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air to propose a referendum to solve the crisis, an offer refused by
Rajoelina who instead called for the President's arrest. The following day, Ravalomanana dissolved the government, resigned, and transferred the Presidential seal to a senior committee of the Army. On 18 March, the Army transferred power directly to Rajoelina, making him president of the High Transitional Authority (HAT). Madagascar's constitutional court deemed the double-transfer of power (Ravalomanana-Army-Rajoelina) to be legal.
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practice with
Rajoelina and his cabinet, composed of his closest advisors. A military committee established in April increased HAT control over security and defense policy. The following month, after the suspension of the country's 22 regional governors, the Transitional government strengthened its influence over local government by naming replacements. The National Inquiry Commission (CNME) was established shortly thereafter to strengthen HAT effectiveness in addressing judicial and legal matters.
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1132:, Rajoelina saw it as a breach of contract and reintroduced his own candidacy for the elections. The situation led to the several postponements of the election by the electoral commission. A special electoral court ruled in August 2013 that the candidatures of Rajoelina, Ravalomanana and former president Ratsiraka were invalid and would not be permitted to run in the 2013 election. Andry Rajoelina then announced his endorsement of presidential candidate
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eligible for presidential candidacy. The new constitution mandated the leader of the High
Transitional Authority â the position held by Rajoelina â be kept as interim president until an election could take place, and required presidential candidates to have lived in Madagascar for at least six months prior to the elections, effectively barring Ravalomanana and other opposition leaders living in exile in South Africa from running in the next election.
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833:, who was then completing her senior year at a high school in Antananarivo. The couple courted long-distance for six years while Mialy completed her undergraduate and masters studies in finance and accounting in Paris; they were reunited in Madagascar in 2000 and wed the same year. Their marriage produced two boys, Arena (born 2002) and Ilonstoa (born 2003), and a daughter born in 2005 whom the couple named Ilona.
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the presidency, as the country imposes a loss of citizenship if voluntarily acquiring another nationality, and only allows citizens of
Madagascar to hold the Presidency. Rajoelina argued that he automatically acquired the French nationality through his father, thus not making him lose his Malagasy one. The Constitutional Court eventually sided with him, pointing out the lack of a decree removing his nationality.
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Justice
Minister Christine Razanamahasoa, included the December 2008 purchase of a second presidential jet ("Air Force II") worth $ 60 million. Rajoelina also pursued legal action against Ravalomanana's company Tiko to reclaim 35 million US dollars in back taxes. Additionally, on 28 August 2010, the HAT sentenced Ravalomanana, who had been living in exile in South Africa since March 2009,
1345:(WHO) said there was no available proof for the effectiveness of this cure. It had not undergone proper clinical trials and no peer-reviewed data existed. The National Academy of Medicine of Madagascar (ANAMEM) was also skeptical. A WHO advert on Google said: "Africans deserve to use medicines tested to the same standards as people in the rest of the world". The
1243:. He had previously introduced the Initiative for the Emergence of Madagascar (IEM) that define the lines of his campaign program. One campaign promise is to close the Senate to save money and build universities instead. He also aims to increase access to electricity, to work towards agricultural self-sufficiency, and to increase security.
1209:("affordable house") initiative, the HAT built several subsidized housing developments intended for young middle class couples. Numerous other construction projects were planned or completed, including the restoration of historic staircases in Antananarivo built in the 19th century during the reign of Queen
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On 22 July 2021, police announced they had arrested six people, including foreign nationals, after months of investigation into a plot to kill
Rajoelina. The attorney general filed charges against them on different charges. The next day, the attorney general announced that at least one French citizen
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The campaign started in
October 2018, with Andry Rajoelina facing as opponents the former presidents Ravalomanana and Rajaonarimampianina, the favorites in a campaign of 46 candidates. In the first round of the elections on 7 November, he took the lead with 39.19% (1,949,851) of the votes (Ravalomana
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In
November 2010, a constitutional referendum resulted in the adoption of the state's fourth constitution with 73% in favor and a voter turnout of 52.6%. One change made by the new constitution was to lower the minimum age for presidential candidates from 40 to 35, rendering the 36 year-old Rajoelina
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In 1999, he launched Injet, the first digital printing technology company available on the island, which gained quick traction with its expansion of billboard advertising throughout the capital. Following his marriage in 2000, Andry and Mialy
Rajoelina acquired Domapub, a competing Antananarivo-based
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In June 2023, the revelation of his acquisition of French nationality in 2014 led to the opening of a parliamentary inquiry, followed by the questioning of the High
Constitutional Court by a group of citizens of the Malagasy diaspora in France. Under Malagasy law, this may have disqualified him from
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to defy the public executive power of Ravalomanana. At a rally on 31 January 2009, Rajoelina announced that he was in charge of the country's affairs, declaring: "Since the president and the government have not assumed their responsibilities, I therefore proclaim that I will run all national affairs
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The spyware was acquired with the aim of "fighting corruption" but the hacking operations were used to spy on several political opponents, including the opposition journalist, Roland Rasoamaharo who was subsequently imprisoned. Other arrests took place after the use of the spyware. According to two
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in 2021. An investigation by the Central Office for the Fight against Crimes Against Humanity, Genocides and War Crimes (OCLCH) established that the leaders of Nexa and Intellexa exported to the Malagasy presidency, without any authorization, hardware and software allowing hacking of phones. Which
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One of Andry Rajoelina's first measures as President was to cancel Ravalomanana's unpopular deal with Daewoo Logistics. On 2 June 2009, Ravalomanana was fined 70 million US dollars (42 million British pounds) and sentenced to four years in prison for alleged abuse of office which, according to HAT
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On 6 March, after the Malagasy authorities attempted to arrest him, Andry Rajoelina took refuge in the French embassy. On 10 March, the Army issued a 72-hour ultimatum, ordering the political leaders to find a solution to the crisis, or face military intervention. On 15 March, Ravalomanana went on
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On 7 February, Andry Rajoelina organized a new rally during which the leaders of the orange movement declared the constitution of a High Transitional Authority and Andry Rajoelina as its president. The crowd then marched towards the Presidential palace to state its claim to power. The presidential
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by the international community. Rajoelina dissolved the Senate and National Assembly, and transferred their powers to a variety of new governance structures responsible for overseeing the transition toward a new constitutional authority. This conflicted with an internationally mediated process to
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Upon taking office in 2009, Rajoelina dissolved the Senate and Parliament to transfer their powers to his cabinet, the officials of the HAT, and the newly established Council for social and economic strengthening, through which his policies were issued as decrees. Legislative authority rested in
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to hard labor for life and issued an arrest warrant for his role in the protests and ensuing deaths. Rajoelina also rejected Ravalomanana's medium term development strategy, termed the Madagascar Action Plan, and abandoned education reforms initiated by his predecessor that adopted Malagasy and
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Sanctions and suspension of donor aid amounted to 50% of the national budget and 70% of public investments, which obstructed the government's management of state affairs. Rajoelina occasionally organized events to distribute basic items to the population, including medicines, clothing, house
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An agreement was reached between Rajoelina, Ravalomanana, and regional Malagasy states in January 2013 to resolve the political crisis. The agreement stipulated that neither Rajoelina nor Ravalomanana would stand in the election planned for May. However, in May 2013, when Ravalomanana's wife
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was "likely to disturb peace and security". Within a week Rajoelina met with twenty of Madagascar's most prominent opposition leaders, referred to in the press as the "Club of 20", to develop a joint statement demanding that the Ravalomanana administration improve its adherence to democratic
1336:
and other locally-sourced herbs. The military distributed batches of "Covid-Organics" to the public. Drinking the herbal tea was made obligatory in school. Several African countries including Tanzania, Liberia, Equatorial Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau purchased the herbal tea.
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guards opened fire, killing 31 protesters, and wounding more than 200. This massacre dramatically diminished the Presidency's popularity in the crisis, and led to losing its support from the Army which blamed the President for ordering the shooting.
1213:; the repaving of the heavily traveled road between Toamasina and Foulpointe; the construction of a 15,000-capacity municipal stadium and new town hall in Toamasina; and the construction of a hospital built to international standards in Toamasina.
1105:. Further guidelines were defined during the Addis Ababa reunion to split the presidential power with 2 co-presidents. The Malagasy former presidents were authorized to return to the Island, and Rajoelina named a new Prime Minister.
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claimed that Rajoelina was a naturalized French citizen and therefore has invalidated his Malagasy citizenship, and has "filed a complaint for treason, espionage, use of forgery and attack on the security of the State".
