Rajput - Knowledge

3551:(62, 63) We have culled from the sociological literature, particularly from Srivinas's analysis of Sanskritization, the key differences between the two modes of upward mobility, Sanskritization and Rajputization. Despite the excellent fieldwork on Rajputization by Sinha (1962) and Kulke (1976), there is no clear theoretical definition of the key features of Rajputization, and its differences and similarities to Sanskritization. We argue that theorizing is as important as fieldwork, principally because of the colonial misreading of the term Rajput and its relation to Rajput history and to Rajputization. As a corrective we demarcate the distinction between Sanskritization and Rajputization in terms of attributional criteria - which denotes a code of living, dietary prohibition, modes of worship-and social interactional criteria, which signify the rules of marriage, rules pertaining to women, and modes of power. The attributional criteria for Sanskritization are vegetarianism, prohibition against beef eating, teetotalism, and wearing the sacred thread; the attributional criteria for Rajputized men consists of meat-eating, imbibing alcohol and opium, and the wearing of the sword; the attributional criteria for Rajputized women are seclusion through purdah or the veil and elaborate rules for women's mobility within the village. The religious code for Sanskritization is a belief in the doctrine of karma, dharma, rebirth and moksha and the Sradda ceremony for male ancestors. Conversely, the religious code for Rajputization consists of the worship of Mahadeo and Sakto and the Patronage of Brahmins through personal family priests (historically the Rajputized rulers gave land grants to Brahmins) and the priestly supervision of rites of passage. The social interactional criteria for Sanskritization is claiming the right to all priestly intellectual and cultural vocations, patronage from the dominant political power, and prohibition against widow remarriage. The interactional criteria for Rajputization consists of claiming the right to all military and political occupations, the right to govern, the right to aggrandize lands through wars, sanctioned aggressive behavior, the adoption of the code for violence, compiling clan genealogies and the right to coercively police the interactions between castes. 3622:

as horsemen. It may not be again ignored that the Pratiharas, one of the clansmen of the Rajputs of early medieval period felt pride to bear the title of hayapati, "the lord of horses". The term rajput is derived from Sanskrit root rajputra (son of the king). Prakrit forms of the term rajputra are variously known as rawat, rauta, raul and rawal. A transformation in connotation of the term is noticeable from 7th century CE onwards as it began to be used in literary texts in the sense of a landowner rather than "son of the king". In the Harshacharita of Banabhatta (7th century CE) the term has been used in the sense of a noble or landowning chief. In Kadambari also it is used for persons of noble descent who were appointed by the king as local rulers. In the capacity of local rulers they might have naturally governed a large portion of land under them and, thus, played an active role in political and administrative system of the state. The term began to be more commonly used from 12th century onwards. In Rajatarangini the term rajputra is used in the sense of a landowner, acclaiming birth from 36 clans of the Rajputs. The reference of 36 clans and their clan structure clearly denotes their existence by 12th century CE. The 12th century Aparajitprachha of Bhatta Bhuvanadeva, which describes the composition of a typical feudal order, refers to rajaputras as constituting a fairly large section of kings holding estates, each one of them constituting one or more villages

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had once been. As people, who created and preserved the genealogies, local bards therefore played critical roles in brokering for their clients socio-cultural transitions to a claimed Rajput status. A similar thing was happening in the Thar desert region, where from the fourteenth century onwards mobile pastoral groups gradually evolved into landed, sedentary and agrarian clans. Once again, it was bards and poets, patronized by little kings, who transformed a clan's ancestors from celebrated cattle-herders or cattle-rustlers to celebrated protectors of cattle-herding communities. The difference was subtle but critical, since such revised narratives retained an echo of a pastoral nomadic past while repositioning a clan's dynastic founder from pastoralist to non-pastoralist. The term 'Rajput', in short, had become a prestigious title available for adoption by upwardly mobile clan in the process of becoming sedentary. By one mechanism or another, a process of 'Rajputization' occurred in new states that emerged from the turmoil following Timur's invasion in 1398, especially in Gujarat, Malwa and Rajasthan.

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earlierIn both the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, Mughal armies fought bloody battles in this strategic frontier region, and through a mixture of force and coalition, its kingdoms were loosely absorbed into loosely textured Mughal political order. At this time, these armed elites had strong memories of the earlier clan chiefs who had made their mark in turbulent times by adopting known marks of lordship and exalted desent.Yet the varna archetype of the Kshatriya-like man of prowess did become a key reference point for rulers and their subjects under the Mughals and their immediate successors. The chiefs and warriors whom the Mughals came to honor as Rajput lords in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries may not even have been descendants of Rajasthan's earlier pre-Mughal elites. What mattered instead was that for both these titles and the markers of refined faith and social life which accompanied them, spoke in recognizable terms of exalted blood and ancestry.

3141:, p. 141:...individuals or groups with which the word was associated were generally considered to owe their origin to miscegenation or varna-samkara ("the mixing of castes") and were thus inferior in rank to Ksatriyas. What I perceive from the above data is a rather widespread change in the subjective perception and the attribution of rank to groups and individuals who emerged in Rajasthan and North India as local chiefs and rulers in the period after the muslim invasions(extending roughly from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries). These groups were no longer considered kshatriyas and though they filled roles previously held by kshatriyas and were attributed similar functions of sustaining society and upholding the moral order, they were either groups whose original integrity were seen to have been altered or who had emerged from the lower ranks of the caste system. This change is supported by material from the Rajput chronicles themselves. 3054:

from the main body of their tribe and claim Rajput origin. They not only adopted symbols and practices supposedly representative of the true Kshatriya, but also constructed genealogies that linked them to the primordial and legendary solar and lunar dynasties of kings. Further, it was pointed out that the caste of genealogists and mythographers variously known as Carans, Bhats, Vahivanca Barots, etc., prevalent in Gujarat, Rajasthan and other parts of north India actively provided their patron rulers with genealogies that linked local clans of these chiefs with regional clans and with the Kshatriyas of the Puranas and Mahabharata. Once a ruling group succeeded in establishing its claim to Rajput status, there followed a 'secondary Rajputization' when the tribes tried to 're-associate' with their formal tribal chiefs who had also transformed themselves into Hindu rajas and Rajput Kshatriyas.

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for battle because of their sedentary lifestyles. However, the martial races were also considered politically subservient, intellectually inferior, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large military formations. The British had a policy of recruiting the martial Indians from those who has less access to education as they were easier to control. According to modern historian Jeffrey Greenhunt on military history, "The Martial Race theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward". According to Amiya Samanta, the martial race was chosen from people of mercenary spirit (a soldier who fights for any group or country that will pay him/her), as these groups lacked nationalism as a trait.

3709:, p. 181–182: "The Rajputs of Rajasthan are not over-concerned either over the date or period when the term ‘Rajput’ entered common usage. However, epigraphical and literary evidence would indicate that it was probably sometime during the c.twelfth-thirteenth centuries AD period that the usage of terms like Rajputra, Kshatriya, Rautt and similar words denoting connections with kingship, and Rajput became established as more or less synonymous words....In Kalhana’s Rajtarangini (VII.390) the word rajaputra is used in the sense of a landowner, but if it is read with VII, vv. 1617 and 1618 of the same book it would be clear that they acclaimed their birth from the 36 clans of the Rajputs. That would lead us to believe that by the beginning of the 12th century AD these clans had already come into existence” 3473:, p. 16: Eventually, kinship and marriage restrictions defined this Rajput group as different from other elements in the society of Rajasthan. The hypergamous marriage pattern typical of Rajputs tacitly acknowledged that it was a somewhat open caste category; by successful service in a state army and translating this service into grants and power at the local level, a family might become Rajput. The process required changes in dress, eating patterns, the patronage of local shrines closer to the "great tradition", and an end to widow remarriage. A hypergamous marriage with an acknowledged (but possibly impoverished) Rajput family would follow and with continued success in service the family would indeed become Rajput. All this is well documented in relations between Rajputs and tribals... 2759:

factors, such as the position of the dominant peasant and land-owning classes, political power and production system in the process of caste mobility of groups. Srinivas further surmises that the varna model became more popular during British rule. Thus, growing caste rigidity was an indirect effect of British rule. The rise of Rajputs is a classic model of varna mobility in the earlier period. There is a good deal of discussion regarding the origin of Rajputs - whether they were Kshatriyas of they were drawn from other categories in the population including indigenous tribes. Modern historians are more or less agreed that the Rajputs consisted of miscellaneous groups including Shudra and tribals. Some were Brahmans who took to warfare, and some were from Tribes- indigenous of foreign.

642:. Thus, the Rajput identity is not the result of a shared ancestry. Rather, it emerged when different social groups of medieval India sought to legitimise their newly acquired political power by claiming Kshatriya status. These groups started identifying as Rajput at different times, in different ways. Thus, modern scholars summarise that Rajputs were a "group of open status" since the eighth century, mostly illiterate warriors who claimed to be reincarnates of ancient Indian Kshatriyas – a claim that had no historical basis. Moreover, this unfounded Kshatriya status claim showed a sharp contrast to the classical varna of Kshatriyas as depicted in Hindu literature in which Kshatriyas are depicted as an educated and urbanite clan. Historian 4074:

political inclusion into the empire. Prior to the Mughals, the term 'Rajput' was equally an open-ended, generic name applied to any '"horse soldier", "trooper", or "headman of a village"' regardless of parentage, who achieved his status through his personal ability to establish a wide network of supporters through his bhaibandh (lit. 'ie or bond of brothers'; that is, close collateral relations by male blood) or by means of naukari (military service to a more powerful overlord) and sagai (alliance through marriage). Thus the language of kinship remained nonetheless strong in this alternative construction of Rajput identity but collateral and affinal bonds were stressed rather than those of descent. During the sixteenth and seventeenth cen-

3165:, p. 54:The Indian historian K. R. Qanungo has pointed out that in " the middle ages ' Rajput ' ordinarily meant a trooper in the service of a chief or a free-lance captain(1960,98); and Dirk Kolff(1990), following both Quango and D.C.Sircar has surely settled the matter with his argument that many Rajput clans came out of pastoralist bands which achieved some degree of landed status in the first half of the second millennium, forming "largely open status groups of clans, lineages, or even families and individuals who achieved statuses as 'horse soldier', 'trooper' or 'headman of village', and pretended to be connected with the family of some king, it became a generic name for this military and landed class(p 71-72) 6855:, p. 99 (Para 3): "...Rajput did not originally indicate a hereditary status but rather an occupational one: that is, it was used in reference to men from diverse ethnic and geographical backgrounds, who fought on horseback. In Rajasthan and its vicinity, the word Rajput came to have a more restricted and aristocratic meaning, as exclusive networks of warriors related by patrilineal descent and intermarriage became dominant in the fifteenth century. The Rajputs of Rajasthan eventually refused to acknowledge the Rajput identity of the warriors who lived farther to the east and retained the fluid and inclusive nature of their communities far longer than did the warriors of Rajasthan." 3074:...from gradual transformation of mobile patoral and tribal groups into landed sedentary ones. The process of settlement involved both control over mobile resources through raids, battles and trade as well as channelizing of these resources into agrarian expansion. Kinship structures as well as marital and martial alliances were instrumental in this transformation.In the colonial ethnographic accounts rather than referring to Rajputs as having emerged from other communities, Bhils, Mers, Minas, Gujars, Jats, Raikas, all lay a claim to a Rajput past from where they claim to have 'fallen'. Historical processes, however, suggest just the opposite. 3870:

between Rajputs that involved cattle raids. Also, a close reading of the lore regarding Rajput folk deities like Pabuji, Mallinath, Gogaji and Ramdeo, who are viewed as protectors of cattle herding communities actually indicates the intense struggle for control over cattle and pasturelands that Rajputs were engaged in. Rajputs extended patronage to Brahmins and Bardic communities like Bhats and Charans who composed detailed genealogies linking Rajput clans to older kshatriya lineages as well as celestial sources, which not only legitimised their claims to aristocracy but also distanced them from their tribal pastoral origins.

