937:, in regions where the toads have moved into their territory. The rakali have naturally figured out how to avoid the toad’s poisonous shoulder glands by flipping them onto their backs for ease of dispatch. They are, seemingly, unaffected by any poisonous secretions on the toads’ skin which they may inadvertently ingest. This makes the rakali one of the very few natural defenses in the fight to contain the cane toad’s population boom and spreading westward. Since the early twentieth century (when cane toads were blindly introduced to supposedly control sugar cane beetles on farms), the toads in Australia have multiplied from an initial 100 animals to as many as 100 million. Their poisonous skin secretions (which the eggs and tadpoles contain as well) can kill a dog or cat, and have contributed to the decline of several species of Australian reptiles, mammals, fish, and birds.
862:
895:
38:
877:
feature with its white tip. Their coat changes through the process of moulting, according to sex. Males and females moult in autumn and summer, and females additionally in spring. Moulting is conditional to temperature, reproductive condition, adrenal weight, health and social interaction. The hind feet are wide and partially webbed, the broad face, flattened head and long whiskers are all distinguishing features. Their body grows to a length of about 39 cm (15 in) excluding the tail.
82:
920:
57:
986:
1016:
973:
body temperature below 15° and risk hyperthermia in temperatures that exceed 35°. Their vascular system has network adaptions for heat loss, but no major heat conserving vascular retia. This causes poor thermoregulation and poor insulative capacity in wet fur. They control body temperature by remaining in the burrow in the heat of the day in summer and by foraging during the day in winter.
203:
1071:, Tasmania and New South Wales they are classified as 'least concern'. In the Victorian Lake Wellington, Lake Victoria and Lake Tyers region, numbers have declined in the past fifty years attributed to commercial eel-fishing, predation, loss of habitat due to commercial development and poisoning from baiting programs placing this species at risk.
1040:
will successfully reproduce. Fecundity is lower than that of other murid species producing only four to five litters, but fertility is very high which can create high population growth in a period of favorable breeding conditions. This can be also influenced by the rapid growth in juveniles who can reach maturity and size within their first year.
1024:
information is available on home range, but suggests localised movement around the nesting sites and foraging areas. Rakali construct burrows dug into river banks but have also been documented building nests within sunken logs and reeds, in areas surrounded by roots and dense riparian vegetation for cover from predators.
282:. With their numbers under threat, a protection order was issued in 1938, however they were still subject to destruction permits from 1938 to 1957 due to their effect on irrigation banks and alleged damage to fishing nets. Additionally from 1957 to 1967 a number of licensed seasons were also held for this reason.
1036:
February and are suckled for four weeks. Sexual maturity develops at around twelve months but has been documented to commence at 4 months and breeding in the season of their birth. They are able to continue breeding until females are three and a half years old, and have a life expectancy of 3–4 years.
1050:
species mature late and have long reproductive lifecycles. They have lower reproductive output, delayed implantation, lactation anoestrus, winter anoestrus, longer estrous and longer gestation cycle. Their development occurs in stages associated with the eruption of incisors, hearing and eye-opening,
1039:
A territorial species, they are mostly solitary excluding the periods of mating and rearing their young. Their social organisation suggests adults are intra-sexually aggressive with their limited home range and overlapping sex and age classes. In captivity, only the dominant female in the hierarchy
993:
Humans have been their greatest predator, with rakali requiring protection by legislation in 1938. They were hunted for their soft fur and considered a pest species. Populations are considered to have recovered and in all states considered of 'least concern' with the exception of
Western Australia.
