Parachute - Knowledge

100: 763:

The main part of the parachute was in a bag suspended from the balloon with the pilot wearing only a simple waist harness attached to the main parachute. When the balloon crew jumped the main part of the parachute was pulled from the bag by the crew's waist harness, first the shroud lines, followed by the main canopy. This type of parachute was first adopted on a large scale for their observation balloon crews by the Germans, and then later by the British and French. While this type of unit worked well from balloons, it had mixed results when used on fixed-wing aircraft by the Germans, where the bag was stored in a compartment directly behind the pilot. In many instances where it did not work the shroud lines became entangled with the spinning aircraft. Although this type of parachute saved a number of famous German fighter pilots, including

1498: 190: 1640:. A ripcord system pulls a closing pin (sometimes multiple pins), which releases a spring-loaded pilot chute, and opens the container; the pilot chute is then propelled into the air stream by its spring, then uses the force generated by passing air to extract a deployment bag containing the parachute canopy, to which it is attached via a bridle. A hand-deployed pilot chute, once thrown into the air stream, pulls a closing pin on the pilot chute bridle to open the container, then the same force extracts the deployment bag. There are variations on hand-deployed pilot chutes, but the system described is the more common throw-out system. 1218: 1279: 1475: 852: 1210: 1343: 1715: 1661: 1229:(made by the Pioneer Parachute Co.), although there are many other canopies with a pull-down apex produced in the years thereafter - these had minor differences in attempts to make a higher performance rig, such as different venting configurations. They are all considered 'round' parachutes, but with suspension lines to the canopy apex that apply load there and pull the apex closer to the load, distorting the round shape into a somewhat flattened or lenticular shape when viewed from the side. And while called 1138:. Some skydivers call them "jellyfish 'chutes" because of the resemblance to the marine organisms. Modern sports parachutists rarely use this type. The first round parachutes were simple, flat circulars. These early parachutes suffered from instability caused by oscillations. A hole in the apex helped to vent some air and reduce the oscillations. Many military applications adopted conical, i.e., cone-shaped, or parabolic (a flat circular canopy with an extended skirt) shapes, such as the United States Army 397: 408: 1374:

skydivers fly with wing loading below 5 kg per square meter. Most sport jumpers fly with wing loading between 5 and 7 kg per square meter, but many interested in performance landings exceed this wing loading. Professional canopy pilots compete with wing loading of 10 to over 15 kilograms per square meter. While ram-air parachutes with wing loading higher than 20 kilograms per square meter have been landed, this is strictly the realm of professional test jumpers.

1506: 1773: 829:, who bailed on 27 June 1918 from his stricken fighter airplane to become the first pilot in history to successfully do so. Although many pilots were saved by the Heinecke design, their efficacy was relatively poor. Out of the first 70 German airmen to bail out, around a third died, These fatalities were mostly due to the chute or ripcord becoming entangled in the airframe of their spinning aircraft or because of harness failure, a problem fixed in later versions. 1165: 735: 1414: 344: 209:(British Library, Add MS 34113, fol. 200v), showing a free-hanging man clutching a crossbar frame attached to a conical canopy. As a safety measure, four straps ran from the ends of the rods to a waist belt. Although the surface area of the parachute design appears to be too small to offer effective air resistance and the wooden base-frame is superfluous and potentially harmful, the basic concept of a working parachute is apparent. 1617: 420: 1115: 696: 1328:

parachuting), and have two layers of fabric—top and bottom—connected by airfoil-shaped fabric ribs to form "cells". The cells fill with higher-pressure air from vents that face forward on the leading edge of the airfoil. The fabric is shaped and the parachute lines trimmed under load such that the ballooning fabric inflates into an airfoil shape. This airfoil is sometimes maintained by use of fabric one-way valves called

1059: 1147:

used are cuts in various gores to cause some of the skirt to bow out. Turning is accomplished by forming the edges of the modifications, giving the parachute more speed from one side of the modification than the other. This gives the jumpers the ability to steer the parachute (such as the United States Army MC series parachutes), enabling them to avoid obstacles and to turn into the wind to minimize horizontal speed at

517: 1019: 259: 58: 1378:

ellipticals are also considerably more dangerous to land. With high-performance elliptical canopies, nuisance malfunctions can be much more serious than with a square design, and may quickly escalate into emergencies. Flying highly loaded, elliptical canopies is a major contributing factor in many skydiving accidents, although advanced training programs are helping to reduce this danger.

236:. Here, the scale of the parachute is in a more favorable proportion to the weight of the jumper. A square wooden frame, which alters the shape of the parachute from conical to pyramidal, held open Leonardo's canopy. It is not known whether the Italian inventor was influenced by the earlier design, but he may have learned about the idea through the intensive oral communication among 1575:

edge of a cliff or hill. Once the canopy is above one's head, it's a gentle pull down on both toggles in ideal winds, a tow (say, behind a vehicle) on flat ground, a continued run down the hill, etc. Ground handling in a variety of winds is important and there are even canopies made strictly for that practice, to save on wear and tear of more expensive canopies designed for say,

1270:, among other shapes and forms. These were usually an attempt to increase the forward speed and reduce the landing speed offered by the other options at the time. The ram-air parachute's development and the subsequent introduction of the sail slider to slow deployment reduced the level of experimentation in the sport parachuting community. The parachutes are also hard to build. 1176:. The reason given is: The statements in the Cruciform subsection, regarding the T-11 parachute and its replacement of the T-10, are prospective toward an ambiguous point in the future and tells the reader nothing chronologically useful. Regardless, it appears the program mentioned has now been complete for several years, requiring edits to this description.. 1358:-, canopy formation-, and accuracy-type) are usually rectangular. High-performance, ram-air parachutes have a slightly tapered shape to their leading and/or trailing edges when viewed in plan form, and are known as ellipticals. Sometimes all the taper is on the leading edge (front), and sometimes in the trailing edge (tail). 1254:

be very pronounced in some designs, taking up more 'space' than the parachute. They also have decreased horizontal drag due to their flatter shape and, when combined with rear-facing vents, can have considerable forward speed. Truly annular designs - with a hole large enough that the canopy can be classified as

627: 1686:

Exact numbers are difficult to estimate because parachute design, maintenance, loading, packing technique and operator experience all have a significant impact on malfunction rates. Approximately one in a thousand sport main parachute openings malfunctions, requiring the use of the reserve parachute,

1647:

Occasionally, a pilot chute does not generate enough force either to pull the pin or to extract the bag. Causes may be that the pilot chute is caught in the turbulent wake of the jumper (the "burble"), the closing loop holding the pin is too tight, or the pilot chute is generating insufficient force.

1541:

as the final connection to the harness. Modern high-performance paragliders often have the cell openings closer to the bottom of the leading edge and the end cells might appear to be closed, both for aerodynamic streamlining (these apparently closed end cells are vented and inflated from the adjacent

1531:

canopy, but generally have more sectioned cells, higher aspect ratio and a lower profile. Cell count varies widely, typically from the high 20s to the 70s, while aspect ratio can be 8 or more, though aspect ratio (projected) for such a canopy might be down at 6 or so - both outrageously higher than a

1393:

High aspect ratio parachutes have the flattest glide and the largest tolerance for timing the landing flare, but the least predictable openings. An aspect ratio of 2.7 is about the upper limit for parachutes. High aspect ratio canopies typically have nine or more cells. All reserve ram-air parachutes

1253:

Some designs with a pull-down apex have the fabric removed from the apex to open a hole through which air can exit (most, if not all, round canopies have at least a small hole to allow easier tie-down for packing - these aren't considered annular), giving the canopy an annular geometry. This hole can

1146:

Forward speed (5–13 km/h) and steering can be achieved by cuts in various sections (gores) across the back, or by cutting four lines in the back, thereby modifying the canopy shape to allow air to escape from the back of the canopy, providing limited forward speed. Other modifications sometimes

820:

Otto Heinecke, a German airship ground crewman, designed a parachute which the German air service introduced in 1918, becoming the world's first air service to introduce a standard parachute. Schroeder company of Berlin manufactured Heinecke's design. The first successful use of this parachute was by

762:

defenses. Because it was difficult to escape from them, and dangerous when on fire due to their hydrogen inflation, observers would abandon them and descend by parachute as soon as enemy aircraft were seen. The ground crew would then attempt to retrieve and deflate the balloon as quickly as possible.

