird species, and 9 reptile species. A 2007 survey of Ratanakiri's
578:
instituted a development and Khmerization campaign in northeast Cambodia that was designed to bring villages under government control, limit the influence of insurgents in the area, and "modernize" indigenous communities. Some
657:
over land traditionally possessed by Ratanakiri's indigenous peoples, and even land "sales" have often involved bribes to officials, coercion, threats, or misinformation. Following the involvement of several international
1653:
are present in the province, and some Khmer Loeu have converted to Christianity. Indigenous community representatives have described the missionaries as a major threat to their society. The region's ethnic Khmer are
1587:
are only eaten when sacrifices are made. In the rainy season, many varieties of vegetables and leaves are gathered from the forest. (Vegetables are generally not cultivated.) Commonly eaten fruits include bananas,
652:
has been a major problem. Despite a 2001 law allowing indigenous communities to obtain collective title to traditional lands, some villages have been left nearly landless. The national government has granted
1466:; in Ratanakiri and neighboring Mondulkiri (whose figures were combined in the most recent survey), over 10% of children die before the age of five. Ratanakiri also has the country's highest rates of severe
736:
temperature is 22.1 Β°C (71.8 Β°F). Annual precipitation is approximately 2,200 millimetres (87 in). Flooding often occurs during the rainy season and has been exacerbated by the recently built
1363:
While highland peoples have inhabited Ratanakiri for well over a millennium, lowland peoples have migrated to the province in the last 200 years. As of 2013, various highland groups collectively called
460:
people, who are a minority elsewhere in Cambodia. During the region's early history, its Khmer Loeu inhabitants were exploited as slaves by neighboring empires. The slave trade economy ended during the
480:
Ratanakiri is sparsely populated; its 184,000 residents make up just over 1% of the country's total population. Residents generally live in villages of 20 to 60 families and engage in subsistence
6012:
5479:
4848:
Fox, Jefferson (2002). "Understanding a Dynamic Landscape: Land Use, Land Cover, and Resource Tenure in Northeastern Cambodia". In Walsh, Stephen Joseph; Crews-Meyer, Kelley A. (eds.).
4808:
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during its early history, but no empire ever brought the area under centralized control. From the 13th century or earlier until the 19th century, highland villages were often raided by
5782:
5635:
4675:
698:, flow from east to west across the province. The province is known for its lush forests; as of 1997, 70β80% of the province was forested, either with old-growth forest or with
5126:
John, Ashish Joshia Ingty; Phalla, Chea (2006). "Community-based natural resource management and decentralized governance in Ratanakiri, Cambodia". In Tyler, Stephen R. (ed.).
775:
recorded 30 ant species, 19 katydid species, 37 fish species, 35 reptile species, 26 amphibian species, and 15 mammal species, including several species never before observed.
4826:
4211:
1348:, the provincial capital located in the central highlands, is by far the province's largest town, with a population of approximately 25,000. Other significant towns include
795:. The province's forests contain a wide variety of flora; one half-hectare forest inventory identified 189 species of trees and 320 species of ground flora and saplings.
536:); indigenous workers were used for construction and rubber harvesting. While under French control, the land comprising present-day Ratanakiri was transferred from Siam (
5584:"Rethinking Poverty Reduction to Protect and Promote the Rights of Indigenous Minorities in Cambodia: A Human Rights Approach to Land and Natural Resources Management"
4622:
5651:
717:, relatively poor soil, and abundant wildlife. In the highlands between Tonle San and Tonle Srepok, the home of the vast majority of Ratanakiri's population, a hilly
5065:
4926:
1583:
and fish are major protein sources, and smaller animals such as rats, wild chickens, and insects are also sometimes eaten. Domestic animals such as pigs, cows, and
1487:
accessible to speakers of indigenous languages, as well as to give Khmer Loeu access to national political and economic affairs by providing Khmer language skills.
6210:
5667:
Samath, Sith; et al. (2001). "Addressing Anarchy: Decentralization and Natural Resource Management in Ratanakiri, Upland Cambodia". In Straub, Andrea (ed.).
540:) to Laos and then to Cambodia. Although highland groups initially resisted their colonial rulers, by the end of the colonial era in 1953 they had been subdued.
5450:
1496:
824:
4750:
4508:. Conference on Language Development, Language Revitalization, and Multilingual Education in Minority Communities in Asia, Bangkok, Thailand. Archived from
5655:
7090:
5701:
3980:
5966:
Thomas, Anne; et al. (2005). ""Empowering Ethnic Minorities in the Cambodian Highlands". In Vargas-Baron, Emily; Bernal Alarcon, Hernando (eds.).
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978:
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1004:
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6163:
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5879:
1000:
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4203:
6319:
5430:
5081:
4704:
1627:
5314:
4815:
1543:
and governs a forest territory whose boundaries are known though not marked. Within this land, each family is allocated, on average, 1β2
1284:
plantations. Other economic activities in the province include gem mining and commercial logging. The most abundant gem in Ratanakiri is blue
6483:
5762:
4586:
823:
ineffective and insufficient to meet the needs of the province. The Cambodian government has traditionally accepted substantial support from
6461:
4500:
1635:
are inhabited by all extended families, with the inner house divided into smaller compartments. Tampuan villages may follow either pattern.
5798:
4397:
4374:
4351:
4328:
4305:
1046:
1038:
113:
5810:
4692:
6660:
6612:
4693:"Status and Distribution of Large Mammals in Eastern Cambodia: Results of the first foot surveys on Mondulkiri and Rattanakiri provinces"
1050:
982:
939:
207:
5643:
4280:
619:
headquarters was moved to Ratanakiri in 1966, and hundreds of Khmer Loeu joined CPK units. During this period, there was also extensive
5921:
5218:
5019:
1042:
5198:
Kosonen, Kimmo (2007). "Vernaculars in Literacy and Basic Education in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand". In Liddicoat, Anthony J. (ed.).
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6607:
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6227:
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6117:
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5994:
5928:
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5131:
4878:
4124:
4024:
1054:
935:
861:
Village government in Ratanakiri has both traditional and administrative components. Traditional forms of government, namely village
851:
4837:
4218:
4117:
1491:
water from springs, streams, ponds, or rain; much of the remainder obtained water from protected (23.9%) or unprotected (15.1%) dug
6584:
5043:
4040:
1393:
1008:
917:
532:
in 1893, and colonial rule replaced slave trading. The French built huge rubber plantations, especially in Labansiek (present-day
6579:
6270:
4754:
1631:
913:
721:
plateau provides fertile red soils. Secondary forests dominate this region. South of the Srepok River is a flat area of tropical
6182:
5402:
5295:
1416:, each indigenous group speaks its own language. Less than 10% of Ratanakiri's indigenous population can speak Khmer fluently.
666:
fleeing unrest in neighboring Vietnam; the Cambodian government was criticized for its forcible repatriation of many refugees.
649:
4682:, Poverty Reduction & Environmental Management in Remote Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Watersheds Project. Archived from
1559:, though most families experience rice shortages during the six months before harvest time. Some families have begun to plant
592:
in which several Khmer were killed. The government responded harshly, torching settlements and killing hundreds of villagers.
5887:
5841:
5573:
5550:
5384:
5207:
4907:
4664:
4553:
99:
5424:
4630:
2868:
627:
had operated in Ratanakiri since the 1940s; at a June 1969 press conference, Sihanouk said that Ratanakiri was "practically
6291:
5659:
4521:
1238:
The vast majority of workers in Ratanakiri are employed in agriculture. Most of the indigenous residents of Ratanakiri are
878:
6892:
5702:"Selected Comments at Groundbreaking Ceremony to Build NR 78 between Baan Lung and O Yadao in the Province of Ratanakiri"
5088:
5073:
4937:
4413:
1646:
festivals in Ratanakiri occur during March and April, when fields are selected and prepared for the new planting season.
615:
forged an alliance with ethnic minorities in Ratanakiri, exploiting Khmer Loeu resentment of the central government. The
341:
4563:
Clayton, Thomas (2006). "Transition, Culture, and Language in Cambodia". In Tsui, Amy B.M.; Tollefson, James W. (eds.).
373:
6312:
6218:
5720:
1430:
Health indicators in Ratanakiri are the worst in Cambodia. Life expectancy is 39 years for men and 43 years for women.
814:
are being altered. Habitat loss and unsustainable hunting have contributed to the province's decreasing biodiversity.
6476:
6266:ααΆααΆααααααααααααΆαααα½αααΆαα’αΆααα ααααααααααααΌαααΆααααααΆααααΆαααααααααααααΎαααΎααααα»αααααΉααααΆαα»α αααααΆαα α’αΆααααα·ααΈα€ ααααΆαα’α α‘α§
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5773:
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5676:
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5188:
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5139:
5116:
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4779:
4740:
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4447:
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4152:
1253:
below for more information on traditional subsistence practices.) Many families are beginning to shift production to
847:
831:
337:
453:
in the south. In recent years, logging and mining have scarred Ratanakiri's environment, long known for its beauty.