932:
habits, being found swimming and feeding in the early morning and evening. The animal does not tolerate low temperatures well, so they prefer terrestrial prey in winter over the aquatic species. They also spend longer winter periods in the warmth of their burrows. A relatively new addition to their
927:
The rakali is a predominantly carnivorous species, feeding on a variety of aquatic animals including fish, crustaceans, shellfish, small birds, eggs, mammals, frogs, and reptiles. In winter, when resources are limited, they will also feed on plants. A mostly nocturnal species, they search for their
1035:
Females are able to reproduce from one-year-old or 425 g. Mating commences from late winter to early spring with a gestation period of 34 days. Rakali have four mammae with nipples located in the abdominal inguinal area enabling litters of an average of four to five are born from
September to
972:
The rakali is not well adapted to hot and cold extremes as it has poor insulation qualities. Aquatic mammals need to maintain relatively constant body temperature to prevent or compensate for their thermally hostile environment. One of the few diurnal
Australian rodents, they cannot maintain their
910:
Their home range typically comprises 1–4 km (0.6–2.5 mi) of waterways and they can travel a distance of between 200 m (660 ft) to 1 km (0.6 mi) in a night when foraging. They prefer low banks with flat, densely vegetated water edges for protection and ease of stalking
876:
rodent group for aquatics. They feature a flattened head, partly webbed hind feet and water repellent fur that also offers insulation. Their waterproof thick coat varies from extremely dark fur, black to slate grey on their back and white to orange underneath. The thick dark tail is an identifying
906:
Widely distributed through eastern
Australia, west of the Kimberley, along the Northern coastline, throughout New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, their habitat varies from freshwater streams to brackish wetlands, including shallow lakes (up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in depth) and farm
262:
Rakali have a body length of 23–37 cm (9–15 in), weigh 340–1,275 g (12–45 oz), and have a thick tail measuring around 24–35 cm (9–14 in). Females are generally smaller than males but tail lengths are normally the same. They have partially webbed hind legs, waterproof
976:
Expending energy in this aquatic species is documented as lower, using less oxygen when moving on land than locomotion in water. Rakali have the capacity to run at twice their maximum swimming velocity. Their metabolic rate increases during running at a rate of 13-40% greater than when swimming.
902:
This widespread species can be found in permanent water systems in
Australia, New Guinea and offshore islands. Rakali live near permanent water in a diverse range of habitat that varies from fresh slow-moving streams, brackish inland lakes and creeks to wetlands, rivers, estuaries and beaches on
880:
This well-adapted semi-aquatic and territorial species may become very aggressive in high-density populations as they are mostly solitary. Fighting is common, leading to scarred tails from being bitten during fighting amongst both adult males and females. Animals often exhibit ulcerated wounds,
1023:
The breeding behaviours are influenced by seasonal conditions. Under good seasonal conditions the solitary water rat comes together with their mate and may produce several litters (if young are removed will reproduce again within two months), but separate on the birth of the young. Limited
290:
Until the 1980s, this species was commonly known as "water-rat" (also "common water-rat", or "golden-bellied water-rat"), but during the 1990s there was a push for such descriptive
English common names to be replaced with indigenous names. In 1995, the
903:
coastlines. Found in all states and territories, this adaptable species has resumed resettlement populations in both
Australia and New Guinea. The map above shows their distribution throughout Australia and New Guinea.
1001:
Predators of the rakali range from large fish and snakes when they are young and in the water, to birds of prey, foxes and cats. The rakali has the unusual ability to kill cane toads without being poisoned.
994:
Considered a pest in irrigation systems due to burrowing into banks and creating leaks, in a positive sense they have also been attributed to reduction of bank damage as they prey on freshwater crayfish (
1146:
Speldwinde, P.C; Close, P; Weybury, M; Comer, S (2013). "Habitat preference of the
Australian water rat (Hydromys chryogaster) in a coastal wetland and stream, Two Peoples Bay, south-west Australia".
1027:
There is increasing evidence of altered nesting habitat with rakali using artificial shelters of drainage pipes, exhaust pipes in moored boats, and rubber tyres in human-modified areas.
1832:
Fish, F.E; Baudinette, R.V (1999). "Energetics of locomotion by the
Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster): A comparison of swimming and running in a semi-aquatic mammal".
1189:
1877:
Smales, L.R (2006). "A new acuariid species (Spirurida, Acrididae) and other nematodes from
Hydromys (Muridae, Hydromyinae) from Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea".
1954:
3140:
263:
fur, a flattened head, a long blunt nose, many whiskers and small ears and eyes. The body is streamlined with a skull that is large, flat and elongated, with two
1563:
Hinds, F.E; Close, R. L; Campbell, M.T; Spencer, P.B.S (2002). "Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the water rat (Hydromys chryogaster)".
928:
food at dusk; guided by sight while in the water, and hunting at the water’s edge with the apparent memory of previous catches’ locations. They can also exhibit
300:
255:. Having adapted to and colonised a unique niche of a semiaquatic and nocturnal lifestyle, this species lives in burrows on the banks of rivers, lakes and
1688:
1059:
Although nationwide the populations appear stable there are individual populations facing a significant threat. Near threatened in Western Australia's
960:
also afflicts rakali; these parasites coil under the skin surface around the shoulder and back region. The extent of infestation, and the varieties of
1748:
Obendorf, D.L; Smales, L.R (1985). "The internal parasites and pathological findings in Hydromys chrysogaster (Muridae: Hydromyinae) from Tasminia".
