33:
783:
795:
762:
188:
807:
682:
282:
253:
46:
297:, terminal or arising from the leaf axil, up to 34 cm long with up to 42 flowers. The flowers have four white (sometimes yellow or purple) petals, up to 24 mm long, sometimes with dark veins (especially on the underside). Each petal has a rounded "limb" above a narrow "claw", both about the same length. The four upright sepals are shorter than the petals, green or purple, and have sparse bulbous-based hairs. There are 6 stamens (2 short and 4 long) and one style with two stigmas.
774:
300:
The fruits are borne on bristly-hairy pedicels about 3 cm long and held vertically (whether the rhachis is erect or sprawling). Each fruit consists of a pod with two segments: the lower one is about 1-2 mm long and sterile (just occasionally with one seed), while the upper one is up to 8 cm long and
273:
leaves to 38 cm long, with a 3 cm stalk (petiole) and a large rounded terminal lobe that has a undulate margin; the lateral lobes sometimes overlap the midrib. The stem leaves become progressively less lobed as they ascend, and more acutely serrated. Both the upper and lower surface of each leaf is
268:
which does not swell like that of the cultivated radish. The stems are green and sometimes purple at the base and nodes, round in cross section and slightly ridged, and bristly-hairy all over. It has a basal rosette of
742:
All tender parts of the plant are edible. The leaves and flowers have a spicy taste or aftertaste. The seedpods can be eaten, as can the outer skin of the root (after being washed). It is said that
340:
genomes have been sequenced, with one study reporting 98% coverage of the gene space. Researchers found evidence that the past whole-genome triplication that occurred before the divergence of
708:
In southeastern USA, the pale yellow form is common, sometimes entirely taking over fields in wintertime. It is a significant source of pollen and nectar for a variety of
1278:
Jeong, Young-Min; et al. (2016). "Elucidating the triplicated ancestral genome structure of radish based on chromosome-level comparison with the
Brassica genomes".
228:
in many areas, for example, Australia. It spreads rapidly and is often found growing on roadsides or in other places where the ground has been disturbed. The cultivated
406:
name for a radish, ραφανίς (raphanis). It has several common names including jointed charlock, jointed radish, jointed wild radish, white charlock, and wild radish.
32:
806:
2089:
1918:
893:
274:
roughly hairy, as are the leaf margins, which have minutely bulbous-based hairs projecting horizontally. The leaves have green or purple tips (
2285:
2164:
1761:
1771:
309:, smooth or slightly ridged, and glabrous to roughly hairy, with a peppery taste. At the tip of the beak is the persistent, sessile white
2259:
1752:
2027:
2115:
2040:
849:
840:
782:
689:
It is frost hardy, and even hard freezes only temporarily interrupt bloom. In
Australia, it is regarded as a habitat threatening
1440:
336:
of wild radish is estimated to be ~515 Mb in size, whereas that of the edible variety is suggested to be ~539–574 Mb. Several
1678:
998:
944:
877:
2238:
305:), each containing one oval seed up to 3 mm long. At the tip of the pod is a sterile beak up to 2.5 cm long. The fruits are
2430:
2120:
348:
has been followed by widespread gene loss in radish, resulting in the loss of ~38,000 genes from the wild radish genome.
1952:
1913:
2420:
1424:
1393:
425:, which is found in some of the same regions (in the US) and is easily distinguished from it by having thinner, non-
2367:
2326:
2169:
2076:
1828:
743:
289:
The flowering period is between May and
October in northern Europe, or between June and August in Minnesota. The
2415:
2410:
2321:
919:
2277:
794:
2405:
2151:
845:
761:
2009:
1983:
1892:
1113:"Consequences of Whole-Genome Triplication as Revealed by Comparative Genomic Analyses of the Wild Radish
2102:
1867:
1742:
1218:"The radish genome and comprehensive gene expression profile of tuberous root formation and development"
2272:
2045:
1996:
1080:
831:
1475:
2372:
2179:
45:
1618:
Koelling, Vanessa A.; Karoly, Keith (May 2007). "Self-pollen interference is absent in wild radish (
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2400:
2228:
2143:
2264:
2004:
1444:
2336:
963:
2094:
1978:
1790:
1776:
622:
162:
2205:
1014:
2068:
1926:
1229:
264:
that grows up to 75 cm tall, variously branched to multi-stemmed, with a distinct slender
220:. The species is native to western Asia, Europe and parts of Northern Africa. It has been
8:
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187:
2251:
1839:
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1043:
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1991:
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40:
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83:
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681:
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1849:
614:
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458:
281:
252:
233:
70:
1291:
2389:
1957:
1688:
726:, frequent this plant to obtain pollen and nectar. Other pollinators include
410:
403:
322:
290:
178:
1603:
1582:
750:
after discovering the plant on the west coast of
Scotland as early as 1753.