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also froze its aid to Madagascar. The UN responded to the power transfer by freezing 600 million euros in planned aid. Some analysts maintained that Rajoelina's legitimacy was conditional to free and fair elections.
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was changed to a still picture of Andry Rajoelina, which led the authorities to seize the channel's transmitter by force. On 17 January, Andry Rajoelina gathered 30,000 supporters at a public park which he renamed
1403:
and gas-based stoves in the country to fight the effects of climate change. Rajoelina also pledged more financial aid to protect the aforementioned biodiversity in Madagascar; which represents 5% of the world.
891:(TGV), meaning "determined Malagasy youth", and shortly afterward announced his candidacy to run for Mayor of Antananarivo. His very young age became a lever to gain a quick popularity throughout the nation (
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Rajaonarimampianina set up the MAPAR committee to organize the selection of his cabinet, a process that extended over several months. During this time, Rajoelina sought to be nominated for the position of
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billboard advertising business owned by Andry's in-laws. The couple worked together to manage the family businesses, with Andry responsible for Injet and his wife handling the affairs of Domapub.
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to subsidize basic needs like electricity, petrol, and food staples. In 2010, two years after Rajoelina launched the project as mayor of Antananarivo, the HAT completed the reconstruction of the
1202:
political protests of 1972. During this ceremony, Andry Rajoelina announced that 11 December was a new holiday in the Malagasy calendar, and the fourth Constitution of the country was enacted.
917:
date back to 2003, when the national government ordered the removal of Antananarivo's first Trivision advertising panels, which Rajoelina had installed at a major roundabout in the capital.
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1077:, also refused to acknowledge the Rajoelina administration, and ordered all nonessential embassy employees to leave the Island. Madagascar was removed from the list of beneficiaries of the
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of the city's street lights. After an audit, it was found that the Jirama owed about the same amount of money to the City Hall, and the sanction on the city's population was retrieved.
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996:. This self-declaration of power discredited Rajoelina's democratic aims, and the number of attendees at subsequent rallies declined, averaging around 3,000 to 5,000 participants.
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for one year prior. Before entering the political arena, Rajoelina was involved in the private sector, including a printing and advertising company called Injet in 1999 and the
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In June 2021, a severe drought struck Madagascar, causing hundreds of thousands of people, with some estimations claiming more than one million, to suffer from
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Rajoelina took the oath of office on 16 December 2023 for his second term as president of Madagascar amid a boycott by opposition parties that challenged the
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1152:, with the support of the majority in the parliament. On 18 April, a cabinet was announced that comprised 31 members with varied political affiliations.
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1097:) signed the Maputo Accords, which established guidelines for a period of consensual political transition. In 11 October 2009, Andry Rajoelina appointed
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and suspended Madagascar and threatened sanctions if the constitutional government was not restored within six months. The United States, Madagascar's
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and the IMF to suspend $ 35 million worth of financial support to the Island. Rajoelina used this to garner support against Ravalomanana's government.
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of politics). Rajoelina was elected on 12 December 2007 with 63.3% of the vote on a 55% voter turnout, beating TIM party incumbent Hery Rafalimanana.
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On 13 December 2008, the national government closed Andry Rajoelina's Viva TV, stating that a Viva interview with exiled former head of state
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818:. Although his family could afford a college education for their son, Andry Rajoelina opted to discontinue his studies after completing his
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In June 2010, the EU announced the extension of its $ 600-million financial aid to Madagascar. In November 2011, his talk at the UN
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English as languages of instruction, instead returning to the traditional use of French. Later in 2012, he sold the controversial
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marked the first major form of international recognition of the Transition government. On 13 May 2011, Andry Rajoelina met with
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in the country's southern regions. Rajoelina jointly announced a plan to combat hunger along with US ambassador to the country
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newspaper, was placed in custody awaiting trial charged with "incitement of hatred" towards President Rajoelina and spreading
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3979:"Southern Africa: COVID-19 a pretext for surge in harassment of journalists and weakening of media houses by states"
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under accusations of corruption on a London based mining company. She was dismissed by Rajoelina on 16 August 2023.
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as an alternative for people in the poorest areas of the country. The measure reached a total of 15,000 households.
1120:, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, and on 7 December 2011 he was officially received by the French President
992:
as of today." He added that a request for President Ravalomanana to formally resign would shortly be filed with the
814:. His father, now-retired Colonel Roger Yves Rajoelina, held dual nationality and fought for the French army in the
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4059:[Cop26: Andry Rajoelina pleaded for the use of bioethanol-based stoves] (in French). Linfo. 2 November 2021
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principles. Rajoelina also promised to dedicate a politically open public space in the capital which he would call
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On 14 August 2023, the Director of Cabinet of President Andry Rajoelina, Romy Voos Andrianarisoa, was arrested in
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At the beginning of Rajoelina's tenure as mayor, the Antananarivo's treasury had a debt of 8.2 billion Malagasy
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after she was accused of criticizing the president's handling of the pandemic. She was released after a month.
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35.29% or 1,755,855 votes). A televised debate between the two final candidates was aired live on 10 December.
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In 1993, at the age of 19, Rajoelina established his first enterprise: a small event production company called
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On 3 February, the Ministry of Domestic Affairs dismissed Rajoelina as mayor of Antananarivo and appointed a
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4079:"U.S. Government Provides Nearly $ 40 Million in Additional Emergency Assistance for Southern Madagascar"
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4247:"Tentative de corruption : En détention provisoire à Londres, la Dircab de la Présidence, limogée"
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33:
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can be considered as an âillicit transaction, carried out in the absence of contract authorizationâ.
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In November and December 2008, the government became embroiled in two scandals. A July 2008 deal with
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In April and May 2020, President Rajoelina gained international media attention when he launched an
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3692:"Elections à Madagascar : Guterres félicite le Président élu Andry Rajoelina | ONU Info"
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Rajoelina won the election with 55.66 % of the votes and was inaugurated on 19 January 2019.
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cultivation of corn and palm oil, and the November 2008 purchase of a second presidential jet, a
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in downtown Antananarivo. On 13 January, he launched an ultimatum to the government to restore
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In July 2023, the former president of the Syndicate of Magistrates of Madagascar and opponent
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1821:"Mobilisation populaire et repression a Madagascar: les transgressions de la cite cultuelle"
216:
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4057:"Cop26 : Andry Rajoelina a plaidé pour l'utilisation de réchauds à base de bioéthanol"
1979:
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establish a transitional government. Voters approved a new constitution in a controversial
224:
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4142:"Madagascar police, after months of investigation, arrest six over plot to kill president"
2071:"Le bras de fer opposant le Président et le maire de la capitale rejaillit sur les médias"
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before a crowd of 40,000 supporters. He was 35 years of age when sworn in, making him the
8:
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4273:"Predator : comment le groupe français Nexa a vendu le logiciel espion à Madagascar"
3641:"In Madagascar, costly presidential campaigns don't add up to a better life for citizens"
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1140:. Andry Rajoelina officially stepped down as president of Madagascar on 25 January 2014.
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since 2023. He previously served as president from 2019 to 2023, and was president of a
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technical investigations, Predator was also used by the Malagasy government during the
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In August 2009, the living historic Presidents of Madagascar (Rajoelina, Ravalomanana,
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In early August 2018, Andry Rajoelina was the first to register his candidacy for the
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in 2007. While in this position, he led an opposition movement against then-President
703:; born 30 May 1974) is a Malagasy-French politician and businessman who has served as
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their Entrepreneur of the Year in 1999, bestowed the same honor on Rajoelina in 2000.
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1459:. France responded by saying that they were working with consular aid in Madagascar.
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3296:"Lettre ouverte: Pourquoi il faut lever les sanctions Ă©conomiques contre Madagascar"
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4304:"« Predator Files » : le logiciel espion en roue libre à Madagascar"
3953:"Madagascar journalist Arphine Helisoa jailed on false news, incitement allegation"
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3212:
2038:"La CUA et les coupures d'eau et d'électricité: Antananarivo est-elle sanctionnée?"
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on 19 January 2019. His tenure included directing the government's response to the
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4168:"French citizen among six held over plan to kill Madagascar president -minister"
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maintenance materials and school supplies. His administration spent billions of
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2226:"Madagascar : la police ouvre le feu contre des partisans de l'opposition"
1395:, Rajoelina vowed to protect the biodiversity of Madagascar's forests from the
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943:(approximately US$ 4.6 million). On 4 January 2008, due to unpaid debts to the
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4109:"Gaz butane : 15.000 ménages vont bénéficier d'un kit de réchaud gratuit"
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to manage the affairs of the capital. Andry Rajoelina contested the decision.