5108:
4853:
5952:
5461:
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2879:
3197:
6885:
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5277:
2190:
2114:
2083:
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1888:
1859:
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962:
839:
659:
6122:
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6305:
5922:"The Intersection of Decentralization and Conflict in Natural Resource Management: Cases from Southeast Asia"
5238:
4696:
3987:
1425:
855:
7085:
6469:
6038:
5851:
Stark, Miriam T (2004). "Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian Cambodia". In Glover, Ian; Bellwood, Peter S. (eds.).
5069:
616:
5724:
5529:
682:
The geography of Ratanakiri Province is diverse, encompassing rolling hills, mountains, plateaus, lowland
5587:
5390:
198:
5483:
6071:
5902:
5495:
5457:
4771:
4700:
4656:
843:
835:
799:
787:, and monkeys. Ratanakiri is an important site for the conservation of endangered birds, including the
663:
838:
in Ratanakiri are composed of 207 members representing the CPP, 51 members representing the
521:
477:
devastated the region. Today, rapid development in the province is altering traditional ways of life.
6947:
4101:"Shifting Contexts and Performances: The Brao-Kavet and Their Sacred Mountains in Northeast Cambodia"
4059:"Identities and Space. The Geographies of Religious Change amongst the Brao in Northeastern Cambodia"
728:
6091:"On people, roads and land: Immigration and its consequences for Highland communities in Ratanakiri"
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4980:
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rulers in the 18th century and then by the Thai in the 19th century. The area was incorporated into
365:
69:
6962:
5322:
4732:
640:
6202:
5247:
4590:
3129:
7007:
4509:
1526:
84:
5595:
Riddell, Ebony (November 2006). "Community-led safe motherhood advocacy, Ratanakiri, Cambodia".
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4017:
1455:
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772:
3932:
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3570:
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2174:
2158:
2138:
2122:
2063:
2035:
2027:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1967:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1867:
1839:
1803:
1724:
7062:
7027:
6972:
6967:
6957:
6908:
6561:
4473:
4345:"Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013: Report 7, Literacy and Educational Attainment"
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3157:
3113:
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2759:
2743:
2335:
2311:
2256:
1983:
1955:
1787:
662:(NGOs), land alienation had decreased in frequency as of 2006. In the 2000s, Ratanakiri also
654:
402:
49:
5932:
4638:
4100:
7047:
6594:
6390:
6214:
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5525:
4953:
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1532:
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752:
703:
687:
544:
481:
414:
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5151:
Repression of Montagnards: Conflicts Over Land and Religion in Vietnam's Central Highlands
8:
7052:
7002:
6952:
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6297:
5180:
5128:
Communities, Livelihoods and Natural Resources: Action Research and Policy Change in Asia
4676:"A Review of National Social Policies (Regional Environmental Technical Assistance 5771)"
4368:"Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013: Report 9, Housing and Household Amenities"
4128:
4118:"An Economic Analysis of Tropical Forest Land Use Options, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia"
1650:
1520:
1239:
583:
were forcibly moved to the lowlands to be educated in Khmer language and culture, ethnic
517:
410:
5054:
4048:
574:), describing two features for which the province is known. During the 1950s and 1960s,
7042:
7032:
6862:
6822:
6804:
6799:
6791:
6743:
5622:
5407:
5318:
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4087:
1459:
1318:
1214:
1182:
505:
6997:
6039:"Untangling the Web of Human Trafficking and Unsafe Migration in Cambodia and Lao PDR"
4653:
Loggers and Degradation in the Asia-Pacific: Corporations and Environmental Management
469:
campaign after Cambodia's independence again threatened Khmer Loeu ways of life. The
437:) to the north and east, respectively. The province extends from the mountains of the
6992:
6814:
6723:
6670:
6627:
6167:
6144:
6075:
6024:
5998:
5975:
5906:
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5672:
5614:
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4184:
4158:
4148:
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1401:
1092:
722:
560:
462:
450:
7057:
6190:
5330:"Over 1 mln foreign tourists flock to Cambodia". Thai Press Reports. 19 August 2008.
4716:
Dobbs, Leo (2 December 1994). "Fishing for gems with the northeastern highlanders".
4181:
The Mountain of Precious Stones: Ratanakiri, Cambodia: Essays in Social Anthropology
3998:
543:
Ratanakiri Province was created in 1959 from land that had been the eastern area of
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6436:
6358:
6341:
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1400:, with other groups making up the remaining one percent. There are also very small
792:
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699:
631:
territory". Between March 1969 and May 1970, the United States undertook a massive
628:
575:
529:
501:
434:
430:
422:
293:
6543:
6197:
5626:
5369:
Land and Cultural Survival: The Communal Land Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Asia
4016:
2855:
2367:
1811:
7017:
7012:
6982:
6977:
6718:
6569:
6264:
5833:
5688:
5499:
5442:
5172:
4827:"Food Taboos and Eating Habits amongst Indigenous People in Ratanakiri, Cambodia"
4814:. Committee for Free and Fair Elections in Cambodia. October 2012. Archived from
4718:
4285:
4266:
4075:
3717:
1463:
1412:
minorities. Though the official language of Ratanakiri (like all of Cambodia) is
1164:
1088:
909:
862:
803:
780:
5770:
Five Triangle Areas in the Greater Mekong Subregion (BRC Research Report No. 11)
802:
and Virachey National Park. Even these protected areas, however, are subject to
6766:
6707:
6528:
6246:
6226:
Zeug, Manuela; Nasdala, Lutz; Wanthanachaisaeng, Bhuwadol; et al. (2018).
6068:
Deforestation, Environment, and Sustainable Development: A Comparative Analysis
6020:
5794:
5610:
5522:
4439:
4391:"Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013: Report 10, Family and Household"
4322:"Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013: Report 3, Sex and Age Structure"
1529:
1413:
1409:
1377:
1336:
1243:
1130:
1080:
798:
Nearly half of Ratanakiri has been set aside in protected areas, which include
767:
737:
707:
683:
632:
604:
552:
438:
381:
357:
331:
4262:"Grupos cristianos y musulmanes se disputan la fe de los indΓgenas camboyanos"
1321:
in Banlung, but commercial flights to Ratanakiri have long been discontinued.
7079:
5565:
5542:
4917:
4198:
4144:
4083:
1160:
811:
600:
128:
115:
5438:
5358:
4971:
4491:
4457:
4252:
4162:
473:
built its headquarters in the province in the 1960s, and bombing during the
6987:
5957:
5735:
5704:. Cambodia New Vision (maintained by the Cabinet of Hun Sen. Archived from
5618:
5340:
5315:"Officials: Cambodia's Ratanakiri severely flooded, Mekong may burst banks"
2869:"General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 β Final Results"
1647:
1467:
1435:
1397:
1381:
1369:
904:
807:
763:
695:
603:(shown here discussing Cambodia at a 1970 press conference) authorized the
584:
513:
466:
446:
345:
5816:. Cambodia Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Archived from
674:
442:
5927:. Rural Poverty and Environment Working Paper Series (working paper 17).
5686:
Saroeun, Bou; Kyne, Phelim (16 March 2001). "A questionable gem search".
4433:
1643:
1405:
1389:
612:
589:
474:
470:
6877:
5473:"Project Profile of Priority Projects along the Asian Highway: Cambodia"
4091:
4058:
6922:
6713:
6650:
6255:
6102:
5991:
Comanagement of Natural Resources: Local Learning for Poverty Reduction
5294:
5263:
5223:
3073:
1603:
1516:
1492:
1373:
1365:
1254:
1084:
974:
869:
788:
580:
497:
457:
289:
6013:
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
5714:"Settlement and agriculture in and adjacent to Virachey National Park"
5480:
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
5200:
Language Planning and Policy: Issues in Language Planning and Literacy
5021:
Indigenous Peoples: Ethnic Minorities and Poverty Reduction (Cambodia)
4281:"JΓ³venes pobres y sin futuro se hacen buscadores de piedras preciosas"
4212:"Forest Stewardship in Ratanakiri: Linking Communities and Government"
6857:
6842:
6837:
6776:
6756:
6617:
6533:
5856:
5001:
4807:
4603:
4585:
4568:
4545:
2763:
2455:
1589:
1580:
1230:
1210:
1198:
1194:
1155:
1138:
1122:
1113:
943:
691:
624:
493:
284:
17:
6090:
5471:
3177:
881:
and one municipality, further divided into 50 communes, as follows:
456:
For over a millennium, Ratanakiri has been occupied by the highland
6852:
6832:
6761:
6751:
6728:
6640:
6494:
4170:"Bleak outlook for Cambodian gem diggers as mining firms move in".