2107:
1813:
1653:
1299:
1259:
1199:
1150:
1132:
727:
438:
261:
217:
129:
2303:
1670:
Foraging
Washington: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Foods
1668:
1583:"Body size, loading capacity and rate of reproduction in the communal bee
773:
2138:
2053:
1882:
1822:
1635:
1181:
747:
731:
709:
694:
594:
574:
562:
450:
119:
2192:
2019:
441:
to temperate regions of North Africa, Europe and parts of
Western Asia.
2032:
1720:
1522:
642:
490:
302:
1644:
1363:
1321:
1241:
224:
into most parts of the world and is regarded as a habitat threatening
2058:
1965:
1939:
1497:
Western
Australian Herbarium, Biodiversity and Conservation Science.
702:
602:
422:
275:
1784:
1566:
1546:
1342:
2298:
1807:
1622:, Brassicaceae), a species with sporophytic self-incompatibility".
666:
658:
626:
570:
482:
139:
96:
2081:
1944:
650:
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590:
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582:
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554:
546:
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538:
534:
530:
518:
486:
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270:
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1499:"Raphanus raphanistrum (FloraBase—the Western Australian Flora)"
1931:
662:
654:
634:
610:
606:
598:
566:
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514:
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494:
383:
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109:
670:
638:
522:
470:
466:
57:
1727:
506:
502:
1581:
Giovanetti, Manuela; Lasso, Eloisa (July–September 2005).
1560:(3). Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre: 709–733.
1413:
Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild
Flowers of Britain
812:
Red cultivated radishes, sometimes considered a subspecies
697:
species and sometimes hybridizes with cultivated radish,
236:, is sometimes considered to be one of its subspecies as
1545:
Warwick, Suzanne I.; Francis, Ardath (3 February 2005).
1496:
1704:
English Botany: or, Coloured
Figures of British Plants
1478:. Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food
1455:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
716:
during the very early spring starting buildup. Female
914:. London: Botanical Society of the British Isles.
321:It was formally described by the Swedish botanist
256:The petals have a characteristic pattern of veins
2387:
746:cultivated sea radish root as an alternative to
701:. It has also proved to be resistant to several
1580:
1617:
1544:
661:. Also in southwestern Europe, it is found in
1383:
1211:
1209:
934:
421:The flowers are very similar to those of the
285:The basal leaves are often pinnately divided.
1702:Sowerby, James; Smith, James Edward (1806).
1701:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1038:
1036:
958:
956:
432:
1439:
1407:
1405:
1206:
1166:"Evolution of Genome Size in Brassicaceae"
1164:Johnston, J. Spencer; et al. (2005).
892:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
31:
1643:
1602:
1565:
1266:
1249:
1189:
1140:
1099:
481:. Within Western Asia it is found in the
1386:Pocket Oxford Classical Greek Dictionary
1364:"Tropicos.org Missouri Botanical Garden"
1343:"Tropicos.org Missouri Botanical Garden"
1322:"Tropicos.org Missouri Botanical Garden"
1163:
1033:
953:
680:
529:. In eastern Europe, it is found within
354:has several known subspecies including:
280:
251:
186:
1734:Genome and transcriptome resources for
1666:
1402:
937:The Vegetative Key to the British Flora
863:
861:
859:
850:United States Department of Agriculture
841:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2388:
1215:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
912:Crucifers of Great Britain and Ireland
905:
903:
409:It is often erroneously identified as
1789:
1788:
1547:"The biology of Canadian weeds. 132.
1453:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1277:
1117:and Three Other Brassicaceae Species"
1110:
928:
867:
366:(Moretti ex DC.) Bonnier & Layens
2327:bd82b7b0-9c61-4ed2-8c24-bd8814d28ffb
2180:5c19a158-82f0-4391-8f06-9022875293a7
988:
935:Poland, John; Clement, Eric (2009).
909:
856:
685:Wild radish in a cereal field margin
449:It is found in North Africa, within
1473:
1388:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1066:
982:
900:
824:
13:
1216:Mitsui, Yuki; et al. (2015).
693:in many areas. In Canada, it is a
14:
2442:
1714:
1554:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
617:. In southeastern Europe, within
416:
2278:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:217826-2
1384:Morwood, J.; Taylor, J. (2002).
1280:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
805:
793:
781:
772:
760:
44:
1695:
1673:. Guilford, CT: Falcon Guides.
1660:
1611:
1574:
1538:
1515:
1490:
1467:
1433:
1377:
1356:
1335:
1314:
1157:
1007:
870:New Flora of the British Isles
247:
1:
1667:Nyerges, Christopher (2017).
