498:, a requirement that employers must engage at least 50 per cent of native-born Cuba workers, a minimum wage for cutting sugar cane, the creation of a Department of Labor, the compulsory arbitration of labor dispute, the suspension of the Chase loan (taken out during Machado's mandate), the granting of an unlimited sugar quota (Zafra Libre) to small mills up to 60,000 bags, reduction of electricity rates and the initiation of a program for agrarian reform and authorization for the coinage of $ 20 Million in silver
46:
642:
154:
526:
other members of the Cuban opposition regarding a potential change in government without the knowledge or public sanctioning of Grau's administration. In addition to the political struggles, the dire state of the economy due to the
Depression of the 1930s and the massive debt left over by Machado's
596:
It is becoming increasingly apparent that
President Batista intends to discomfit the incoming Administration in every way possible, particularly financially. A systematic raid on the Treasury is in full swing with the result that Dr. Grau will probably find empty coffers when he takes office on
501:
Despite the government's progressive agenda, the government faced significant political power struggles. On the one hand it was not recognized by the U.S. government, secondly there were still other groups especially members of the traditional parties such as the
Liberal, Conservative and Union
494:. The One Hundred Days government is mainly remembered for left-leaning or progressive reforms such as the establishment of the 8-hour work day as per Grau's presidential decree no. 1693, a raise of minimum wage, nationalization of Cuban Electric Company, granting autonomy to the
471:
for
Secretary of Government, Ramiro Copablanca for Secretary of the Presidency, Germán Álvarez Fuentes for Secretary of Agriculture, Joaquin del Rio Balamaseda for Secretary of Justice, Julio Aguado for Secretary of War & Navy, Gustavo Moreno for Secretary of Public Works and
517:
Eventually
Batista would force Grau's resignation on 15 January 1934. Grau, however, still maintained significant power throughout the beginning of his presidency and on one occasion various ranking members of Grau's cabinet as well as students from the
795:
Libro De Cuba, Una
Enciclopedia Ilustrada Que Abarca Las Artes, Las Letras, Las Ciencias, La Economia, La Politica, La Historia, La Docencia, y El Progreso General De La Nación Cubana - Edicion Conmemorative del Cincuentenario de la Republica de Cuba,
558:. For much of the Constitutional Convention, he served as the presiding officer (even after his coalition was pushed into the minority after the defection of one of the parties that formed it). He would eventually come to be replaced by
403:
His parents were, Francisco Grau Vinals and Pilar San Martin y del
Collado. Grau's father, a rich tobacco grower, wanted Ramón to continue in his footsteps, but Ramón himself wanted to be a doctor. He studied at the
581:, Batista's handpicked successor, and served until 1948. Despite his initial popularity in 1933, accusations of corruption tainted his administration's image, and a sizable number of Cubans began to distrust him.
597:
October 10. It is blatant that
President Batista desires that Dr. Grau San Martin should assume obligations which in fairness and equity should be a matter of settlement by the present Administration.
765:
739:
502:
Nacionalista parties as well as the ABC who either did not support Grau's government or wanted a more inclusive administration. Finally, while the Army Chief of Staff
455:
and after intensive debate between various proposed candidates, it was agreed that Ramón Grau would be the next president. Grau's presidency became known as the
618:. Grau ran for president in the 1954 and 1958 Batista-sponsored elections but withdrew just prior to each election day, claiming government fraud. After the
584:
As Grau assumed the presidency, he was forced to address many financial problems left by his predecessor, Batista. In a 17 July 1944 dispatch to the
1123:
872:
506:, nominally surrendered the power of the army to the new government, in reality Batista was having talks, making behind-doors deals with
743:
674:
1133:
1128:
490:
The One
Hundred Days government was in part a mixture of reformist-moderate minded individuals such as Grau and radicals including
412:
degree, then expatriated to Europe in order to expand his medical knowledge. He returned to Cuba in 1921 and became a professor of
1091:
1148:
1143:
818:
The Cuban
Democratic Experience: The Autentico Years 1944–1952, University Press of Florida, 2000. Dr.Charles D.Ameringer.