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4861:
3008:"Madagascar court bans president and rival's wife from standing for election"
1583:
1346:
1066:
229:
4111:[Butane gas: 15,000 households will benefit from a free stove kit].
3831:"Coronavirus: Madagascar President Rajoelina hits out at tonic 'detractors'"
7124:
6959:
6889:
6751:
6681:
6621:
6596:
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5751:
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5454:
5410:
5358:
5286:
5172:
5101:
4884:
1841:
1210:
1015:
815:
3510:"Madagascar's former leader Andry Rajoelina says to seek presidency again"
1897:"Andry Rajoelina, nouveau Maire d'Antananarivo Ă©lu avec 62% des suffrages"
966:
810:
Andry Rajoelina was born on 30 May 1974 to a relatively wealthy family in
7096:
6746:
6583:
6441:
6144:
5995:
5890:
5862:
5823:
5818:
5653:
5468:
5343:
5329:
5153:
4682:
3457:"D'Antaninarenina Ă Ambondrona: Andry Rajoelina revisite son adolescence"
3319:"ArrivĂ©e de l'aide internationale: Andry Rajoelina a tenu Ă ĂȘtre prĂ©sent"
2557:
1196:(town hall) of Antananarivo which had been destroyed by arson during the
1094:
925:
1384:
in parts of his country and has called on powerful nations to fight it.
1262:
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5592:
5530:
5424:
5396:
5281:
5253:
5210:
5096:
4927:
4726:
4588:
3404:"11 décembre: Jour à marquer d'une pierre blanche pour Andry Rajoelina"
3346:"Subventions énergétiques: Pour les riches et non-pas pour les pauvres"
1427:
1400:
1181:
1149:
933:
929:
3857:"Madagascar hands out 'miracle' coronavirus cure as it lifts lockdown"
3606:
1455:
was among those arrested, and said that he was a former member of the
1221:
7038:
6903:
6884:
6864:
6817:
6760:
6612:
6365:
5904:
5876:
5648:
5267:
4918:
4221:"SUSPICION DE CORRUPTION - Romy Andrianarisoa arrĂȘtĂ©e au Royaume-Uni"
2770:"Madagascar parties agree to end political crisis, set election date"
1499:
1365:
1226:
811:
575:
341:
75:
2250:
7077:
7010:
6982:
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6789:
6718:
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6465:
6139:
6031:
5832:
5775:
5761:
5567:
5497:
5067:
5011:
4913:
4870:
4085:. United States Embassy to Madagascar. 14 June 2021. Archived from
3921:"Coronavirus: What is Madagascar's 'herbal remedy' Covid-Organics?"
3893:
3064:
2558:"Who's your daddy? The youngest political leaders around the world"
1431:
853:. The event gathered 50,000 participants on its tenth anniversary.
4437:
3750:"La prise du Covid-Organics sera obligatoire pour tous les Ă©lĂšves"
3373:"Produit de premiÚre nécessité: Rajoelina promet du riz à Ar 1200"
3270:"Madagascar : Le Boeing de l'ex-président Ravalomanana vendu"
947:, the city of Antananarivo was hit by a general water cutoff, and
7161:
7024:
6954:
6898:
6651:
6479:
6393:
6293:
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5382:
5324:
5295:
5181:
5053:
4969:
4899:
4828:
3148:
1506:
1392:
4207:"INVALIDATION DE CANDIDATURE - la HCC déboute Fanirisoa Ernaivo"
2706:
2704:
2702:
2587:"Southern African Nations Refuse to Recognize Madagascar Leader"
6968:
6912:
6831:
6803:
6637:
6525:
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6451:
6351:
6335:
6265:
6223:
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5932:
5690:
5553:
5539:
5338:
5224:
5124:
4842:
3666:"Madagascar Presidential Vote â Rajoelina, Ravalomanana Debate"
2930:"President Andry Rajoelina Speech in UNO 66th General Assembly"
2900:"Madagascar interim chief eyes elections, wary of ex-president"
2644:"Madagascar Army-Backed Leadership Change Denounced by EU, U.S"
1617:
2003: Best young entrepreneur in Madagascar by French bank BNI
1503:
1492:
1485:
1349:
has sought to test the technical efficiency of the herbal tea.
1198:
1047:
and the youngest head of government in the world at that time.
944:
940:
921:
4352:"Madagascar president starts new term amid opposition boycott"
2878:""YES" leading in Madagascar's referendum on new constitution"
1980:"Les avertissements du FMI et de la communauté internationale"
1758:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 180â182.
1426:. Among other measures, Rajoelina ordered the distribution of
680:
671:
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6774:
6379:
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5606:
5482:
5309:
5195:
5167:
5110:
5081:
5025:
4856:
4032:"Madagascar President urges tougher action on climate change"
3187:"09Antananarivo266: Ravalomanana's Tiko Group under pressure"
2699:
1388:
885:
In 2007, Rajoelina created and led the political association
845:
In the following year, he organized an annual concert called
686:
662:
642:
419:
4193:"Andry Rajoelina, too French to be president of Madagascar?"
3889:"Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure'"
3806:"No evidence 'Madagascar cure' for covid-19 works, says WHO"
3086:"Madagascar President Appoints Roger Kolo as Prime Minister"
7063:
6996:
6704:
5732:
5676:
5662:
5511:
5238:
4955:
2685:"La population malgache a faim car elle est prise en otage"
902:
668:
4468:
President of the High Transitional Authority of Madagascar
3108:"Madagascar: Kolo Roger forme un gouvernement d'ouverture"
913:
The first conflicts between Andry Rajoelina and president
665:
183:
President of the High Transitional Authority of Madagascar
2983:"Madagascar pushes back presidential election to October"
2617:"Former opposition leader becomes Madagascar's president"
2448:
3719:"Madagascar president Andry Rajoelina sworn into office"
3537:"Andry Rajoelina plans political comeback in Madagascar"
3242:
Dewar, Bob; Massey, Simon; Baker, Bruce (January 2013).
1316:
COVID-19 misinformation by governments § Madagascar
1075:
largest bilateral donor and provider of humanitarian aid
1039:
Rajoelina was sworn in as President on 21 March 2009 at
1016:
President of the High Transitional Authority (2009â2014)
762:
were held in 2013, and stepped down in 2014. He won the
4810:
3776:"Andry Rajoelina promotes herbal tea cure for covid 19"
3110:(in French). Radio France Internationale. 19 April 2014
1065:
announced it did not recognize the new government. The
1050:
823:
4005:"Journalist Critical of Madagascar President Released"
3184:
2581:
2579:
2007:"Andry Rajoelina hérite de 41 milliards fmg de dettes"
1874:"Andry Rajoelina, The billboard king turned president"
3061:"Doctor Kolo Roger, new Prime minister of Madagascar"
2853:"Madagascar referendum could deepen political crisis"
2542:. Agence France-Presse. 21 March 2009. Archived from
1783:"PORTRAIT â MIALY RAJOELINA: Une femme de ressources"
1755:
Sex and Salvation: Imagining the Future in Madagascar
1521:
924:
Logistics to lease half the island's arable land for
683:
645:
4330:"Andry Rajoelina sworn in as Madagascar's president"
3588:"46 candidates bid to contest Madagascar presidency"
3484:"Toamasina: Andry Rajoelina lance de nouveaux défis"
2818:
2635:
1479:
982:. A week later, the transmission failure message of
875:
746:
by a military council, in a move characterised as a
677:
659:
651:
648:
3430:"Des logements pour les classes moyennes malgaches"
3059:Rabary, Lovasoa; Obulutsa, George (19 April 2014).
2844:
2736:
2576:
2477:"Madagascar's President Quits After Weeks of Chaos"
2360:"Madagascar's army issues 72-hour crisis ultimatum"
2127:
2125:
2123:
1694:"Andry Rajoelina a-t-il dit son dernier mot? â RFI"
1502:revealed that the Malagasy presidency acquired the
1114:
66th Session of the United Nations General Assembly
755:in November 2010, ushering in the Fourth Republic.
674:
639:
3614:"Madagascar ex-presidents to contest run-off vote"
1787:L'Express de l'Ile Maurice (La Sentinelle Limited)
1668:"Madagascar: island even more isolated after coup"
1665:
3213:"Exiled Madagascan leader Ravalomanana sentenced"
2958:. Afriquejet.com. 8 December 2011. Archived from
2764:
2762:
2712:"TIMELINE-Madagascar votes on a new constitution"
1253:
974:Beginning in January 2009, Andry Rajoelina led a
7180:
3241:
2980:
2120:
864:television and radio stations, and renamed them
32:"Rajoelina" redirects here. For other uses, see
2357:
2251:Jerome Y. Bachelard; Richard R. Marcus (2011).