2788:, p. 140: "Regarding the initial stages of this history and the origin of the Rajput feudal elite, modern research shows that its claims to direct blood links with epic heroes and ancient kshatriyas in general has no historic substantiation. No adequate number of the successors of these epically acclaimed warriors could have been available by the period of seventh-eights centuries AD when the first references to the Rajput clans and their chieftains were made. almost all Rajput clans originated from the semi-nomadic pastoralists of the Indian north and north-west." 1371: 1954: 1228: 1318:, which had been abolished by Akbar. However, despite imposition of Jaziya Aurangzeb's army had a high proportion of Rajput officers in the upper ranks of the imperial army and they were all exempted from paying Jaziya. He had banned all Hindus from carrying weapons and riding horses but exempted the Rajputs. The Rajputs then revolted against the Mughal empire. Aurangzeb's conflicts with them, which commenced in the early 1680s, henceforth became a contributing factor towards the downfall of the Mughal empire. 3018:

of political power it 'signifies a highly mobile social process of claiming military-political power and the right to cultivate land as well as the right to rule. Rajputization is unparalleled in traditional Indian society for its inventiveness in ideologies of legitimation and self-invention. This was a claim that was used by persons of all castes all over north India ranging from peasants and lower-caste Sudras to warriors and tribal chiefs and even the local raja who had recently converted to Islam.

2339: 4347:"In north India, the dominant features of the period between 7th and 12th centuries have been identified as the growing weakness of state; the growth of the power of local landed elites and their decentralising authority by acquiring greater administrative, economic and political roles; the decline of towns, the setback to trades, especially long distance trade and the alientation of land to the brahmans in larger proportions then ever before. The period is also noted for the rise of the Rajputs 1915: 839:) sought to legitimise the Rajput socio-political status on the basis of descent and kinship. They fabricated genealogies linking the Rajput families to the ancient dynasties, and associated them with myths of origins that established their Kshatriya status. This led to the emergence of what Indologist Dirk Kolff calls the "Rajput Great Tradition", which accepted only hereditary claims to the Rajput identity, and fostered a notion of eliteness and exclusivity. The legendary epic poem 907: 1465:, who was in charge of the Rajput states broke the promise to not interfere as in his view interferences would save the states from "ruin". In 1820, the British removed him from his position and replaced him with Charles Metcalfe. For several decades, "non-interference" in internal affairs remained the official policy. However, according to the historian Lynn Zastoupil, the "British never found it possible or desirable to completely withdraw from interference in Rajput affairs". 3547:

the member of a community with traditions of military labor, any of these men could Rajputize themselves and their families by adopting the lifestyle traditionally recognized as Rajput. These aspirants deployed Brahmins to compose a genealogy that would retrospectively endow the aspirant’s lineage with ritual purity. These social processes get repeated continually and mirrored by communities all over north India that Rajputize themselves to make a bid for political power.

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illiterate warriors who wished to consider themselves as the reincarnates of the ancient Indian Kshatriyas. The claim of Kshatriyas was, of course, historically completely unfounded. The Rajputs as well as other autochthonous Indian gentry groups who claimed Kshatriya status by way of putative Rajput descent, differed widely from the classical varna of Kshatriyas which, as depicted in literature, was made of aristocratic, urbanite and educated clans...

1506:, although there were some revolts in the soldiers commanded by British officers the "Rajpur durbar muskeeters and feudal cavalrymen" did not participate in the 1857 revolt at all. But Crispin Bates is of the opinion that Rajput officers had soft corner for the rebels of 1857 fleeing Delhi who were entering into interior areas of then Rajasthan region. He gives examples of rebels who easily found safe havens in villages of Chittor without arrests. 2158:"Let every Rajput be thoroughly convinced that he will go to jail for ten years for every infant girl he murders, with as much certainty as he would feel about being hanged if he were to kill her when grown up, and the crime will be stamped out very effectually; but so long as the Government show any hesitation in dealing rigorously with criminals, so long will the Rajpoot think he has chance of impunity and will go on killing girls like before." 5621:

courtiers: 'Naked rustics, whose fathers and brothers were with their own hands guiding the plow . . . , rode about as Asaf ud-daula's orderlies. In other words, the Rajputs of Awadh, who along with brahmans constituted the main beneficiaries of what historian Richard Barnett characterizes as "Asaf's permissive program of social mobility," were not willing to let that mobility reach beyond certain arbitrary sociocultural boundaries.

3542:, p. 59-62(59)In our view Rajputization refers neither to a caste nor a race, instead it signifies a highly mobile social process of claiming military-political power and the right tocultivable land as well as the right to rule. Rajputization is unparalleled in traditional Indian society for its inventiveness in ideologies of legitimation and self-invention. The fabrication of a Rajput genealogy in the process of climbing from 2297:

exchange for money or they ended up becoming dancing girls. The scarcity of available brides due to female infanticide led to the kidnapping of low caste women who were sold for marriage to the higher clan Rajputs. Since these "sales" were genuinely for the purpose of marriage, they were considered legal. The lower clans also faced scarcity of brides in which case they married women such as those from Gujar and Jat communities.

2171:"Bridewealth" is discussed in north Indian Rajputs of 19th century India by the historian Malavika Kasturi. She states that Rajputs belonging to social groups where their women worked in the fields received Bridewealth from the groom's family. She adds that evidence shows that the assumption made by officials of the time that female infanticide among clans was a result of poverty and inability to pay dowry is incorrect. 2163:

1889, the proportion of girl children rose to 40%. However, the act was abolished in 1912 as punishments were unable to stop infanticide. A historian concludes that "the act, which only scraped the surface of the problem had been unable to civilize or bring about a social change in a cultural world devaluing girl children". In addition to Rajputs, it was observed that Jats and Ahirs also practised infanticide.

2065:. 40,000 Rajputs gathered on the street of Jaipur in October 1987 for supporting her Sati. A pamphlet circulated on that day attacked independent and westernised women who opposed a woman's duty of worshipping her husband as demonstrated by the practice of Sati. This incident again affirmed the low status of women in the Rajput community and the leaders of this pro-sati movement gained in political terms. 1484:, a British colonial official, was impressed by the military qualities of the Rajputs but is today considered to have been unusually enamoured of them. Although the group venerate him to this day, he is viewed by many historians since the late nineteenth century as being a not particularly reliable commentator. Jason Freitag, his only significant biographer, has said that Tod is "manifestly biased". 1733:) and its neighbouring areas, the word Rajput came to be restricted to certain specific clans, based on patrilineal descent and intermarriages. On the other hand, the Rajput communities living in the region to the east of Rajasthan had a fluid and inclusive nature. The Rajputs of Rajasthan eventually refused to acknowledge the Rajput identity claimed by their eastern counterparts, such as the 1633:

Rajputs were only next to Brahmins in the ritual hierarchy and also gave the secular elite of the state. According to him, the community controlled most of the best agricultural land in the region and this also helped the Rajput Taluqdars who were usually the head of the local Rajput clan to gather support over non-Rajput rival in the electoral politics of the state.

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the functions that had formerly belonged to the Kshatriya, assuming their social and economic position and substituting them as the new warrior class. Ancient illiterate merceneries, the Rajput did not represent a threat to the Brahmininc monopoly and were more inclined to accept the Brahmans' superiority, thus contributing to the so called Hindu restoration.

1574:. Rowe states that at a historic meeting of the caste in 1936, every child in this Noniya section "knew" about their "Rajput heritage". Similarly, Donald Attwood and Baviskar give and example of a caste of shepherds who were formerly Shudras changed their status to Rajput in the Raj era and started wearing the Sacred thread. They are now known as 1269:

wives in Akbar's household and Hindu Rajputs as well as non-Rajput Hindus in his administration to the religious and political policy followed by him towards non-Muslims which included ending the prohibition on the construction of new temples of non -Muslim faiths like Hindu, Jain etc. In 1564 AD, Akbar had also stopped collection of

664:, for example. Such a marriage between someone from a tribal family, and a member of an acknowledged - but possibly poor - Rajput family, would ultimately enable the non-Rajput family to rise to Rajput status. This marriage pattern supports the fact that Rajput was an "open caste category", available to those who served the Mughals. 2878:...and it is very probable that the other fire-born Rajput clans like the Caulukyas, Paramaras, Cahamanas, as well as the Tomaras and others who in the eighth and ninth centuries were subordinate to the Gurjara-Pratiharas, were of similar pastoral origin, that is, that they originally belonged to the mobile, nomadic groups... 4526:'It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led Muhmmad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of first Muslim sultante' 6177:

Thakurs owned the largest share of the land in most of the districts in Uttar Pradesh; in Oudh, Rajputs were the most prominent talukdars and owned more than 50 percent of the land in most districts. Rajputs and Thakurs are associated with traditional Kshatriya class, the ruling class in the classical Hindu order.

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though poorly of the native troops as a body. Many regarded such troops as childish and simple. The British, claims, David Omissi, believe martial Indians to be stupid. Certainly, the policy of recruiting among those without access to much education gave the British more semblance of control over their recruits.

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Ironically, the Rajput constituency of Awadh itself composed a "group of newcomers to the court, who had been peasant soldiers only a few years before. They were called, half sarcastically, the 'Tilangi Rajas' 'trooper rajas'—the people described by the shocked Muhammad Faiz Baksh as the new Nawab's

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An attack was launched on the Rajput kingdoms controlling the watershed and the western Ganges plain, now beginning to be viewed as the frontier. The Rajputs gathered together as best as they could not forgetting internal rivalries and jealousies. Prithviraja defeated Muhmmad Ghori at First battle of

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The period between the seventh and the twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which came to constitute a social-political category known as 'Rajput'. Some of the major lineages were the Pratiharas of Rajasthan,

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Unlike the popular perception, even Rajputs remained engaged with nomadic pastorialism, animal husbandry and cattle trade till much later than it is assumed. Munhata Nainsini in his seventeenth century chronicles, Munhata Nainsi ri Khyat and Marwar ra Paraganan ri Vigat refers to a number of disputes

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Rāuta in these inscriptions are clearly ranked beneath the ranakas, and they are obviously more numerous. In the Mahoba Fort inscription (actually from Kasrak near Badaun), in an entry of 1234, the rautas are spoken off as a jati or caste. Rāuta is actually the Prakrit form of Rajaputra (modern Hindi

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Infanticide has unintended consequences. The Rajput clans of lower ritual status married their daughters to Rajput men of higher ritual status who had lost females due to infanticide. Thus, the Rajputs of lower ritual status had to remain unmarried or resorted to other practices like marrying widows,

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in the period of the British Raj. This was a designation created by administrators that classified each ethnic group as either "martial" or "non-martial": a "martial race" was typically considered brave and well built for fighting, whilst the remainder were those whom the British believed to be unfit

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Banners and Devices - Rajputs had slogans like 'Jai Mataji', 'Rann banka Rathor' and so on painted on their shields. Jagirdars carried their own flags; this served the same purpose as in ancient and ease of deployment for battle. The ruler's banners and flags were carried on elephants, camels and on