1655:
1564:
1544:
1483:
1447:
1349:
1332:
1293:
1289:
1206:
1190:
1177:
1126:
1118:
1096:
995:
966:
957:
748:
537:
406:
156:
6225:
4600:
The United States and Cambodia, 1969β2000: A Troubled Relationship
2964:
595:
6847:
6827:
6781:
6733:
6702:
6598:
6513:
6448:
6370:
5697:
5252:
1639:
1612:
1597:
1593:
1568:
1451:
1443:
1431:
1353:
1345:
1297:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1202:
1186:
1142:
1100:
1076:
1071:
1033:
930:
850:, and 98% of Ratanakiri's government staff was Khmer as of 2006.
756:
732:
620:
533:
504:
dates to at least the 4th century A.D. The region was invaded by
500:, and trade between the region's highlanders and towns along the
426:
174:
5496:"Timber Smuggling on The Rise in Cambodia's Ratanakiri Province"
4927:"Indigenous Peoples Food Diary: Ratanakiri, Cambodia, 2002β2003"
1507:, work to improve health and living conditions in the province.
1356:
in the south, with populations of 2,000 and 3,000 respectively.
6771:
6645:
6286:
5451:"Preliminary Report: Virachey National Park RAP 2007, Cambodia"
4809:"Final Assessment and Report on 2012 Commune Council Elections"
1623:
1619:
1608:
1385:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1134:
970:
718:
509:
305:
4141:
When the War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution
1368:
made up approximately half of Ratanakiri's population, ethnic
1304:
5082:"International Boundary Study No. 32: CambodiaβLaos Boundary"
4768:
After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide
4234:
3979:
3510:
3319:, pp. 16, 97. Language is used as a proxy for ethnicity.
2952:
1659:
1560:
1500:
5044:"Indigenous women working towards improved maternal health""
605:
covert 1969β1970 bombing of Vietnamese targets in Ratanakiri
6353:
6263:
5102:
4872:"General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019"
4299:"Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013 Final Report"
2727:
2482:
1572:
1556:
1548:
784:
743:
525:
418:
6327:
6211:"Yali Falls Dam: Impacts on Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia"
5494:
Ratha, Sok; Yun, Samean; Finney, Richard (26 April 2016).
5449:
4896:
Powers of exclusion : land dilemmas in Southeast Asia
4729:
The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans
4620:
3997:
3438:
3181:
3169:
2530:
1563:
to alleviate this problem; other sources of grain include
817:
4998:
The Political Economy of Cambodia's Transition, 1991β2001
4981:"Indigenous people and development in northeast Cambodia"
4290:
4271:
5080:
4565:
Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts
4542:
Peacebuilding and NGOs: State-Civil Society Interactions
3999:"2010 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey Fact Sheet"
1779:
1752:
1376:
made up 10%. Within the Khmer Loeu population, 35% were
1317:
increase trade between Cambodia and Vietnam. There is a
706:. In the far north of the province are mountains of the
5712:
4623:"Vietnamese-funded highway open to traffic in Cambodia"
4522:"Ratanakiri's Governor Urges Farmers to Change Methods"
4414:"Cambodia: Protect Montagnard Refugees Fleeing Vietnam"
2098:
2075:
1851:
1823:
1767:
1740:
1716:
4039:
Austin, Gordon; et al. (NovemberβDecember 2005).
5261:
Locard, Henri (1996). "Le Goulag des khmers rouges".
1419:
5811:"Crop Monitoring and For[e]casting Bulletin"
5656:
Cambodia National and Provincial Resources Data Bank
5403:"Lawmaker Calls for Ouster of Banlung City Governor"
4637:
4435:
Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot
3360:
854:, a member of the CPP, represents Ratanakiri in the
678:
Map of Ratanakiri, with major roads indicated in red
6118:"Vietnamese-funded highway inaugurated in Cambodia"
5586:. NGO Forum on Cambodia. April 2005. Archived from
5460: β Cambodia. 1β15 October 2007. Archived from
5426:
Communities and Forest Management in Southeast Asia
3986:. Ratanakiri Department of Planning. Archived from
6089:Van den Berg, Conny; Palith, Phat (October 2000).
6088:
6017:The Contribution of Tourism to Poverty Alleviation
5296:"Municipality and Province Investment Information"
4217:. Community Forestry International. Archived from
4057:
3963:
3344:
3252:
830:Thon Saron is the provincial governor. As of the
441:in the north, across a hilly plateau between the
7077:
5248:"New world mysteries test Cambodia's lost tribe"
5066:"Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights - Cambodia"
5042:
4825:
3764:
3748:
3498:
3478:
664:received hundreds of Degar (Montagnard) refugees
492:Ratanakiri has been occupied since at least the
6164:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
6141:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
5880:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
5783:"Geographical Names of the Kingdom of Cambodia"
5301:. Council for the Development of Cambodia. 2013
2432:
2430:
5669:Institutions, Livelihoods, and The Environment
5493:
5431:International Union for Conservation of Nature
5105:The State of the Environment in Asia 2005/2006
4705:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3042:
6893:
6477:
6313:
5227:. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009.
4520:Chork, Ban; Sithyna, Muny (25 January 2015).
4499:Chat, Chey; et al. (6β8 November 2003).
3728:
3726:
1662:community, consisting mainly of ethnic Cham.
1225:
5809:Sothy, Men; Sokunth, Chhun (December 2007).
5808:
5422:
4519:
4398:National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia
4375:National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia
4352:National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia
4329:National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia
4306:National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia
3852:
3707:
3074:Council for the Development of Cambodia 2013
2856:National Institute of Statistics ("Annex 1")
2715:
2675:
2673:
2612:
2592:
2590:
2550:
2470:
2427:
2368:Tourism of Cambodia ("Welcome to Ratnakiri")
1880:
1878:
1876:
1812:Tourism of Cambodia ("Welcome to Ratnakiri")
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
5685:
5559:
4627:Communist Party of Vietnam Online Newspaper
3605:
3603:
3280:
3264:
3228:
3226:
3209:
3006:
2451:
2449:
386:
59:
38:
7091:States and territories established in 1959
6900:
6886:
6484:
6470:
6320:
6306:
5896:
5853:Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History
5125:
4690:
4621:Communist Party of Vietnam (19 May 2010).
3920:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3723:
3398:
3396:
3379:
3377:
2861:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2764:Committee for Free and Fair Elections 2012
2755:
2518:
2466:
2464:
2331:
1783:
648:stability have increased land prices, and
6907:
6254:
6187:International Development Research Centre
6183:"Staking a Claim in Cambodia's Highlands"
6095:International Development Research Centre
5995:International Development Research Centre
5929:International Development Research Centre
5760:
5598:Royal Society for the Promotion of Health
5582:
5171:
5149:Jones, Sidney; et al., eds. (2002).
5132:International Development Research Centre
4879:Cambodia National Institute of Statistics
4650:
4125:International Development Research Centre
4025:Cambodia National Institute of Statistics
4004:. Cambodia Directorate General for Health
3414:
3348:
3119:
3053:
3051:
3026:
2944:
2670:
2650:
2587:
2275:
2273:
2023:
1873:
1680:
1618:Houses in rural Ratanakiri are made from
1327:
5763:"The Cambodia Development Triangle Area"
5536:
4765:
4539:
4464:
4428:
4178:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3673:
3600:
3223:
3217:
3079:
2926:
2689:
2446:
2351:
2170:
1987:
1979:
1963:
1951:
1929:
1903:
1602:
1472:
1331:
1303:
1229:
868:
742:
673:
669:
594:
6271:National Election Committee of Cambodia
6228:"Blue Zircon from Ratanakiri, Cambodia"
6180:
6157:
6134:
6065:
6011:
5873:
5827:
5594:
5197:
4947:
4788:
4755:National Election Committee of Cambodia
4562:
4278:
4259:
3981:"1999β2000 Provincial Development Plan"
3944:
3892:
3806:
3789:
3770:
3566:
3558:
3466:
3434:
3402:
3393:
3383:
3374:
3153:
3125:
3109:
3085:
3010:
2824:
2812:
2781:
2561:
2559:
2461:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2315:
2299:
2279:
2260:
2244:
2228:
2209:
2154:
2059:
1863:
1835:
1807:
1746:
1535:in small villages of between 20 and 60
818:Government and administrative divisions
342:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
7078:
6328:Places adjacent to Ratanakiri province
5965:
5950:
5919:
5666:
5650:
5365:
5334:
5313:
5271:
5260:
5245:
5216:
4995:
4978:
4924:
4726:
4673:
4597:
4138:
4038:
3876:
3870:
3832:
3812:
3800:
3783:
3758:
3752:
3732:
3693:
3677:
3621:
3534:
3462:
3450:
3426:
3193:
3141:
3069:
3057:
3048:
3038:
2932:
2916:
2912:
2851:
2739:
2703:
2695:
2679:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2616:
2596:
2577:
2565:
2500:
2490:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2270:
2205:
2186:
2150:
2134:
2118:
2110:
2094:
2079:
2051:
2047:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1919:
1911:
1899:
1897:
1884:
1855:
1827:
1273:sets have become extremely desirable.