2935:
2770:
1590:
Olsen, P (1980). "Seasonal and maturational pelage changes, and injuries, in the Eastern Water Rat, Hydromys chryogaster, at Griffith, N.S.W".
1377:"Influence of habitat characteristics on the distribution of water-rat (Hydromys chrysogeaster) in the greater Perth region, Western Australia"
3000:
2974:
708:
394:
384:
1922:
1632:
3080:
1947:
718:
534:
3105:
2760:
374:
1805:
Fanning, F.D; Dawson, T.J (1980). "Body temperature variability in the Australian water rat, Hydromys chryogaster, in air and water".
2755:
2740:
506:
1713:
Beveridge, I (1980). "Uncinaria Hydromydis SP. N (Nematoda Ancylostomatidae) from the Australian water rat, Hydromys chrysogaster".
2909:
2948:
2875:
2750:
1940:
1091:
Aplin, K.; Copley, P.; Robinson, T.; Burbidge, A.; Morris, K.; Woinarski, J.; Friend, T.; Ellis, M. & Menkhorst, P. (2008).
2745:
3095:
3013:
2992:
1437:
292:
2953:
3120:
1376:
3110:
3100:
2365:
1775:
Smales, L.R; Cribb, T.H (1997). "Helminth Parasite communities of the water rat Hydromys chrysogaster, from Queensland".
3130:
2356:
907:
dams, deep water storages, slow-moving rivers, creeks and streams, estuaries, coastal lakes and sheltered marine bays.
2148:
1321:
McNally, J (1959). "The biology of the water rat Hydromys chrysogaeter Geoffery (Muridae: Hydromyinae) in Victoria".
192:
3039:
3005:
1063:, urbanisation, salinisation, waterway degradation and pollution have all attributed to this status change. In the
2835:
1223:
3135:
3115:
1544:
3125:
3057:
2139:
1060:
1123:
259:
and feeds on aquatic insects, fish, crustaceans, mussels, snails, frogs, bird's eggs and small water birds.
3090:
2644:
1457:
861:
2987:
2857:
2175:
1932:
434:
2653:
2617:
1927:
3044:
2780:
2775:
2765:
2455:
2252:
2184:
2166:
81:
1662:
1509:
2714:
2387:
271:. They are black to brown in colour with an orange to white belly, and dark tail with a white tip.
2599:
2500:
1190:"Distribution and status of Australian water-rats (Hydromys chrysogaster) in the Gippsland Lakes"
2940:
2797:
2590:
2581:
2420:
2333:
235:
2849:
1408:
274:
Long considered a nuisance animal, rakali were hunted for their soft fur, particularly in the
2862:
2509:
2324:
1259:
176:
3031:
2966:
2896:
2844:
2705:
1912:
1412:
275:
1917:
8:
2626:
2518:
790:
234:, is an Australian native rodent first scientifically described in 1804. Adoption of the
46:
2699:
2608:
2563:
2411:
2243:
2157:
1730:
1284:
1119:
1064:
76:
3085:
3026:
2883:
2671:
2635:
2315:
2274:
1859:
1576:
1540:
1433:
1689:"Eat your heart out: native water rats have worked out how to safely eat cane toads"
1348:
Seebeck, J; Menkhorst, P (2000). "Status and conservation of rodents in Australia".
2888:
2044:
1995:
1886:
1849:
1841:
1814:
1784:
1757:
1722:
1599:
1572:
1357:
1330:
1155:
995:
894:
668:
544:
299:. They recommended that "rakali" be adopted as the common name, and the Australian
2680:
2662:
2572:
2107:
2053:
780:
268:
37:
2979:
838:
478:
1890:
1092:
295:
released a document in which the following indigenous names were recorded for
3074:
2961:
2820:
2689:
2347:
1101:
632:
414:
264:
66:
61:
1907:
2402:
1090:
881:
subcutaneous cysts and tumours mostly in the dorsal and posterior regions.
818:
770:
650:
496:
278:
of the 1930s, when a ban was placed on imported pelts such as the American
242:
is intended to foster a positive public attitude by Environment Australia.
1962:
1863:
1845:
911:
prey, spending time when not foraging resting in hollow logs and burrows.