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Another example of castes' successful efforts to raise their sacred status to twice-born are the Sagar Rajputs of Poona district. Previously they were considered to be Dhangars—shepherds by occupation and Shudras by traditional varna. However, when their economic strength increased and they began to

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When the rank of persons was in theory rigorously ascribed according to the purity of the birth-group, the political units of India were probably ruled most often by men of very low birth. This generalization applies to south indian warriors and may be equally applicable for many clans of Rajputs in

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Rajputization discussed processes through which 'equalitarian, primitive, clan based tribal organization' adjusted itself to the centralized hierarchic, territorial oriented political developments in the course of state formation. This led a 'narrow lineage of single families' to disassociate itself

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In their recent work on female infanticide, Bhatnagar, Dube and Bube(2005) distinguish between Rajputization and Sanksritization. Using M.N.Srinivas' and Milton Singer's approach to social mobility as idioms they identify Rajputization as one of the most dynamic modes of upward mobility. As an idiom

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The Lingayats, the Gujjars and the Rajputs are three other important castes which belong to the intermediate category. The lingayats who hail from north Karnataka are found primarily in south Maharashtra and Marthwada while Gujjars and Rajputs who migrated centuries ago from north India have settled

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The male children of such unions were identified by their father's names and in some cases as 'dhaibhai'(foster-brothers) and incorporated into the household. Examples are given where they helped their step-brothers in war campaigns. The female children of concubines and slaves married Rajput men in

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were used for males. The "courtly chronicles" say that women who were perceived to be of "higher social rank" were assigned to the "harems of their conquerors with or without marriage". The chronicles from the Rajput courts have recorded that women from Rajput community had also faced such treatment

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Historically, members from the Rajput ruling clans of Rajasthan have also practised polygamy and also took many women they enslaved as concubines from the battles which they won. During numerous armed conflicts in India, women were taken captives, enslaved and even sold, for example, the capture and

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If not, these children became dancing girls or were sold off to other Rajputs as wives.Female infanticide had unintended consequences. The scarcity of girls in many clans of higher status led to the kidnapping of women of lower castes, who were sold to high ranking clans for matrimonial purposes.In

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Despite the widespread unacceptability of alcoholic beverages as offerings to high gods in India (Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi, 1977a : 365-66), when Rajputs 'open a bottle of whiskey, they often tip a little on the ground in an offering to the mother goddess before they drink. They say "Jai Mata-ji"

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and other local government institutions. The mere existence of such a large group of influential caste fellows scattered throughout the countryside gives the taluqdar a substantial advantage over a non-Rajput rival in gathering electoral support. But the taluqdar is usually more than just a Rajput;

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The bulk of the taluqdars, including almost all the Hindu holders of moderate to large estates, are of the Rajput caste. A ritually high caste, second only to the Brahmins, Rajputs have traditionally provided the secular elite of the province. Not only as large Landlords, but as petty zamindars and

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By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput (from Rajaputra-sons of kings): they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise farm labour as farming was literally beneath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In the ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas

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The appearance of rajputras as mercenary soldiers is proved as early as 7th century CE from the reference in Bakshali manuscript found in the North-West Frontier Province and subsequently from the Chachnama in Sindh in 8th century CE. In all bardic traditions of this period the Rajputs are depicted

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Paid employment in military service as Dirk H. A. Kolff has recently demonstrated, was an important means of livelihood for the peasants of certain areas of late medieval north India... In earlier centuries, says Kolff, "Rajput" was a more ascriptive term, referring to all kinds of Hindus who lived

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Of note, the mistreatment or enslavement of women was not unique to Rajputs. Datta notes Bachanan's observation in 18th century northern-India that, other than the Rajputs, Khatris and Kayasthas also "openly kept women slaves of any pure tribe". The offsprings of these women formed one matrimonial

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to the present day (1899). They have taken part in almost every campaign undertaken by the Indian armies. Under Forde they defeated the French at Condore. Under Monro at Buxar they routed the forces of the Nawab of Oudh. Under Lake they took part in the brilliant series of victories which destroyed

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discuss disputes between Rajputs pertaining to cattle raids. In addition, Folk deities of the Rajputs – Pabuji, Mallinath, Gogaji and Ramdeo were considered protectors of cattle herding communities. They also imply struggle among Rajputs for domination over cattle and pasturelands. The emergence of

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was associated with fortified settlements, kin-based landholding, and other features that later became indicative of the Rajput status. According to him, the title acquired "an element of heredity" from c. 1300. A study of 11th–14th century inscriptions from western and central India, by Michael B.

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The Saturday review had made much the same argument a few years earlier in relation to the armies raised by Indian rulers in princely states. They lacked competent leadership and were uneven in quality. Commander in chief Roberts, one of the most enthusiastic proponents of the martial race theory,

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The conquest of Malwa and Chanderi was a prelude to the conquest of Marwar where Maldeo had ascended the gaddi in 1531. He had steadily augmented his power till it comprised almost the whole of western and eastern Rajasthan including Sambhal and Narnaul in Shekhawati. His armies were also said to

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As Dirk Kolff has argued, it was privileged, if not initially inspired, only in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by Mughal perceptions of Rajputs which, in a pre-form of orientalism, took patrilineal descent as the basis for Rajput social Organization and consequently as the basis for their

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is encyclopaedic in character. The noises and sounds of the city through playing of all kinds of musical instruments, singing of ballads and songs, the shouts of the people, and all kinds of seemly and unseemly acts which would come to one's own sight in a city with its motley crowd are mentioned.

3546:

to king does not constitute an isolated historical event in the early medieval period. In nineteenth-century India, the village landlord, the Brahmin priest, the tribal chieftain, the local Raja who has recently converted from Islam, the newly wealthy lower caste Sudra, the professional soldier or

3427:

Weber however explained this downgrading of their status by the fact that they represented a threat to the cultural and intellectual monopoly of the Brahmans, as they were also extremely cultured and educated in the art of administration. In about the eight century the Rajput thus began to perform

2898:

In Gujarat, as in Rajasthan, genealogy proved essential for making such claims. To this end, local bards composed ballads or chronicles that presented their patrons as idea warriors who protected Brahmins, cows and vassals, as opposed to the livestock herding chieftains that they actually were, or

2162:

However, the practical application of the law faced hurdles. It was difficult to prove culpability as in some cases the Rajput men were employed at a distance although the infants could be killed at their connivance. In most cases, Rajput men were imprisoned only for a short time. Between 1888 and

922:

were disparate: loyalty to a clan was more important than allegiance to the wider Rajput social grouping, meaning that one clan would fight another. This and the internecine jostling for position that took place when a clan leader (raja) died meant that Rajput politics were fluid and prevented the

825:

B.D Chattopadhyaya opines that during its formative stages, the Rajput class was quite assimilative and absorbed people from a wide range of lineages. However, by the late 16th century, it had become genealogically rigid, based on the ideas of blood purity, Dirk Kolff writes. The membership of the

7994:

Buchanan writes that in northern India, the Rajputs, Khatris and Kayasthas openly kept women slaves of any pure tribe, and the children through such women were classed in one matrimonial group . Rich Muslim families in Bihar maintained large number of male slaves called Nufurs and female slaves

3901:

What at first sight might seem to be a change of religion, is often a device to register either recruitment or professional success whether military or otherwise. Very often the Rajput to Afghan change — and, one may add, the peasant to Rajput change — was a similar kind of affair, indicating the

542:

and the bravery of the Rajputs. However, Hiltebeitel says that such "affinities do not point to an unbroken continuity between an ancient epic period" in the Vedic period (3500 BCE - 3000 BCE according to Vaidya) and the "great Rajput tradition" that started in sixteenth-century Rajasthan instead

1632:

formed the major Taluqdars and had controlled over 50 percent of the land in the most districts of the region. Historian Thomas R. Metcalf explains that in the province of Uttar Pradesh, majority of the Taluqdars with moderate to large estates were composed of Rajput caste. He also mentions that

1268:

states that the bards and poets patronized by the Rajput rulers who served Akbar raised Akbar to a "semi-divine" status and gives an example of Akbar being projected as a "divine master" in the "Hindu cosmic order". The writer also finds correlation between the increasing numbers of Hindu Rajput

278:

Over time, the Rajputs emerged as a social class comprising people from a variety of ethnic and geographical backgrounds. From 12th to 16th centuries, the membership of this class became largely hereditary, although new claims to Rajput status continued to be made in the later centuries. Several

6176:

The agricultural castes must be further subdivided into the traditional landowning castes, the cultivating castes, and the castes which provide field laborers. Among the traditional landowning castes, the Thakurs and Rajputs are by far the most important. Before zamindari abolition, Rajputs and

4218:

When Harsha shifted the centre of north Indian history to Kanauj in midst of Ganga-Yamuna Doab the tribes living to the west of this new centre also became more important for further courses of Indian history They were first and foremost the Rajputs who now emerged into the limelight of Indian

2758:

M.N.Srinivas who had used the word "Sanskritization" to denote this process, now accepts accepts that he put too much emphasis originally on the movement of groups towards the varna status of Brahmans. Both Srinivas and B.Stein now emphasize not merely the process of Sanskritization, but other

2288:

communities of that region. These castes of Marwar claimed Rajput descent based on the "census data of Marwar, 1861". However, the research by modern scholars on the forms of "slavery and servitude" imposed by ruling clans of Rajasthan's Rajputs between the 16th and early–19th centuries on the

2043:

By the late 19th century, there was a shift of focus among Rajputs from politics to a concern with kinship. Many Rajputs of Rajasthan are nostalgic about their past and keenly conscious of their genealogy, emphasising a Rajput ethos that is martial in spirit, with a fierce pride in lineage and

1378:

In the late eighteenth century, despite the request from two Rajput rulers for British support, the British East India company initially refused to support the Rajput states in Rajputana region as they had the policy of non-interference and considered the Rajput states to be weak. In the early

1362:, the Rajput constituency of Asaf's court caused stiff opposition to the move despite the fact that the Rajputs themselves were newcomers to the court and were peasant-soldiers a few year before. Rajputs of Awadh along with Brahmins also formed the major groups who gained during Asaf's regime. 1153:

forming their own chieftaincies. These minor Rajput kingdoms were dotted all over the Gangetic plains in modern-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. During this process, petty clashes occurred with the local population and in some cases, alliances were formed. Among these Rajput chieftaincies were the

4180:

In the arid hill country what is now Rajasthan, located southwest to the Mughal original strongholds in gangetic plain, powerful lords had been calling themselves as Rajputs, a title derived from the Sanskrit (rajaputra, king's son), as far back as thirteenth century AD and possibly very much

4104:

Confronting the Ghurid ruler now were a number of major Hindu powers, for which the designation 'Rajput' (not encountered in the Muslim sources before the sixteenth century) is a well-established anachronism. Chief among them was the Chahamana (Chawhan) kingdom of Shakambhari (Sambhar), which

3341:

In short, a process of development occurred which after several centuries culminated in the formation of new groups with the identity of 'Rajputs'. The predecessors of the Rajputs, from about the eighth century, rose to politico-military prominence as an open status group or estate of largely

3114:

The term 'Rajput' before the fifteenth century meant 'horse soldier', 'trooper', 'headman of a village' or 'subordinate chief'. Moreover, individuals with whom the word was associated were generally considered to be products of varna–samkara of mixed caste origin, and thus inferior in rank to

1412:

and Muhammad Shah Khan and that the Rajput rulers made multiple petitions to him requesting British protection. Moreover, the Rajput rulers had argued that "British had replaced the Mughal Empire as the supreme power of India and therefore had the responsibility to protect weaker states from

2061:(burning a widow alive) in Rajasthan from 1943 to 1987. According to an Indian scholar, there are 28 cases since 1947. Although the widows were from several different communities, Rajput widows accounted for 19 cases in Rajasthan. The most famous of these cases is of a Rajput woman named 671:" could employ Brahmins to retrospectively fabricate a genealogy and within a couple of generations they would gain acceptance as Hindu Rajputs. This process would get mirrored by communities in north India. This process of origin of the Rajput community resulted in hypergamy as well as 830:, whose rulers had great interest in genealogy. As the various Rajput chiefs became Mughal feudatories, they no longer engaged in major conflicts with each other. This decreased the possibility of achieving prestige through military action, and made hereditary prestige more important. 7233:

Dr . Jeffrey Greenhunt has observed that " The Martial Race Theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward. Besides their mercenary spirit was primarily due to their lack of

2076:

was practised by Rajputs of low ritual status trying upward mobility as well as Rajputs of high ritual status. But there were instances where it was not practised and instances where the mother tried to save the infant girl's life. According to the officials in the early Raj era, in

4452:, p. 208 "The Rajputs repelled Arabs from "Stravani and Valla", probably the area North of Jaisalmer and Jodhpur, and the invasion of Malwa but were ultimately defeated by Bappa Rawal and Nagabhata I in 725 AD near Ujjain. Arab rule was restricted to the west of Thar desert." 1673:

Rajput politics refers to the role played by the Rajput community in the electoral politics of India. In states such as Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttrakhand, Jammu, Himachal Pradesh, and Gujarat, the large populations of Rajputs gives them a decisive role.