229:10,782 km (4,163 sq mi)
6881:
6465:
6301:
6213:. Australian Mekong Resource Centre,
6201:. Tourism of Cambodia. Archived from
5988:
5850:
5780:
5734:
5671:. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
5400:
5148:
4948:Headley, Robert; et al. (1997).
4836:. FebruaryβApril 2002. Archived from
4715:
4589:. Tourism of Cambodia. Archived from
4389:
4366:
4343:
4320:
4297:
4228:
4209:
4098:
4055:
3950:
3928:
3888:
3864:
3858:
3848:
3824:
3742:
3713:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3609:
3594:
3582:
3546:
3490:
3364:
3340:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3248:
3244:
3232:
3101:
3014:
2900:
2839:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2775:
2506:
2307:
2252:
2220:
2218:
2201:
2199:
2031:
2007:
1763:
1761:
1720:
710:; the area is characterized by dense
380:
6335:
6209:
5721:Cambodia Ministry of the Environment
5560:Ray, Nick; Robinson, Daniel (2008).
5103:Japan Environmental Council (2005).
5064:
4893:
4870:
4498:
4115:
3908:
3896:
3522:
3472:
2556:
2494:
2413:
2396:
2373:
2295:
2001:
1705:
1579:, which is limited in availability.
1458:. Ratanakiri has very high rates of
524:. The region was conquered by local
6037:
5951:Thomas, Amanda (12 December 2004).
5696:
5652:"Rotanak Kiri Provincial Resources"
5246:Levett, Connie (24 February 2007).
5089:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
5018:
4979:Hubbel, Dave (MarchβOctober 2007).
4950:Modern Cambodian-English dictionary
4847:
4789:Summers, Laura (2002). "Economy ".
4420:. 25 September 2002. Archived from
4412:
4210:Brown, Graeme; et al. (2006).
4169:
3701:
3328:
3173:
3002:
2920:
2542:
2436:
2417:
2402:
2347:
2325:
2224:
1894:
1799:
1736:
1693:
1575:. Most Khmer Loeu diets are low in
1276:Larger-scale agriculture occurs on
877:The province is divided into eight
842:, and two members representing the
641:Vietnamese defeated the Khmer Rouge
623:activity in Ratanakiri. Vietnamese
13:
5272:Martin, Marie Alexandrine (1994).
2978:"The Zircon Mines And Blue Zircon"
2215:
2196:
1758:
1420:Health, education, and development
522:Khmer, Lao, and Thai slave traders
104:Location of Ratanakiri in Cambodia
14:
7102:
6279:
5774:Institute of Developing Economies
5633:
4894:Hall, Derek; et al. (2011).
4850:Linking People, Place, and Policy
4791:The Far East and Australasia 2003
3661:
3511:Ratanakiri Department of Planning
2953:Ratanakiri Department of Planning
417:to the west and the countries of
6931:
6542:
6493:
6441:
6418:
6404:
6396:
6379:
6363:
6346:
6285:
5537:Ray, Nick; Bloom, Bloom (2014).
5423:Poffenberger, Mark, ed. (1999).
5276:. Translated by McLeod, Mark W.
5219:"Cambodia's last frontier falls"
5217:Kurczy, Stephen (16 June 2009).
4749:
4691:Desai, Ajay; Vuthy, Lic (1996).
4470:The Tragedy of Cambodian History
3938:
3914:
3902:
3882:
3842:
3818:
3687:
3667:
3655:
3643:
3631:
3615:
3588:
3576:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3516:
2876:National Institute of Statistics
2728:National Election Committee 2017
2483:Japan Environmental Council 2005
766:lowland tropical rainforest and
762:Ratanakiri has some of the most
322:
251:
250:
149:
98:
83:
68:
6217:. 10 March 2003. Archived from
6181:Waldick, Lisa (30 March 2001).
6126:. 20 March 2010. Archived from
5972:Inter-American Development Bank
5740:Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare
5513:
5321:. 8 August 2007. Archived from
5087:. Office of the Geographer, US
5072:. December 2006. Archived from
4502:Bilingual Education in Cambodia
3504:
3484:
3456:
3444:
3430:
3420:
3408:
3354:
3334:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3258:
3238:
3203:
3187:
3182:Communist Party of Vietnam 2010
3170:Communist Party of Vietnam 2010
3163:
3147:
3135:
3095:
3063:
3020:
2996:
2970:
2958:
2938:
2906:
2894:
2845:
2800:
2769:
2749:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2626:
2606:
2571:
2536:
2531:Conservation International 2007
2524:
2512:
2476:
2456:Tourism of Cambodia ("Climate")
2361:
2341:
2289:
2238:
2180:
2164:
2144:
2128:
2104:
2088:
2069:
2041:
2017:
1973:
1941:
1845:
1339:children in Ratanakiri Province
6137:The Indigenous World 2002β2003
6066:Vajpeyi, Dhirendra K. (2001).
5278:University of California Press
5091:. 12 June 1964. Archived from
4279:Calvet, Jordi (2 April 2009).
4260:Calvet, Jordi (25 June 2009).
3972:
3964:Van den Berg & Palith 2000
3439:Directorate General for Health
3345:Van den Berg & Palith 2000
3253:Van den Berg & Palith 2000
3178:UNESCAP ("Project Profile...")
1817:
1793:
1773:
1730:
1710:
1699:
1525:Khmer Loeu typically practice
1477:A village school in Ratanakiri
840:Cambodia National Rescue Party
660:non-governmental organizations
409:. It borders the provinces of
1:
6419:
6380:
5781:Sotha, Ith (29 August 2002).
5274:Cambodia: A Shattered Society
4697:Flora and Fauna International
1780:Office of the Geographer 1964
1753:Office of the Geographer 1964
1669:
1426:Health in Ratanakiri Province
856:National Assembly of Cambodia
650:land alienation in Ratanakiri
551:(ααααα·ααΈ) is formed from the
6405:
6397:
6158:Vinding, Diana, ed. (2004).
6135:Vinding, Diana, ed. (2003).
5920:Suzuki, Regan (March 2005).
5874:Stidsen, Sille, ed. (2007).
5070:Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact
4183:. Center for Khmer Studies.
4105:Asian Highlands Perspectives
4076:10.5771/0257-9774-2009-2-457
3043:Ratha, Yun & Finney 2016
2099:Ministry of Environment 2006
2076:Ministry of Environment 2006
1852:Ministry of Environment 2006
1824:Ministry of Environment 2006
1768:Ministry of Environment 2006
1741:Ministry of Environment 2006
1717:Ministry of Environment 2006
1250:
729:Like other areas of Cambodia
617:Communist Party of Kampuchea
611:In the 1960s, the ascendant
7:
5968:From Bullets to Blackboards
5953:"Long-distance house calls"
5897:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1997).
5772:. Bangkok Research Center,
5723:. June 2006. Archived from
4900:University of HawaiΚ»i Press
4179:Bourdier, FrΓ©dΓ©ric (2006).
184:1 municipality; 8 districts
10:
7107:
6247:10.15506/JoG.2018.36.2.112
6072:Greenwood Publishing Group
5989:Tyler, Stephen R. (2006).
5903:Cambridge University Press
5768:. In Ishida Masami (ed.).
5611:10.1177/146642400612600610
5458:Conservation International
5401:Pheap, Aun (15 May 2015).
5053:. May 2006. Archived from
4772:Greenwood Publishing Group
4727:Dommen, Arthur J. (2001).
4701:World Wide Fund for Nature
4657:Cambridge University Press
4598:Clymer, Kenton J. (2004).
4540:Christie, Ryerson (2012).
4139:Becker, Elizabeth (1998).
1638:Nearly all Khmer Loeu are
1514:
1510:
1454:-preventable diseases are
1423:
1308:A road in rural Ratanakiri
1226:Economy and transportation
873:Map of Ratanakiri Province
844:Grassroots Democracy Party
800:Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary
588:led to an uprising by the
487:
15:
6940:
6929:
6915:
6813:
6790:
6742:
6693:
6681:
6669:
6626:
6593:
6560:
6551:
6540:
6521:
6506:
6333:
6160:The Indigenous World 2004
5876:The Indigenous World 2006
5366:Perera, Jayantha (2009).
5335:Palmer, Beverley (2002).
5237:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4996:Hughes, Caroline (2003).
4925:Hamade, Prudence (2003).
4651:Dauvergne, Peter (2001).