2131:
1606:2000: Entrepreneur of the Year by the magazine
1594:Recipient of the Medal of AmĂlcar Cabral (2024)
1360:), a publishing director and journalist at the
744:High Transitional Authority of Madagascar (HTA)
3799:
3797:
3058:
2759:
2253:"Countries at the crossroads 2011: Madagascar"
2134:"Countries at the Crossroads 2011: Madagascar"
1868:
1866:
1407:
1026:
970:Pro-Rajoelina protesters in Antananarivo, 2009
742:. Rajoelina was appointed as President of the
4796:
4571:
4298:
4296:
4294:
3454:
3401:
2528:
2496:
1952:
1216:
1184:bought by his predecessor with public funds.
932:, at a cost of US$ 60 million, which led the
611:
3638:
3178:
2474:
2333:"Are Malagasies turning against the French?"
1955:"The Breadbasket of South Korea: Madagascar"
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1691:
893:
3794:
3562:"Election campaigning begins in Madagascar"
3534:
3402:Rakotoarilala, Ninaivo (11 December 2010).
3343:
2956:"France: President Sarkozy meets Rajoelina"
2739:"Madagascar: Anatomy of a Recurrent Crisis"
2682:
2132:Bachelard, Jerome; Marcus, Richard (2011).
1925:
1863:
1789:(in French). 5 January 2008. Archived from
1297:Rajoelina and other African leaders at the
1045:youngest president in the country's history
860:In May 2007, Andry Rajoelina purchased the
806:Andry Rajoelina and his wife Mialy in 2012.
283:12 December 2007 â 3 February 2009
129:19 January 2019 â 9 September 2023
4803:
4789:
4578:
4564:
4374:"Rajoelina Andry Nirina: BrĂšve biographie"
4291:
3455:Rakotoarilala, Ninaivo (15 January 2013).
2065:
2063:
1449:
1155:
618:
604:
49:
3747:
3475:
3298:(in French). Slate Afrique. 12 March 2012
2880:. People's Daily Online. 18 November 2010
2436:
2098:"Andry Rajoelina réunit le "Club des 20""
1928:"Viva télévision: Andry Tgv met le turbo"
1805:
829:In 1994, Rajoelina met his future spouse
797:
713:political crisis and military-backed coup
3244:"Madagascar: Time to Make a Fresh Start"
3185:US Department of State (11 April 2009).
2870:
2850:
1818:
1436:
1330:Madagascar Institute of Applied Research
1292:
1220:
1159:
1022:High Transitional Authority (Madagascar)
965:
903:Opposition movement against Ravalomanana
801:
758:He held the Presidency of the HTA until
723:radio and television networks in 2007.
178:17 March 2009 â 25 January 2014
7239:Young Malagasies Determined politicians
7153:Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II
3803:
3370:
3235:
2851:Pourtier, Gregoire (21 November 2010).
2737:Ottilia Maunganidze (16 October 2009).
2668:"A coup that is not yet irreversible".
2060:
2035:
2004:
1926:Ramambazafy, Jeannot (12 August 2008).
1777:
1775:
1610:which named then-mayor of Antananarivo
1328:". The herbal tea was developed by the
14:
7181:
4165:
4139:
3371:Saraléa, Judicaëlle (6 January 2011).
2796:"Madagascar Approves New Constitution"
2672:. 28 March â 3 April 2009. p. 56.
1851:from the original on 28 September 2010
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1720:"Rajoelina pĂšre, conseiller de Sunpec"
1138:presidential election in December 2013
790:. Rajoelina then proceeded to win the
4784:
4559:
3716:
2683:De Schutter, Olivier (22 July 2011).
2661:
2641:
2196:"Madagascar sacks capital city mayor"
2166:"Mayor 'takes control' in Madagascar"
1930:(in French). Madagate. Archived from
1919:
1876:. Africa Intelligence. 8 January 2013
1462:
1341:of the Africa regional office of the
1225:Campaigners for Andry Rajoelina near
836:
698:
3729:from the original on 20 January 2019
3481:
3316:
2676:
2416:"Madagascar Crisis May Go to a Vote"
2095:
2048:from the original on 19 October 2013
2017:from the original on 19 October 2013
1894:
1772:
1751:
1666:Fanja Saholiarisoa (26 March 2009).
1661:
1659:
1445:in Washington, D.C. in December 2022
1305:
1257:
1051:Resolution of the political conflict
4812:Current heads of state of republics
4405:"Andry Rajoelina: La foi agissante"
3223:from the original on 7 October 2013
3156:"Madagascar sentences ex-president"
3130:"Africans reject Madagascar leader"
2981:Alain Ilioniania (22 August 2013).
2390:"Madagascar army's crisis deadline"
1907:from the original on 6 January 2014
1738:
1443:United StatesâAfrica Leaders Summit
1399:, while also announcing the use of
1235:2018 Malagasy presidential election
792:2023 Malagasy presidential election
700:[ËjanÉÊÊČnÊČËriná”ratÊ'weliná”]
24:
4402:
4354:. africanews.com. 16 December 2023
4029:
3748:Rajoelina, Andry (19 April 2020).
3710:
3166:from the original on 23 March 2012
2802:. 21 November 2010. Archived from
2597:from the original on 21 March 2009
2516:from the original on 22 March 2009
2444:"Call to arrest Madagascar leader"
2307:"France protects Madagascar rival"
2281:"Madagascar soldiers seize palace"
1953:Vivienne Walt (23 November 2008).
1895:Yves, Bernard (17 December 2007).
1569:
1522:Second elected term (2023âpresent)
1079:African Growth and Opportunity Act
849:that brought together foreign and
25:
7255:
7244:French people of Malagasy descent
7194:21st-century Malagasy politicians
6780:Transitional Presidential Council
4650:Democratic Republic of Madagascar
4431:
4415:from the original on 9 March 2012
4384:from the original on 9 March 2012
4011:. Agence France-Press. 4 May 2020
3639:Rakotomalala (13 December 2018).
3034:"Madagascar strongman steps down"
2906:. 8 December 2011. Archived from
2536:"Madagascar's Rajoelina sworn in"
2504:"Madagascar dissolves parliament"
2358:Alain Iloniaina (10 March 2009).
2202:. 3 February 2009. Archived from
2172:. 31 January 2009. Archived from
1712:
1656:
1639:"How do you say ANDRY RAJOELINA?"
1491:
1480:Arrest of the Director of Cabinet
876:Mayor of Antananarivo (2007â2009)
7160:
7146:
7132:
7118:
7104:
7090:
7076:
7062:
7037:
7023:
7009:
6995:
6981:
6967:
6953:
6939:
6925:
6911:
6897:
6883:
6858:
6844:
6830:
6816:
6802:
6788:
6773:
6759:
6745:
6731:
6717:
6703:
6689:
6675:
6650:
6636:
6620:
6582:
6566:
6552:
6538:
6524:
6506:
6492:
6478:
6464:
6450:
6434:
6420:
6406:
6392:
6378:
6364:
6350:
6334:
6320:
6306:
6292:
6278:
6264:
6250:
6236:
6222:
6208:
6194:
6180:
6166:
6152:
6138:
6116:
6102:
6088:
6074:
6060:
6046:
6030:
6004:
5989:
5975:
5961:
5947:
5931:
5917:
5903:
5889:
5875:
5861:
5845:
5831:
5817:
5803:
5788:
5774:
5760:
5745:
5731:
5717:
5703:
5689:
5675:
5661:
5647:
5633:
5619:
5605:
5591:
5566:
5552:
5538:
5524:
5510:
5496:
5488:Transitional Sovereignty Council
5481:
5467:
5453:
5439:
5423:
5409:
5395:
5381:
5367:
5351:
5337:
5323:
5308:
5294:
5280:
5266:
5252:
5237:
5223:
5209:
5194:
5180:
5166:
5152:
5138:
5123:
5109:
5095:
5080:
5066:
5052:
5038:
5024:
5010:
4996:
4982:
4968:
4954:
4940:
4926:
4912:
4898:
4883:
4869:
4855:
4841:
4827:
4639:
4587:
4396:
4366:
4344:
4166:Rabary, Lovasoa (23 July 2021).
4140:Rabary, Lovasoa (22 July 2021).
4121:from the original on 5 July 2021
3957:Committee to Project Journalists
2146:from the original on 8 June 2012
2005:Randria, N. (22 December 2007).