2922:
2829:
2234:
957:
948:
recorded in 1959, burrowed into their stomach walls. Other worms, namely
929:
760:
424:
1015:
919:
2914:
2206:
1734:
1228:
Geoffroy, 1804 (Muridae: Hydromyinae), a subject-specific bibliography"
1068:
848:
622:
444:
252:
1854:
1818:
1761:
1603:
1334:
985:
2927:
2483:
2098:
961:
953:
934:
738:
612:
458:
256:
93:
2791:
1788:
1726:
1458:"Aboriginal names of mammal species in south-west Western Australia"
1361:
1159:
303:
has taken up this suggestion. Both common names are now widespread.
2814:
2289:
2081:
2027:
1983:
964:
that are present, vary according to the region which they inhabit.
941:
828:
688:
348:
328:
247:
153:
113:
28:
1687:
Parrott, Marissa; Doody, Sean; Clulow, Simon (23 September 2019).
1483:
3052:
2901:
2546:
2122:
2007:
1964:
949:
742:
698:
678:
564:
524:
468:
454:
338:
279:
143:
3018:
1637:
Water Rat Hydromys chrysogaster. Description and characteristics
2870:
2001:
1989:
1977:
728:
592:
582:
554:
404:
133:
123:
103:
2481:
1285:"Hydromys chrysogaster: Water-rat | Atlas of Living Australia"
1197:
A report to the Gippsland Lakes Ministerial Advisory Committee
940:
Their diet makes this species susceptible to infestations of
808:
1051:
eating solid foods, puberty and full reproductive maturity.
202:
1145:
602:
2025:
1562:
923:
Helminth: various species of worms that infest water rats
933:
diet is, specifically, the heart and liver of the toxic
1374:
1639:. North Central Catchment Management Authority. n.d
251:, it is the only one with a range extending beyond
2544:
1686:
1221:
889:
1663:"Taxon Attribute Profiles, Hydromys chrysogaster"
1427:
1384:Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia
1222:Atkinson, C. A; Lund, M. A; Morris, K. D (2008).
956:, occur in high numbers in the small intestines.
3072:
1347:
1375:Smart, C; Speldewinde, P.C; Mills, H.R (2011).
1831:
1747:
1633:"North Central Catchment management authority"
1187:
1948:
1804:
1019:Rakali: reeds offer protection from predators
1005:
3141:Taxa named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
1423:
1421:
1923:Water Rat - Description and Characteristics
1774:
856:
267:on the upper and lower jaw, similar to the
245:One of four described species in the genus
2446:
1955:
1941:
1534:
1514:Bininj Kunwok Names for Plants and Animals
980:
201:
55:
36:
1853:
1712:
1539:. Kent Town (S. Aust.): Wakefield Press.
1432:. Australian Nature Conservation Agency.
1418:
1224:"BiblioRakali: the Australian water rat,
1490:. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre
1407:Lundrigan, B. and K. Pfotenhauer 2003. "
1014:
984:
918:
893:
860:
1430:Australian names for Australian rodents
1428:Braithwaite R. W.; et al. (1995).
1320:
3073:
1876:
1455:
1235:Conservation Science Western Australia
1086:
1084:
1030:
301:Department of Environment and Heritage
2796:
2795:
2366:Northern groove-toothed shrew mouse (
1936:
1800:
1798:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1589:
1558:
1556:
293:Australian Nature Conservation Agency
3058:F59C2FA7-458F-4571-8A7C-5955CEDDC66F
2357:Southern groove-toothed moss mouse (
1451:
1449:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1279:
1277:
1217:
1215:
1213:
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1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
914:
3081:IUCN Red List least concern species
1834:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1102:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1081:
898:Habitat: Rakali swimming in a creek
13:
1795:
1667:CSIRO, Water for a Healthy Country
1650:
1610:
1553:
14:
3152:
3106:Mammals of the Northern Territory
1918:CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country
1901:
1481:
1446:
1301:
1274:
1210:
1199:. Australian Platypus Conservancy
1188:Williams, G.A; Serena, M (2014).
1166:
1130:
2149:Father Basilio's striped mouse (
1577:10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00140.x
1516:. Bininj Kunwok Language Project
989:Yabbies: most common food source
80:
1913:Australian Platypus Conservancy
1870:
1825:
1768:
1741:
1706:
1680:
1583:
1537:Fauna of Kakadu and the Top End
1528:
1502:
1488:Bininj Kunwok Online Dictionary
1475:
1401:
890:Distribution, Range and Habitat
872:is the most specialised of the
285:
1368:
1341:
1252:
1:
1807:Australian Journal of Zoology
1750:Australian Journal of Zoology
1323:Australian Journal of Zoology
1074:
967:
3096:Mammals of Western Australia
2654:Chestnut-bellied spiny rat (
2618:Malayan mountain spiny rat (
2140:Eisentraut's striped mouse (
1963:Extant species of subfamily
1592:Australian Wildlife Research
865:Rakali: Breakwater St Kilda.