846:Agricultural Research Service
817:
541:. In middle Europe, it is in
939:. Southampton: John Poland.
325:in his seminal publication '
7:
2431:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
993:. London: Frederick Warne.
316:
301:has 1-10 fertile segments (
10:
2447:
1753:Comprehensive profile for
1748:USDA PLANTS database entry
1724:world wide occurrence data
1587:(Hymenoptera; Andrenidae)"
1523:"Raphanus raphanistrum L."
1111:Moghe, Gaurav (May 2014).
753:
676:
16:Species of flowering plant
1797:
1292:10.1007/s00122-016-2708-0
577:. In northern Europe, in
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
2421:Plants described in 1753
1758:from MaltaWildPlants.com
1503:florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au
444:
433:Distribution and habitat
1762:Washington Burke Museum
1743:Jepson Manual Treatment
1048:L. is an accepted name"
970:. Minnesota Wildflowers
737:
329:' on page 669 in 1753.
1133:10.1105/tpc.114.124297
989:Rose, Francis (2006).
686:
623:Bosnia and Herzegovina
286:
257:
192:
2416:Flora of Western Asia
2411:Flora of North Africa
2229:Raphanus raphanistrum
2216:Raphanus_raphanistrum
1997:Raphanus raphanistrum
1919:Raphanus_raphanistrum
1829:Raphanus raphanistrum
1799:Raphanus raphanistrum
1778:Raphanus raphanistrum
1755:Raphanus raphanistrum
1736:Raphanus raphanistrum
1722:Raphanus raphanistrum
1620:Raphanus raphanistrum
1604:10.1051/apido:2005028
1549:Raphanus raphanistrum
1447:Raphanus raphanistrum
1115:Raphanus raphanistrum
1083:Raphanus raphanistrum
1046:Raphanus raphanistrum
1017:Raphanus raphanistrum
966:Raphanus raphanistrum
910:Rich, T.C.G. (1991).
834:Raphanus raphanistrum
684:
385:Raphanus raphanistrum
372:Raphanus raphanistrum
359:Raphanus raphanistrum
352:Raphanus raphanistrum
338:Raphanus raphanistrum
284:
255:
238:Raphanus raphanistrum
197:Raphanus raphanistrum
190:
172:Raphanus raphanistrum
25:Raphanus raphanistrum
2406:Flora of Macaronesia
1636:10.3732/ajb.94.5.896
1419:. 1981. p. 40.
868:Stace, C.A. (2019).
398:The scientific name
154:R. raphanistrum
1234:2015NatSR...510835M
991:The Wild Flower Key
968:(Jointed Charlock)"
728:cabbage butterflies
232:, widely used as a
1585:Andrena agilissima
1222:Scientific Reports
1182:10.1093/aob/mci016
719:Andrena agilissima
687:
429:stems and leaves.
287:
260:Wild radish is an
258:
193:
2383:
2382:
2201:Open Tree of Life
1791:Taxon identifiers
1781:Flowers in Israel
1706:(First ed.).
1680:978-1-4930-2534-3
1242:10.1038/srep10835
1000:978-0-7232-5175-0
946:978-0-9560144-0-5
879:978-1-5272-2630-2
402:derives from the
394:
380:
367:
327:Species Plantarum
278:) on each tooth.
185:
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2157:NBNSYS0000002815
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1474:Peltzer, Sally.
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1286:(7): 1357–1372.
1275:
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1213:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1170:Annals of Botany
1161:
1155:
1154:
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1127:(5): 1925–1937.
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828:
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691:invasive species
392:
378:
365:
226:invasive species
210:jointed charlock
200:, also known as
174:
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
2446:
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2441:
2440:
2439:
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2426:Root vegetables
2401:Flora of Europe
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2188:Observation.org
2186:
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2137:
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2128:MichiganFlora:
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1567:10.4141/P04-120
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1417:Reader's Digest
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1054:. plantlist.org
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647:North Macedonia
455:Madeira Islands
447:
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250:
214:flowering plant
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2360:wfo-0000402425
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1715:External links
1713:
1710:
1709:
1694:
1679:
1659:
1630:(5): 896–900.
1610:
1597:(3): 439–447.
1573:
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1401:
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1205:
1176:(1): 229–235.
1156:
1121:The Plant Cell
1098:
1065:
1032:
1015:"Brassicaceae
1006:
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368:('sea radish')
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234:root vegetable
216:in the family
206:white charlock
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1476:"Wild radish"
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1529:. Retrieved
1526:www.gbif.org
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1087:ars-grin.gov
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130:Brassicaceae
103:
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24:
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2252:kew-2422367
2139:NatureServe
2054:iNaturalist
1823:Wikispecies
1482:10 November
872:. Suffolk.