1234:A local market in Banlung
570:"mountain" from Sanskrit
361:
300:
283:
275:
267:
259:
246:
241:
233:
225:
220:
205:
193:
188:
180:
170:
162:
144:
109:
97:
79:
67:
60:
56:
47:
39:
33:
6265:
6235:The Journal of Gemmology
5828:Spooner, Andrew (2008).
5202:. Multilingual Matters.
4766:Etcheson, Craig (2005).
4733:Indiana University Press
4640:Constitution of Cambodia
3361:Constitution of Cambodia
2716:Chork & Sithyna 2015
2471:Sothy & Sokunth 2007
1674:
1658:. There is also a small
1372:made up 36%, and ethnic
37:
16:Not to be confused with
6916:Autonomous municipality
5834:Footprint Travel Guides
5761:Sisovanna, Sau (2012).
4206:(PDF) available online.
3281:Ray & Robinson 2008
3265:Ray & Robinson 2008
3210:Ray & Robinson 2008
3007:Saroeun & Kyne 2001
848:2012 communal elections
832:2017 communal elections
633:covert bombing campaign
276: β’ Rank
6199:"Welcome to Ratnakiri"
6051:Asian Development Bank
5658:. 2003. Archived from
5640:Asian Development Bank
5377:Asian Development Bank
5177:Ending the Vietnam War
5026:Asian Development Bank
4680:Asian Development Bank
4116:Bann, Camille (1997).
4099:Baird, Ian G. (2013).
4056:Baird, Ian G. (2009).
3921:John & Phalla 2006
3247:, pp. 11, 14β15;
2756:John & Phalla 2006
2519:Desai & Vuthy 1996
2332:John & Phalla 2006
1810:, pp. 181, 1003;
1615:
1478:
1340:
1328:Demographics and towns
1309:
1288:. Small quantities of
1235:
874:
777:Wildlife in Ratanakiri
773:Virachey National Park
759:
679:
608:
382:[rΙΙtanakiriΛ]
330:This article contains
74:Ratanakiri countryside
6909:Provinces of Cambodia
6562:Andoung Meas District
6130:on 24 September 2015.
5267:(in French): 127β164.
5098:on 16 September 2006.
4674:Dennis, John (1999).
4474:Yale University Press
4041:"World Mining Report"
3765:Health Unlimited 2002
3749:Health Unlimited 2002
3499:Health Unlimited 2006
3479:Health Unlimited 2006
2097:, pp. 108, 251;
1606:
1476:
1380:as of 1996, 24% were
1335:
1307:
1233:
872:
746:
677:
670:Geography and climate
598:
271:19/km (50/sq mi)
194: β’ Governor
6595:Banlung Municipality
6391:Stung Treng Province
6294:at Wikimedia Commons
6215:University of Sydney
6205:on 22 November 2006.
5708:on 12 November 2007.
5526:World Food Programme
5467:on 2 September 2009.
5445:on 15 December 2013.
5181:Simon & Schuster
4954:Kensington, Maryland
4843:on 14 December 2010.
4711:on 11 November 2007.
4593:on 21 February 2010.
4172:Agence France Presse
3283:, pp. 296, 298.
3218:Ray & Bloom 2014
2880:Ministry of Planning
1950:, pp. 107β108;
1533:shifting cultivation
1440:intestinal parasites
1247:shifting cultivation
931:Banlung Municipality
764:biologically diverse
704:shifting cultivation
690:. Two major rivers,
545:Stung Treng Province
482:shifting agriculture
449:rivers, to tropical
268: β’ Density
28:Province in Cambodia
25:Province of Cambodia
7086:Ratanakiri province
6500:Ratanakiri province
6432:Mondulkiri Province
6402:Ratanakiri Province
6292:Ratanakiri Province
5804:on 29 October 2014.
5730:on 26 October 2007.
5646:on 10 October 2008.
5519:Food Security Atlas
4229:Brown, Ian (2000).
3465:, pp. 34, 36;
1607:Meeting house in a
1521:Culture of Cambodia
1240:subsistence farmers
810:is increasing, and
731:, Ratanakiri has a
463:French colonial era
125: /
57:Ratanakiri Province
6792:Ta Veaeng District
6744:Ou Ya Dav District
6123:SΓ i GΓ²n GiαΊ£i PhΓ³ng
5700:(4 January 2007).
5662:on 31 August 2004.
5408:The Cambodia Daily
5325:on 30 August 2008.
5319:Xinhua News Agency
5155:Human Rights Watch
5060:on 8 January 2007.
4956:: Dunwoody Press.
4751:"Election results"
4686:on 21 August 2008.
4418:Human Rights Watch
3585:, pp. 18, 23.
3417:, pp. 63, 65.
3351:, pp. 63, 65.
3307:, pp. 15, 44.
2982:Explore Ratanakiri
1616:
1479:
1341:
1310:
1236:
896:Population (2019)
875:
825:NGOs in the region
760:
680:
609:
247: β’ Total
226: β’ Total
129:13.733Β°N 107.000Β°E
7071:
7070:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6815:Veun Sai District
6671:Koun Mom District
6628:Bar Kaev District
6459:
6458:
6454:
6453:
6290:Media related to
6193:on 30 April 2008.
5899:A History of Laos
5889:978-87-91563-18-8
5843:978-1-906098-15-5
5636:"NGOs in the GMS"
5575:978-1-74104-317-4
5552:978-1-74360-026-9
5386:978-971-561-801-4
5209:978-1-85359-977-4
4909:978-0-8248-3603-0
4666:978-0-521-00134-2
4555:978-1-136-21875-0
4424:on 13 April 2008.
4174:. 28 August 2004.
4051:on 13 April 2010.
3853:Poffenberger 1999
2647:, pp. 12β13.
2613:Poffenberger 1999
2551:Poffenberger 1999
1541:collectively owns
1352:in the north and
1223:
1222:
723:deciduous forests
715:evergreen forests
451:deciduous forests
413:to the south and
338:rendering support
318:
317:
260: β’ Rank
234: β’ Rank
208:National Assembly
7098:
6948:Banteay Meanchey
6935:
6934:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6879:
6878:
6695:Ou Chum District
6683:Lumphat District
6558:
6557:
6546:
6498:
6497:
6486:
6479:
6472:
6463:
6462:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6437:Gia Lai Province
6422:
6421:
6408:
6407:
6400:
6399:
6383:
6382:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6359:Kon Tum Province
6352:
6350:
6349:
6342:Attapeu Province
6336:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6299:
6298:
6289:
6274:
6260:
6258:
6232:
6222:
6221:on 21 July 2008.
6206:
6194:
6189:. Archived from
6177:
6154:
6131:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6085:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6034:
6008:
5985:
5962:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5937:
5931:. Archived from
5926:
5916:
5893:
5870:
5847:
5824:
5823:on 22 July 2011.
5822:
5815:
5805:
5803:
5797:. Archived from
5787:
5777:
5767:
5757:
5731:
5729:
5718:
5709:
5693:
5682:
5663:
5647:
5642:. Archived from
5634:Riska, Gunilla.
5630:
5591:
5579:
5556:
5533:
5528:. Archived from
5510:
5508:
5506:
5490:
5488:
5482:. Archived from
5477:
5468:
5466:
5455:
5446:
5441:. Archived from
5419:
5417:
5415:
5397:
5396:on 17 July 2015.
5395:
5389:. Archived from
5374:
5362:
5331:
5326:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5300:
5291:
5268:
5257:
5242:
5236:
5228:
5213:
5194:
5173:Kissinger, Henry
5168:
5145:
5122:
5099:
5097:
5086:
5077:
5061:
5059:
5051:Health Unlimited
5048:
5039:
5015:
4992:
4975:
4944:
4943:on 22 July 2011.
4942:
4936:. Archived from
4934:Health Unlimited
4931:
4921:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4876:
4867:
4844:
4842:
4834:Health Unlimited
4831:
4822:
4821:on 15 July 2015.
4820:
4813:
4804:
4785:
4762:
4761:on 16 June 2008.
4757:. Archived from
4746:
4723:
4712:
4707:. Archived from
4687:
4670:
4647:
4645:
4634:
4633:on 15 July 2015.
4629:. Archived from
4617:
4594:
4582:
4559:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4516:
4515:on 28 July 2011.
4514:
4507:
4495:
4461:
4425:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4395:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4372:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4349:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4326:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4303:
4294:
4275:
4256:
4225:
4224:on 25 July 2011.
4223:
4216:
4202:
4175:
4166:
4135:
4133:
4127:. Archived from
4122:
4112:
4095:
4061:
4052:
4047:. Archived from
4035:
4033:
4031:
4022:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4003:
3994:
3993:on 24 July 2011.