2980:

See also: Theodor W. Knacke, "Technical-historical development of parachutes and their applications since World War I (Technical paper A87-13776 03-03)," 9th Aerodynamic Decelerator and Balloon Technology Conference (Albuquerque, New Mexico; October 7–9, 1986) (New York, N.Y.: American Institute of

1699:

Injuries and fatalities in sport skydiving are possible even under a fully functional main parachute, such as may occur if the skydiver makes an error in judgment while flying the canopy which results in a high-speed impact either with the ground or with a hazard on the ground, which might otherwise

1678:

A parachute is carefully folded, or "packed" to ensure that it will open reliably. If a parachute is not packed properly it can result in a malfunction where the main parachute fails to deploy correctly or fully. In the United States and many developed countries, emergency and reserve parachutes are

1651:

Paratroopers' main parachutes are usually deployed by static lines that release the parachute, yet retain the deployment bag that contains the parachute—without relying on a pilot chute for deployment. In this configuration, the deployment bag is known as a direct-bag system, in which the deployment

1361:

Ellipticals are usually used only by sport parachutists. They often have smaller, more numerous fabric cells and are shallower in profile. Their canopies can be anywhere from slightly elliptical to highly elliptical, indicating the amount of taper in the canopy design, which is often an indicator of

706:

patented an umbrella-like design in 1914, and sold (or donated) the patent to the United States military, which later modified his design, resulting in the first military parachute. Banič had been the first person to patent the parachute, and his design was the first to properly function in the 20th

1695:

of a main malfunction being multiplied by the even smaller probability of a reserve malfunction. This yields an even smaller probability of a double malfunction, although there is also a small possibility of a malfunctioning main parachute not being able to be released and thus interfering with the

1599:

near each corner. Four collections of lines go through the grommets to the risers (risers are strips of webbing joining the harness and the rigging lines of a parachute). During deployment, the slider slides down from the canopy to just above the risers. The slider is slowed by air resistance as it

1385:

Aspect ratio is another way to measure ram-air parachutes. Aspect ratios of parachutes are measured the same way as aircraft wings, by comparing span with chord. Low aspect ratio parachutes, i.e., span 1.8 times the chord, are now limited to precision landing competitions. Popular precision landing

778:

Airplane cockpits at that time also were not large enough to accommodate a pilot and a parachute, since a seat that would fit a pilot wearing a parachute would be too large for a pilot not wearing one. This is why the German type was stowed in the fuselage, rather than being of the "backpack" type.

1574:

winds) and 3) a reverse launch (in higher winds). In ideal winds, the pilot pulls on the top risers to have the wind inflate the cells and simply eases the brakes down, much like an aircraft's flaps, and takes off. Or if there is no wind, the pilot runs or skis to make it inflate, typically at the

1386:

parachutes include Jalbert (now NAA) Para-Foils and John Eiff's series of Challenger Classics. While low aspect ratio parachutes tend to be extremely stable, with gentle stall characteristics, they suffer from steep glide ratios and a small tolerance, or "sweet spot", for timing the landing flare.

1381:

High-speed, cross-braced parachutes, such as the Velocity, VX, XAOS, and Sensei, have given birth to a new branch of sport parachuting called "swooping." A race course is set up in the landing area for expert pilots to measure the distance they are able to fly past the 1.5-metre (4.9 ft) tall

1377:

Smaller parachutes tend to fly faster for the same load, and ellipticals respond faster to control input. Therefore, small, elliptical designs are often chosen by experienced canopy pilots for the thrilling flying they provide. Flying a fast elliptical requires much more skill and experience. Fast

1365:

The rectangular parachute designs tend to look like square, inflatable air mattresses with open front ends. They are generally safer to operate because they are less prone to dive rapidly with relatively small control inputs, they are usually flown with lower wing loadings per square foot of area,

1300:

speeds. A conventional parachute would instantly burst upon opening and be shredded at such speeds. Ribbon parachutes have a ring-shaped canopy, often with a large hole in the centre to release the pressure. Sometimes the ring is broken into ribbons connected by ropes to leak air even more. These

1240:

Due to their lenticular shape and appropriate venting, they have a considerably faster forward speed than, say, a modified military canopy. And due to controllable rear-facing vents in the canopy's sides, they also have much snappier turning capabilities, though they are decidedly low-performance

330:, published in London in 1648. However, Wilkins wrote about flying, not parachutes, and does not mention Veranzio, a parachute jump, or any event in 1617. Doubts about this test, which include a lack of written evidence, suggest it never occurred, and was instead a misreading of historical notes. 1690:

Reserve parachutes are packed and deployed somewhat differently. They are also designed more conservatively, favouring reliability over responsiveness and are built and tested to more exacting standards, making them more reliable than main parachutes. Regulated inspection intervals, coupled with

1607:

The deployment process is inherently chaotic. Rapid deployments can still occur even with well-behaved canopies. On rare occasions, deployment can even be so rapid that the jumper suffers bruising, injury, or death. Reducing the amount of fabric decreases the air resistance. This can be done by

1373:

Wing loading of parachutes is measured similarly to that of aircraft, comparing exit weight to area of parachute fabric. Typical wing loading for students, accuracy competitors, and BASE jumpers is less than 5 kg per square meter – often 0.3 kilograms per square meter or less. Most student

1200:

under a program called Advanced Tactical Parachute System (ATPS). The ATPS canopy is a highly modified version of a cross/ cruciform platform and is square in appearance. The ATPS system will reduce the rate of descent by 30 percent from 21 feet per second (6.4 m/s) to 15.75 feet per second

1643:

Only the hand-deployed pilot chute may be collapsed automatically after deployment—by a kill line reducing the in-flight drag of the pilot chute on the main canopy. Reserves, on the other hand, do not retain their pilot chutes after deployment. The reserve deployment bag and pilot chute are not

1545:

The main difference is in paragliders' usage, typically longer flights that can last all day and hundreds of kilometres in some cases. The harness is also quite different from a parachuting harness and can vary dramatically from ones for the beginner (which might be just a bench seat with nylon

1241:

compared to today's ram-air rigs. From about the mid-1960s to the late-1970s, this was the most popular parachute design type for sport parachuting (prior to this period, modified military 'rounds' were generally used and after, ram-air 'squares' became common). Note that the use of the word

476:

ascended in a gondola attached to a balloon. At 900 meters she detached the gondola from the balloon and descended in the gondola by parachute. In doing so, she became the first woman to parachute. She went on to complete many ascents and parachute descents in towns across France and Europe.

1327:

The principle of the Ram-Air Multicell Airfoil was conceived in 1963 by Canadian Domina "Dom" C. Jalbert, but serious problems had to be solved before a ram-air canopy could be marketed to the sport parachuting community. Ram-air parafoils are steerable (as are most canopies used for sport

531: 1745:

An "inversion" occurs when one skirt of the canopy blows between the suspension lines on the opposite side of the parachute and then catches air. That portion then forms a secondary lobe with the canopy inverted. The secondary lobe grows until the canopy turns completely inside

469:. While Blanchard's first parachute demonstrations were conducted with a dog as the passenger, he later claimed to have had the opportunity to try it himself in 1793 when his hot air balloon ruptured, and he used a parachute to descend. (This event was not witnessed by others.) 1792:

at an altitude of 102,800 feet (31,333 m) (which was also a piloted balloon altitude record at the time). A small stabilizer chute deployed successfully, and Kittinger fell for 4 minutes and 36 seconds, also setting a still-standing world record for the longest parachute

859:

The experience with parachutes during the war highlighted the need to develop a design that could be reliably used to exit a disabled airplane. For instance, tethered parachutes did not work well when the aircraft was spinning. After the war, Major Edward L. Hoffman of the

1201:(4.80 m/s). The T-11 is designed to have an average rate of descent 14% slower than the T-10D, thus resulting in lower landing injury rates for jumpers. The decline in the rate of descent will reduce the impact energy by almost 25% to lessen the potential for injury. 1142:

static-line parachute. A round parachute with no holes in it is more prone to oscillate and is not considered to be steerable. Some parachutes have inverted dome-shaped canopies. These are primarily used for dropping non-human payloads due to their faster rate of descent.

285:, or Faust Vrančić (1551–1617), examined da Vinci's parachute sketch and kept the square frame but replaced the canopy with a bulging sail-like piece of cloth that he came to realize decelerates a fall more effectively. A now-famous depiction of a parachute that he dubbed 1603:

At the same time, the overall design of a parachute still has a significant influence on the deployment speed. Modern sport parachutes' deployment speeds vary considerably. Most modern parachutes open comfortably, but individual skydivers may prefer harsher deployment.

3113: 1801:

desert. The whole descent took 13 minutes and 45 seconds. During the descent, Kittinger experienced temperatures as low as −94 °F (−70 °C). In the free-fall stage, he reached a top speed of 614 mph (988 km/h or 274 m/s), or Mach 0.8.

1195:

The unique design characteristics of cruciform parachutes decrease oscillation (its user swinging back and forth) and violent turns during descent. This technology will be used by the United States Army as it replaces its older T-10 parachutes with

786:, a railway engineer and breeder of Arab horses, invented and marketed through his Aerial Patents Company a "British Parachute" and the "Guardian Angel" parachute. As part of an investigation into Calthrop's design, on 13 January 1917, test pilot 2218:"One of his most important inventions, is, without doubt, the parachute, which he experimented and tested on himself, by jumping off a bridge in Venice. As documented by the English bishop John Wilkins (1614–1672) 30 years later, in his book 2269:

Like his countryman's concept, Veranzio's seems to have remained an idea only. Though his idea was greatly publicized, no evidence has been found that there ever was a homo volans of his or any other time who tested and proved Veranzio's

1760:" is an out-of-sequence deployment, when the parachute lines and bag are released before the bag drogue and bridle. This can cause the lines to become tangled or a situation where the parachute drogue is not released from the container. 1389:

Because of their predictable opening characteristics, parachutes with a medium aspect ratio around 2.1 are widely used for reserves, BASE, and canopy formation competition. Most medium aspect ratio parachutes have seven cells.