938:
264:
110:
82:
532:
519:
448:
727:
845:
823:
452:
89:
531:. After failed negotiations between army officials and Grau's government, this deadlock would ultimately end with the
812:
711:
129:
865:
585:
96:
906:
885:
67:
699:
63:
78:
828:"En Defensa Del Autenticismo"- Aracelio Azcuy y Cruz, Julio 1950, La Habana, 135 pages, P. Fernandez y Cia.
726:
Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1933. The American Republics: Volume V, p. 468
1138:
858:
485:
456:
1025:
1008:
959:
559:
997:
932:
831:
Rodriguez Garcia, Rolando. "La revolución que no se fue a bolina, Editorial Ciencias Sociales, 2013."
555:
527:
administration, there was also the issue of the army officials regrouping and setting up camp in the
231:
316:
778:
612:, in 1948, Grau virtually withdrew from public life. He emerged again in 1952 to oppose Batista's
1037:
922:
578:
569:. Most independent observers at the time qualified the 1940 election as free and fair elections.
491:
473:
468:
427:, and was jailed in 1931. Upon his release he was exiled from Cuba, temporarily migrating to the
197:
56:
977:
971:
917:
912:
528:
522:
wanted Batista removed or assassinated. This was partly because Batista was holding talks with
1020:
982:
900:
440:
103:
1118:
1113:
1014:
495:
417:
405:
388:
193:
189:
1071:
1055:
539:
350:
8:
391:
who was interim president for one day) born during Spanish rule. He is sometimes called
409:
728:
http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1933v05/reference/frus.frus1933v05.i0010.pdf
1002:
987:
943:
881:
846:
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/bright/dolgoff/cubanrevolution/toc.html
819:
808:
566:
511:
503:
444:
384:
219:
166:
614:
766:"Foreign relations of the United States - Collection - UWDC - UW-Madison Libraries"
619:
447:
government ( 5–10 September 1933). Thereafter, on 9 September 1933, members of the
153:
965:
927:
589:
424:
740:"El Directorio Estudiantil Universitario de 1930 | Salvador Vilaseca Forné"
423:
In the 1920s, he was involved with the student protests against then-President
387:
from 1933 to 1934 and from 1944 to 1948. He was the last president (other than
312:
1050:
609:
546:(1915– 2000), served as First Lady of Cuba during his first presidency.
1107:
523:
507:
428:
850:
1045:
953:
700:
https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/02/90/10/02066/8_octubre_1944_41.pdf
623:
601:
In 1947, Cuba was the only Western country to vote against the creation of
577:
In 1944, Grau won the popular vote in the presidential election, defeating
320:
276:
20:
655:
647:
543:
413:
383:(13 September 1881 – 28 July 1969) was a Cuban physician who served as
357:
779:
Assembly Votes Palestine Partition; Margin is 33 to 13; Arabs walk out
45:
24:
627:
602:
336:
805:
Fulgencio Batista: Volume 1, From Revolutionary to Strongman.
630:
and maintained a low profile. He died there on 28 July 1969.
340:
565:
In 1940 Grau ran in the presidential election and lost to
443:, Grau initially became one of the five members of the
637:
70:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
608:After turning over the presidency to his protégé,
1105:
807:Rutgers University Press, Rutgers, New Jersey.
31: and the second or maternal family name is
479:
880:
866:
1094:acted as president during part of this term.
843:The Cuban Revolution, a Critical Perspective
244:10 September 1933 – 15 January 1934
716:. Foreign Policy Association. 12 July 2021.
873:
859:
467:Carlos E. Finlay for Secretary of Health,
179:10 October 1944 – 10 October 1948
152:
130:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Two-time president of Cuba (1881 - 1969)
549:
1106:
675:"Grau San Martin Leaves Cuba In Plane"
854:
792:
681:. The United Press. 28 September 1934
626:in 1959, Grau retired to his home in
554:Grau was instrumental in passing the
434:
533:Battle of the Hotel Nacional of Cuba
520:Directorio Estudiantil Universitario
449:Directorio Estudiantil Universitario
68:adding citations to reliable sources
39:
572:
265:Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada
13:
1124:People from Pinar del Río Province
835:
538:In 1934 Grau went on to found the
462:
453:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales
451:met in the Hall of Mirrors in the
14:
1160:
640:
44:
1129:Cuban people of Catalan descent
786:
55:needs additional citations for
1149:20th-century Cuban politicians
1144:World War II political leaders
772:
758:
732:
720:
704:
693:
667:
514:, and other political groups.