3992:
3985:
3967:
3961:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3846:
3840:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3787:
3781:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3746:
3740:
3730:
3721:
3711:
3705:
3691:
3685:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3391:
3381:
3372:
3358:
3352:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3262:
3256:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3221:
3207:
3201:
3191:
3185:
3180:, pp. 1β4;
3167:
3161:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3123:
3117:
3099:
3093:
3083:
3077:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3046:
3024:
3018:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2974:
2968:
2965:Zeug et al. 2018
2962:
2956:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2809:, pp. 9β11.
2804:
2798:
2792:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2753:
2747:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2693:
2687:
2677:
2668:
2654:
2648:
2630:
2624:
2610:
2604:
2594:
2585:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2554:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2434:
2425:
2411:
2400:
2394:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2345:
2339:
2329:
2323:
2293:
2287:
2277:
2268:
2242:
2236:
2222:
2213:
2203:
2194:
2184:
2178:
2168:
2162:
2148:
2142:
2132:
2126:
2108:
2102:
2092:
2086:
2073:
2067:
2045:
2039:
2021:
2015:
2005:
1999:
1977:
1971:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1901:
1892:
1882:
1871:
1849:
1843:
1821:
1815:
1797:
1791:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1739:, pp. 6β7;
1734:
1728:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1537:nuclear families
1505:Health Unlimited
946:, Boeng Kansaeng
884:
883:
836:commune councils
793:greater adjutant
700:secondary forest
629:North Vietnamese
576:Norodom Sihanouk
530:French Indochina
502:Gulf of Thailand
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
384:
363:
344: instead of
326:
325:
314:
311:
309:
307:
254:
253:
215:
155:
153:
152:
140:
139:
137:
136:
135:
130:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
102:
87:
72:
63:
62:
42:
41:
31:
30:
7106:
7105:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7067:
6963:Kampong Chhnang
6936:
6932:
6927:
6911:
6906:
6876:
6867:
6809:
6805:Ta Veaeng Kraom
6786:
6738:
6689:
6677:
6665:
6622:
6589:
6553:
6547:
6538:
6534:Ka Choung Falls
6517:
6502:
6492:
6490:
6460:
6455:
6442:
6440:
6409:
6364:
6362:
6347:
6345:
6329:
6326:
6282:
6277:
6267:
6230:
6174:
6151:
6116:
6107:
6105:
6082:
6056:
6054:
6053:. February 2008
6031:
6005:
5982:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5924:
5913:
5890:
5867:
5844:
5820:
5813:
5801:
5785:
5765:
5754:
5727:
5716:
5689:Phnom Penh Post
5679:
5590:on 30 May 2009.
5576:
5553:
5532:on 30 May 2010.
5504:
5502:
5500:Radio Free Asia
5489:on 7 June 2011.
5486:
5475:
5464:
5453:
5413:
5411:
5393:
5387:
5372:
5351:
5329:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5288:
5230:
5229:
5210:
5191:
5165:
5142:
5119:
5095:
5084:
5076:on 10 May 2013.
5057:
5046:
5036:
5012:
4964:
4940:
4929:
4910:
4884:
4882:
4874:
4864:
4840:
4829:
4818:
4811:
4801:
4782:
4743:
4719:Phnom Penh Post
4667:
4643:
4614:
4579:
4556:
4530:
4528:
4512:
4505:
4484:
4466:Chandler, David
4450:
4430:Chandler, David
4403:
4401:
4393:
4380:
4378:
4370:
4357:
4355:
4354:. February 2014
4347:
4334:
4332:
4331:. December 2013
4324:
4311:
4309:
4308:. November 2013
4301:
4286:El Confidencial
4267:El Confidencial
4245:
4221:
4214:
4191:
4155:
4134:on 8 June 2011.
4131:
4120:
4029:
4027:
4020:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3970:
3962:
3951:
3943:
3939:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3887:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3847:
3843:
3823:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3790:
3782:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3747:
3743:
3731:
3724:
3712:
3708:
3692:
3688:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3437:, p. 258;
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3394:
3382:
3375:
3359:
3355:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3263:
3259:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3224:
3208:
3204:
3192:
3188:
3168:
3164:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3124:
3120:
3100:
3096:
3084:
3080:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3049:
3025:
3021:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2754:
2750:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2694:
2690:
2678:
2671:
2655:
2651:
2631:
2627:
2611:
2607:
2595:
2588:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2533:, pp. 5β6.
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2447:
2435:
2428:
2412:
2403:
2395:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2346:
2342:
2330:
2326:
2294:
2290:
2278:
2271:
2243:
2239:
2223:
2216:
2204:
2197:
2185:
2181:
2169:
2165:
2153:, p. 251;
2149:
2145:
2133:
2129:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2074:
2070:
2046:
2042:
2022:
2018:
2006:
2002:
1978:
1974:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1902:
1895:
1883:
1874:
1850:
1846:
1822:
1818:
1798:
1794:
1784:Stuart-Fox 1997
1778:
1774:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1735:
1731:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1696:, pp. 6β7.
1692:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1539:. Each village
1523:
1513:
1497:variety of NGOs
1464:child mortality
1428:
1422:
1330:
1324:
1228:
1165:Ta Veaeng Kraom
1021:Trapeang Kraham
820:
804:illegal logging
781:Asian elephants
747:Aerial view of
672:
599:U.S. president
490:
398:
395:
392:
389:
351:
350:
349:
336:Without proper
327:
323:
304:
216:
213:
197:Nhem Samoeurn (
150:
148:
134:13.733; 107.000
133:
131:
127:
124:
119:
116:
114:
112:
111:
105:
93:
92:
91:
90:
75:
58:
52:
43:
36:
29:
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
7104:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7023:Preah Sihanouk
7020:
7015:
7010:
7008:Oddar Meanchey
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6944:
6942:
6938:
6937:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6912:
6905:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6882:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6819:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6800:Ta Veaeng Leu
6796:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6748:
6746:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6632:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6604:
6602:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6564:
6555:
6552:Administrative
6549:
6548:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6529:Lake Yeak Laom
6525:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6489:
6488:
6481:
6474:
6466:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6451:
6434:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6395:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6356:
6339:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6281:
6280:External links
6278:
6276:
6275:
6261:
6241:(2): 112β132.
6223:
6207:
6195:
6178:
6172:
6155:
6149:
6132:
6114:
6086:
6080:
6063:
6035:
6029:
6021:United Nations
6009:
6003:
5986:
5980:
5963:
5948:
5938:on 8 June 2011
5917:
5911:
5894:
5888:
5871:
5865:
5848:
5842:
5825:
5806:
5795:United Nations
5778:
5758:
5752:
5732:
5710:
5694:
5683:
5677:
5664:
5648:
5631:
5592:
5580:
5574:
5557:
5551:
5534:
5523:United Nations
5511:
5491:
5469:
5447:
5420:
5398:
5385:
5363:
5349:
5332:
5327:
5311:
5292:
5286:
5269:
5258:
5243:
5214:
5208:
5195:
5189:
5169:
5163:
5146:
5140:
5123:
5117:
5100:
5078:
5062:
5040:
5034:
5016:
5010:
4993:
4976:
4962:
4945:
4922:
4908:
4891:
4868:
4862:
4845:
4823:
4805:
4799:
4786:
4780:
4763:
4747:
4741:
4724:
4713:
4688:
4671:
4665:
4648:
4635:
4618:
4612:
4595:
4583:
4577:
4560:
4554:
4537:
4517:
4496:
4482:
4462:
4448:
4440:Westview Press
4426:
4410:
4387:
4364:
4341:
4318:
4295:
4289:(in Spanish).
4276:
4270:(in Spanish).
4257:
4243:
4226:
4207:
4189:
4176:
4167:
4153:
4136:
4113:
4096:
4070:(2): 457β468.
4053:
4036:
4014:
3995:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3949:
3937:
3913:
3901:
3881:
3869:
3857:
3841:
3817:
3805:
3788:
3769:
3757:
3741:
3722:
3706:
3686:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3614:
3599:
3587:
3575:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3483:
3471:
3469:, p. 258.
3455:
3443:
3429:, p. 34;
3419:
3415:Sisovanna 2012
3407:
3405:, p. 258.
3392:
3373:
3353:
3349:Sisovanna 2012
3343:, p. 16;
3333:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3273:
3257:
3251:, p. 17;
3237:
3222:
3202:
3186:
3162:
3146:
3134:
3118:
3094:
3078:
3076:, p. 119.
3062:
3047:
3027:Dauvergne 2001
3019:
2995:
2969:
2957:
2955:, p. 170.