1246:

and served them in different capacities. It was due to the support of the Rajputs that Akbar was able to lay the foundations of the Mughal empire in India. Some Rajput nobles gave away their daughters in marriage to Mughal emperors and princes for political motives. For example,

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northern India. The capacity of both ancient and medieval Indian society to ascribe to its actual rulers, frequently men of low social origins, a "clean" or "Kshatriya" rank may afford one of the explanations for the durability and longevity of the unique civilization of India.

5894:

This suggests that those who fled Delhi had taken asylum in the villages of Chittor, implying that Rajput officers had sympathy with the rebels, otherwise they could have been arrested at the entry point into Rajasthan. However, they travelled safely through Rajasthan, up to

591:("mixed caste origin") and inferior to Kshatriya. Over time, the term "Rajput" came to denote a hereditary political status, which was not necessarily very high: the term could denote a wide range of rank-holders, from an actual son of a king to the lowest-ranked landholder. 637:

became landed aristocrats, and transformed into the ruling class. These groups assumed the title "Rajput" as part of their claim to higher social positions and ranks. The early medieval literature suggests that this newly formed Rajput class comprised people from multiple

687:

has coined the term "Secondary Rajputisation" for describing the process of members of a tribe trying to re-associate themselves with the former chief of their tribe who had already transformed himself into a Rajput via Rajputisation and thus become Rajputs themselves.

6867:, p. 120 (Para 4): "Kolff's provocative thesis certainly applies to more peripheral groups like the Bundelas of Central India, whose claims to be Rajput were ignored by the Rajput clans of Mughal-era Rajasthan, and to other such lower-status martial communities." 822:

Rajput community was the result of a gradual change from mobile pastoral and tribal groups into landed sedentary ones. This necessitated control over mobile resources for agrarian expansion which in turn necessitated kinship structures, martial and marital alliances.

7480:

People said 'Jai Karni Mata ki', 'Jai Mataji ki', 'Jai Charbhuja ki', 'Jai Gordhan Nath ki', and so on. Different deities were invoked in different places and by different castes. For example, a Jat would never say 'Jai Mata Ki', only a Rajput or a Charan would say

4560:

Tarain north of Delhi, in 1191, a second battle was fought at the same place, Prithviraj was defeated and kingdom of Delhi fell to Muhmmad, who pressed on and concentrated on capturing capital of Rajput kingdoms with the assistance of his General, Qutub-ud-din Aibak

3458:

Since then every known royal family has come from a non - Kshatriya caste, including the famous Rajput dynasties of medieval India . Panikkar also points out that " the Shudras seem to have produced an unusually large number of royal families even in more recent

726:

began to be more commonly used from 12th century onwards to denote a large number of people and a Rājaputra/Rajput caste established itself well before the thirteenth century. The reference to the clan structure of Rajputs in contemporary historical works like

4249:

The anarchy and confusion which followed Harsha's death is the transitional period of history. This period was marked by the rise of the Rajput clans who begun to play a conspicuous part in the history of northern and western India from the eight century AD.

3695:

Rajput); and a Rajaputra caste had established itself well before the thirteenth century......Military prowess converted itself into land control, and we say by the thirteenth century the rajaputras or rāutas had acquired the position of local land magnates

6663:

The Rajputs and Brahmins are the two politically dominant upper castes in the state. The Rajputs being higher in their numerical strength (28 per cent), followed by Brahmins (20 per cent), principally represent and influence the electoral politics in the

551:

who became rulers. However, such "one track arguments" and "contrived evidence" such as shape of the head, cultural stereotypes, etc. are dismissed by Hiltebeitel who refers to such claims and Asopa's epic references as "far-fetched" or "unintelligible".

1287:

is renowned as a "Rajput icon" for firmly fighting with Akbar's forces for the cause of Mewar's freedom. Once Mewar had submitted and alliance of Rajputs reached a measure of stability, matrimonial between leading Rajput states and Mughals became rare.

1892:

recruited heavily from upper castes such as Brahmins and Rajputs of north-central India particularly from the region of Awadh and Bihar. However, after the revolt of 1857 by the Bengal sepoys, the British Indian army shifted recruitment to the Punjab.

543:"raise the question of similarities between the epics' allusions to Vedic Vratya warbands and earlier medieval low status Rajput clans". Hiltebeitel concludes that such attempts to trace Rajputs from epic and Vedic sources are "unconvincing" and cites 1326:

Historian Lynn Zastoupil states that the Mughal Emperors manipulated the appointment of the successor of the Rajput rulers. In the early 18th century, when the Mughal power declined, Rajput states enjoyed a brief period of independence. But soon the

1480:) glorified the Rajput past, presenting warriorhood and honour as Rajput ideals. This later became the basis of the British reconstruction of the Rajput history and the nationalist interpretations of Rajputs' struggles with the Muslim invaders. 7572:

The Muslims shout their battle-cry; the Rajputs cry, 'Jai Mata! Victory to the Mother!' and the Jats shout the war cry of Hanuman the monkey-god. The Japanese, too - they were shouting 'Banzai!' and wielding their samurai swords ... a medieval

1169:

The immigration of Rajput clan chiefs into these parts of the Gangetic plains also contributed the agricultural appropriation of previously forested areas, especially in South Bihar. Some have linked this eastwards expansion with the onset of

6656: 857:. They compiled the Rajput genealogies in the process of settling land disputes, surveying castes and tribes, and writing history. These genealogies became the basis of distinguishing between the "genuine" and the "spurious" Rajput clans. 1532:(widow immolation) were other matters of concern to the British. It was believed that the Rajputs were the primary adherents to these practices, which the British Raj considered savage and which provided the initial impetus for British 6642:

Findings from surveys conducted by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS) in Delhi estimate an average of 40% of the voters in Delhi belong to the upper castes. About 12% are Brahmins, 7% are Punjabi Khatris, 7% are

3396:

Eventually the position of the old Kshatriya nobility was undermined not only by the Brahmin priests but also by the rise of a warrior caste in northwest India. Most of the Rajputs were illiterate mercenaries in the service of a

1338:

By 1765, Awadh had become ally of the British East India Company and the increase in demand for revenue led to a continuous tussle in between the Nawab of Awadh and Rajput leadership bringing political instability in the region.

1105:

inherited a troubling kingdom after death of his brothers but through his capable rule turned traditional kingdom of Mewar into one of the greatest power in northern India during the early 16th century. Sanga defeated Sultans of

852:

Despite these developments, migrant soldiers made new claims to the Rajput status until as late as the 19th century. In the 19th century, the colonial administrators of India re-imagined the Rajputs as similar to the Anglo-Saxon

2372:, Rajput painting symbolised the divide between Muslims and Hindus during Mughal rule. The styles of Mughal and Rajput painting are oppositional in character. He characterised Rajput painting as "popular, universal and mystic". 1383:

realised how alliance with the Rajputs had benefited the Mughals and believed that a similar alliance may give the East India company political advantage in India. In his journal, in January 1815, he noted that Rajput states -

5413: 1020:

and its Rajput ruler Bhimdev Solanki fled his capital. Rajput rulers at Gwalior and Kalinjar were able to hold off assaults by Maḥmūd, although the two cities did pay him heavy tribute. By last quarter of 12th century,

2108:

over the baby's face to prevent respiration". Other ways were to leave the infant to die without food and if she survived the first few hours after birth, she was given poison. A common way to poison the infant during

586:

The word "rajput" meant 'horse soldier', 'trooper', 'headman of a village' or 'subordinate chief' before the 15th century. Individuals with whom the word "rajput" was associated before the 15th century were considered

5684:

What nation on earth could have maintained the semblance of civilization, the spirit or the customs of their forefathers, during so many centuries of overwhelming depression, but one of such singular character as the

1728:

The term "Rajput" denotes a cluster of castes, clans, and lineages. It is a vaguely-defined term, and there is no universal consensus on which clans make up the Rajput community. In medieval Rajasthan (the historical

5391: 4377:"In about the eighth century B.C. the Rajput thus began to perform the functions that had formerly belonged to the Kshatriya, assuming their social and economic position and substituting them as the new warrior class 2692:

Page 288— Vidyapati comments on the social composition of Jaunpur town also."In the city, people of different caste and class of Hindu religion were living. In the city, mostly they were Brahmin, Kayasth, Rajput and

463:

and tribals. Some were Brahmans who took to warfare, and some were from Tribes- indigenous or foreign". Thus, the Rajput community formation was a result of political factors that influenced caste mobility, called

2246:

by the Rajputs from the winning side of a battle. There are also a number of records between the late 16th to mid–19th century of the Rajputs immolating the queens, servants, and slaves of a king upon his death.

594:

According to scholars, in medieval times "the political units of India were probably ruled most often by men of very low birth" and this "may be equally applicable for many clans of 'Rajputs' in northern India".

1259:

had Rajput mothers. Although Rajput rulers provided the brides to the Mughals, neither Akbar nor his successors provided brides to the Rajput rulers. For example, Akbar got this sisters and daughters married to

683:, was a mode for upward mobility, but it differed from Sanskritisation in other attributes, like the method of worship, lifestyle, diet, social interaction, rules for women, and marriage, etc. German historian 6731: 1025:

defeated and executed the last of Ghaznavid rulers and captured their region along with plundering Ghazna, the capital of Ghaznavids. After capturing the northwest frontier, he invaded Rajput domain. In 1191,

7817::Only the Sisodia clan of Mewar in southern Rajasthan proudly claiming pre-eminence among the Rajput clans, refused to send its women to the Mughal Harem, resulting in the siege and mass suicide at Chittor. 7511:

In fact the greeting used by Bhati Rajputs is 'Jai - sri' or 'Jai - sri - Kishan' ( victory to Lord Krishna ) as opposed to the general Rajput greeting 'Jai - mata - jiri' (victory of the Mother Goddess).