230:, the "Australian Otter" or
7:
3121:Mammals of Victoria (state)
2645:Musschenbroek's spiny rat (
2456:New Guinean jumping mouse (
1908:Australian Museum Factsheet
1715:The Journal of Parasitology
1535:Goodfellow, Denise (1993).
1415:. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
946:Cosmocephalus australiensis
574:King George Sound, Nyungar
210:Distribution of the rakali
10:
3157:
3111:Mammals of New South Wales
3101:Mammals of South Australia
2388:New Guinea waterside rat (
2176:Temminck's striped mouse (
1010:
1006:Behaviour and life history
884:
561:Ngoor-joo, Ngurju, ngoodjo
3131:Mammals described in 1804
2804:
2731:
2535:
2472:
2437:
2400:
2378:
2345:
2287:
2265:
2232:
2223:
2197:
2120:
2079:
2070:
2016:
1972:
1891:10.11646/zootaxa.1110.1.3
1054:
320:Linguistic group or area
209:
200:
182:
175:
77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
35:
23:
2421:Short-haired water rat (
2253:Shaw Mayer's water rat (
2185:Peters's striped mouse (
2167:Miller's striped mouse (
944:, with large numbers of
857:Taxonomy and description
571:Ngwir-ri-gin, ngwiridjin
2771:Stenocephalomys–Xeromys
2715:Whitehead's spiny rat (
2325:New Britain water rat (
1565:Molecular Ecology Notes
1262:. The Australian Museum
981:Predators and predation
2600:Hellwald's spiny rat (
2501:Cansdale's swamp rat (
2491:(Big-eared swamp rats)
1510:"Australian Water Rat"
1020:
990:
924:
899:
866:
223:Hydromys chrysogaster)
3136:Rodents of New Guinea
3116:Mammals of Queensland
2876:hydromys-chrysogaster
2863:Hydromys_chrysogaster
2850:Hydromys_chrysogaster
2836:Hydromys chrysogaster
2806:Hydromys chrysogaster
2627:Fat-nosed spiny rat (
2591:Dollman's spiny rat (
2582:Bartels's spiny rat (
2519:Big-eared swamp rat (
2334:Ziegler's water rat (
1846:10.1242/jeb.202.4.353
1409:Hydromys chrysogaster
1226:Hydromys chrysogaster
1095:Hydromys chrysogaster
1046:in comparison to the
1018:
988:
922:
897:
870:Hydromys chrysogaster
864:
311:Hydromys chrysogaster
309:Indigenous names for
186:Hydromys chrysogaster
3126:Rodents of Australia
2609:Sumatran spiny rat (
2564:Mountain spiny rat (
2510:Edward's swamp rat (
2412:Northern water rat (
2244:Mountain water rat (
2158:Moon striped mouse (
1456:Abbott, Ian (2001).
1413:Animal Diversity Web
1148:Australian Mammalogy
297:H. chrysogaster
226:, also known as the
168:H. chrysogaster
3091:Mammals of Tasmania
2761:Pogonomys–Pseudomys
2706:Watts's spiny rat (
2672:Palawan spiny rat (
2316:Western water rat (
2275:Earless water rat (
1031:Breeding and growth
797:Wurriyangkirraburna
47:Conservation status
2756:Oenomys–Pithecheir
2741:Aethomys–Chrotomys
2647:M. musschenbroekii
2045:Manipur bush rat (
2035:(Manipur bush rat)
1967:(Hadromys–Maxomys)
1122:}}: old-form url (
1065:Northern Territory
1021:
991:
925:
900:
867:
431:Kathi thukathayini
3068:
3067:
3027:Open Tree of Life
2798:Taxon identifiers
2789:
2788:
2727:
2726:
2681:Rajah spiny rat (
2663:Pagai spiny rat (
2656:M. ochraceiventer
2573:Small spiny rat (
2531:
2530:
2468:
2467:
2433:
2432:
2327:H. neobrittanicus
2219:
2218:
2130:(Hump-nosed mice)
2108:Ivory Coast rat (
2066:
2065:
2054:Yunnan bush rat (
1819:10.1071/zo9800229
1777:Wildlife Research
1762:10.1071/zo9850033
1604:10.1071/wr9800217
1439:978-0-642-21373-0
1350:Wildlife Research
1335:10.1071/zo9600170
915:Diet and foraging
854:
853:
214:
213:
70:
16:Species of mammal
3148:
3061:
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3048:
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2865:
2853:
2852:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2793:
2792:
2751:Melasmothrix–Mus
2636:Mo's spiny rat (
2557:
2556:
2555:
2542:
2541:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2479:
2478:
2444:
2443:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2230:
2229:
2209:S. longicaudatus
2133:
2132:
2131:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2077:
2076:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2023:
2022:
1996:Euarchontoglires
1957:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1895:
1894:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1721:(6): 1027–1031.