2945:NGO Forum 2005
2937:
2925:
2919:, p. 10;
2905:
2893:
2860:
2844:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2780:
2768:
2748:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2688:
2669:
2649:
2625:
2605:
2586:
2570:
2555:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2475:
2460:
2445:
2426:
2401:
2372:
2360:
2340:
2324:
2298:, p. 76;
2288:
2269:
2237:
2214:
2208:, p. 11;
2195:
2179:
2163:
2143:
2127:
2103:
2087:
2068:
2050:, p. 11;
2040:
2024:Kissinger 2003
2016:
2000:
1972:
1940:
1928:
1893:
1872:
1844:
1816:
1792:
1772:
1757:
1745:
1729:
1709:
1698:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1530:slash and burn
1512:
1509:
1421:
1418:
1396:, and 3% were
1329:
1326:
1244:slash and burn
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1017:Trapeang Chres
1005:Srae Angkrorng
998:
993:
989:
988:
985:
960:
955:
951:
950:
947:
933:
928:
924:
923:
920:
907:
902:
898:
897:
894:
891:
888:
819:
816:
768:montane forest
738:Yali Falls Dam
708:Annamite Range
702:regrown after
671:
668:
489:
486:
465:, but a harsh
439:Annamite Range
340:, you may see
328:
321:
320:
319:
316:
315:
302:
298:
297:
287:
281:
280:
277:
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
261:
257:
256:
248:
244:
243:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
218:
217:
212:
210:
203:
202:
195:
191:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
146:
142:
141:
107:
106:
103:
95:
94:
88:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
54:
53:
48:
45:
44:
34:
27:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7103:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7074:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6903:
6898:
6896:
6891:
6889:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6550:
6545:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6501:
6496:
6487:
6482:
6480:
6475:
6473:
6468:
6467:
6464:
6450:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6403:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6323:
6318:
6316:
6311:
6309:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6283:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6229:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6179:
6175:
6173:87-90730-83-6
6169:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6150:87-90730-74-7
6146:
6142:
6138:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6115:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6087:
6083:
6081:0-275-96989-4
6077:
6073:
6069:
6064:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6030:92-1-120445-3
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6004:1-55250-346-1
6000:
5996:
5992:
5987:
5983:
5981:1-931003-99-8
5977:
5973:
5969:
5964:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5934:
5930:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5912:0-521-59746-3
5908:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5866:0-415-29777-X
5862:
5858:
5854:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5807:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5753:0-8050-8006-6
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5736:Short, Philip
5733:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5684:
5680:
5678:87-87062-98-4
5674:
5670:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5605:(6): 258β59.
5604:
5600:
5599:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5567:
5566:Lonely Planet
5563:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5544:
5543:Lonely Planet
5540:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5515:"Rattanakiri"
5512:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5421:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5370:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5350:1-85828-837-1
5346:
5342:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5287:0-520-07052-6
5283:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5190:0-7432-4577-6
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5164:1-56432-272-6
5160:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5141:9781552502303
5137:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5118:4-431-25028-X
5114:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5035:971-561-437-X
5031:
5028:. June 2002.
5027:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5011:0-7007-1737-4
5007:
5003:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4963:0-931745-78-0
4959:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4880:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4863:1-4020-7003-9
4859:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4800:1-85743-133-2
4796:
4793:. Routledge.
4792:
4787:
4783:
4781:0-275-98513-X
4777:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4742:0-253-33854-9
4738:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4613:0-415-32602-8
4609:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4578:0-8058-5693-5
4574:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4483:0-300-04919-6
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4449:0-8133-3510-8
4445:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4399:
4392:
4388:
4376:
4369:
4365:
4353:
4346:
4342:
4330:
4323:
4319:
4307:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4244:0-85598-430-9
4240:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4190:99950-51-04-4
4186:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4154:1-891620-00-2
4150:
4146:
4145:PublicAffairs
4142:
4137:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4045:Colored Stone
4042:
4037:
4026:
4019:
4015:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3966:, p. 19.
3965:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3946:
3941:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3910:
3905:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3878:
3873:
3866:
3861:
3854:
3851:, p. 9;
3850:
3845:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3815:, p. 16.
3814:
3809:
3803:, p. 13.
3802:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3786:, p. 14.
3785:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3766:
3761:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3683:
3679:
3676:, p. 8;
3675:
3674:Bourdier 2006
3670:
3663:
3658:
3652:, p. 33.
3651:
3646:
3640:, p. 29.
3639:
3634:
3628:, p. 38.
3627:
3623:
3618:
3612:, p. 38.
3611:
3606:
3604:
3597:, p. 42.
3596:
3591:
3584:
3579:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3549:, p. 36.
3548:
3543:
3537:, p. 36.
3536:
3531:
3524:
3519:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3363:, Article 5;
3362:
3357:
3350:
3347:, p. 6;
3346:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3301:
3295:, p. 30.
3294:
3289:
3282:
3277:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3235:, p. 11.
3234:
3229:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2935:, p. 10.
2934:
2929:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2903:, p. 93.
2902:
2897:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2864:
2858:, p. 85.
2857:
2853:
2848:
2842:, p. 12.
2841:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2821:, p. 10.
2820:
2815:
2808:
2803:
2797:, p. 11.
2796:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2772:
2766:, p. 79.
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2706:, p. 13.
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2509:, p. iv.
2508:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2353:
2352:Christie 2012
2349:
2344:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2171:Etcheson 2005
2167:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2078:, p. 5;
2077:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:Chandler 1991
1985:
1981:
1980:Chandler 1999
1976:
1969:
1965:
1964:Chandler 1991
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:Chandler 1999
1949:
1944:
1938:, p. 10.
1937:
1932:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:Chandler 1991
1900:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:, p. 5;
1853:
1848:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:, p. 5;
1825:
1820:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1785:
1782:, p. 4;
1781:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1722:
1719:, p. 5;
1718:
1713:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1611:village near
1610:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1319:small airport
1314:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:, practicing
1241:
1232:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1161:Ta Veaeng Leu
1159:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Serei Mongkol
999:
997:
994:
991:
990:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
961:
959:
956:
953:
952:
948:
945:
941:
937:
934:
932:
929:
926:
925:
921:
919:
915:
911:
908:
906:
903:
900:
899:
895:
892:
889:
886:
885:
882:
880:
871:
867:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
815:
813:
812:microclimates
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
765:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
739:
734:
730:
726:
724:
720:
716:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
676:
667:
665:
661:
656:
651:
645:
642:
637:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
602:
601:Richard Nixon
597:
593:
591:
586:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
485:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:of northeast
404:
396:Gem Mountains
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
359:
355:
347:
343:
339:
335:
333:
313:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
249:
245:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
211:
209:
206: β’
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
183:
179:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
147:
143:
138:
110:Coordinates:
108:
101:
96:
86:
78:
71:
66:
55:
51:
46:
32:
23:
19:
7073:
7063:Tboung Khmum
7037:
7028:Preah Vihear
6973:Kampong Thom
6968:Kampong Speu
6958:Kampong Cham
6512:
6509:Capital city
6508:
6499:
6401:
6269:(in Khmer).
6238:
6234:
6219:the original
6203:the original
6191:the original
6159:
6136:
6128:the original
6121:
6106:. Retrieved
6067:
6055:. Retrieved
6046:
6043:Seagen Waves
6042:
6016:
5990:
5967:
5958:Boston Globe
5956:
5940:. Retrieved
5933:the original
5898:
5875:
5852:
5829:
5818:the original
5799:the original
5789:
5769:
5739:
5725:the original
5706:the original
5687:
5668:
5660:the original
5644:the original
5602:
5596:
5588:the original
5561:
5538:
5530:the original
5518:
5503:. Retrieved
5484:the original
5462:the original
5443:the original
5425:
5412:. Retrieved
5406:
5391:the original
5368:
5341:Rough Guides
5336:
5323:the original
5303:. Retrieved
5273:
5262:
5251:
5222:
5199:
5176:
5150:
5127:
5104:
5093:the original
5074:the original
5055:the original
5020:
4997:
4988:
4984:
4949:
4938:the original
4895:
4883:. Retrieved
4849:
4838:the original
4816:the original
4790:
4767:
4759:the original
4728:
4717:
4709:the original
4684:the original
4652:
4639:
4631:the original
4626:
4599:
4591:the original
4564:
4541:
4529:. Retrieved
4525:
4510:the original
4501:
4469:
4434:
4422:the original
4402:. Retrieved
4400:. March 2014
4379:. Retrieved
4377:. March 2014
4356:. Retrieved
4333:. Retrieved
4310:. Retrieved
4284:
4265:
4230:
4219:the original
4204:Introduction
4180:
4140:
4129:the original
4108:
4104:
4067:
4063:
4049:the original
4044:
4028:. Retrieved
4006:. Retrieved
3988:the original
3945:Calvet 2009a
3940:
3916:
3904:
3893:Calvet 2009a
3884:
3879:, p. 5.
3872:
3867:, p. 9.
3860:
3844:
3820:
3808:
3760:
3744:
3709:
3689:
3669:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3617:
3590:
3578:
3567:Kosonen 2007
3559:Clayton 2006
3554:
3542:
3530:
3525:, p. 7.