3599:"By the sixth century AD, there are historical indications of the group calling themselves Rajput settle in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Over the course of ten centuries they came to control land and people 1011:

and later under Khoman fought off invasions by Arab generals and restricted them only until the border of Rajasthan but failed to recapture Sindh. By the first quarter of 11th century, Turkic conqueror

4654:

From 1326, Mewar's grand recovery commenced under Lakha, and later under Kumbha and Sanga, till it became one of the greatest powers in northern India during the first quarter of the sixteenth century.

3827:

Here we get an account of delicacies in medieval Mithila. We get not only a list of seventy-two Rajput clans but also of eighty-four siddhas and further mention of countries like Khorasan and Gandhara.

7807:( iii ) Amongst the Rajputs it was a common practice that a mother's breast was smeared with the preparation of 'dhatura ' or Mudar plant or the poppy. The infant drank the milk along with the poison. 6691: 1342:

In one 18th century example given by Pinch, Rajputs of Awadh countered the upward mobility of some of the peasant castes, who by virtue of their economic prosperity sought higher status by wearing

1993:

festival, after which a Rajput is considered "free to indulge his passion for rapine and revenge". The Rajput of Rajasthan also offer a sacrifice of water buffalo or goat to their family goddess (

941:

However, other scholarly opinion staged emergence of Rajput clans as early as seventh century AD. when they start to make themselves lords of various localities and dominate region in current day

1130:

through Mughal's use of Gunpowder which was unknown in Northern India at the time. His fierce rival Babur in his autobiography acknowledged him as the greatest Hindu king of that time along with

660:"marrying up", combined with service in the state army was another way a tribal family could "become" Rajput. This process required a change in dress, diet, worship, and other traditions, ending 6559: 871: 6700:

According to Uttarakhand Department of Social Justice and Empowerment, Rajputs constitute 35 percent of the total population and Brahmins 25 percent, together they constitute over 60 percent.

6633: 275:: several clans claim Rajput status, although not all claims are universally accepted. According to modern scholars, almost all Rajput clans originated from peasant or pastoral communities. 6049:

acquire land, they found a genealogist to trace their ancestry back to a leading officer in Shivaji's army, changed their names from Dhangars to Sagar Rajputs, and donned the sacred thread.

2182:

as overlords over the Rajput clans. The Sisodia clan of Mewar was an exception as they refused to send their women to the Mughal Harem which resulted in siege and mass suicide at Chittor.

833:

According to David Ludden, the word "Rajput" acquired its present-day meaning in the 16th century. According to Kolff, during 16th and 17th centuries, the Rajput rulers and their bards (

7314:

The principal followers of the deity are Charans, who are also the priests and belong to the community to which Karni Mata belonged, and Rajputs who worship her as their family deity .

1595:

in 1947, the princely states, including those of the Rajput, were given three options: join either India or Pakistan, or remain independent. Rajput rulers of the 22 princely states of

547:

and B.D. Chattopadhyaya to label Vaidya's historiography on Rajputs as "often hopeless". A third group of historians, which includes Jai Narayan Asopa, theorised that the Rajputs were

502:. While many of these colonial writers propagated this foreign-origin theory in order to legitimise the colonial rule, the theory was also supported by some Indian scholars, such as 4143:

is a retrospective invention, as most of the martial literature of resistance to Turkish conquest dates only from the mid-fifteenth century onward. As Dirk Kolff has noted in his

2138:"to kill one woman is equal to one hundred brahmins, to kill one child is equal to one hundred women, while to kill one hundred children is an offence too heinous for comparison". 263:, is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the northern part of the 6432: 6387: 5880:

Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume VI: Perception, Narration and Reinvention: The Pedagogy and Historiography of the Indian Uprising

4314:

Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, the Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Caulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Paramaras of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.

4283:

The role of the Rajputs in the history of northern and eastern India is considerable, as they dominated the scene between the death of Harsha and establishment of Muslim empire

4147:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), the invention of "Rajput" identity can be dated to the sixteenth-century narratives of nostalgia for lost honor and territory. 290:

The Rajput population and the former Rajput states are found in northern, western, central and eastern India, as well as southern and eastern Pakistan. These areas include

5400:

In 1679, Aurangzeb revived the jizya or poll tax on non-Muslims. He also dismissed many non- Muslim clerks. All Hindus except the Rajput, were forbidden to carry weapons.

3902:

pervading impact of soldiering traditions on North Indian social history. The military labour market, in other words, was a major generator of socio-religious identities.

1050:, Prithviraj fled the battlefield but was caught near Sirsa and was executed by Ghurids. Following the battle, the Delhi Sultanate became prominent in the Delhi region. 1661:. Some Rajputs in various states, as with other agricultural castes, demand reservations in Government jobs. In 2016, Sikh Rajputs were added under Backward Classes in 6229: 6712: 2320:

today were formally classified Shudra but had successfully converted to Rajput status during the rule of Chand Rajas (that ended in 1790). Similarly, the Rajputs of

6414: 938:

invaders, although the Rajput identity for a lineage did not exist at this time, these lineages were classified as aristocratic Rajput clans in the later times.

849:, fostered a sense of unity among these clans. The text thus contributed to the consolidation of the Rajput identity by offering these clans a shared history. 826:

Rajput class was now largely inherited rather than acquired through military achievements. A major factor behind this development was the consolidation of the

1937:

are popular deities worshipped by the Hindu Rajputs. Lord Shiva's image is found in the shrines in the homes of many of the Rajput families. In Sikh Rajputs,

1016:

launched several successful military expeditions in the territories of Rajputs, defeating them everytime and by 1025 A.D, he demolished and looted the famous

6692:"Influence of Caste, Education and Family on Women's Participation in Village Panchayats of Uttarakhand with special reference to Ukhimath and Raipur block" 6361: 1251:

accomplished 40 marriages for himself, his sons and grandsons, out of which 17 were Rajput-Mughal alliances. Akbar's successors as Mughal emperors, his son

2702: 2086: 1603:

in exchange for their acquiescence, but a series of land reforms over the following decades weakened their power, and their privy purse was cut off during

1495:

provided a large numbers of leaders to the revolt of 1857 in that region. Kunwar Singh, a Rajput Zamindar was an important leader in Bihar region in the

1461:

by 1823. The British promised to protect the Rajput states from their adversaries and not interfere in internal affairs in exchange for tribute. However,

807:

Rajputs were involved in nomadic pastoralism, animal husbandry and cattle trade until much later than popularly believed. The 17th century chronicles of

478:

discusses three theories by Raj era and early writers for Rajput origin and gives the reasons as to why these theories are dismissed by modern research.

8769: 2194:

in 1807. The enslaved women were referred to by different terms according to the conditions imposed on them, for example, a "domestic slave" was called

4687:

He was immediately challenged by assembled Rajput forces under Rana Sanga of Chittor who was reckoned by Babur as one of the two greatest Hindu rulers

1283:

made it a point of honour not to engage in matrimonial relationships with Mughals and thus claimed to stand apart from those Rajput clans who did so.

6028:

As one example among thousands, a small caste living partly in the Nira Valley was formerly known as Shegar Dhangar and more recently as Sagar Rajput

1599:

acceded to newly independent India, amalgamated into the new state of Rajasthan in 1949–1950. Initially the maharajas were granted funding from the

695:

was reserved for the immediate relatives of a king; scholars like BD Chattopadhyay believe that it was used for a larger group of high-ranking men.

6676: 5280: 785:

Historian Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya, based on his analysis of inscriptions (primarily from Rajasthan), believed that by the 12th century, the term

6331: 6189:

Thomas, Metcalf; Metcalf, Thomas R.; Metcalf, Professor of History and Sarah Kailath Professor of India Studies Thomas R.; Kailath, Sarah (2005).

3549:

With surprising rapidity the newly Rajputized family or clan can gain, over a generation or two, social acceptance of their claim to Rajput status

494:

myth was invented to conceal their foreign origin. According to this theory, the Rajputs originated when these invaders were assimilated into the

6305: 3737:

The rājaputras began to form a loose federation of castes well before the twelfth century in a manner characteristic of the Indian social system.

2841:

Rajput: Pastoral, mobile warrior groups who achieved landed status in the medieval period claimed to be Kshatriyas and called themselves Rajputs.

2035:

states that like other martial races of South Asia, Rajputs have a reputation for being Hospitable i.e. they welcome and are friendly to guests.

2001:. The ritual requires slaying of the animal with a single stroke. In the past this ritual was considered a rite of passage for young Rajput men. 1608: 1296:

One of the most conspicuous event of Shah Jahan's period was rebellion of Bundela rajputs, which was crushed by prince Aurangzeb with iron hand.

2587: 667:

Rajput formation continued in the colonial era. Even in the 19th century, anyone from the "village landlord" to the "newly wealthy lower caste

3834: 2723:

mentions it separately, which again is a term that appears in contemporary Sanskrit literature. However, Vidyapati uses the local term Rajput.

2229:

women, cooks, nurses, tailors, washer–women. For children born from the "illegitimate union" of Rajputs and their "inferiors", the terms like

1808: 559:. Tanuja Kothiyal states: "In the colonial ethnographic accounts rather than referring to Rajputs as having emerged from other communities, 8842: 3720: 1543:

During the British rule their love for pork, i.e. wild boar, was also well known and the British identified them as a group based on this.

1275:

from non-Muslims, a tax considered as discriminatory by several non-Muslims which also consisted of his Hindu Rajput officials. The ruling

1062: 6578: 5298: 2358: 514:

and that the entire 9th-10th century Indian populace was composed of only one race - the Aryans who had not yet mixed with the Shudras or

9219: 1118:

several times in various battles and expanded his kingdom. Sanga led a grand alliance of Rajput rulers and defeated the Mughal forces of

715:. However, scholarly opinions differ on when the term Rajput acquired hereditary connotations and came to denote a clan-based community. 6458: 5084:

Interrogating International Relations: India's Strategic Practice and the Return of History War and International Politics in South Asia

9214: 9199: 2289:

captured women faces hurdles because of the "sparse information", "uneven record–keeping", and "biased nature of historical records".

1611:. The estates, treasures, and practices of the old Rajput rulers now form a key part of Rajasthan's tourist trade and cultural memory. 6459:"Caste politics in North, West and South India before Mandal : The low caste movements between sanskritisation and ethnicisation" 583:, all lay a claim to a Rajput past from where they claim to have 'fallen'. Historical processes, however, suggest just the opposite". 8205:

Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (1994). "Origin of the Rajputs: The Political, Economic and Social Processes in Early Medieval Rajasthan".

6757: 6603: 9239: 2440: 1654: 7933:

These slave communities were known by various names, such as Darogas, Chakars, Hazuris, Ravana- Rajputs, Chelas, Golas and Khawas.

6537: 5934:

Bates, Crispin (1995). "Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India: the early origins of Indian anthropometry". In Robb, Peter (ed.).

9229: 9204: 8797: 7294:

Several Charani goddesses like Avad, Karni, Nagnechi, Sangviyaan, Barbadi, among others are revered by Rajputs as patron deities.

3815: 3750: 1070: 3657:

The use of the term Rajaputra for specific clans of Rajput or as a collective term for various clans emerged by the 12th century

1760:

delineate claimed descent from various sources, and the Rajput are generally considered to be divided into three primary vansh:

1625:

in 1947, while retaining his title until the monarchy was abolished in 1971 by the 26th amendment to the Constitution of India.