812:

of Lexington, Kentucky, submitted an application for, and in July 1916 received, a patent for a backpack style parachute – the Aviatory Life Buoy. His self-contained device featured a revolutionary quick-release mechanism – the

1558:, etc. - to ensure aerodynamic efficiency and warmth). In many designs, there will be protection for the back and shoulder areas built-in, and support for a reserve canopy, water container, etc. Some even have windshields. 1536:

and that term is rarely used by paraglider pilots. Similarly, span might be ~15 m with span (projected) at 12 m. Canopies are still attached to the harness by suspension lines and (four or six) risers, but they use lockable

942:

were established as early as 1931 after a number of experimental military mass jumps starting from 2 August 1930. Earlier the same year, the first Soviet mass jumps led to the development of the parachuting sport in the

99: 1565:

but uninflated canopy). To launch a paraglider, one typically spreads out the canopy on the ground to closely approximate an open canopy with the suspension lines having little slack and less tangle - see more in

902:

In 1919, Irvin successfully tested the parachute by jumping from an airplane. The Type-A parachute was put into production and over time saved a number of lives. The effort was recognized by the awarding of the

910:

Irvin became the first person to make a premeditated free-fall parachute jump from an airplane. An early brochure of the Irvin Air Chute Company credits William O'Connor as having become, on 24 August 1920, at

180:

attempted unsuccessfully to fly by jumping from a tower while wearing a large cloak. It was recorded that "there was enough air in the folds of his cloak to prevent great injury when he reached the ground."

1741:

A "streamer" is the main chute which becomes entangled in its lines and fails to deploy, taking the shape of a paper streamer. The parachutist cuts it away to provide space and clean air for deploying the

580:. The puppet's weight was 75 kg (165 lb); the parachute's weight was 21 kg (46 lb). The cables between the puppet and the parachute were 9 m (30 ft) long. On February 4, 1912, 212:

The design is a marked improvement over another folio (189v), which depicts a man trying to break the force of his fall using two long cloth streamers fastened to two bars, which he grips with his hands.

1838:

from an altitude of 127,852 feet (38,969.3 m) and reaching speeds up to 833.9 mph (1,342.0 km/h or 372.8 m/s), or nearly Mach 1.1. Kittinger was an advisor for Baumgartner's jump.

304:

It was once widely believed that in 1617, Veranzio, then aged 65 and seriously ill, implemented his design and tested the parachute by jumping from St Mark's Campanile, from a bridge nearby, or from

1561:

Because paragliders are made for foot- or ski-launch, they aren't suitable for terminal velocity openings and there is no slider to slow down an opening (paraglider pilots typically start with an

3261: 1738:. The column of nylon fabric, buffeted by the wind, rapidly heats from friction and opposite sides of the canopy can fuse together in a narrow region, removing any chance of it opening fully. 1354:

Personal ram-air parachutes are loosely divided into two varieties – rectangular or tapered – commonly called "squares" or "ellipticals", respectively. Medium-performance canopies (reserve-,

843:

in France (Kite Balloon section), registered a patent in July 1918 for a parachute with a quick release buckle, known as the "Mears parachute", which was in common use from then onwards.

779:

Weight was – at the very beginning – also a consideration since planes had limited load capacity. Carrying a parachute impeded performance and reduced the useful offensive and fuel load.

3464: 963:, the first large-scale, opposed landings of paratroopers in military history, by the Germans. This was followed later in the war by airborne assaults on a larger scale, such as the 1225:

A variation on the round parachute is the pull-down apex parachute, invented by a Frenchman named Pierre-Marcel Lemoigne. The first widely used canopy of this type was called the

1591:

today are designed to open softly. Overly rapid deployment was an early problem with ram-air designs. The primary innovation that slows the deployment of a ram-air canopy is the

1691:

significantly less use contributes to reliability as wear on some components can adversely affect reliability. The safety advantage of a reserve parachute comes from the small

1523:

Paragliders - virtually all of which use ram-air canopies - are more akin to today's sport parachutes than, say, parachutes of the mid-1970s and earlier. Technically, they are

1103:, built specifically to ascend and stay aloft as long as possible. Other parachutes, including ram-air non-elliptical, are classified as descending canopies by manufacturers. 1797:, if falling with a stabilizer chute is counted as free-fall. At an altitude of 17,500 feet (5,300 m), Kittinger opened his main chute and landed safely in the 123:. A major application is to support people, for recreation or as a safety device for aviators, who can exit from an aircraft at height and descend safely to earth. 1644:

connected to the canopy in a reserve system. This is known as a free-bag configuration, and the components are sometimes not recovered after a reserve deployment.

771:" aircraft. It has been claimed that the reason was to avoid pilots jumping from the plane when hit rather than trying to save the aircraft, but Air Vice Marshall 79: 1106:

Some modern parachutes are classified as semi-rigid wings, which are maneuverable and can make a controlled descent to collapse on impact with the ground.

923:

made another life-saving jump at McCook Field on 20 October 1922. Shortly after Harris' jump, two Dayton newspaper reporters suggested the creation of the

1636:

deployment system, which was first designed by Theodore Moscicki, but most modern main parachutes used by sports parachutists use a form of hand-deployed

864:

led an effort to develop an improved parachute by bringing together the best elements of multiple parachute designs. Participants in the effort included

3250: 2723: 1730:

A "Mae West" or "blown periphery" is a type of round parachute malfunction that contorts the shape of the canopy into the outward appearance of a large

1570:. Depending on the wind, the pilot has three basic options: 1) a running forward launch (typically in no wind or slight wind), 2) a standing launch (in 3382: 2805:"Early Parachutes, An evaluation of the use of parachutes, with special emphasis on the Royal Flying Corps and the German Lufstreitkräfte, until 1918" 1527:, though that term is not used in the paragliding community, and they have the same basic airfoil design of today's 'square' or 'elliptical' sports 565:

attached to the balloon. When Broadwick jumped from the balloon, the static line became taut, pulled the parachute from the pack, and then snapped.

3037: 1844:

made a jump from the stratosphere on October 24, 2014, from an altitude of 135,889.108 feet (41,419 m). However, because Eustace's jump involved a

3508: 1683:" who must be trained and certified according to legal standards. Sport skydivers are always trained to pack their own primary "main" parachutes. 1245:

for these 'round' parachutes is somewhat dated and may cause slight confusion, since some 'squares' (i.e. ram-airs) are elliptical nowadays, too.

1233:, they generally have an elliptical shape when viewed from above or below, with the sides bulging out more than the for'd-and-aft dimension, the 1362:

the responsiveness of the canopy to control input for a given wing loading, and of the level of experience required to pilot the canopy safely.

971:, the latter being the largest airborne military operation ever. Aircraft crew were routinely equipped with parachutes for emergencies as well. 611:. Morton's device was of the "throw-out" type where he held the parachute in his arms as he left the aircraft. In the same year (1911), Russian 1648:

This effect is known as "pilot chute hesitation," and, if it does not clear, it can lead to a total malfunction, requiring reserve deployment.

832:

The French, British, American and Italian air services later based their first parachute designs on the Heinecke parachute to varying extents.

46: 1532:

representative skydiver's parachute. The wing span is typically so great that it's far closer to a very elongated rectangle or ellipse than a

2689: 2501: 692:. The jump utilized a parachute stored or housed in a cone-shaped casing under the airplane and attached to a harness on the jumper's body. 1033: 3316: 2256: 508:

invented a parachute in San Francisco, California, with Baldwin making the first successful parachute jump in the western United States.

3177: 3403:"Parachute Use to Prevent Death and Major Trauma Related to Gravitational Challenge: Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials" 1334:. "The first jump of this canopy (a Jalbert Parafoil) was made by International Skydiving Hall of Fame member Paul 'Pop' Poppenhager." 66: 2010: 2234: 1099:

Today's modern parachutes are classified into two categories – ascending and descending canopies. All ascending canopies refer to

2865: 2372: 2111: 2826: 2903:

Dr L. de Jong, 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog', (Dutch language) part 10a-II, RIOD, Amsterdam, 1980

1600:

descends and reduces the rate at which the lines can spread. This reduces the speed at which the canopy can open and inflate.

1497: 3012: 2386: 2352: 2077: 305: 2751: 522: 3550: 775:, himself a pilot during the war, examined the British War Office files after the war and found no evidence of such claim. 2894:

Dr L. de Jong, 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog', (Dutch language) part 3, RIOD, Amsterdam, 1969

2785: 1546:

material and webbing to ensure the pilot is secure, no matter the position), to seatboardless ones for high altitude and

794:

flying over Orford Ness Experimental Station at 180 metres (590 ft). He repeated the experiment several days later.