1589:
1576:
1556:
1544:
1261:
1128:announced her candidacy for the
635:
574:
439:
4322:
4265:
4239:
4213:
4199:
4185:
4159:
4133:
4101:
4071:
4049:
4023:
3997:
3971:
3945:
3913:
3897:. 22 April 2020. Archived from
3881:
3865:. 23 April 2020. Archived from
3849:
3823:
3768:
3741:
3717:Oteng, Eric (19 January 2019).
3684:
3658:
3632:
3580:
3554:
3528:
3502:
3448:
3422:
3395:
3364:
3337:
3310:
3288:
3262:
3246:. Chatham House. Archived from
3205:
3189:. Leak Overflow. Archived from
3122:
3100:
3088:. Bloomberg News. 11 April 2014
3078:
3052:
3026:
3000:
2974:
2948:
2922:
2892:
2788:
2730:
2609:
2550:
2468:
2452:. 16 March 2009. Archived from
2408:
2382:
2351:
2325:
2299:
2273:
2244:
2218:
2188:
2158:
2089:
2029:
1998:
1972:
1946:
1819:Galibert, Didier (March 2009).
1600:
1498:In October 2023, the newspaper
1312:COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar
1148:but Rajaonarimampianina picked
772:COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar
532:COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar
386:
7224:Naturalized citizens of France
3959:. New York City. 22 April 2020
3436:(in French). 10 September 2011
2475:Barry Bearak (17 March 2009).
2036:Randria, N. (7 January 2008).
1888:
1685:
1631:
1371:
1254:First elected term (2019â2023)
1057:2009 Malagasy political crisis
999:
909:2009 Malagasy political crisis
782:for the disease, as well as a
726:He formed the political party
711:from 2009 to 2014 following a
13:
1:
5045:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
4727:Fourth Republic of Madagascar
4403:R., A.W. (16 November 2007).
4332:. aa.com.tr. 16 December 2023
3804:Vaughan, Adam (15 May 2020).
3535:Eric Topona (7 August 2018).
2642:Tighe, Paul (20 March 2009).
1624:
1561:Grand Cross 1st Class of the
4669:Third Republic of Madagascar
4380:(in French). 23 March 2009.
4310:(in French). 12 October 2023
4279:(in French). 12 October 2023
4227:(in French). 20 October 2023
3929:. 5 May 2020. Archived from
2232:(in French). 7 February 2009
2077:(in French). 26 January 2009
1563:National Order of Madagascar
1551:National Order of Madagascar
1146:Prime Minister of Madagascar
880:
715:, having held the office of
7:
6809:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
6427:Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova
4708:High Transitional Authority
4253:(in French). 16 August 2023
3698:(in French). 8 January 2019
3379:(in French). Archived from
3350:La Gazette de la Grande Ile
3344:Fanjanarivo (14 May 2013).
3276:(in French). 5 October 2012
2687:(in French). United Nations
2104:(in French). Archived from
1538:
1414:2021â2022 Madagascar famine
1408:2021â2022 Madagascar famine
1241:2018 presidential elections
1027:Resignation of Ravalomanana
976:series of political rallies
784:2021 food insecurity crisis
774:, during which he promoted
728:Young Malagasies Determined
494:High Transitional Authority
484:Young Malagasies Determined
366:Young Malagasies Determined
10:
7260:
4484:as President of Madagascar
4460:as President of Madagascar
4117:(in French). 6 July 2021.
3434:Radio France International
1533:
1411:
1309:
1232:
1217:2018 presidential campaign
1069:described the events as a
1054:
1019:
906:
764:2018 presidential election
514:2023 presidential election
509:2018 presidential election
34:Rajoelina (disambiguation)
31:
7053:
6918:Luiz InĂĄcio Lula da Silva
6874:
6666:
6609:Ălisabeth Baume-Schneider
6021:
5582:
4947:Faustin-Archange Touadéra
4818:
4764:
4725:
4706:
4667:
4648:
4637:
4600:
4547:
4538:
4526:
4512:
4503:
4491:
4474:
4465:
4450:
4445:
2096:R.C. (17 December 2008).
1343:World Health Organization
1136:, who went on to win the
1081:(AGOA). In May 2009, the
426:
414:
404:
396:
371:
361:
351:
321:
316:
312:
297:
287:
276:
268:
256:
241:
189:
171:
158:
143:
133:
122:
107:
95:
83:
72:
64:
60:
48:
41:
7234:Presidents of Madagascar
7209:Malagasy Roman Catholics
6271:Katerina Sakellaropoulou
6081:Alexander Van der Bellen
5910:Anura Kumara Dissanayake
4594:Presidents of Madagascar
4478:Hery Rajaonarimampianina
4030:AP (23 September 2021).
1322:untested COVID-19 "cure"
1301:in Sochi in October 2019
1164:Andry Rajoelina in 2012.
1134:Hery Rajaonarimampianina
994:Parliament of Madagascar
851:Malagasy musical artists
822:to launch a career as a
552:2022 Antananarivo floods
448:This article is part of
263:Hery Rajaonarimampianina
7204:Malagasy businesspeople
6471:Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
6257:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
4541:President of Madagascar
4506:President of Madagascar
4225:L'Express de Madagascar
3482:Bill (8 October 2012).
3377:L'Express de Madagascar
1752:Cole, Jennifer (2010).
1643:VOA Pronunciation Guide
1450:2021 assassination plot
1397:threat of deforestation
1156:Policies and governance
768:President of Madagascar
705:president of Madagascar
523:President of Madagascar
67:President of Madagascar
27:President of Madagascar
7214:Mayors of Antananarivo
5882:Tharman Shanmugaratnam
5259:Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
2826:"The coup that wasn't"
1842:10.3917/polaf.113.0139
1446:
1302:
1230:
1165:
1061:On 19 March 2009, the
989:Place de la DĂ©mocratie
971:
961:Place de la DĂ©mocratie
894:
888:Tanora malaGasy Vonona
807:
798:Family and early years
709:provisional government
631:Andry Nirina Rajoelina
326:Andry Nirina Rajoelina
7229:People from Antsirabe
6696:Rodrigo Chaves Robles
6385:Myriam Spiteri Debono
6173:Nikos Christodoulides
5968:Serdar Berdimuhamedow
5781:Ukhnaagiin KhĂŒrelsĂŒkh
5710:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
5446:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
5388:Bassirou Diomaye Faye
5315:Abdourahamane Tchiani
5273:Prithvirajsing Roopun
4905:Ăvariste Ndayishimiye
3983:Amnesty International
3317:Bill (5 March 2013).
1440:
1376:Rajoelina has blamed
1310:Further information:
1296:
1224:
1163:
969:
963:("Democracy Plaza").
907:Further information:
805:
740:2009 political crisis
738:that culminated in a
732:Mayor of Antananarivo
717:Mayor of Antananarivo
489:2009 political crisis
271:Mayor of Antananarivo
6643:Recep Tayyip ErdoÄan
6243:Salome Zourabichvili
6109:Alexander Lukashenko
5598:Mohammed Shahabuddin
5145:Umaro Sissoco EmbalĂł
5031:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
5003:Denis Sassou Nguesso
4834:Abdelmadjid Tebboune
4530:Richard Ravalomanana
4083:www.mg.usembassy.gov
3618:Theeastafrican.co.ke
2546:on 19 February 2014.
1549:Grand Cordon of the
1528:16 November election
1299:RussiaâAfrica Summit
766:and was inaugurated
225:Albert Camille Vital
114:Richard Ravalomanana
7167:Nikenike Vurobaravu
7139:Surangel Whipps Jr.
6657:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
6593:Karin Keller-Sutter
6067:Vahagn Khachaturyan
5738:Thongloun Sisoulith
5503:Samia Suluhu Hassan
5474:Salva Kiir Mayardit
5017:IsmaĂŻl Omar Guelleh
4736:Rajaonarimampianina
3383:on 31 December 2013
2910:on 15 December 2018
2806:on 19 December 2010
2370:on 16 December 2018
2206:on 19 February 2014
1829:Politique Africaine
1793:on 18 February 2014
1457:French Armed Forces
780:unproven treatments
753:national referendum
357:French (since 2014)
248:Hyppolite Ramaroson
7069:Wiliame Katonivere
6851:Christine Kangaloo
6628:Vadim Krasnoselsky
6313:Michael D. Higgins
5982:Shavkat Mirziyoyev
5810:Ram Chandra Poudel
5682:Abdul Latif Rashid
5573:Emmerson Mnangagwa
5559:Hakainde Hichilema
4446:Political offices
4409:Madagascar Tribune
4378:Madagascar Tribune
4209:. 20 October 2023.