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1693:The Conversation
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1659:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1629:
1608:
1607:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1425:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1318:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1232:
1219:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1185:
1164:
1163:
1143:
1128:
1127:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1088:
579:Njimba'rrolbumbu
306:
305:
205:
188:
85:
84:
64:
59:
58:
40:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3030:
3025:
3017:
3012:
3004:
2999:
2991:
2986:
2978:
2973:
2965:
2960:
2952:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2926:
2921:
2913:
2908:
2900:
2895:
2887:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2861:
2856:
2848:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2800:
2790:
2785:
2746:Colomys–Golunda
2723:
2690:Red spiny rat (
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2537:
2527:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2474:
2464:
2439:
2429:
2396:
2374:
2341:
2309:H. chrysogaster
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2261:
2225:
2215:
2193:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2072:
2062:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2018:
2012:
1968:
1961:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1885:(1110): 27–37.
1875:
1871:
1830:
1826:
1803:
1796:
1789:10.1071/wr96074
1773:
1769:
1746:
1742:
1727:10.2307/3280410
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1611:
1588:
1584:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1482:Garde, Murray.
1480:
1476:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1426:
1419:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1362:10.1071/wr97055
1346:
1342:
1319:
1302:
1293:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1242:
1230:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1167:
1160:10.1071/AM12001
1144:
1131:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1057:
1033:
1013:
1008:
983:
970:
917:
892:
887:
859:
800:Groote Eylandt
317:Indigenous name
288:
196:
190:
184:
171:
79:
71:
60:
56:
49:
31:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3154:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3049:
3036:
3023:
3010:
2997:
2984:
2971:
2958:
2945:
2932:
2919:
2906:
2893:
2880:
2867:
2854:
2841:
2826:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2611:M. hylomyoides
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:M. richardsoni
2363:
2353:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:H. univittatus
2182:
2178:H. trivirgatus
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:H. yunnanensis
2051:
2041:
2039:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1902:External links
1900:
1897:
1896:
1869:
1840:(4): 353–363.
1824:
1813:(2): 229–238.
1794:
1783:(4): 445–457.
1767:
1740:
1705:
1679:
1649:
1609:
1598:(2): 217–233.
1582:
1552:
1545:
1527:
1501:
1474:
1445:
1438:
1417:
1400:
1367:
1340:
1300:
1289:bie.ala.org.au
1273:
1251:
1209:
1165:
1129:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1056:
1053:
1044:H. chryogaster
1032:
1029:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
982:
979:
969:
966:
916:
913:
891:
888:
886:
883:
858:
855:
852:
851:
846:
842:
841:
836:
832:
831:
826:
822:
821:
816:
812:
811:
806:
802:
801:
798:
794:
793:
788:
787:Wungujang wara
784:
783:
778:
774:
773:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
753:
750:
746:
745:
736:
732:
731:
726:
722:
721:
716:
712:
711:
706:
702:
701:
696:
692:
691:
686:
682:
681:
676:
672:
671:
666:
665:Riyariyangkanu
662:
661:
658:
654:
653:
648:
644:
643:
640:
636:
635:
630:
626:
625:
620:
616:
615:
610:
606:
605:
600:
596:
595:
590:
586:
585:
580:
576:
575:
572:
568:
567:
562:
558:
557:
552:
548:
547:
542:
538:
537:
532:
528:
527:
522:
518:
517:
514:
510:
509:
504:
500:
499:
494:
490:
489:
486:
482:
481:
479:Kugu Nganhcara
476:
472:
471:
466:
462:
461:
452:
448:
447:
442:
438:
437:
432:
428:
427:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
407:
402:
398:
397:
392:
388:
387:
382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
367:
364:
360:
359:
356:
352:
351:
346:
342:
341:
336:
332:
331:
326:
322:
321:
318:
314:
313:
287:
284:
212:
211:
207:
206:
198:
197:
191:
180:
179:
173:
172:
165:
163:
159:
158:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
73:
72:
54:
51:
50:
45:
42:
41:
33:
32:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3153:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2717:M. whiteheadi