3528: 3291: 2954: 1848:

while Baumgartner's did not, their vertical speed and free fall distance records remain in different record categories.

2844: 2011:"Leonardo, the Man Who Saved Science ~ Did Leonardo Really Invent the Parachute? | Secrets of the Dead | PBS" 1823:) after falling for 24,500 m (80,380 ft) from an altitude of 25,457 m (83,523 ft) near the city of 1763:"Jumper-In-Tow" involves a static line that does not disconnect, resulting in a jumper being towed behind the aircraft. 189: 3074: 2673: 2611: 2293: 2211: 1964: 1461: 1301:

large leaks lower the stress on the parachute so it does not burst or shred when it opens. Ribbon parachutes made of

1073: 480:

Subsequent development of the parachute focused on it becoming more compact. While the early parachutes were made of

383: 17: 1443: 3210:

Tim Friend (August 18, 1998). "Out of thin air His free fall from 20 miles (32 km) put NASA on firm footing".

1898: 634: 1221:

1970s 'round' elliptical showing 4 controllable turn slots, plus another, small side vent and one of 5 rear vents.

1213:

1970s 'high performance' pull-down apex canopy, as seen in the 'round' (or really, elliptical) parachute's centre.

3489: 2849: 2755: 801:, known as the "Mad Major", successfully jumped from Tower Bridge in London, which led to the balloonists of the 1394:

are of the square variety, because of the greater reliability, and the less-demanding handling characteristics.

3138: 2378: 2168: 1757: 1439: 1079: 365: 3494: 2603:

First to Fight: An American Volunteer in the French Foreign Legion and the Lafayette Escadrille in World War I

1696:

reserve parachute. In the United States, the 2017 average fatality rate is recorded to be 1 in 133,571 jumps.

3565: 2698: 1812: 2662:

No Empty Chairs: The Short and Heroic Lives of the Young Aviators Who Fought and Died in the First World War

1753:" describes having a tangle of lines behind the jumper's head, who cuts away the main and opens his reserve. 657:

automobile to its top speed and then opening a parachute attached to the back seat, thus also inventing the

134:. A parachute's canopy is typically dome-shaped, but some are rectangles, inverted domes, and other shapes. 1511: 1296:

Ribbon and ring parachutes have similarities to annular designs. They are frequently designed to deploy at

2913: 473: 428: 400: 3560: 3479: 2830: 791: 301:("New Machines", published in 1615 or 1616), alongside a number of other devices and technical concepts. 42: 3048: 817:– that allowed a falling aviator to expand the canopy only when safely away from the disabled aircraft. 3555: 3505: 2496: 2440: 1550:(these are usually full-body cocoon- or hammock-like devices to include the outstretched legs - called 1435: 1002: 865: 809: 669: 630: 361: 35: 1687:

although some skydivers have many thousands of jumps and never needed to use their reserve parachute.

604: 3580: 3091: 2707: 2344: 1709: 956: 3193:

Jeffrey S. Hampton (December 15, 2003). "'Hero of Aviation' speaks about record-setting free fall".

2561: 493: 412: 2179: 2133: 1424: 904: 872:. The team eventually created the Airplane Parachute Type-A. This incorporated three key elements: 403:

jumps from the tower of the Montpellier observatory, 1783. Illustration from the late 19th century.

247:

and again in 2008 by the Swiss skydiver Olivier Vietti-Teppa. According to historian of technology

435:, who made the first recorded public jump in 1783. Lenormand also sketched his device beforehand. 3495:

The 2nd FAI World Championships in Canopy Piloting – 2008 at Pretoria Skydiving Club South Africa

3484: 3332: 3166: 2491: 2340:

Defying Gravity: Land Divers, Roller Coasters, Gravity Bums, and the Human Obsession with Falling

1428: 1283: 968: 715: 438:

Two years later, in 1785, Lenormand coined the word "parachute" by hybridizing an Italian prefix

354: 71: 1785: 1217: 484:

stretched over a wooden frame, in the late 1790s, Blanchard began making parachutes from folded

251:, these conical and pyramidal designs, much more elaborate than early artistic jumps with rigid 3337: 2640: 2635: 1913: 1807: 939: 787: 312:. Various publications incorrectly claimed the event was documented some thirty years later by 290: 237: 3518: 2993:"A historical summary of the design, development, and analysis of the disk-gap-band parachute" 2601: 2584: 2435: 2310: 2264: 1126:

Round parachutes are purely a drag device (that is, unlike the ram-air types, they provide no

2338: 2143: 1621: 462: 162: 154: 30:

This article is about the device. For sports and other activities involving a parachute, see

2590:

photo of observation balloon gondola with external bag parachutes used by British Royal Navy

2527: 2201: 887:

for manually deploying the parachute at a safe distance from the airplane, from a design by

653:, Kotelnikov successfully demonstrated the braking effects of a parachute by accelerating a 3575: 3461:

The Canadian Sport Parachuting Association—The governing body for sport skydiving in Canada

1872:

in distress, tandem free-fall; and as a pilot triggering deployment of a larger parachute.

1625: 1592: 1576: 1547: 1278: 987: 960: 747: 505: 423:

Schematic depiction of Garnerin's parachute, from an early nineteenth-century illustration.

3502:

The United States Parachute Association—The governing body for sport skydiving in the U.S.

1474: 1005:

made the first jump using a nylon parachute in June 1942, the industry switched to nylon.

851: 8: 3570: 3227: 3195: 1893: 1861: 1667: 1633: 1330: 1234: 1209: 884: 822: 814: 689: 677: 497: 326: 205:

period. The oldest parachute design appears in a manuscript from the 1470s attributed to

158: 3171:(originally published in a column called DUSTOFF in the July – August 1988 Issue of the 2242: 1178:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1032:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

1001:

Most parachutes were made of silk until World War II cut off supplies from Japan. After

3362: 3354: 3018: 2869: 2093: 2061: 1347: 1342: 888: 861: 840: 802: 743: 685: 665: 3435: 3402: 3440: 3422: 3366: 3256: 3070: 3008: 2669: 2607: 2392: 2382: 2348: 2289: 2207: 2119: 2073: 1960: 1828: 1482: 1287: 1134:). Most have large dome-shaped canopies made from a single layer of triangular cloth 877: 869: 711: 703: 616: 584:

jumped to his death from the tower during initial testing of his wearable parachute.

546: 220: 126:

A parachute is usually made of a light, strong fabric. Early parachutes were made of

3022: 2540: 2162: 1608:

making the slider smaller, inserting a mesh panel, or cutting a hole in the slider.

986:

that were providing support for the polar expeditions of the era, such as the first

764: 240:. The feasibility of Leonardo's pyramidal design was successfully tested in 2000 by 173: 3430: 3414: 3346: 3000: 2183: 1857: 1856:

In addition to the use of a parachute to slow the descent of a person or object, a

1845: 1835: 1816: 1781: 1750: 1714: 1680: 1671: 1310: 1306: 924: 920: 798: 783: 772: 768: 755: 681: 658: 620: 569: 225: 2530:, Matematický ústav, Slovenská akadémia vied, obituary. Retrieved 21 October 2010. 1660: 855:

Ben Turner making a parachute jump from a plane at Camden, Sydney, 14 August 1938.

137:

A variety of loads are attached to parachutes, including people, food, equipment,

3512: 3181: 2759: 2288:(in French). Délégation à l'action artistique de la ville de Paris. p. 144. 2283: 2137: 1956: 1876: 1824: 1819:, held the official FAI record for the longest free-fall parachute jump (without 1788:, set the previous world record for the highest parachute jump. He jumped from a 964: 952: 612: 550: 534: 501: 466: 282: 262: 244: 1237:(see the lower photo to the right and you likely can ascertain the difference). 722:, Broadwick deployed her chute manually, thus becoming the first person to jump 623:

had been jumping with bagged parachutes in the last decade of the 19th century.

327:

Mathematical Magick or, the Wonders that may be Performed by Mechanical Geometry

2992: 1869: 1700:

have been avoided, or results in collision with another skydiver under canopy.