1417:

agreed with this reasoning. One by one, many Rajput states in Rajputana came under British protection and became their allies -

7277: 6491: 2566: 1537: 7247: 6212:

substantial peasant cultivators, Rajputs control most of the productive agricultural land and have long dominated the village

6139: 3613:"NANDINI SINHA KAPUR: State Formation in Rajasthan: Mewar during the Seventh-Fifteenth Centuries. 308pp. Delhi: Manohar, 2002" 703: 9234: 8720: 8699: 8678: 8654: 8633: 8612: 8567: 8522: 8477: 8435: 8411: 8390: 8369: 8348: 8324: 8300: 8258: 8237: 8171: 8107: 7968: 7783: 7743: 7716: 7673: 7627: 7596: 7565: 7534: 7504: 7473: 7434: 7404: 7287: 7257: 7226: 7195: 7131: 7069: 7023: 6989: 6955: 6822: 6792: 6741: 6613: 6586: 6289: 6204: 6102: 6072: 6021: 5945: 5918: 5887: 5862: 5835: 5808: 5744: 5708: 5644: 5579: 5497: 5470: 5254: 5171: 5144: 5092: 5065: 5038: 5011: 4972: 4899: 4871: 4842: 4761: 4727: 4680: 4630: 4586: 4552: 4519: 4485: 4431: 4408:(Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias) and Caulukyas were splitting off from sprawling Gurjara Pratihara clans... 4400: 4370: 4340: 4306: 4276: 4242: 4211: 4173: 4132: 4097: 4066: 3894: 3770: 3687: 3650: 3494: 3420: 3389: 3220: 3107: 3046: 3010: 2813: 2576: 2413: 7976:

some cases women from semi-nomadic communities were married to Rajput bridegrooms of this level in exchange for bride wealth

5227: 1741:

or descendants of Kshatriyas, but their actual status varies greatly, ranging from princely lineages to common cultivators.

1414: 1331:

started collecting tribute from and harassing some Rajput states. Some Rajput states, in the 1780s appealed to the British

1310:

Akbar's diplomatic policy regarding the Rajputs was later damaged by the intolerant rules introduced by his great-grandson

7362: 5569: 599:

explains that this process of allowing rulers, frequently of low social origin, a "clean" rank via social mobility in the

9224: 9209: 7880:"Embodying Royal Concubinage: Some Aspects of Concubinage in Royal Rajput Household of Marwar, (Western Rajasthan) C. 16" 4013: 2408: 875: 280: 217: 5422:

Aurangzeb issued orders barring all Hindus, with the exception of Rajputs, from riding elephants, horses, or palanquins.

5200: 1053:

The Rajputs fought against Sultans of Delhi from Rajasthan and other adjoining areas. By first quarter of 14th century,

511: 7854: 2450: 1619: 8753:

Poets, Sants, and Warriors: The Dadu Panth, Religious Change and Identity Formation in Jaipur State Circa 1562–1860 CE

7085:

Rand, Gavin (March 2006). "Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914".

5109: 2654: 2532:

Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies (Exploring the Political in South Asia)

9244: 9194: 8543: 8501: 8456: 8279: 8216: 8195: 8131: 8072: 7165: 6921: 5979: 5698: 5552: 5524: 5374: 5308: 5264: 5237: 5210: 5119: 4800: 3592: 3524: 3451: 3334: 3265: 3186: 2871: 2751: 2638: 2628: 2597: 2540: 2506: 2151:

or nomads. This resulted in widening the gap between Rajputs of low ritual status and Rajputs of high ritual status.

5252: 3486:

Recent Research on Max Weber's Studies of Hinduism: Papers Submitted to a Conference Held in New Delhi, 1.-3.3. 1984

1973:, which includes heavy use of swords and shields. This exercise was later included in the folk dances of Bihar and 1929:, whom many Rajput clans worship as family goddess and link their community's existence or survival in dire times. 1207: 5514: 9189: 9184: 9179: 7327: 7307: 7015:

Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries

3326:

Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries

2859:

Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries

1665:

but after protest by the community, the government announced that they will be again put under General Category.

555:

Recent research suggests that the Rajputs came from a variety of ethnic and geographical backgrounds and various

8731: 3864: 2473: 1985:, the distribution of daggers and coconuts. Another affirmation of the Rajput's reverence for his sword was the 472:

by others. Modern scholars agree that nearly all Rajputs clans originated from peasant or pastoral communities.

459:

states: "Modern historians are more or less agreed that the Rajputs consisted of miscellaneous groups including

8163:

Dialogue & Daggers: Notion of Authority and Legitimacy in the Early Delhi Sultanate (1192 C.E. – 1316 C.E.)

8016: 7812: 7264:

Among the crowds are many Rajputs who link their community's existence, or survival, to the help of Karni Mata.

5606: 5364: 3730: 3582: 2712: 2664: 1509:

In reference to the role of the Rajput soldiers serving under the British banner, Captain A. H. Bingley wrote:

711:

There are historical indications of the group calling themselves Rajputs by sixth century AD which settled in

2154:

In the late 19th century, to curb the practice, the act VIII of 1870 was introduced. A magistrate suggested:

7172:

Apart from their physique, the martial races were regarded as politically subservient or docile to authority

4438:

From around 1000 ce, notable among these regional powers were various Rajput dynasties in the west and north

6079:

The twenty-two princely states that were amalgamated in 1949 to form a political entity called Rajasthan...

402: 8790: 7702: 6829:...the region's erstwhile ruling aristocracy, a cluster of clans and lineages bearing the label 'Rajput'. 6758:"National Population and Housing Census 2021 National Report on Caste/ethnicity, Language & Religion" 5111:

The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 3, The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries

2073: 1523: 1058: 650:

who also considers the famous Rajput dynasties of medieval India to have come from non-Kshatriya castes.

9249: 8487: 6339: 5294: 4362:

Max Weber's Theory of Personality: Individuation, Politics and Orientalism in the Sociology of Religion

4326: 3412:

Max Weber's Theory of Personality: Individuation, Politics and Orientalism in the Sociology of Religion

2737: 1305: 456: 1570:(Rajput Advancement Society) in 1898 and emulating the Rajput lifestyle. They also started wearing of 8421: 5733:"The story of archaeological, historical and antiquarian researches in Rajasthan before independence" 2089:

would kill their daughters if they were rich but profit from getting them married if they were poor.

1409: 996: 950: 17: 6620:

Brahmins constitute between 10 to 11 percent of UP's population while Rajputs are at 7 to 8 percent.

6243: 622:

warriors fighting side by side as well as other medieval and contemporary texts show claims made by

9092: 7846: 7157:

Khaki and the Ethnic Violence in India: Army, Police, and Paramilitary Forces During Communal Riots

6799:

The term Rajput denotes a cluster of castes that are accorded Kshatriya status in the varna system.

6281:

Villages, Women, and the Success of Dairy Cooperatives in India: Making Place for Rural Development

2118: 1496: 507: 7329:

A Critical Study of Rajasthani Literature, with Exclusive Reference to the Contribution of Cāraṇas

1562:. A large section of this caste that had "become" "Chauhan Rajputs" over three generations in the 8915: 7646: 6196: 6125: 4145:

Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850

3886:

Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850

3796: 1622: 1047: 156: 31: 7496:

If Rain Doesn't Come: An Anthropological Study of Drought and Human Ecology in Western Rajasthan

2496: 2324:

were originally of low ritual status and did not wear the sacred thread until the 20th century.

737:

along with other epigraphic evidences indicates their existence as a community by 12th century.

9174: 8783: 3533: 1335:

for assistance against the Marathas but their requests for assistance were denied at the time.

1035: 444: 100: 8644: 8512: 8425: 8161: 8121: 7958: 7838: 7773: 7706: 7396: 7013: 6945: 6092: 6062: 6011: 5852: 5825: 5679: 5487: 5460: 5082: 5055: 5001: 4576: 4509: 4475: 4360: 4122: 3410: 3379: 3324: 3072: 2857: 2803: 2530: 2305:

group. Similarly, affluent Muslim families in Bihar kept both male and female slaves – called

534:. Vaidya bases this theory on certain attributes - such as bravery and "physical strength" of 8920: 8837: 8557: 8446: 8401: 8380: 8338: 8248: 8227: 8185: 8060: 7995:

called Laundis . A distinct class of slaves known as Molazadahs were also maintained by them.

7733: 7424: 7216: 6979: 6812: 6634:"SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF VOTING PATTERNS IN RESERVED CONSTITUENCIES:DELHI ASSEMBLY ELECTION,2015" 6516: 6465: 5969: 5732: 5634: 5253:

Marta Kudelska, Dorota Kamińska-Jones, Agnieszka Sylwia Staszczyk, Agata Świerzowska (2019).

5161: 5028: 4859: 4832: 4790: 4753:

Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870

4751: 4620: 4390: 4163: 4056: 3884: 3368:, p. 150: Rajputs were, with some exceptions, almost totally illiterate as a caste group 3253: 2896: 2264:'s royal Rajput households, the women who underwent concubinage also included women from the 1476: 1442: 954: 893: 884:

During their centuries-long rule, the Rajputs constructed several palaces. Shown here is the

8533: 8290: 8097: 6784: 4087: 8970: 8832: 6713:"PoliticsBihar's Much-Awaited Caste Census Puts OBC-EBC Groups at Politically Dominant 63%" 2354: 1981:. On special occasions, a primary chief would break up a meeting of his vassal chiefs with 1789: 1650: 1646: 1600: 1546:

Some unrelated communities tried to change their status to Rajput during the Colonial era.

1150: 1082: 5434: 2143:

levirate marriages (marrying brother's widow) as well as marrying low-caste women such as

2130:

Social activists in the early nineteenth century tried to stop these practices by quoting

1536:

studies of the subcontinent that eventually manifested itself as a much wider exercise in

1370: 1089:

and recaptured Rajasthan from Delhi sultanate. In the 15th century, the Muslim sultans of

8: 8947: 7990:

Survey of India's Social Life and Economic Condition in the Eighteenth Century, 1707-1813

3578: 2403: 2369: 958: 898: 712: 639: 398: 264: 112: 8099:

Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits

7123:

Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914

7061:

Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914

6846: 6262:

Reservational Justice to Other Backward Classes (Obcs): Theoretical and Practical Issues

2656:

Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval and the expansion of Islam

930:

designation for leading martial lineages of 11th and 12th centuries that confronted the

7899: 7102: 6670: 5776: 5345: 5274: 4940: 4197: 2562: 2124: 2032: 1889: 1592: 1358:

in Awadh, when a section of Awadhiya Kurmi were about to be bestowed with the title of

1332: 1027: 993: 846: 672: 7634:

Such hospitality is central to Rajputs, as it is to other martial castes of South Asia

603:

serves as one of the explanations of the longevity of the unique Indian civilisation.

397:. The word first appears in a sense other than its literal meaning in the 7th century 8716: 8695: 8674: 8650: 8629: 8608: 8563: 8553: 8539: 8518: 8497: 8473: 8452: 8431: 8407: 8386: 8365: 8344: 8320: 8296: 8275: 8254: 8233: 8212: 8191: 8167: 8148: 8127: 8103: 8068: 8012: 7964: 7924: 7891: 7860: 7850: 7834: 7779: 7739: 7712: 7669: 7623: 7592: 7561: 7530: 7500: 7469: 7430: 7400: 7389: 7283: 7253: 7222: 7191: 7161: 7127: 7106: 7065: 7019: 6985: 6951: 6917: 6818: 6788: 6737: 6609: 6582: 6285: 6200: 6098: 6068: 6017: 5975: 5941: 5914: 5883: 5858: 5831: 5804: 5740: 5704: 5673: 5640: 5602: 5575: 5548: 5520: 5493: 5466: 5370: 5337: 5304: 5260: 5233: 5206: 5167: 5140: 5115: 5088: 5061: 5034: 5007: 4968: 4932: 4895: 4867: 4838: 4796: 4757: 4723: 4676: 4626: 4582: 4548: 4515: 4481: 4427: 4396: 4366: 4336: 4302: 4272: 4238: 4207: 4169: 4128: 4093: 4062: 3890: 3781:

or 'king's son' had approximately acquired the connotations of the 'Rajput' caste ...