2713:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2700:M. tajuddinii
2697:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2602:M. hellwaldii
2598:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2423:P. wilhelmina
2419:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2348:Microhydromys
2344:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2255:B. shawmayeri
2251:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2169:H. planifrons
2165:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1261:
1255:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1025:
1017:
1003:
999:
997:
987:
978:
974:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
931:
921:
912:
908:
904:
896:
882:
878:
875:
871:
863:
850:
847:
844:
843:
840:
837:
834:
833:
830:
827:
824:
823:
820:
817:
814:
813:
810:
807:
804:
803:
799:
796:
795:
792:
789:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
775:
772:
769:
766:
765:
762:
759:
756:
755:
751:
748:
747:
744:
740:
737:
734:
733:
730:
727:
724:
723:
720:
717:
714:
713:
710:
707:
704:
703:
700:
697:
694:
693:
690:
687:
684:
683:
680:
677:
674:
673:
670:
667:
664:
663:
659:
656:
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:
642:Murray River
641:
638:
637:
634:
631:
628:
627:
624:
621:
618:
617:
614:
611:
608:
607:
604:
601:
598:
597:
594:
591:
588:
587:
584:
581:
578:
577:
573:
570:
569:
566:
563:
560:
559:
556:
553:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
539:
536:
533:
530:
529:
526:
523:
520:
519:
516:Upper Barcoo
515:
512:
511:
508:
505:
502:
501:
498:
495:
492:
491:
487:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:
460:
456:
453:
450:
449:
446:
443:
440:
439:
436:
433:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
419:
416:
413:
410:
409:
406:
403:
400:
399:
396:
393:
390:
389:
386:
383:
380:
379:
376:
373:
370:
369:
365:
362:
361:
357:
354:
353:
350:
347:
344:
343:
340:
337:
334:
333:
330:
327:
324:
323:
319:
316:
315:
312:
308:
307:
304:
302:
298:
294:
283:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
260:
258:
254:
250:
249:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
219:
208:
204:
199:
194:
189:
187:
181:
178:
177:Binomial name
174:
170:
169:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
83:
78:
74:
68:
63:
62:Least Concern
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
30:
22:
19:
2805:
2716:
2707:
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2584:M. bartelsii
2583:
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2554:(Rajah rats)
2545:
2520:
2511:
2503:M. cansdalei
2502:
2482:
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2414:P. rufilatus
2413:
2403:Paraleptomys
2401:
2389:
2380:Parahydromys
2379:
2367:
2359:M. argenteus
2358:
2346:
2336:H. ziegleri)
2335:
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2297:(Water rats)
2288:
2277:C. moncktoni
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2207:Target rat (
2198:
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2089:(Defua rats)
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1994:Superorder:
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752:East Arnhem
651:Ngarrindjeri
497:Wik-Ngathana
358:East Arnhem
355:Dhulurryamba
310:
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286:Common names
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154:
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2923:iNaturalist
2830:Wikispecies
2674:M. panglima
2665:M. pagensis
2629:M. inflatus
2593:M. dollmani
2566:M. alticola
2521:M. longipes
2512:M. edwardsi
2458:L. nouhuysi
2448:Lorentzimys
2438:Lorentzimys
2235:Baiyankamys
2110:D. eburneae
2099:Defua rat (
1471:(4): 478–9.
1465:CALMScience
1356:: 357–369.
1329:: 170–180.
1260:"Water-rat"
1154:: 188–194.
958:Sparganosis
930:crepuscular
761:Wik-Mungkan
709:Ungaringyin
629:Pwampungini
475:Minha watha
425:Wik-Mungkan
395:Yawaalaraay
385:Yawaalaraay
366:Daly River
269:water mouse
3075:Categories
2692:M. surifer
2575:M. baeodon
2318:H. hussoni
2246:B. habbema
2160:H. lunaris
2151:H. basilii
1928:Oz Animals
1855:2440/12191
1698:23 October
1673:2015-10-23
1643:2015-10-23
1546:1862543062
1394:2015-10-23
1294:2015-10-23
1245:2015-10-25
1241:(1): 65–71
1203:2015-10-23
1112:2015-02-06
1075:References
1069:Queensland
968:Metabolism
954:trematodes
874:Hydromyini
849:Mangarrayi
791:Nunggubuyu
719:Gupaguyngu
623:Kalkatungu
551:Ngaljatbil
535:Kuurnkopan
513:Mulundarru
465:Mamgericht
445:Kalkatungu
435:Innamincka
363:Djinnjokma
276:Depression
253:New Guinea
236:Aboriginal
2708:M. wattsi
2484:Malacomys
2473:Malacomys
2267:Crossomys
2199:Stochomys
2142:H. badius
1976:Kingdom:
1571:: 42–44.