3518:
3506:
3501:, p. 9.
3486:
3481:, p. 9.
3474:
3467:Riddell 2006
3458:
3453:, p. 3.
3446:
3435:Riddell 2006
3422:
3410:
3403:Riddell 2006
3384:Clayton 2006
3356:
3336:
3331:, p. 6.
3324:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3260:
3255:, p. 6.
3240:
3205:
3189:
3165:
3154:Spooner 2008
3149:
3137:
3126:Vinding 2003
3121:
3110:UNESCAP 2006
3097:
3086:Summers 2002
3081:
3065:
3022:
3011:Calvet 2009b
2998:
2986:. Retrieved
2981:
2972:
2960:
2940:
2928:
2908:
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2875:
2863:
2847:
2814:
2802:
2771:
2751:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2691:
2652:
2628:
2608:
2573:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2478:
2473:, p. 3.
2363:
2343:
2327:
2316:Vinding 2004
2300:Stidsen 2007
2291:
2280:Vinding 2004
2261:Vinding 2004
2245:Stidsen 2007
2240:
2229:Vinding 2004
2210:Waldick 2001
2182:
2166:
2155:Vajpeyi 2001
2146:
2130:
2106:
2101:, p. 5.
2090:
2071:
2060:Vajpeyi 2001
2043:
2019:
2003:
1975:
1943:
1931:
1864:Vajpeyi 2001
1847:
1836:Vajpeyi 2001
1819:
1808:Headley 1997
1795:
1775:
1755:, p. 4.
1748:
1743:, p. 5.
1732:
1712:
1701:
1664:
1651:missionaries
1637:
1617:
1553:
1547:(2.5β5
1524:
1499:, including
1489:
1480:
1468:malnutrition
1436:tuberculosis
1429:
1362:
1358:
1342:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1275:
1237:
905:Andoung Meas
876:
860:
829:
821:
808:Soil erosion
797:
761:
727:
696:Tonle Srepok
688:crater lakes
681:
646:
638:
610:
571:
567:
566:) and αα·ααΈ (
563:
556:
555:words αααα (
548:
542:
491:
479:
467:Khmerization
455:
447:TonlΓ© Srepok
377:
369:
353:
352:
346:Khmer script
329:
181:Subdivisions
61:αααααααααα·ααΈ
22:
7048:Stung Treng
6256:10852/67410
6103:10625/27747
5505:21 November
4991:(2): 33β42.
4881:. June 2019
4526:Khmer Times
3973:Works cited
3877:Hamade 2003
3833:Samath 2001
3813:Hamade 2003
3801:Hamade 2003
3784:Hamade 2003
3753:Hamade 2003
3733:Samath 2001
3694:Samath 2001
3678:Samath 2001
3622:CNPRDB 2003
3535:Hubbel 2007
3513:, p. 6
3493:, pp.
3463:Hubbel 2007
3451:Hamade 2003
3427:Hubbel 2007
3194:Palmer 2002
3142:Thomas 2004
3112:, pp.
3070:Kurczy 2009
3058:Dennis 1999
3039:Kurczy 2009
3029:, pp.
2984:(in German)
2933:Suzuki 2005
2917:Suzuki 2005
2913:Levett 2007
2852:CNPRDB 2003
2740:Hughes 2003
2704:Suzuki 2005
2696:Samath 2001
2680:Samath 2001
2657:Samath 2001
2645:Suzuki 2005
2633:Samath 2001
2617:Samath 2001
2615:, ch. 4β5;
2597:Samath 2001
2580:, pp.
2578:Samath 2001
2566:Kurczy 2009
2491:Xinhua 2007
2485:, pp.
2354:, pp.
2206:Suzuki 2005
2189:, pp.
2187:Samath 2001
2151:Becker 1998
2135:Thomas 2005
2119:Thomas 2005
2111:Samath 2001
2095:Becker 1998
2080:Samath 2001
2052:Samath 2001
2048:Clymer 2004
1960:Locard 1996
1948:Becker 1998
1936:Clymer 2004
1920:Martin 1994
1912:Dommen 2001
1885:Samath 2001
1856:Samath 2001
1838:, pp.
1828:Samath 2001
1770:, p. 5
1644:sacrificial
1527:subsistence
1388:, 11% were
1384:, 23% were
753:crater lake
655:concessions
613:Khmer Rouge
590:Brao people
559:"gem" from
547:. The name
475:Vietnam War
471:Khmer Rouge
415:Stung Treng
308:.ratanakiri
163:Established
132: /
7080:Categories
7053:Svay Rieng
7038:Ratanakiri
7003:Mondulkiri
6953:Battambang
6923:Phnom Penh
6843:Kaoh Peak
6714:Aekakpheap
6651:Lung Khung
5791:Conference
5264:Communisme
5224:Asia Times
3931:, p.
3929:Short 2006
3923:, p.
3889:Baird 2009
3865:Brown 2006
3855:, ch. 4β5.
3849:Brown 2006
3835:, p.
3827:, p.
3825:Tyler 2006
3735:, p.
3716:, p.
3714:Jones 2002
3696:, p.
3680:, p.
3650:NISC 2014b
3638:NISC 2014b
3626:NISC 2014b
3610:NISC 2014b
3595:NISC 2014b
3583:NISC 2014b
3569:, p.
3561:, p.
3547:NISC 2014b
3491:Brown 2000
3386:, p.
3367:, p.
3365:Tyler 2006
3341:NISC 2014a
3317:NISC 2014a
3305:NISC 2014c
3293:NISC 2013b
3267:, p.
3249:NISC 2013a
3245:NISC 2014c
3233:NISC 2014c
3212:, p.
3196:, p.
3156:, p.
3128:, p.
3104:, p.
3102:Baird 2013
3088:, p.
3015:Dobbs 1994
2901:NISC 2014c
2886:7 February
2840:Brown 2006
2819:Brown 2006
2807:Brown 2006
2795:Brown 2006
2776:Pheap 2015
2758:, p.
2742:, p.
2698:, p.
2682:, p.
2659:, p.
2635:, p.
2619:, p.
2599:, p.
2553:, ch. 4β5.
2545:, p.
2507:Brown 2006
2439:, p.
2420:, p.
2334:, p.
2318:, p.
2310:, p.
2308:Tyler 2006
2302:, p.
2282:, p.
2263:, p.
2255:, p.
2253:Tyler 2006
2247:, p.
2231:, p.
2173:, p.
2157:, p.
2137:, p.
2121:, p.
2113:, p.
2082:, p.
2062:, p.
2054:, p.
2034:, p.
2032:Short 2006
2026:, p.
2010:, p.
2008:Short 2006
1990:, p.
1982:, p.
1966:, p.
1954:, p.
1922:, p.
1914:, p.
1906:, p.
1887:, p.
1866:, p.
1858:, p.
1830:, p.
1802:, p.
1786:, p.
1723:, p.
1721:Stark 2004
1670:References
1517:Khmer Loeu
1515:See also:
1424:See also:
1402:Vietnamese
1392:, 3% were
1366:Khmer Loeu
1255:cash crops
1085:Aekakpheap
1047:Lbang Muoy
1039:Chey Otdam
975:Lung Khung
789:giant ibis
684:watersheds
639:After the
625:communists
621:Vietnamese
581:Khmer Loeu
549:Ratanakiri
516:, and the
498:Bronze Age
458:Khmer Loeu
411:Mondulkiri
378:RatanagirΔ«
370:RΓ΄tΓ’nΓ΄kΔri
354:Ratanakiri
242:Population
189:Government
35:Ratanakiri
7043:Siem Reap
7033:Prey Veng
6941:Provinces
6858:Phnum Kok
6838:Kaoh Pang
6833:Ka Choun
6777:Saom Thum
6757:Lum Choar
6661:Ting Chak
6618:Yeak Laom
6613:Labansiek
6554:divisions
6522:Landmarks
5857:Routledge
5744:Macmillan
5305:22 August
5233:cite news
5002:Routledge
4985:Watershed
4918:699009457
4885:27 August
4604:Routledge
4587:"Climate"
4569:Routledge
4546:Routledge
4199:148032215
4084:0257-9774
4064:Anthropos
4018:"Annex 1"
3909:AIPP 2006
3897:AIPP 2006
3523:Chat 2003
2495:AMRC 2003
2414:Bann 1997
2397:Bann 1997
2296:Hall 2011
1706:NISC 2019
1648:Christian
1590:jackfruit
1585:buffaloes
1581:Wild game
1211:Phnum Kok
1199:Kaoh Peak
1195:Kaoh Pang
1156:Ta Veaeng
1139:Saom Thum
1123:Lum Choar
1114:Ou Ya Dav
1051:Lbang Pir
983:Ting Chak
967:Keh Chong
944:Yeak Laom
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