4114:Madagascar Tribune
3672:. 11 December 2018
3620:. 28 November 2018
3488:Madagascar Tribune
3461:Madagascar Tribune
3408:Madagascar Tribune
3323:Madagascar Tribune
3250:on 2 February 2013
3219:. 28 August 2010.
3193:on 26 January 2016
2832:. 18 November 2010
2718:. 15 November 2010
2482:The New York Times
2421:The New York Times
2176:on 2 February 2009
2108:on 19 October 2013
2102:Madagascar Tribune
2042:Madagascar Tribune
2011:Madagascar Tribune
1934:on 19 October 2013
1726:. 19 November 2009
1724:Madagascar Tribune
1692:Francis Kpatindé.
1463:French nationality
1447:
1430:stoves to replace
1356:(the pseudonym of
1303:
1273:. You can help by
1231:
1166:
1041:Mahamasina stadium
1010:Guy Randrianarisoa
1006:special delegation
972:
837:Media entrepreneur
808:
304:Guy Randrianarisoa
217:CĂ©cile Manorohanta
7176:
7175:
6710:Miguel DĂaz-Canel
6559:NataĆĄa Pirc Musar
6327:Sergio Mattarella
6299:Halla TĂłmasdĂłttir
6127:Ćœeljka CvijanoviÄ
5159:Alassane Ouattara
4876:Mokgweetsi Masisi
4778:
4777:
4602:Malagasy Republic
4554:
4553:
4513:Succeeded by
4487:
4475:Succeeded by
4463:
4454:Marc Ravalomanana
4251:Midi Madagasikara
3862:The Straits Times
3040:. 24 January 2014
2593:. 19 March 2009.
2512:. 19 March 2009.
2260:Freedomhouses.org
2139:. Freedom House.
1986:. 6 February 2009
1612:Marc Ravalomanana
1469:Fanirisoa Ernaivo
1441:Rajoelina at the
1424:Michael Pelletier
1358:Arphine Rahelisoa
1306:COVID-19 pandemic
1291:
1290:
915:Marc Ravalomanana
831:Mialy Razakandisa
760:general elections
736:Marc Ravalomanana
628:
627:
499:2010 coup attempt
465:
464:
430:
429:
378:Mialy Razakandisa
346:Malagasy Republic
293:Hery Rafalimanana
55:Rajoelina in 2024
16:(Redirected from
7251:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7155:
7151:
7150:
7141:
7137:
7136:
7127:
7123:
7122:
7113:
7109:
7108:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7085:
7081:
7080:
7071:
7067:
7066:
7046:
7042:
7041:
7032:
7030:Luis Lacalle Pou
7028:
7027:
7018:
7014:
7013:
7004:
7000:
6999:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6976:
6972:
6971:
6962:
6958:
6957:
6948:
6944:
6943:
6934:
6930:
6929:
6920:
6916:
6915:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6892:
6888:
6887:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6853:
6849:
6848:
6839:
6837:JosĂ© RaĂșl Mulino
6835:
6834:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6811:
6807:
6806:
6797:
6793:
6792:
6783:
6778:
6777:
6768:
6766:Bernardo Arévalo
6764:
6763:
6754:
6750:
6749:
6740:
6736:
6735:
6726:
6722:
6721:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6659:
6655:
6654:
6645:
6641:
6640:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6615:
6587:
6586:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6561:
6557:
6556:
6547:
6545:Peter Pellegrini
6543:
6542:
6533:
6531:Aleksandar VuÄiÄ
6529:
6528:
6519:
6517:Milena Gasperoni
6513:Alessandro Rossi
6511:
6510:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6473:
6469:
6468:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6401:
6397:
6396:
6387:
6383:
6382:
6373:
6369:
6368:
6359:
6357:Edgars RinkÄviÄs
6355:
6354:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6315:
6311:
6310:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6245:
6241:
6240:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6203:
6199:
6198:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6147:
6143:
6142:
6133:
6121:
6120:
6111:
6107:
6106:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6083:
6079:
6078:
6069:
6065:
6064:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6014:
6009:
6008:
5999:
5994:
5993:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5884:
5880:
5879:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5840:
5838:Asif Ali Zardari
5836:
5835:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5798:
5793:
5792:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5755:
5750:
5749:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5628:
5626:José Ramos-Horta
5624:
5623:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5519:
5517:Faure Gnassingbé
5515:
5514:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5491:
5486:
5485:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5418:
5416:Julius Maada Bio
5414:
5413:
5404:
5402:Wavel Ramkalawan
5400:
5399:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5376:
5374:Carlos Vila Nova
5372:
5371:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5247:
5242:
5241:
5232:
5230:Lazarus Chakwera
5228:
5227:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5204:
5201:Mohamed al-Menfi
5199:
5198:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5133:
5130:Mamady Doumbouya
5128:
5127:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5090:
5085:
5084:
5075:
5073:Sahle-Work Zewde
5071:
5070:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4991:
4989:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi
4987:
4986:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4935:
4933:José Maria Neves
4931:
4930:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4770:
4643:
4592:
4591:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4557:
4556:
4535:
4527:Preceded by
4521:
4500:
4492:Preceded by
4481:
4457:
4451:Preceded by
4443:
4442:
4438:Official website
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4300:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4009:Voice of America
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3901:on 30 April 2020
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3645:Globalvoices.org
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3594:. 21 August 2018
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3568:. 9 October 2018
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3014:. 18 August 2013
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2936:. 9 October 2011
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2800:Voice of America
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2776:. 14 August 2010
2766:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2708:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2366:. Archived from
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1825:
1816:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1635:
1593:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1560:
1548:
1339:Matshidiso Moeti
1286:
1283:
1265:
1258:
956:Didier Ratsiraka
897:
788:Cyclone Batsirai
730:and was elected
702:
697:
693:
692:
689:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
657:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
620:
613:
606:
578:
547:Cyclone Batsirai
542:2021-2022 famine
475:Political career
461:
460:
458:
451:
443:
436:
435:
432:
431:
422:
420:Official website
390:
388:
339:
335:
333:
317:Personal details
308:
300:
290:
281:
259:
252:
244:
221:
212:EugĂšne Mangalaza
192:
185:
176:
167:
164:Christian Ntsay
161:
154:
146:
136:
127:
118:
110:
98:
91:16 December 2023
88:
53:
39:
38:
21:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7159:
7158:
7145:
7144:
7131:
7130:
7117:
7116:
7103:
7102:
7089:
7088:
7075:
7074:
7061:
7060:
7049:
7036:
7035:
7022:
7021:
7008:
7007:
6994:
6993:
6980:
6979:
6966:
6965:
6952:
6951:
6938:
6937:
6924:
6923:
6910:
6909:
6896:
6895:
6882:
6881:
6870:
6857:
6856:
6843:
6842:
6829:
6828:
6815:
6814:
6801:
6800:
6787:
6786:
6772:
6771:
6758:
6757:
6744:
6743:
6730:
6729:
6724:Sylvanie Burton
6716:
6715:
6702:
6701:
6688:
6687:
6674:
6673:
6662:
6649:
6648:
6635:
6634:
6619:
6618:
6581:
6580:
6565:
6564:
6551:
6550:
6537:
6536:
6523:
6522:
6505:
6504:
6491:
6490:
6477:
6476:
6463:
6462:
6449:
6448:
6433:
6432:
6419:
6418:
6413:Jakov MilatoviÄ
6405:
6404:
6391:
6390:
6377:
6376:
6371:Gitanas NausÄda
6363:
6362:
6349:
6348:
6333:
6332:
6319:
6318:
6305:
6304:
6291:
6290:
6277:
6276:
6263:
6262:
6249:
6248:
6235:
6234:
6229:Emmanuel Macron
6221:
6220:
6215:Alexander Stubb
6207:
6206:
6193:
6192:
6179:
6178:
6165:
6164:
6159:Zoran MilanoviÄ
6151:
6150:
6137:
6136:
6123:Denis BeÄiroviÄ
6115:
6114:
6101:
6100:
6087:
6086:
6073:
6072:
6059:
6058:
6045:
6044:
6029:
6028:
6017:
6011:Rashad al-Alimi
6003:
6002:
5988:
5987:
5974:
5973:
5960:
5959:
5946:
5945:
5930:
5929:
5924:Bashar al-Assad
5916:
5915:
5902:
5901:
5888:
5887:
5874:
5873:
5868:Bongbong Marcos
5860:
5859:
5844:
5843:
5830:
5829:
5816:
5815:
5802:
5801:
5795:Min Aung Hlaing
5787:
5786:
5773:
5772:
5759:
5758:
5744:
5743:
5730:
5729:
5716:
5715:
5702:
5701:
5688:
5687:
5674:
5673:
5660:
5659:
5646:
5645:
5632:
5631:
5618:
5617:
5604:
5603:
5590:
5589:
5578:
5565:
5564:
5551:
5550:
5545:Yoweri Museveni
5537:
5536:
5523:
5522:
5509:
5508:
5495:
5494:
5480:
5479:
5466:
5465:
5460:Cyril Ramaphosa
5452:
5451:
5438:
5437:
5422:
5421:
5408:
5407:
5394:
5393:
5380:
5379:
5366:
5365:
5350:
5349:
5336:
5335:
5322:
5321:
5307:
5306:
5293:
5292:
5279:
5278:
5265:
5264:
5251:
5250:
5236:
5235:
5222:
5221:
5216:Andry Rajoelina
5208:
5207:
5193:
5192:
5179:
5178:
5165:
5164:
5151:
5150:
5137:
5136:
5122:
5121:
5116:Nana Akufo-Addo
5108:
5107:
5094:
5093:
5079:
5078:
5065:
5064:
5051:
5050:
5037:
5036:
5023:
5022:
5009:
5008:
4995:
4994:
4981:
4980:
4975:Azali Assoumani
4967:
4966:
4953:
4952:
4939:
4938:
4925:
4924:
4911:
4910:
4897:
4896:
4882:
4881:
4868:
4867:
4854:
4853:
4840:
4839:
4826:
4825:
4814:
4809:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4760:
4756:R. Ravalomanana
4721:
4702:
4698:M. Ravalomanana
4663:
4644:
4635:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4544:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:Christian Ntsay
4509:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4480:
4471:
4456:
4434:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4416:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4357:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4335:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4195:. 30 June 2023.