1484:"yirrkku"
1390:: 533–539
1120:cite iucn
1061:Wheatbelt
962:helminths
942:nematodes
935:cane toad
839:Kunwinjku
739:Kayardild
695:Wamp-wamp
660:Tasmania
613:Ngiyampaa
488:Tasmania
459:Kayardild
257:estuaries
232:water-rat
162:Species:
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
3086:Hydromys
2993:13001380
2941:10593931
2902:46559458
2815:Wikidata
2735:See also
2683:M. rajah
2538:Division
2475:Division
2440:Division
2390:P. asper
2307:Rakali (
2290:Hydromys
2226:Division
2224:Hydromys
2101:D. defua
2082:Dephomys
2073:Division
2047:H. humei
2028:Hadromys
2019:Division
2017:Hadromys
2006:Family:
2002:Rodentia
1990:Mammalia
1984:Chordate
1982:Phylum:
1978:Animalia
1756:: 33–8.
1266:10 April
950:cestodes
829:Gaagudju
735:Wardunda
689:Wunambal
531:Muuruung
521:Murit-ya
381:Galiba:y
375:Guugudic
349:Djabugay
329:Miyanmin
248:Hydromys
193:Geoffroy
155:Hydromys
140:Family:
134:Rodentia
124:Mammalia
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
67:IUCN 3.1
29:Holocene
3053:ZooBank
2980:1003179
2915:2438706
2821:Q852782
2620:M. inas
2547:Maxomys
2536:Maxomys
2123:Hybomys
2071:Hybomys
2008:Muridae
2000:Order:
1988:Class:
1965:Murinae
1879:Zootaxa
1864:9914144
1735:3280410
1011:Nesting
996:yabbies
885:Ecology
835:Yirrkku
815:Yerr-ek
805:Yanjuna
767:Wirrkup
743:Nyikina
725:Wapun-u
715:Wapu-nu
699:Noongar
679:Kurtjar
675:Thaargh
669:Yanyuwa
647:Rekaldi
619:Pikunra
565:Nyungar
545:Yanyuwa
525:Nyungar
507:Murrinh
493:Moo'nyp
469:Nyungar
455:Nyikina
451:Kumbuna
441:Kirnrti
411:Jawurrk
401:Gurrumu
371:Durrgin
339:Ngarigu
335:Bud-bud
280:muskrat
150:Genus:
144:Muridae
130:Order:
120:Class:
65: (
3045:404082
3032:989544
3019:404082
3006:160448
2954:585251
2871:ARKive
2781:Others
2776:Otomys
2766:Rattus
2638:M. moi
1862:
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1543:
1436:
1055:Status
1048:Rattus
825:Yirrku
781:Yidiny
749:Warunu
729:Yolngu
639:Rakali
593:Warray
583:Mayali
555:Jawoyn
541:Namurr
503:Mu-mun
485:Moinah
405:Yolngu
391:Guma:y
345:Dalgan
265:molars
240:rakali
218:rakali
195:, 1804
24:Rakali
3040:WoRMS
2967:10310
2936:IRMNG
2928:45292
2889:3N7RM
1731:JSTOR
1669:. n.d
1520:4 Nov
1494:4 Nov
1461:(PDF)
1380:(PDF)
1231:(PDF)
1193:(PDF)
845:Yurru
809:Wanyi
777:Wubui
771:Maung
705:Wampi
685:Wambu
657:Renah
609:Pikun
238:name
3014:OBIS
3001:NCBI
2962:IUCN
2949:ITIS
2910:GBIF
1883:1110
1860:PMID
1700:2019
1541:ISBN
1522:2021
1496:2021
1434:ISBN
1268:2023
1124:help
1107:2008
952:and
757:Wath
633:Tiwi
603:Gnog
599:Otol
589:Nurn
415:Kamu
325:Ayam
228:rabe
216:The
2988:MSW
2975:MDD
2897:EoL
2884:CoL
2858:AFD
2845:ADW
1887:doi
1850:hdl
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