1516: 1197: 1139: 1135: 826: 714:

became the first woman to parachute-jump from a moving aircraft, doing so over

650: 646: 596: 581: 241: 116: 3534: 3418: 3276: 3004: 2939: 2737: 2515: 1834:

Felix Baumgartner broke Joseph Kittinger's record on October 14, 2012, with a

3544: 3426: 3089: 2881: 2804: 2368: 1952: 1928: 1903: 759: 673: 600: 317: 138: 500:

introduced a vent in the canopy to eliminate violent oscillations. In 1887,

496:

made the first descent of a "frameless" parachute covered in silk. In 1804,

3537:. Film of a successful parachute jump from Tower Bridge during World War I. 3444: 3228:"Data of the stratospheric balloon launched on 8/16/1960 For EXCELSIOR III" 2472: 2147: 1860:

is used to aid horizontal deceleration of a land or air vehicle, including

1841: 1820: 1501:

Apco Starlite 26 paraglider launch inflating cells by pulling up top risers

1355: 1267: 1127: 991: 979: 948: 944: 935: 916: 912: 588: 573: 313: 177: 120: 3383:"Volunteers Jumped with or without a Parachute to Gauge Its Effectiveness" 1772: 1616: 1505: 876:

storing the parachute in a soft pack worn on the back, as demonstrated by

407: 396: 2665: 1923: 1918: 1865: 1692: 1637: 1567: 1528: 1478: 1367: 1119: 895: 836: 751: 695: 626: 562: 202: 31: 1350:

Parachute Team "Leap Frogs" jumper landing a "square" ram-air parachute.

3358: 2285:

Folies, tivolis et attractions: les premiers parcs de loisirs parisiens

1798: 1403: 1297: 1100: 975: 654: 608: 368: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 309: 248: 112: 3212: 1908: 1794: 1731: 1719: 1538: 995: 919:, the first person to be saved by an Irvin parachute. Test pilot Lt. 734: 723: 719: 3350: 3134: 1413: 549:

demonstrated two key advances in the parachute he used to jump from

343: 142: 3535:

Everard Calthrop Parachutist - Drop From Tower Bridge Part 1 (1918)

2115: 2097: 1735: 1588: 1382:

entry gate. Current world records exceed 180 metres (590 ft).

1322: 1130:) and are used in military, emergency and cargo applications (e.g. 1114: 638: 592: 558: 538: 419: 217: 3474: 1722:

spacecraft landed safely despite a parachute line failure in 1971.

530: 216:

Shortly after, a more sophisticated parachute was sketched by the

2374:

Sky Rider: Park Van Tassel and the Rise of Ballooning in the West

2069: 1888: 1789: 1776:

A jumper in free-fall in Venezuela with his parachute on his back

1726:

Below are listed the malfunctions specific to round parachutes:

1624:

used by a skydiver to cut away the main parachute. It utilizes a

1596: 1486: 1148: 1131: 1072:

Ignorance about these parachute types has led to an error in the

955:

were trained and used in surprise attacks, as in the battles for

934:

in 1927, several countries experimented with using parachutes to

516: 289:(Flying Man), showing a man parachuting from a tower, presumably 252: 206: 194: 27:

Device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere

1018: 57: 3092:"International Skydiving Hall of Fame Member Domina C. Jalbert" 2741:, July 25, 1916, awarded to inventor Solomon Lee Van Meter, Jr. 1490: 1302: 983: 805:

using parachutes, though they were issued for use in aircraft.

489: 432: 321: 294: 278: 201:

The earliest evidence for the true parachute dates back to the

3114:"Parachute: The aerodynamic lifting and deaccelerating device" 427:

The modern parachute was invented in the late 18th century by

258: 994:. The drag chute allowed airplanes to land safely on smaller 931: 577: 481: 131: 3251:"Faster than the speed of sound: the man who falls to earth" 111:

is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an

2786:"Heinecke Parachute: A Leap of Faith for WWI German Airmen" 2436:"Pack Man: Charles Broadwick Invented a New Way of Falling" 2066:

Leonardo da Vinci Spirits of Invention. A Search for Traces

1734:, named after the generous proportions of the late actress 554: 485: 255:

in Asia, mark the origin of "the parachute as we know it."

127: 3038:"High Altitude Test Program for a Mars Subsonic Parachute" 1292:, descending under its supersonic disk-gap-band parachute. 446:= to avert, defend, resist, guard, shield or shroud, from 103:

Paratroopers deploying their parachutes during an exercise

2015: 1664: 738:

Kite balloon observers preparing to descend by parachute.

465:

demonstrated it as a means of safely disembarking from a

193:

The oldest known depiction of a parachute, attributed to

1993: 1991: 1366:

and they glide more slowly. They typically have a lower

2281: 927:

for successful parachute jumps from disabled aircraft.

458:, to describe the aeronautical device's real function. 3506:

The Parachute History Collection at Linda Hall Library

3499: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 1978: 1976: 3458: 2779: 2777: 2139:

The world in the air: the story of flying in pictures

2042: 1988: 672:

made the first (attached-type) parachute jump in the

3317:

Multi-Coloured Parachute with 8 Handles - 1.75m(Dia)