4191:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4164:
4160:
4150:
4148:
4138:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3934:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3904:
3902:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3802:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3782:. 21 April 2020
3774:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3516:. 1 August 2018
3508:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3326:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3162:. 3 June 2009.
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3136:. 19 March 2009
3128:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2962:on 21 July 2012
2954:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2623:. 21 March 2009
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2456:on 3 April 2009
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2424:. 15 March 2009
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2396:. 10 March 2009
2388:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2339:. 11 March 2009
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2287:. 16 March 2009
2279:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1823:
1817:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1750:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1619:Crédit Lyonnais
1603:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:Foreign honours
1541:
1536:
1524:
1496:
1482:
1465:
1452:
1420:food insecurity
1416:
1410:
1382:food insecurity
1374:
1354:Arphine Helisoa
1318:
1308:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1271:needs expansion
1256:
1237:
1229:, October 2018.
1219:
1158:
1122:Nicolas Sarkozy
1099:Eugene Malganza
1059:
1053:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1002:
911:
905:
883:
878:
839:
800:
695:
658:
638:
634:
624:
572:
571:
568:Mialy Rajoelina
563:
556:
528:
525:
518:
504:2010 referendum
480:
477:
470:
457:Andry Rajoelina
456:
454:
453:
452:
449:
447:
418:
409:Iavoloha Palace
392:
389: 2000)
384:
380:
362:Political party
356:
340:
337:
331:
329:
328:
327:
306:
298:
288:
282:
277:
257:
250:
242:
237:
234:
219:
200:
199:
190:
180:
179:
177:
172:
165:
159:
152:
144:
139:Christian Ntsay
134:
128:
123:
116:
108:
102:Christian Ntsay
96:
90:
84:
79:
56:
44:
43:Andry Rajoelina
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7257:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7156:
7142:
7128:
7114:
7100:
7086:
7072:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7044:NicolĂĄs Maduro
7033:
7019:
7005:
6991:
6977:
6963:
6949:
6935:
6921:
6907:
6893:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6854:
6840:
6826:
6812:
6798:
6795:Xiomara Castro
6784:
6769:
6755:
6741:
6727:
6713:
6699:
6685:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6646:
6632:
6616:
6601:Ignazio Cassis
6578:
6562:
6548:
6534:
6520:
6502:
6499:Vladimir Putin
6488:
6485:Klaus Iohannis
6474:
6460:
6446:
6430:
6416:
6402:
6388:
6374:
6360:
6346:
6330:
6316:
6302:
6288:
6274:
6260:
6246:
6232:
6218:
6204:
6190:
6176:
6162:
6148:
6134:
6112:
6098:
6084:
6070:
6056:
6042:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6000:
5985:
5971:
5957:
5954:Emomali Rahmon
5943:
5927:
5913:
5899:
5885:
5871:
5857:
5841:
5827:
5813:
5799:
5784:
5770:
5767:Mohamed Muizzu
5756:
5741:
5727:
5713:
5699:
5685:
5671:
5657:
5643:
5640:Droupadi Murmu
5629:
5615:
5601:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5562:
5548:
5534:
5520:
5506:
5492:
5477:
5463:
5449:
5435:
5431:Muse Bihi Abdi
5419:
5405:
5391:
5377:
5363:
5347:
5333:
5319:
5304:
5301:Nangolo Mbumba
5290:
5276:
5262:
5248:
5233:
5219:
5205:
5190:
5176:
5162:
5148:
5134:
5119:
5105:
5091:
5076:
5062:
5059:Isaias Afwerki
5048:
5034:
5020:
5006:
4992:
4978:
4964:
4950:
4936:
4922:
4908:
4894:
4890:Ibrahim Traoré
4879:
4865:
4851:
4837:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4785:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4729:(2014âpresent)
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4655:
4653:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4598:
4597:
4583:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4537:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4514:
4511:
4502:
4495:Rivo Rakotovao
4493:
4489:
4488:
4476:
4473:
4464:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4432:External links
4430:
4427:
4426:
4395:
4365:
4343:
4321:
4290:
4264:
4238:
4212:
4198:
4184:
4158:
4132:
4100:
4089:on 1 July 2021
4070:
4048:
4022:
3996:
3970:
3944:
3912:
3880:
3848:
3822:
3793:
3767:
3740:
3709:
3683:
3657:
3631:
3605:
3579:
3566:Africanews.com
3553:
3527:
3501:
3474:
3447:
3421:
3394:
3363:
3336:
3309:
3287:
3261:
3234:
3204:
3177:
3147:
3121:
3099:
3077:
3051:
3025:
2999:
2973:
2947:
2921:
2891:
2869:
2843:
2817:
2787:
2758:
2729:
2698:
2675:
2660:
2634:
2608:
2575:
2549:
2527:
2495:
2467:
2435:
2407:
2381:
2350:
2324:
2313:. 9 March 2009
2298:
2272:
2243:
2217:
2187:
2157:
2119:
2088:
2059:
2028:
1997:
1971:
1945:
1918:
1887:
1862:
1804:
1771:
1764:
1737:
1711:
1684:
1655:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1516:2023 elections
1495:
1493:Predator Files
1490:
1481:
1478:
1464:
1461:
1451:
1448:
1412:Main article:
1409:
1406:
1378:climate change
1373:
1370:
1326:Covid-Organics
1307:
1304:
1289:
1288:
1268:
1266:
1255:
1252:
1218:
1215:
1194:Hotel de Ville
1157:
1154:
1130:2013 elections
1103:Prime Minister
1055:Main article:
1052:
1049:
1028:
1025:
1020:Main article:
1017:
1014:
1001:
998:
904:
901:
882:
879:
877:
874:
843:Show Business.