459:and ended on 15 January 1934.
1:
1134:Partido Auténtico politicians
661:
408:and graduated in 1908 with a
398:
793:Otero, Juan Joaquin (1954).
23:, the first or paternal
7:
633:
486:One Hundred Days Government
480:One Hundred Days government
457:One Hundred Days Government
10:
1165:
483:
18:
1080:
1064:
1034:
893:
556:1940 Constitution of Cuba
374:
366:
356:
346:
326:
295:
290:
286:
270:
258:
248:
237:
225:
213:
203:
183:
172:
164:
160:
151:
144:
713:Problems of the New Cuba
476:for Secretary of State.
254:Antonio Martinez Esqueda
209:Raul de Cardenas Echarte
803:Argote-Freyre, Frank.
586:U.S. Secretary of State
579:Carlos Saladrigas Zayas
560:Carlos Márquez Sterling
492:Antonio Guiteras Holmes
474:Manuel Marquez Sterling
469:Antonio Guiteras Holmes
393:Raymond Grau San Martin
198:Raul Lopez del Castillo
907:US occupation, 1906–09
599:
529:Hotel Nacional de Cuba
317:Pinar del Río Province
594:
441:1933 Cuban Revolution
381:Ramón Grau San Martín
300:Ramón Grau San Martín
746:on 24 September 2015
679:The Pittsburgh Press
550:Constitution of 1940
496:University of Havana
418:University of Havana
406:University of Havana
389:Carlos Manuel Piedra
362:University of Havana
232:Carlos Prío Socarrás
194:Carlos Prio Socarras
190:Felix Lancis Sanchez
64:improve this article
535:on 2 October 1933.
1139:Presidents of Cuba
882:Presidents of Cuba
588:, U.S. Ambassador
510:, U.S. Ambassador
435:Revolution of 1933
410:Doctor of Medicine
1101:
1100:
1035:Presidents of the
944:Pentarchy of 1933
567:Fulgencio Batista
540:Partido Auténtico
512:Jefferson Caffery
504:Fulgencio Batista
445:Pentarchy of 1933
385:President of Cuba
378:
377:
351:Partido Auténtico
310:13 September 1881
220:Fulgencio Batista
167:President of Cuba
140:
139:
132:
114:
1156:
1038:Council of State
960:Márquez Sterling
875:
868:
861:
852:
851:
799:
781:
776:
770:
769:
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
742:. Archived from
736:
730:
724:
718:
717:
708:
702:
697:
691:
690:
688:
686:
671:
650:
645:
644:
643:
622:and the rise of
620:Cuban Revolution
573:Election of 1944
544:Pola Grau Alsina
333:
309:
307:
291:Personal details
282:
273:
261:
251:
242:
228:
216:
206:
186:
177:
156:
142:
141:
135:
128:
124:
121:
115:
113:
72:
48:
40:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1076:
1060:
1036:
1030:
889:
879:
838:
836:Further reading
796:1902–1952
789:
784:
777:
773:
764:
763:
759:
749:
747:
738:
737:
733:
725:
721:
710:
709:
705:
698:
694:
684:
682:
673:
672:
668:
664:
646:
641:
639:
636:
590:Spruille Braden
575:
552:
488:
482:
465:
463:Cabinet members
437:
425:Gerardo Machado
401:
347:Political party
335:
331:
311:
305:
303:
302:
301:
280:
279:
271:
259:
249:
243:
238:
226:
214:
204:
196:
192:
184:
178:
173:
147:
136:
125:
119:
116:
73:
71:
61:
49:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
946:
941:
936:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
903:
897:
895:
891:
890:
878:
877:
870:
863:
855:
849:
848:
837:
834:
833:
832:
829:
826:
824:978-0813026671
816:
801:
788:
785:
783:
782:
771:
757:
731:
719:
703:
692:
665:
663:
660:
659:
658:
652:
651:
635:
632:
574:
571:
551:
548:
542:. His niece,
484:Main article:
481:
478:
464:
461:
436:
433:
400:
397:
376:
375:
372:
371:
370:Medical Doctor
368:
364:
363:
360:
354:
353:
348:
344:
343:
334:(aged 87)
328:
324:
323:
299:
297:
293:
292:
288:
287:
284:
283:
274:
268:
267:
262:
256:
255:
252:
250:Vice President
246:
245:
235:
234:
229:
223:
222:
217:
211:
210:
207:
205:Vice President
201:
200:
187:
185:Prime Minister
181:
180:
170:
169:
162:
161:
158:
157:
149:
148:
145:
138:
137:
52:
50:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1161:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1093:
1089:
1087:‡ Provisional
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
908:
904:
902:
899:
898:
896:
892:
887:
883:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
857:
856:
853:
847:
844:
841:Dolgoff, Sam
840:
839:
830:
827:
825:
821:
817:
814:
813:0-8135-3701-0
810:
806:
802:
797:
791:
790:
780:
775:
767:
761:
745:
741:
735:
729:
723:
715:
714:
707:
701:
696:
680:
676:
670:
666:
657:
654:
653:
649:
638:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:
611:
606:
604:
598:
593:
591:
587:
582:
580:
570:
568:
563:
561:
557:
547:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
525:
524:Sumner Welles
521:
515:
513:
509:
508:Sumner Welles
505:
499:
497:
493:
487:
477:
475:
470:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
432:
430:
429:United States
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
373:
369:
365:
361:
359:
355:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
329:
325:
322:
318:
314:
298:
294:
289:
285:
278:
275:
269:
266:
263:
257:
253:
247:
241:
236:
233:
230:
224:
221:
218:
212:
208:
202:
199:
195:
191:
188:
182:
176:
171:
168:
165:7th and 14th
163:
159:
155:
150:
143:
134:
131:
123:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81: –
80:
76:
75:Find sources:
69:
65:
59:
58:
53:This article
51:
47:
42:
41:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
992:
948:
905:
842:
804:
794:
787:Bibliography
774:
760:
748:. Retrieved
744:the original
734:
722:
712:
706:
695:
683:. Retrieved
678:
669:
624:Fidel Castro
613:
607:
600:
595:
583:
576:
564:
553:
537:
516:
500:
489:
466:
438:
422:
402:
395:in English.
392:
380:
379:
332:(1969-07-28)
330:28 July 1969
321:Spanish Cuba
277:Carlos Hevia
272:Succeeded by
239:
227:Succeeded by
174:
126:
117:
107:
100:
93:
86:
79:"Ramón Grau"
74:
62:Please help
57:verification
54:
37:
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
1119:1969 deaths
1114:1881 births
656:Polita Grau
648:Cuba portal
615:coup d'état
610:Carlos Prío
260:Preceded by
215:Preceded by
1108:Categories
1072:Díaz-Canel
1065:Presidents
1056:Díaz-Canel
894:Presidents
662:References
439:After the
414:physiology
399:Background
367:Occupation
358:Alma mater
306:1881-09-13
146:Ramón Grau
120:April 2010
90:newspapers
33:San Martín
1084:* Interim
1051:R. Castro
1046:F. Castro
800:(Spanish)
685:5 January
281:(Interim)
240:In office
175:In office
1026:Dorticós
1009:Alliegro
978:M. Gómez
966:Mendieta
939:Céspedes
913:J. Gómez
815:. 2006.
750:19 March
634:See also
592:stated:
313:La Palma
19:In this
1092:Domingo
1021:Urrutia
1003:Batista
988:Batista
933:Herrera
928:Machado
901:Estrada
416:at the
104:scholar
25:surname
1015:Piedra
983:Laredo
972:Barnet
918:García
822:
811:
628:Havana
603:Israel
337:Havana
106:
99:
92:
85:
77:
954:Hevia
923:Zayas
111:JSTOR
97:books
998:Prío
993:Grau
949:Grau
886:list
820:ISBN
809:ISBN
752:2015
687:2015
341:Cuba
327:Died
296:Born
83:news
29:Grau
66:by
27:is
1110::
1090:^
677:.
605:.
562:.
431:.
420:.
339:,
319:,
315:,
1017:*
1011:*
1005:^
974:*
968:*
962:*
956:*
935:‡
888:)
884:(
874:e
867:t
860:v
798:.
768:.
754:.
689:.
308:)
304:(
133:)
127:(
122:)
118:(
108:·
101:·
94:·
87:·
60:.
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