2943:(filed: November 7, 1963; issued: January 11, 1966). 2315:(in French). Nouvelles Editions Latines. p. 263 2195: 2193: 767:, no parachutes were issued to the crews of Allied " 3525:, James L. H. Peck – detailed article on parachutes 3111: 3090:International Skydiving Museum & Hall of Fame. 2112:"Swiss Man Safely Uses Leonardo da Vinci Parachute" 2023: 1973: 1868:, provide stability, as to assist certain types of 3249: 3192: 3045:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2957:(in French). Le Parachutisme Ascensionnel Nautique 2955:"Historique du Parachutisme Ascensionnel Nautique" 2774: 2477:Divo: The Russian Book of records and achievements 2312:Histoire des idées aéronautiques avant Montgolfier 758:, though difficult to destroy, due to their heavy 561:, and the parachute was pulled from the pack by a 3529:NuméroLa Revue aérienne / directeur Emile Mousset 2724:"Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal, #37" 2190: 41:"Parachutes" redirects here. For the albums, see 3542: 3035: 2981:Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1986), pages 1–10. 615:invented the first knapsack parachute, although 488:, taking advantage of silk's strength and light 316:, one of the founders of, and secretary of, the 3401:Pell; Smith, Gordon C. S. (December 20, 2003). 3335:(July 1968). "The Invention of the Parachute". 3069:. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company. p. 191. 2796: 2429: 2427: 2425: 742:The first military use of the parachute was by 273:("New Contraptions", published in 1615 or 1616) 2991:Clark, Ian; Tanner, Christopher (2017-06-08). 1542:cells, which have venting in the cell walls). 718:. In 1914, while doing demonstrations for the 47:Parachutes (Frank Iero and the Patience album) 2060: 1595:; a small rectangular piece of fabric with a 978:were used in aviation for the first time, by 2655: 2653: 2651: 2422: 2309:Duhem, Jules (1943). Sorlot, Fernand (ed.). 2126: 1266:Sport parachuting has experimented with the 633:collapses his parachute on Kinloch Field at 568:In 1911 a successful test took place with a 3465:First jump with parachute from moving plane 3292:"How Things Work: Whole-Airplane Parachute" 2990: 2556: 2554: 1579:, competition or just recreational flying. 1442:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 797:Following on from Collett, balloon officer 411:The first use of a frameless parachute, by 3209: 2489: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2444:. Vol. 25, no. 1. pp. 68–72 2412: 2410: 2154: 1582: 1068:needs attention from an expert in aviation 333: 3434: 3400: 2659: 2648: 2606:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 105. 2599: 2199: 1462:Learn how and when to remove this message 1122:using an MC1-1C series "round" parachute. 898:that draws the main canopy from the pack. 384:Learn how and when to remove this message 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 2953:Palau, Jean-Michel (February 20, 2008). 2562:"Inventions That Shook The World: 1910s" 2551: 2332: 2330: 2160: 1771: 1713: 1659: 1615: 1504: 1496: 1473: 1341: 1277: 1216: 1208: 1113: 850: 754:. These were tempting targets for enemy 733: 694: 625: 529: 520:Picture published in the Dutch magazine 515: 418: 406: 395: 257: 188: 119:or, in a ram-air parachute, aerodynamic 98: 82:of all important aspects of the article. 3289: 3137:. United States Parachute Association. 3083: 2802: 2783: 2752:"Solomon Lee Van Meter Jr. (1888–1937)" 2682: 2633: 2456: 2407: 1946: 1305:are used on nuclear bombs, such as the 1030:about ringslot and ringsail parachutes. 14: 3543: 3480:Program Executive Office (PEO) Soldier 3380: 3230:. Stratocat.com.ar. September 25, 2013 3203: 2809:South African Military History Journal 2541:"Banic: The inventor of the parachute" 2433: 2132: 1082:may be able to help recruit an expert. 591:made the first parachute jump from an 78:Please consider expanding the lead to 3331: 3153: 2952: 2490:Reichhardt, Tony (29 February 2012). 2367: 2361: 2336: 2327: 2308: 2302: 2048: 2036: 1997: 1982: 1827:on November 1, 1962, until broken by 511: 297:, appeared in his book on mechanics, 3141:from the original on August 22, 2018 3064: 2825: 2690:"Testing the Limits at Cape Hallett" 2528:Štefan Banič, Konštruktér, vynálezca 2521: 1652:is rapid, consistent, and reliable. 1440:adding citations to reliable sources 1407: 1158: 1052: 1012: 907:to Major Edward L. Hoffman in 1926. 839:, who was serving as a Major in the 366:adding citations to reliable sources 337: 184: 51: 2744: 2504:from the original on 26 April 2012. 846: 24: 3374: 2863: 2803:Mahncke, J O E O (December 2000). 2417:De Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen 1632:Reserve parachutes usually have a 1273: 699:A picture of Štefan Banič's design 523:De Prins der Geïllustreerde Bladen 130:. The most common fabric today is 25: 3592: 3452: 3290:Klesius, Michael (January 2011). 3112:Dhiman, Chakraborty (June 2011). 2918:www.oxford-historical-society.org 2634:Yarwood, Vaughan (January 2022). 1286:capsule, carrying the Mars rover 1204: 1074:Apollo command and service module 649:, years before it became part of 641:, after his jump on 1 March 1912. 557:: he folded his parachute into a 3264:from the original on 2022-05-24. 2282:Gilles-Antoine Langlois (1991). 2203:The Croatian Language by Example 1899:Cirrus Airframe Parachute System 1412: 1163: 1057: 1017: 936:drop soldiers behind enemy lines 342: 56: 3381:Mirsky, Steve (March 1, 2019). 3325: 3309: 3283: 3268: 3242: 3220: 3186: 3127: 3105: 3058: 3029: 2984: 2974: 2946: 2931: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2857: 2850:National Aeronautic Association 2837: 2819: 2756:Kentucky Educational Television 2729: 2717: 2627: 2593: 2578: 2533: 2508: 2483: 2434:Ritter, Lisa (April–May 2010). 2275: 2249: 2227: 2169:Robert M. McBride & Company 2146:. pp. 101–106 – via 1703: 1261: 353:needs additional citations for 70:may be too short to adequately 3280:, Boris Popov, August 26, 1986 3036:Mitcheltree, R; Witkowski, A. 2997:2017 IEEE Aerospace Conference 2845:"Collier 1920–1929 Recipients" 2419:, 18 February 1911, pp. 88-89. 2379:University of New Mexico Press 2104: 2086: 2054: 2003: 1940: 1397: 729: 167: 80:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 2706:(4): 68. 2005. Archived from 2699:New Zealand Antarctic Society 2222:published in London in 1648." 2161:Rathbone, Alfred Day (1943). 1934: 1611: 230: 2094:"Da Vinci's Parachute Flies" 1875:Parachutes are also used as 1493:, 1991. An APCO Starlite 26. 1337: 1154: 792:Royal Aircraft Factory BE.2c 265:'s parachute design, titled 238:artist-engineers of the time 7: 3551:Airborne military equipment 3274:Ballistic recovery systems 3169:Jump School at Fort Benning 2866:"The Irvin Parachute, 1924" 2497:Air & Space/Smithsonian 2241:(in French). Archived from 1882: 1070:. The specific problem is: 790:successfully jumped from a 684:pusher, while flying above 43:Parachutes (Coldplay album) 10: 3597: 3319:, accessed 1 February 2023 3180:November 30, 2010, at the 2345:W. W. Norton & Company 2216:– via Google Books. 2206:. GRIN Verlag. p. 8. 2164:He's in the paratroops now 1767: 1707: 1674:for braking after landing. 1401: 1320: 1316: 1248: 810:Solomon Lee Van Meter, Jr. 152: 148: 40: 36:Parachute (disambiguation) 29: 3531:—First female parachutist 3519:"How Armies Hit the Silk" 3419:10.1136/bmj.327.7429.1459 3065:Ryan, Charles W. (1975). 3005:10.1109/AERO.2017.7943854 2790:Military History Magazine 2784:Guttman, Jon (May 2012). 2357:– via Google Books. 2134:Miller, Francis Trevelyan 1947:Moolman, Valerie (1980). 1710:Malfunction (parachuting) 1655: 1172:This section needs to be 474:Jeanne Geneviève Garnerin 429:Louis-Sébastien Lenormand 401:Louis-Sébastien Lenormand 269:("Flying Man"), from his 3173:Screaming Eagle Magazine 2937:Pierre Marcel Lemoigne, 2200:Bogdanski, René (2007). 2180:University of California 1587:Main parachutes used by 1109: 1008: 905:Robert J. Collier Trophy 645:In 1912, on a road near 442:, an imperative form of 3407:British Medical Journal 3277:A U.S. patent 4607814 A 2831:"The Discovery Service" 2660:Mackersey, Ian (2012). 2600:Steven T., Tom (2019). 2337:Soden, Garrett (2005). 1851: 1786:Excelsior III test jump 1583:General characteristics 1284:Mars Science Laboratory 969:Operation Market Garden 716:Los Angeles, California 537:and his invention, the 334:18th and 19th centuries 3515:(text-searchable PDFs) 3511:July 27, 2011, at the 3338:Technology and Culture 2827:Archives, The National 2758:. 2010. Archived from 2641:New Zealand Geographic 2118:. 2008. Archived from 1949:The Road to Kitty Hawk 1914:Parachute landing fall 1808:Guinness World Records 1777: 1723: 1675: 1629: 1520: 1502: 1494: 1351: 1293: 1222: 1214: 1123: 1028:is missing information 940:Soviet Airborne Troops 856: 788:Clive Franklyn Collett 739: 700: 642: 542: 527: 454:, the French word for 424: 416: 404: 281:polymath and inventor 274: 198: 104: 34:. For other uses, see 3167:Scott Royce E. "Bo." 3121:Asian Textile Journal 2940:U.S. patent 3,228,636 2738:U.S. patent 1,192,479 2664:(Paperback). London: 2516:U.S. patent 1,108,484 2267:on 17 November 2015. 1775: 1717: 1663: 1622:3-ring release system 1619: 1548:cross-country flights 1508: 1500: 1477: 1345: 1281: 1220: 1212: 1117: 854: 737: 698: 629: 533: 519: 463:Jean-Pierre Blanchard 422: 410: 399: 306:St Martin's Cathedral 261: 229:(fol. 381v) dated to 192: 163:History of ballooning 155:Early flying machines 102: 3566:Military parachuting 3260:. January 25, 2010. 2735:Aviatory Life Buoy, 2494:. The Daily Planet. 1780:On August 16, 1960, 1626:mechanical advantage 1525:ascending parachutes 1436:improve this section 1080:WikiProject Aviation 988:drifting ice station 748:observation balloons 506:Thomas Scott Baldwin 472:On 12 October 1799, 362:improve this article 3485:Skydiving education 3469:Scientific American 3413:(7429): 1459–1461. 3387:Scientific American 3196:The Virginian-Pilot 3123:(June 2011): 65–75. 