838:
835:
799:
796:
776:misinformation
626:
625:
623:
622:
615:
608:
600:
597:
596:
595:
594:
587:
565:
564:
559:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
537:Covid-Organics
534:
527:
526:
521:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
479:
478:
473:
467:
466:
463:
462:
450:a series about
446:
444:
428:
427:
424:
423:
416:
412:
411:
406:
402:
401:
398:
394:
393:
382:
376:
375:
373:
369:
368:
363:
359:
358:
353:
349:
348:
325:
323:
319:
318:
314:
313:
310:
309:
301:
295:
294:
291:
285:
284:
274:
273:
266:
265:
260:
254:
253:
245:
239:
238:
236:
235:
233:
232:
227:
222:
214:
209:
207:Monja Roindefo
203:
197:
196:
195:
193:
191:Prime Minister
187:
186:
169:
168:
162:
156:
155:
150:Rivo Rakotovao
147:
141:
140:
137:
135:Prime Minister
131:
130:
120:
119:
111:
105:
104:
99:
97:Prime Minister
93:
92:
86:Assumed office
81:
80:
73:
70:
69:
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7256:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7219:Merina people
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7199:Living people
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7168:
7163:
7157:
7154:
7149:
7143:
7140:
7135:
7129:
7126:
7121:
7115:
7112:
7111:Wesley Simina
7107:
7101:
7098:
7093:
7087:
7084:
7083:Taneti Maamau
7079:
7073:
7070:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7045:
7040:
7034:
7031:
7026:
7020:
7017:
7016:Chan Santokhi
7012:
7006:
7003:
7002:Dina Boluarte
6998:
6992:
6989:
6988:Santiago Peña
6984:
6978:
6975:
6970:
6964:
6961:
6956:
6950:
6947:
6946:Gustavo Petro
6942:
6936:
6933:
6932:Gabriel Boric
6928:
6922:
6919:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6900:
6894:
6891:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6875:South America
6873:
6866:
6861:
6855:
6852:
6847:
6841:
6838:
6833:
6827:
6824:
6823:Daniel Ortega
6819:
6813:
6810:
6805:
6799:
6796:
6791:
6785:
6781:
6776:
6770:
6767:
6762:
6756:
6753:
6748:
6742:
6739:
6738:Luis Abinader
6734:
6728:
6725:
6720:
6714:
6711:
6706:
6700:
6697:
6692:
6686:
6683:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:North America
6665:
6658:
6653:
6647:
6644:
6639:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6623:
6617:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6585:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6555:
6549:
6546:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6527:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6509:
6503:
6500:
6495:
6489:
6486:
6481:
6475:
6472:
6467:
6461:
6458:
6453:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6428:
6423:
6417:
6414:
6409:
6403:
6400:
6395:
6389:
6386:
6381:
6375:
6372:
6367:
6361:
6358:
6353:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6337:
6331:
6328:
6323:
6317:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6300:
6295:
6289:
6286:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6267:
6261:
6258:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6211:
6205:
6202:
6197:
6191:
6188:
6183:
6177:
6174:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6132:
6131:Ćœeljko KomĆĄiÄ
6128:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6105:
6099:
6096:
6091:
6085:
6082:
6077:
6071:
6068:
6063:
6057:
6054:
6049:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6038:Aslan Bzhania
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6012:
6007:
6001:
5997:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5950:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5906:
5900:
5897:
5896:Yoon Suk Yeol
5892:
5886:
5883:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5864:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5853:Mahmoud Abbas
5848:
5842:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5825:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5782:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5763:
5757:
5753:
5748:
5742:
5739:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5724:Sadyr Japarov
5720:
5714:
5711:
5706:
5700:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5655:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5636:
5630:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5560:
5555:
5549:
5546:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5527:
5521:
5518:
5513:
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5504:
5499:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5461:
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5450:
5447:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5360:
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5348:
5345:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5283:
5277:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5212:
5206:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5187:Joseph Boakai
5183:
5177:
5174:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4901:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4862:Patrice Talon
4858:
4852:
4849:
4848:João Lourenço
4844:
4838:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4801:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4688:Ratsirahonana
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:Ratsimandrava
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4550:
4545:2023âpresent
4543:
4542:
4531:
4525:
4517:
4508:
4507:
4496:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4414:
4411:(in French).
4410:
4406:
4399:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4353:
4347:
4331:
4325:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4194:
4188:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4058:
4052:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3933:on 5 May 2020
3932:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3869:on 2 May 2020
3868:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3837:. 12 May 2020
3836:
3832:
3826:
3811:
3810:New Scientist
3807:
3800:
3798:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3755:
3754:@SE_Rajoelina
3751:
3744:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3671:
3670:Allafrica.com
3667:
3661:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3297:
3291:
3275:
3274:Zinfos974.com
3271:
3265:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3109:
3103:
3087:
3081:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2879:
2873:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2831:
2830:Economist.com
2827:
2821:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2670:The Economist
2664:
2649:
2648:Bloomberg.com
2645:
2638:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2564:. 3 June 2009
2563:
2562:The Economist
2559:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2047:
2044:(in French).
2043:
2039:
2032:
2016:
2013:(in French).
2012:
2008:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1906:
1903:(in French).
1902:
1898:
1891:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:(in French).
1831:
1830:
1822:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1765:9780226113319
1761:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1673:
1672:Csmonitor.com
1669:
1662:
1660:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1608:Ăcho Australe
1605:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:Guinea Bissau
1574:
1573:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1531:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1347:African Union
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:(MIAR) using
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1300:
1295:
1285:
1282:February 2022
1276:
1272:
1269:This section
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:African Union
1064:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1007:
997:
995:
990:
985:
981:
977:
968:
964:
962:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
910:
900:
898:
896:
895:jeunification
890:
889:
873:
871:
867:
863:
858:
854:
852:
848:
844:
834:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
804:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
691:
632:
621:
616:
614:
609:
607:
602:
601:
599:
598:
593:
592:
588:
586:
585:
581:
580:
579:
577:
570:
569:
562:
558:
557:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
524:
520:
519:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
476:
472:
471:
469:
468:
459:
445:
442:
438:
437:
434:
433:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
407:
403:
399:
395:
379:
374:
370:
367:
364:
360:
354:
350:
347:
343:
338:(age 50)
324:
320:
315:
311:
305:
302:
296:
292:
286:
280:
275:
272:
267:
264:
261:
255:
249:
246:
240:
231:
230:Omer Beriziky
228:
226:
223:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
202:
201:
194:
188:
184:
175:
170:
163:
157:
151:
148:
142:
138:
132:
126:
121:
115:
112:
106:
103:
100:
94:
87:
82:
78:
77:
71:
68:
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
35:
30:
19:
7125:David Adeang
6960:Daniel Noboa
6890:Javier Milei
6752:Nayib Bukele
6682:Sandra Mason
6626:
6605:Albert Rösti
6597:Guy Parmelin
6589:Viola Amherd
6574:Alan Gagloev
6572:
6457:Andrzej Duda
6440:
6342:Vjosa Osmani
6340:
6285:TamĂĄs Sulyok
6095:Ilham Aliyev
6053:Bajram Begaj
6036:
5939:Lai Ching-te
5937:
5851:
5752:Najib Mikati
5696:Isaac Herzog
5668:Ali Khamenei
5429:
5359:Brahim Ghali
5357:
5287:Filipe Nyusi
5244:Assimi GoĂŻta
5215:
5173:William Ruto
5102:Adama Barrow
5087:Brice Oligui
4961:Mahamat DĂ©by
4745:
4716:
4626:Andriamahazo
4548:
4539:
4504:
4483:
4482:
4466:
4459:
4458:
4417:. Retrieved
4408:
4398:
4386:. Retrieved
4377:
4368:
4356:. Retrieved
4346:
4334:. Retrieved
4324:
4312:. Retrieved
4308:mediapart.fr
4307:
4281:. Retrieved
4276:
4267:
4255:. Retrieved
4250:
4241:
4229:. Retrieved
4224:
4215:
4201:
4187:
4175:. Retrieved
4171:
4161:
4149:. Retrieved
4145:
4135:
4123:. Retrieved
4112:
4103:
4091:. Retrieved
4087:the original
4082:
4073:
4061:. Retrieved
4051:
4039:. Retrieved
4035:
4025:
4013:. Retrieved
4008:
3999:
3987:. Retrieved
3985:. 3 May 2020
3982:
3973:
3961:. Retrieved
3956:
3947:
3935:. Retrieved
3931:the original
3924:
3915:
3903:. Retrieved
3899:the original
3892:
3883:
3871:. Retrieved
3867:the original
3860:
3851:
3839:. Retrieved
3834:
3825:
3813:. Retrieved
3809:
3784:. Retrieved
3779:
3770:
3758:. Retrieved
3753:
3743:
3731:. Retrieved
3722:
3712:
3700:. Retrieved
3695:
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3669:
3660:
3648:. Retrieved
3644:
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3617:
3608:
3596:. Retrieved
3591:
3582:
3570:. Retrieved
3565:
3556:
3544:. Retrieved
3540:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3513:
3504:
3492:. Retrieved
3487:
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3460:
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3433:
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3407:
3397:
3385:. Retrieved
3381:the original
3376:
3366:
3354:. Retrieved
3349:
3339:
3327:. Retrieved
3322:
3312:
3300:. Retrieved
3290:
3278:. Retrieved
3273:
3264:
3252:. Retrieved
3248:the original
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3216:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
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5330:Bola Tinubu
4710:(2009â2014)
4671:(1992â2010)
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4336:16 December
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3780:Reuters.com
3756:(in French)
3696:news.un.org
3676:13 December
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3514:Reuters.com
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2230:Lemomnde.fr
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1990:13 December
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5612:Xi Jinping
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4277:LeMonde.fr
4125:9 November
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3038:News24.com
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2170:Al Jazeera
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