3766: 3726: 3683: 3646: 3639:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

3588: 3520: 3490: 3447: 3416: 3385: 3330: 3261: 3216: 3206: 3182: 3103: 3042: 3006: 2867: 2809: 2799: 2747: 2708: 2660: 2634: 2593: 2572: 2536: 2502: 2446: 2247: 2131: 1649:. This means that they have no access to reservations. But they are classified as an 1514: 1488: 1265: 1227: 1107: 1094: 1086: 982: 946: 653: 643: 515: 368: 140: 136: 124: 116: 6777: 3755:

Al-Hind, Volume 1 Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries

2361:. The term is also used to describe the style of these paintings, distinct from the 1550:, discusses an example of a Shudra caste - the Noniyas (caste of salt makers)- from 455:

The origin of the Rajputs has been a much-debated topic among historians. Historian

9169: 8664: 8310: 8181: 7094: 6147: 5767:

Meister, Michael W. (1981). "Forest and Cave: Temples at Candrabhāgā and Kansuāñ".

4924: 4887: 3880: 3758: 2863: 2695:

Page 291— बहुल बाहम्ण बहुल काअत्थ , राजपुत्त कुल बहुल , बहुल जाति मिलि बसइ चप्परि ।

2321: 2210:; and a woman who was "permitted to wear the veil" like Rajput queens was called a 1695: 1462: 1242:

After the mid-16th century, many Rajput rulers formed close relationships with the

1220: 1127: 1123: 1022: 1004: 970: 661: 600: 556: 503: 323: 311: 209: 205: 152: 148: 104: 96: 6433:"Rajputs to be accorded back general status, as per demand, says Punjab CM Channi" 5366:

Caste, society and politics in India from the eighteenth century to the modern age

4578:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One

4477:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One

4165:

Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age

9067: 8965: 8867: 8751: 8710: 8689: 8668: 8623: 8602: 8582: 8535:

Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert

8491: 8467: 8359: 8314: 8269: 8206: 8142: 8093: 7918: 7800: 7617: 7586: 7555: 7524: 7494: 7463: 7420: 7279:

Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert

7187:

Prostitution, Race, and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire

7185: 7155: 7121: 7059: 6911: 6733:

Inclusion and Exclusion in Local Governance: Field Studies from Rural India polls

6279: 6190: 6169: 6041: 5935: 5908: 5798: 5596: 5540: 4717: 4700: 4670: 4666: 4647: 4603: 4542: 4421: 4330: 4296: 4266: 4232: 4201: 3677: 3514: 3484: 3441: 3210: 3176: 3097: 3036: 3000: 2999:

Mayaram, Shail (2010). "The Sudra Right to Rule". In Ishita Banerjee-Dube (ed.).

2834: 2741: 2381: 2362: 2350: 2333: 2298: 2057: 1547: 1528: 1380: 1276: 1155: 1131: 1111: 1090: 1078: 1066: 1054: 1043: 1013: 919: 911: 841: 813: 746: 680: 634: 623: 564: 482:

writers characterised Rajputs as descendants of the foreign invaders such as the

475: 465: 144: 132: 128: 108: 7249:

Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan

2445:(Rev. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 35–36. 1953: 522:

historians Vaidya and R.B. Singh write that the Rajputs had originated from the

8980: 8975: 8925: 8877: 8598: 7839:"Drudges, Dancing Girls, Concubines: Female Slaves in Rajput Polity, 1500–1850" 6947:

Identity, Gender, and Poverty: New Perspectives on Caste and Tribe in Rajasthan

6814:

Alchemies of Violence: Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India

5986:

The British defined Rajputs as a group in part by their affinity for wild pork.

5971:

Shifting Ground: People, Animals, and Mobility in India's Environmental History

4262: 2398: 2338: 2105: 1797: 1793: 1551: 1328: 1261: 1171: 1135: 1017: 986: 962: 942: 796: 647: 439: 339: 233: 160: 120: 7735:

Countering Gender Violence: Initiatives Towards Collective Action in Rajasthan

7098: 5139:(1. Indian ed., repr. ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 12, 34. 4017: 3762: 3233: 2977: 2343: 845:, which depicts warriors from several different Rajput clans as associates of 9163: 9133: 9113: 8892: 8882: 8872: 8819: 8775: 8691:

Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives

8382:

Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives

7928: 7895: 7864: 6981:

Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective

5341: 4936: 4538: 4193: 4118: 3634: 3516:

Kings and Cults: State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia

3510: 3178:

Social Mobility in the Caste System in India: An Inter Disciplinary Symposium

2764: 2688:

Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 67 (2006-2007), pp. 288, 291

2393: 2290: 2191: 2110: 2097: 1914: 1769: 1687: 1642: 1615: 1604: 1555: 1355: 1243: 1189:, were recruited as mercenaries for Rajputs in the west, particularly in the 1115: 885: 827: 808: 729: 684: 676: 544: 479: 469: 315: 307: 201: 197: 50: 7465:

From Purdah to the People: Memoirs of Padma Shri Rani Laxmi Kumari Chundawat

6579:"Illiberal Practices: Territorial Variance Within Large Federal Democracies" 2301:

also married their daughters to Rajput bridegrooms for money in some cases.

992:

The Rajput ruled kingdoms repelled early invasions of Arab commanders after

906: 9118: 9103: 9031: 9001: 8996: 8578: 8448:

Kin, Clan, Raja, and Rule: Statehinterland Relations in Preindustrial India

8152: 5519:. New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 23, 178, 185. 4505: 3202: 2187: 2175: 2101: 1938: 1902: 1850:

are generally disallowed (with some flexibility for kul-mates of different

1723: 1575: 630: 596: 499: 422: 347: 327: 221: 7619:

Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India

6877: 6415:"Rajput body condemns govt for putting Sikh Rajputs in 'backward classes'" 6171:

Factional Politics in an Indian State: The Congress Party in Uttar Pradesh

4915:

Bhadani, B. L. (1992). "The Profile of Akbar in Contemporary Literature".

3077: 2821:

the life of the adventuring warrior, of whom most were of peasant origins.

1212: 9108: 9082: 8862: 8827: 8334: 7957:

Malavika Kasturi (March 2004). Harald Fischer-Tiné; Michael Mann (eds.).

6696:

International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 10 (1), 5-9, 2023

6658:

Himachal Pradesh Well-established Domination of Majoritarian Upper Castes

4501: 4159: 3673: 3669: 3642: 2317: 2062: 1978: 1885: 1761: 1699: 1563: 1533: 1284: 1231: 1216: 1098: 1074: 1008: 927: 531: 523: 519: 487: 393: 331: 319: 284: 268: 237: 213: 8271:

The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000

7903: 7879: 5780: 5349: 5325: 4792:

Merchants, Politics, and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar, 1733–1820

2836:

The Emergence of Jaipur State: Rajput Response to Mughal Rule, 1562–1743

2683: 2353:

refers to works of art created at the Rajput-ruled courts of Rajasthan,

1223:, was popularly known for his role in battles against the Mughal Empire 9052: 8957: 8117: 7348:

Perceptions of Climate Change from North India: An Ethnographic Account

6858: 6605:

Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections)

4944: 3584:

The Indian Princes and their States, The New Cambridge History of India

3347: 3320: 3301: 2853: 2805:

Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action

2277: 2254:

concubine who went from being a servant to a superior concubine called

2017: 1926: 1918: 1781: 1773: 1430: 1418: 1256: 1142:

rose in power controlling almost whole portion of western and eastern

1102: 1000: 974: 880: 418: 414: 6654: 6576: 5800:

Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan

5700:

Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan

4702:

Maharana Sāngā, the Hindupat: The Last Great Leader of the Rajput Race

4192: 2202:; a "senior female slave–retainer in the women's quarters" was called 1858:

serves as the primary identity for many of the Rajput clans, and each

498:

category during the 6th or 7th century, following the collapse of the

9143: 9026: 9021: 9011: 8910: 8857: 8061:"Competing and complementary visions of the court of the Great Mogor" 7960:

Colonialism as Civilizing Mission: Cultural Ideology in British India

7775:

Colonialism as Civilizing Mission: Cultural Ideology in British India

5489:

The Many Lives of a Rajput Queen: Heroic Pasts in India, c. 1500-1900

5369:(1. Indian ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 35. 5180: 4809: 4455: 2907: 2905: 2225:

contained complete families from specific "occupational groups" like

1998: 1990: 1974: 1738: 1730: 1683: 1682:

The region-wise estimates of Rajputs' share in population are 6% for

1658: 1596: 1571: 1503: 1481: 1454: 1450: 1350: 1311: 1143: 966: 931: 657: 495: 483: 434: 406: 291: 229: 185: 55: 8514:

Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins

5967: 4928: 4770: 4124:

Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379-1545

3612: 9077: 9062: 9057: 8900: 8852: 2281: 2186:

selling of Marwar's women by Jaipur's forces in the battle between

2093: 2005: 1994: 1446: 1314:. A prominent example of these rules included the re-imposition of 1252: 1159: 978: 539: 535: 527: 491: 429:

can be seen as Rajputs in the original sense of the word. The term

387: 253: 175: 92: 66: 7938: 7557:

Our War: Real stories of Commonwealth soldiers during World War II

7526:

Eat Not this Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present

6388:"After Jats, Rajputs of western UP want reservation in govt posts" 6362:"Rajputs demanding reservation threaten to disrupt chintan shivir" 4834:

Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India

3254:"Deification of South Asian epic Heroes-Methological Implications" 2994: 2992: 2965: 2941: 2902: 2630:

The Politics of Marriage in India Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan

675:

that was common in Hindu Rajput clans. Scholars refer to this as "

9148: 9047: 7426:

Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses

5737:

Cultural contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash felicitation volume

5326:"The Bundela Revolts During the Mughal Period: A Dynastic Affair" 3982: 3970: 3946: 3912: 3910: 3289: 2529:

Rajendra Vora (2009). Christophe Jaffrelot; Sanjay Kumar (eds.).

2226: 2179: 1962: 1864: 1819:; André Wink counts these among the "status-legitimizing texts". 1777: 1734: 1707: 1566:

era. The more wealthy or advanced Noniyas started by forming the

1434: 1422: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1178: 1039: 889: 734: 548: 381: 303: 299: 272: 193: 189: 74: 8246: 6893: 6891: 6852: 6192:

Forging the Raj: Essays on British India in the Heyday of Empire

5968:

Mahesh Rangarajan, K; Sivaramakrishnan, eds. (6 November 2014).

5653: 4981: 4735:

have been seen near Hindaun and Bayana on the outskirts of Agra.

4605:

The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultante

3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3561: 3559: 3557: 2983: 1753: 1578:. The scholars consider this example as a case among thousands. 9128: 9123: 9097: 9087: 9072: 9006: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8847: 8621: 7771: 4544:

The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300

3543: 3539: 3279: 3277: 3239: 2989: 2770: 2265: 2261: 2148: 2114: 2082: 2078: 1989:("adoration of the sword") ritual, performed during the annual 1958: 1662: 1458: 1438: 1385: 1315: 1271: 1139: 1101:

but both the sultans were defeated. Kumbha's grandson renowned

935: 854: 835: 668: 619: 611: 607: 580: 572: 460: 8709:

Ananya Vajpeyi (2005). Supriya Varma; Satish Saberwal (eds.).