767:Yellow form
748:horseradish
744:John Walker
732:syrphid fly
724:mining bees
710:pollinators
695:naturalised
595:Isle of Man
575:Switzerland
563:Netherlands
451:Macaronesia
248:Description
202:wild radish
120:Brassicales
84:Angiosperms
2390:Categories
2334:WisFlora:
2247:Plant List
1890:Calflora:
1645:1808/10342
1624:Am. J. Bot
1591:Apidologie
1531:2020-03-20
1508:2020-03-20
1459:18 October
1441:USDA, NRCS
1091:8 November
1058:8 November
1025:8 November
974:8 November
921:0901158208
818:References
730:and a few
714:honey bees
703:herbicides
699:R. sativus
643:Montenegro
491:Azerbaijan
393:(L.) Domin
276:hydathodes
222:introduced
2010:200009661
1984:200009661
1966:FloraBase
1689:965922681
1228:: 10835.
888:cite book
734:species.
603:Lithuania
427:succulent
423:searocket
376:rostratus
303:mericarps
293:is a lax
148:Species:
54:Kingdom:
2396:Raphanus
2322:VicFlora
2311:VASCAN:
2299:Tropicos
2213:PalDat:
2144:2.140911
2095:11026818
2082:288483-1
1914:eFloraSA
1880:BioLib:
1808:Wikidata
1654:21636458
1443:(n.d.).
1300:27038817
1260:26056784
1200:15596470
1151:24876251
1081:"Taxon:
1021:ipni.org
788:Seed pod
667:Portugal
659:Slovenia
627:Bulgaria
571:Slovakia
483:Caucasus
400:Raphanus
346:Brassica
342:Raphanus
317:Taxonomy
141:Raphanus
126:Family:
97:Eudicots
2304:4100237
2033:3040983
1739:on NCBI
1308:5764946
1251:4650646
1230:Bibcode
1191:1950721
1142:4079359
754:Gallery
677:Ecology
651:Romania
631:Croatia
619:Albania
591:Ireland
587:Finland
583:Estonia
579:Denmark
559:Hungary
555:Germany
547:Belgium
543:Austria
539:Ukraine
535:Moldova
531:Belarus
519:Lebanon
499:Georgia
487:Armenia
479:Tunisia
475:Morocco
463:Algeria
411:mustard
389:sativus
387:subsp.
374:subsp.
361:subsp.
271:pinnate
266:taproot
242:sativus
240:subsp.
212:, is a
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
2373:993765
2291:2884-1
2260:PLANTS
2206:376999
2177:NZOR:
2170:109996
2020:RAPRAP
2017:FoIO:
1958:163549
1932:584018
1873:114761
1857:APDB:
1837:AoFP:
1814:Q28017
1726:(from
1687:
1677:
1652:
1423:
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1369:4 July
1348:4 July
1327:4 July
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663:France
655:Serbia
635:Greece
611:Sweden
607:Norway
599:Latvia
567:Poland
527:Turkey
515:Jordan
511:Israel
495:Cyprus
439:native
437:It is
363:landra
334:genome
311:stigma
307:terete
295:raceme
262:annual
230:radish
110:Rosids
2368:WoRMS
2344:WoI:
2286:SANBI
2265:RARA2
2236:PFI:
2121:23289
2108:46795
2090:IRMNG
2066:IPA:
2059:55411
2046:30856
1992:FoAO2
1953:EUNIS
1945:RAPRA
1906:4RJXQ
1883:39253
1860:78012
1847:APA:
1551:. L."
1304:S2CID
800:Fruit
722:, or
671:Spain
639:Italy
523:Syria
471:Libya
467:Egypt
445:Range
191:Habit
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
2337:4771
2314:4100
2273:POWO
2239:1687
2224:PfaF
2193:7302
2165:NCBI
2116:ITIS
2077:IPNI
2069:6290
2041:GRIN
2028:GBIF
1971:3061
1940:EPPO
1893:7063
1868:APNI
1850:1278
1840:1275
1728:GBIF
1685:OCLC
1675:ISBN
1650:PMID
1484:2015
1461:2015
1421:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1371:2021
1350:2021
1329:2021
1296:PMID
1256:PMID
1196:PMID
1147:PMID
1093:2017
1060:2017
1027:2017
995:ISBN
976:2017
941:ISBN
916:ISBN
894:link
874:ISBN
738:Uses
669:and
657:and
613:and
573:and
537:and
525:and
507:Iraq
503:Iran
477:and
344:and
332:The
2355:WFO
2347:168
2152:NBN
2131:672
2103:ISC
2005:FoC
1979:FNA
1927:EoL
1901:CoL
1640:hdl
1632:doi
1599:doi
1562:doi
1288:doi
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