2914:"obit-adeline-gray" 2713:on 21 January 2016. 2697:The Journal of the 2395:on 22 November 2021 2245:on 20 January 2012. 2062:van den Broek, Marc 1894:Ballistic parachute 1862:fixed-wing aircraft 1815:, a colonel in the 1512:Christ the Redeemer 823:Helmut Steinbrecher 744:artillery observers 690:St. Louis, Missouri 678:fixed-wing aircraft 526:(18 February 1911). 291:St Mark's Campanile 159:History of aviation 3561:Italian inventions 3135:"Skydiving Safety" 2381:. pp. 38–43. 2347:. pp. 21–22. 2220:Mathematical Magic 2144:G.P. Putnam's Sons 1959:. pp. 19–20. 1778: 1724: 1676: 1630: 1521: 1503: 1495: 1352: 1348:United States Navy 1294: 1223: 1215: 1124: 889:Albert Leo Stevens 862:United States Army 857: 841:Royal Flying Corps 803:Royal Flying Corps 740: 710:On June 21, 1913, 701: 686:Jefferson Barracks 643: 635:Jefferson Barracks 543: 528: 512:Eve of World War I 425: 417: 405: 275: 199: 176:, the Moorish man 105: 3556:French inventions 3475:Parachute History 3257:Independent.co.uk 3067:Sport Parachuting 3025:– via IEEE. 3014:978-1-5090-1613-6 2999:. pp. 1–17. 2872:on 30 August 2003 2864:Cooper, Ralph S. 2587:Popular Mechanics 2388:978-0-8263-6282-7 2354:978-0-393-32656-7 2122:on 21 April 2010. 2079:978-3-00-063700-1 1829:Felix Baumgartner 1509:Paragliding over 1472: 1471: 1464: 1193: 1192: 1097: 1096: 1051: 1050: 982:airplanes in the 947:. By the time of 878:Charles Broadwick 870:James Floyd Smith 712:Georgia Broadwick 664:On 1 March 1912, 617:Hermann Lattemann 547:Charles Broadwick 394: 393: 386: 221:Leonardo da Vinci 185:Early Renaissance 97: 96: 18:Ram-air parachute 16:(Redirected from 3588: 3581:Sports equipment 3448: 3438: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3370: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3253: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3190: 3184: 3164: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3047:. Archived from 3042: 3033: 3027: 3026: 2988: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2950: 2944: 2942: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2868:. Archived from 2861: 2855: 2854: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2694: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2657: 2646: 2645: 2644:. Vol. 173. 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2597: 2591: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2558: 2549: 2548: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2469: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2431: 2420: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2391:. Archived from 2365: 2359: 2358: 2334: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2263:. Archived from 2253: 2247: 2246: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2184:Internet Archive 2177: 2175: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2058: 2052: 2051:, pp. 465f. 2046: 2040: 2034: 2021: 2020: 2007: 2001: 2000:, pp. 462f. 1995: 1986: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1944: 1858:drogue parachute 1846:drogue parachute 1817:Soviet Air Force 1813:Yevgeni Andreyev 1782:Joseph Kittinger 1672:drogue parachute 1467: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1416: 1408: 1258:- are uncommon. 1188: 1185: 1179: 1167: 1166: 1159: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1046: 1043: 1037: 1021: 1013: 925:Caterpillar Club 921:Harold R. Harris 847:Post-World War I 799:Thomas Orde-Lees 784:Everard Calthrop 773:Arthur Gould Lee 769:heavier-than-air 756:fighter aircraft 659:drogue parachute 551:hot air balloons 450:= to parry, and 389: 382: 378: 375: 369: 346: 338: 235: 232: 226:Codex Atlanticus 92: 89: 83: 60: 52: 21: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3541: 3540: 3523:Popular Science 3513:Wayback Machine 3455: 3391: 3389: 3377: 3375:Further reading 3351:10.2307/3101655 3328: 3323: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3296:Air & Space 3288: 3284: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3208: 3204: 3191: 3187: 3182:Wayback Machine 3165: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3015: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2960: 2958: 2951: 2947: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2875: 2873: 2862: 2858: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2824: 2820: 2801: 2797: 2782: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726:, 2006, Page 28 2722: 2718: 2710: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2658: 2649: 2636:"Leap of Faith" 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2598: 2594: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2568: 2560: 2559: 2552: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2488: 2484: 2471: 2470: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2441:Air & Space 2432: 2423: 2415: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2389: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2335: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2280: 2276: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2214: 2198: 2191: 2173: 2171: 2159: 2155: 2131: 2127: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2024: 2019:. 4 April 2017. 2009: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1989: 1981: 1974: 1967: 1957:Time-Life Books 1945: 1941: 1937: 1885: 1854: 1825:Saratov, Russia 1770: 1712: 1706: 1658: 1614: 1585: 1468: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1433: 1417: 1406: 1400: 1340: 1325: 1319: 1276: 1274:Ribbon and ring 1264: 1251: 1207: 1198:T-11 parachutes 1189: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1112: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1062: 1058: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1031: 1022: 1011: 965:Battle of Crete 957:Fort Eben-Emael 953:airborne forces 930:Beginning with 849: 835:In the UK, Sir 732: 613:Gleb Kotelnikov 535:Gleb Kotelnikov 514: 502:Park Van Tassel 467:hot-air balloon 390: 379: 373: 370: 359: 347: 336: 283:Fausto Veranzio 263:Fausto Veranzio 245:Adrian Nicholas 233: 187: 170: 165: 151: 93: 87: 84: 77: 65:This article's 61: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3594: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3539: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3516: 3503: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3471:, June 7, 1913 3462: 3454: 3453:External links 3451: 3450: 3449: 3398: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3345:(3): 462–467. 3327: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3308: 3282: 3267: 3241: 3219: 3202: 3185: 3152: 3126: 3104: 3082: 3075: 3057: 3054:on 2009-07-03. 3028: 3013: 2983: 2973: 2945: 2930: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2856: 2836: 2818: 2795: 2773: 2762:on 6 July 2010 2743: 2728: 2716: 2681: 2674: 2647: 2626: 2612: 2592: 2577: 2550: 2532: 2520: 2507: 2492:"Berry's Leap" 2482: 2455: 2421: 2406: 2387: 2369:Fogel, Gary B. 2360: 2353: 2326: 2301: 2294: 2274: 2248: 2226: 2212: 2189: 2153: 2125: 2103: 2085: 2078: 2053: 2041: 2022: 2002: 1987: 1972: 1965: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1884: 1881: 1870:light aircraft 1853: 1850: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1754: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1705: 1702: 1657: 1654: 1613: 1610: 1584: 1581: 1519:, Brazil, 2015 1517:Rio de Janeiro 1470: 1469: 1420: 1418: 1411: 1402:Main article: 1399: 1396: 1339: 1336: 1321:Main article: 1318: 1315: 1275: 1272: 1263: 1260: 1250: 1247: 1227:Para-Commander 1206: 1205:Pull-down apex 1203: 1191: 1190: 1171: 1169: 1162: 1156: 1153: 1111: 1108: 1095: 1094: 1065: 1063: 1056: 1049: 1048: 1025: 1023: 1016: 1010: 1007: 938:. The regular 900: 899: 892: 881: 848: 845: 827:Jagdstaffel 46 765:Hermann Göring 731: 728: 651:St. Petersburg 647:Tsarskoye Selo 597:Wright Model B 587:Also in 1911, 582:Franz Reichelt 513: 510: 498:Jérôme Lalande 494:André Garnerin 461:Also in 1785, 413:André Garnerin 392: 391: 350: 348: 341: 335: 332: 324:, in his book 299:Machinae Novae 271:Machinae Novae 197:(Italy, 1470s) 186: 183: 174:Córdoba, Spain 169: 166: 150: 147: 139:space capsules 95: 94: 74:the key points 64: 62: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3593: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521:, June 1945, 3520: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3490:Para2000 book 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3318: 3312: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3278: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3229: 3223: 3216:. p. 1D. 3215: 3214: 3206: 3199:. p. Y1. 3198: 3197: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3076:0-8092-8378-6 3072: 3068: 3061: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2977: 2970: 2956: 2949: 2941: 2934: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2883: 2882:Earthlink.net 2871: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2792:. p. 23. 2791: 2787: 2780: 2778: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2720: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2691: 2685: 2677: 2675:9780753828137 2671: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2615: 2613:9780811768108 2609: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2589: 2588: 2581: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2529: 2524: 2517: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2479:(in Russian). 2478: 2474: 2473:"Parachuting" 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2364: 2356: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2333: 2331: 2314: 2313: 2305: 2297: 2295:9782905118356 2291: 2287: 2286: 2278: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257:"Parachuting" 2252: 2244: 2240: 2239:321chutelibre 2236: 2230: 2223: 2221: 2215: 2213:9783638740869 2209: 2205: 2204: 2196: 2194: 2185: 2181: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2081: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2039:, p. 465 2038: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2006: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1985:, p. 466 1984: 1979: 1977: 1968: 1966:9780809432608 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1929:Ejection seat 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1904:Extreme sport 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1805:According to 1803: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1774: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1751:barber's pole 1748: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1620:Animation of 1618: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1580: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1507: 1499: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1463: 1455: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1421:This section 1419: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1349: 1344: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1271: 1269: 1259: 1257: 1246: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1219: 1211: 1202: 1199: 1187: 1175: 1170: 1161: 1160: 1152: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1121: 1116: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1091: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1069: 1066:This section 1064: 1055: 1054: 1045: 1035: 1029: 1026:This section 1024: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1006: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 908: 906: 897: 893: 890: 886: 882: 879: 875: 874: 873: 871: 867: 863: 853: 844: 842: 838: 833: 830: 828: 824: 818: 816: 811: 806: 804: 800: 795: 793: 789: 785: 780: 776: 774: 770: 766: 761: 760:anti-aircraft 757: 753: 749: 745: 736: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 705: 697: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 674:United States 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 622: 619:and his wife 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 601:Phil Parmalee 598: 594: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 540: 536: 532: 525: 524: 518: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 475: 470: 468: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 436: 434: 430: 421: 414: 409: 402: 398: 388: 385: 377: 367: 363: 357: 356: 351:This section 349: 345: 340: 339: 331: 329: 328: 323: 319: 318:Royal Society 315: 311: 307: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 254: 250: 246: 243: 239: 228: 227: 222: 219: 214: 210: 208: 204: 196: 191: 182: 179: 175: 164: 160: 156: 146: 144: 140: 135: 133: 129: 124: 122: 118: 114: 110: 101: 91: 81: 75: 73: 68: 63: 59: 54: 53: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 3522: 3468: 3410: 3406: 3392:December 28, 3390:. Retrieved 3386: 3342: 3336: 3326:Bibliography 3311: 3299:. Retrieved 3295: 3285: 3270: 3255: 3244: 3232:. Retrieved 3222: 3211: 3205: 3194: 3188: 3172: 3168: 3145:November 26, 3143:. Retrieved 3129: 3120: 3107: 3095:. Retrieved 3085: 3066: 3060: 3049:the original 3044: 3031: 2996: 2986: 2976: 2971:of Lemoigne. 2968: 2959:. Retrieved 2948: 2933: 2921:. Retrieved 2917: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2880:– via 2874:. Retrieved 2870:the original 2859: 2848: 2839: 2821: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2789: 2764:. Retrieved 2760:the original 2746: 2731: 2719: 2708:the original 2703: 2696: 2684: 2661: 2639: 2629: 2617:. Retrieved 2602: 2595: 2586: 2580: 2569:. Retrieved 2565: 2547:(in Slovak). 2545:osobnosti.sk 2544: 2535: 2523: 2510: 2495: 2485: 2476: 2446:. Retrieved 2439: 2416: 2397:. Retrieved 2393:the original 2373: 2363: 2339: 2317:. Retrieved 2311: 2304: 2284: 2277: 2268: 2265:the original 2260: 2251: 2243:the original 2238: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2202: 2178:– via 2172:. Retrieved 2167:. New York: 2163: 2156: 2148:Google Books 2138: 2128: 2120:the original 2106: 2088: 2065: 2056: 2044: 2014: 2005: 1948: 1942: 1874: 1855: 1842:Alan Eustace 1840: 1833: 1821:drogue chute 1806: 1804: 1779: 1725: 1704:Malfunctions 1698: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1631: 1628:of 200 to 1. 1606: 1602: 1586: 1571: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1544: 1533: 1524: 1522: 1510: 1458: 1452:October 2021 1449: 1434:Please help 1422: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1329: 1326: 1295: 1288: 1268:Rogallo wing 1265: 1262:Rogallo wing 1255: 1252: 1242: 1239: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1194: 1181: 1173: 1145: 1125: 1118:An American 1105: 1098: 1085: 1071: 1067: 1039: 1027: 1003:Adeline Gray 1000: 992:North Pole-1 973: 949:World War II 945:Soviet Union 929: 917:Dayton, Ohio 913:McCook Field 909: 901: 866:Leslie Irvin 858: 834: 831: 819: 807: 796: 781: 777: 746:on tethered 741: 709: 704:Štefan Banič 702: 670:Albert Berry 663: 644: 631:Albert Berry 621:Käthe Paulus 605:Venice Beach 589:Grant Morton 586: 574:Eiffel Tower 567: 544: 521: 479: 471: 460: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 437: 426: 380: 374:January 2009 371: 360:Please help 355:verification 352: 325: 314:John Wilkins 303: 298: 286: 276: 270: 266: 224: 215: 211: 200: 178:Armen Firman 171: 136: 125: 115:by creating 108: 106: 85: 69: 67:lead section 3576:Parachuting 3333:White, Lynn 3301:October 22, 3234:October 22, 2961:October 22, 2666:Hachette UK 2235:"Parachute" 1924:Paragliding 1919:Parachuting 1879:equipment. 1866:drag racers 1693:probability 1679:packed by " 1638:pilot chute 1568:Paragliding 1529:parachuting 1479:Paragliding 1398:Paragliders 1368:glide ratio 1256:ring-shaped 1120:paratrooper 1101:paragliders 1088:August 2022 1042:August 2022 976:drag chutes 896:pilot chute 837:Frank Mears 782:In the UK, 752:World War I 730:World War I 599:piloted by 563:static line 492:. In 1797, 287:Homo Volans 267:Homo Volans 234: 1485 203:Renaissance 172:In 852, in 168:Middle Ages 88:August 2021 32:Parachuting 3571:Parachutes 3545:Categories 2876:22 October 2766:5 December 2585:May 1931, 2571:2018-03-05 2399:5 December 2174:5 December 2072:: A.TE.M. 2049:White 1968 2037:White 1968 1998:White 1968 1983:White 1968 1935:References 1799:New Mexico 1708:See also: 1612:Deployment 1539:carabiners 1515:statue in 1404:paraglider 1298:supersonic 1243:elliptical 1184:March 2021 655:Russo-Balt 609:California 310:Bratislava 249:Lynn White 153:See also: 113:atmosphere 3427:0959-8138 3367:111425847 3213:USA Today 2967:Includes 1909:Free fall 1831:in 2012. 1795:free-fall 1784:, in the 1758:horseshoe 1732:brassiere 1720:Apollo 15 1589:skydivers 1556:aerocones 1552:speedbags 1423:does not 1338:Varieties 1289:Curiosity 1155:Cruciform 1034:talk page 996:ice floes 974:In 1937, 961:The Hague 821:Leutnant 808:In 1911, 724:free-fall 720:U.S. Army 707:century. 666:U.S. Army 541:parachute 109:parachute 72:summarize 3509:Archived 3445:14684649 3262:Archived 3178:Archived 3139:Archived 3023:40095390 2923:28 March 2566:dcmp.org 2502:Archived 2371:(2021). 2261:Aero.com 2136:(1930). 2116:Fox News 2098:BBC News 2064:(2019). 1953:New York 1883:See also 1742:reserve. 1736:Mae West 1670:using a 1483:Cochrane 1331:airlocks 1323:Parafoil 1132:airdrops 951:, large 880:in 1906; 668:Captain 639:Missouri 593:airplane 559:backpack 545:In 1907 539:knapsack 279:Croatian 253:parasols 218:polymath 3359:3101655 2619:8 April 2448:1 March 2319:25 July 2100:. 2000. 2070:Hamburg 1889:Airdrop 1790:balloon 1768:Records 1681:riggers 1668:Typhoon 1634:ripcord 1597:grommet 1444:removed 1429:sources 1317:Ram-air 1249:Annular 1174:updated 1149:landing 885:ripcord 815:ripcord 682:Benoist 676:from a 572:at the 415:in 1797 223:in his 207:Taccola 195:Taccola 149:History 3443: 3436:300808 3433: 3425: 3365: 3357: 3097:6 June 3073: 3021: 3011: 2672: 2610: 2385: 2351: 2292: 2210: 2076: 1963: 1656:Safety 1593:slider 1534:square 1491:Canada 1485:hill, 1303:Kevlar 1231:rounds 984:Arctic 980:Soviet 490:weight 444:parare 433:France 322:London 295:Venice 242:Briton 161:, and 141:, and 3363:S2CID 3355:JSTOR 3315:YPO, 3117:(PDF) 3052:(PDF) 3041:(PDF) 3019:S2CID 2969:photo 2711:(PDF) 2693:(PDF) 2270:plan. 1756:The " 1572:ideal 1235:chord 1136:gores 1110:Round 1076:page. 1009:Types 932:Italy 915:near 891:; and 603:, at 578:Paris 570:dummy 555:fairs 482:linen 452:chute 143:bombs 132:nylon 3500:USPA 3459:CSPA 3441:PMID 3423:ISSN 3394:2021 3303:2013 3236:2013 3147:2018 3099:2020 3071:ISBN 3009:ISBN 2963:2013 2925:2021 2878:2013 2815:(6). 2768:2022 2670:ISBN 2621:2023 2608:ISBN 2450:2013 2401:2022 2383:ISBN 2349:ISBN 2321:2012 2290:ISBN 2208:ISBN 2176:2022 2074:ISBN 1961:ISBN 1877:play 1864:and 1852:Uses 1836:jump 1746:out. 1718:The 1563:open 1427:any 1425:cite 1356:BASE 1309:and 1282:The 1140:T-10 1128:lift 967:and 959:and 868:and 680:, a 595:, a 504:and 486:silk 456:fall 448:paro 440:para 277:The 128:silk 121:lift 117:drag 45:and 3431:PMC 3415:doi 3411:327 3347:doi 3001:doi 2016:PBS 1749:A " 1665:RAF 1481:at 1438:by 1311:B83 1307:B61 825:of 750:in 576:in 553:at 431:in 364:by 320:in 308:in 293:in 3547:: 3467:– 3439:. 3429:. 3421:. 3409:. 3405:. 3385:. 3361:. 3353:. 3341:. 3294:. 3254:. 3155:^ 3119:. 3043:. 3017:. 3007:. 2995:. 2916:. 2847:. 2829:. 2813:11 2811:. 2807:. 2788:. 2776:^ 2754:. 2704:23 2702:. 2695:. 2668:. 2650:^ 2638:. 2564:. 2553:^ 2543:. 2500:. 2475:. 2458:^ 2438:. 2424:^ 2409:^ 2377:. 2343:. 2329:^ 2259:. 2237:. 2192:^ 2182:, 2142:. 2114:. 2096:. 2068:. 2025:^ 2013:. 1990:^ 1975:^ 1955:: 1951:. 1811:, 1577:XC 1554:, 1489:, 1487:AB 1370:. 1346:A 1313:. 1151:. 998:. 990:, 894:a 883:a 726:. 688:, 661:. 637:, 607:, 231:c. 157:, 145:. 107:A 3447:. 3417:: 3396:. 3369:. 3349:: 3343:9 3305:. 3238:. 3175:) 3149:. 3101:. 3079:. 3003:: 2965:. 2927:. 2884:. 2853:. 2833:. 2770:. 2678:. 2623:. 2574:. 2452:. 2403:. 2323:. 2298:. 2186:. 2150:. 2082:. 1969:. 1465:) 1459:( 1454:) 1450:( 1446:. 1432:. 1186:) 1182:( 1090:) 1086:( 1044:) 1040:( 1036:. 387:) 381:( 376:) 372:( 358:. 90:) 86:( 76:. 49:. 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index