8493:

Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village

8040: 6094:

Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment

4500: 4298:

Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues

3907: 3175:

Association for Asian Studies (1969). James Silverberg (ed.).

2917: 405:

in reference to a mercenary soldier, while in the 8th century

9138: 9016: 8905: 7682: 7443: 7039: 6888: 6538:"Elections in India: The vote-bank theory has run its course" 6266:(continued list of OBC classes) 7.Rajput 120.Karnataka Rajput 5991: 5568:

Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (24 September 2012).

5202:

Caste, State and Society: Degrees of Democracy in North India

3994: 3922: 3845: 3554: 3359: 3174: 3132: 2285: 2021: 1934: 1930: 1765: 1711: 1703: 1691: 1629: 1559: 1492: 1470: 1426: 1344: 1280: 1248: 1235: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1163: 1149:

From 1200 CE, many Rajput groups moved eastwards towards the

1119: 1031: 568: 560: 410: 376: 343: 335: 295: 241: 225: 171: 84: 70: 7429:. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press. p. 77. 7413: 5414:"A Note on Conception of Aurangzeb Alamgir Religious Policy" 4426:. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 58–59. 4036: 3464: 3274: 3120: 2953: 2707:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2002. p. 114. 1969:

The Rajputs of Bihar were inventors of the martial art form

1264:

and prominent Muslims from central and west Asia. Historian

8806: 7700: 6729: 6188: 6009: 4024: 2929: 2269: 2251: 2144: 1941:

is quite popular. The fierce form of Goddess Durga, called

1785: 615: 576: 375:; literally "son of a king") finds mention in some ancient 88: 8646:

The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India

6834: 1744:

There are several major subdivisions of Rajputs, known as

8204: 6013:

Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India

4622:

The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan

4294: 4105:

dominated present-day Rajasthan from its capital at Ajmer

3958: 3934: 3353: 3307: 3258:

Epic Adventures: Heroic Narrative in the Oral Performance

3083: 2273: 2008:

used by the Rajputs in social gatherings and occasions, '

1945:

or "she who rides a lion" is popular among Rajput women.

283:

played a significant role in many regions of central and

8625:

Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History

8385:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 8036:. University of California Press(Berkeley). p. 130. 6217:

he is also the head of the local Rajput lineage or clan.

4864:

India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism

3839:. Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute. p. 166. 3617:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

2743:

Social Change and Development in Medieval Indian History

2608: 1354:

status. The records indicates that during the tenure of

6913:

Desert people: caste and community—a Rajasthani village

6779:

The Divine Hierarchy: Popular Hinduism in Central India

5735:. In Prakash, Satya; Śrivastava, Vijai Shankar (eds.). 2113:

was by applying a preparation of poisonous plants like

7920:

Constitutional Development of Eastern Rajputana States

7622:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 101. 6039: 5229:

The Goddesses' Henchmen- Gender in Indian Hero Worship

4719:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II

4511:

Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy

3867: 3519:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 251. 3251: 3156: 2704:

Perspectives on Indian Society and History: A Critique

910:

A royal Rajput procession, depicted on a mural at the

8604:

Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man

8427:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

8063:. In Dana Leibsohn; Jeanette Favrot Peterson (eds.). 7950: 5854:

The Cat and the Lion: Jaipur State in the British Raj

4965:

History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D

4332:

Historiography, Religion, and State in Medieval India

4089:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

2166: 2016:'. This phrase also operated as a military solgan or 1641:

The Rajputs, in most of the states, are considered a

8712:

Traditions in motion:Religion and Society in History

8140: 7841:. In Chatterjee, Indrani; Eaton, Richard M. (eds.). 7815: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7755: 6577:

Jacqueline Behrend, Laurence Whitehead, ed. (2016).

6003: 5300:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part-II

4967:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 272–273. 4461: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3026: 2568:

Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles

1042:. However, he returned a year later with an army of 804:

were not necessarily hereditary during this period.

750:(1324) features a list of 72 Rajput clans including 626:

of the Thar desert to a higher rank in the society.

8444: 8180: 7334:

Karni : Presiding Deity of Rajputs and Cāraņas

6943: 6937: 6090: 6067:(2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 406. 5186: 4815: 4776: 4608:(2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70. 4570: 4568: 3952: 3577: 3295: 3144: 3099:

Upholding the Common Life: The Community of Mirabai

3064: 3062: 2808:. State University of New York Press. p. 122. 2221:was used for a person serving their "superior" and 8123:Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest 7694: 7615: 7542:as they do this-"Long live the Mother (Goddess)"'. 7388: 6776: 6560:"Rajasthan polls: It's caste politics all the way" 6174:. University of California Press. pp. 16–17. 5632: 5601:. University of California Press. pp. 85–86. 5411: 5137:The peacock throne : the drama of Mogul India 4230: 2832: 2561: 2020:, often painted on the shields and banners of the 8031: 7752: 7218:Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism 6412: 6010:B. S. Baviskar; D. W. Attwood (30 October 2013). 5492:. University of Washington Press. pp. 126–. 5485: 5454: 5452: 5003:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History 4788: 3439: 3023: 2571:. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1706. 2092:The methods used of killing the female baby were 1872:s have become powerful enough to be functionally 656:writes that during the era of the Mughal empire, 9161: 8309: 8225: 8065:Seeing Across Cultures in the Early Modern World 7987: 7956: 7802:Role of Women in the Freedom Movement, 1857-1947 7609: 7419: 7345: 7214: 6916:. University of Trondheim & Norsk Hydro AS. 6774: 5594: 5479: 4987: 4565: 3482: 3059: 2923: 2293:community of today was one such slave community 1628:Before the zamindari abolition, the Rajputs in 790:Bednar, concludes that the designations such as 417:notes that the military nobility of Sindh ruler 8531: 8092: 8058: 7306:General, India Office of the Registrar (1966). 7183: 7057: 6810: 6655:Ramesh K. Chauhan, TR Sharma, SN Ghosh (2012). 6601: 6230:"Central List of OBCs – State : Karnataka" 6033: 5940:. Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 227. 5850: 5659: 5539: 5465:. Stanford University Press. pp. 120–121. 5057:Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World 4826: 4824: 4665: 4000: 3916: 3377: 3283: 3068: 2971: 2959: 2947: 2911: 1921:, Hindu Goddess primarily worshipped by Rajputs 1826:division are smaller and smaller subdivisions: 1097:put a joint effort to overcome the Mewar ruler 1073:. However, Rajputs resurgence took place under 633:, which was formed when the various tribal and 8805: 8708: 8687: 8597: 8576: 8552: 8486: 8378: 8357: 8267: 8046: 7944: 7731: 7708:Suicide and Culture: Understanding the Context 7688: 7449: 7045: 6864: 6489: 6054: 5567: 5458: 5449: 5259:. Jagiellonian University Press. p. 337. 5225: 5159: 5108:Reid, Anthony; Morgan, David O., eds. (2010). 4894:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–24. 4837:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–66. 4782: 4601: 4358: 4325: 4261: 4168:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–35. 4058:Hindu Kingship and Polity in Precolonial India 4042: 3988: 3976: 3928: 3858: 3565: 3470: 3408: 3365: 3138: 3126: 2998: 2785: 2736: 2719:Included in this list is the Rajputra, though 2342:An 18th-century Rajput painting by the artist 1925:One of the most revered deities of Rajputs is 8791: 8663: 8642: 8510: 8420: 8399: 7798: 6897: 6689: 5997: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4862:. In Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy (eds.). 4645: 4537: 4030: 3820:. Institute of Historic Studies. p. 84. 3679:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500 3633: 3509: 3476: 3313: 2935: 2892: 2585: 2528: 999:and executed last Hindu king of the kingdom, 865: 413:, it is used in the sense of elite horsemen. 8288: 7245: 7208: 7153: 7147: 7126:. Manchester University Press. p. 241. 7051: 6984:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 33–. 6909: 6903: 6853:Catherine B. Asher & Cynthia Talbot 2006 6675:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5279:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5198: 5080: 4830: 4821: 4745: 4743: 4649:Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743 4388: 4061:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–. 4014:"Rajput procession, Encyclopædia Britannica" 3940: 3201: 3195: 3095: 2984:Catherine B. Asher & Cynthia Talbot 2006 2791: 2626: 1933:(who is very popular all across India) and 1815:s were later recorded in documents known as 1181:Rajput soldiers from the eastern regions of 629:Gradually, the term Rajput came to denote a 8730:Vajracharya, Dhanavajra (1 December 1975), 8729: 8333: 8247:Catherine B. Asher; Cynthia Talbot (2006). 8011:. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–44. 8006: 7833: 7725: 7177: 7064:. Manchester University Press. p. 26. 6146:, Government of India, 1971, archived from 6140:"The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971" 6097:. Indiana University Press. pp. 206–. 6084: 5830:. Princeton University Press. p. 299. 5418:Journal of Psychology and Political Science 5153: 5060:. Cambridge University Press. p. 174. 4749: 4092:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–. 4048: 3718: 3668: 3540:Reena Dube & Rashmi Dube Bhatnagar 2012 3433: 3240:Reena Dube & Rashmi Dube Bhatnagar 2012 3212:Religious Movements in South Asia, 600–1800 3168: 2797: 2771:Reena Dube & Rashmi Dube Bhatnagar 2012 2730: 2592:. Princeton University Press. p. 151. 1868:. Lindsey Harlan notes that in some cases, 1502:Historian Robert Stern points out that in 744:puts the number of Rajput clans at 36, the 698: 8798: 8784: 8622:Reena Dube; Rashmi Dube Bhatnagar (2012). 8465: 8159: 8116: 7916: 7884:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 7772:Harald Fischer-Tiné; Michael Mann (2004). 7553: 7386: 7363:"7 Interesting Martial Art Forms in India" 7325: 7011: 6977: 6840: 6264:. Deep and Deep Publications. p. 69. 5913:. Asian Educational Services. p. 20. 5844: 5730: 5574:. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. 5392:"Aurangzeb and The Decline of the Mughals" 5389: 5330:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 5107: 5033:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. 4951: 4722:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 79–80. 4480:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–24. 4449: 4419: 4382: 4271:. Simon and Schuster. p. Chapter 15. 4127:. Oxford University Press. pp. 364–. 3964: 3889:. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. 3801:. Chaukhambha Orientalia. pp. 131–132 3706: 3587:. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. 3402: 3371: 3319: 3041:. Oxford University Press. p. xxiii. 2888: 2886: 2852: 2839:. University of Pennsylvania. p. 30. 2746:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 43–44. 2614: 2498:Samaskaras in Indian Tradition and Culture 1379:nineteenth century, British administrator 1365: 8295:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. 7792: 7554:Somerville, Christopher (16 April 2020). 7461: 7395:(Reprinted ed.). Doubleday. p. 7005: 6730:B S Baviskar, George Mathew, ed. (2009). 6631: 6540:. Asiancorrespondent.com. 7 February 2012 6060: 5512: 5166:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 88–90. 4962: 4740: 4395:. Oneworld Publications. pp. 64–65. 4152: 3503: 3089: 2826: 2781: 2779: 8749: 8732:"Notes on the Changunarayan Inscription" 7529:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 330. 7275: 6971: 6259: 5626: 5026: 5006:. Oxford University Press. p. 656. 4886: 4857: 4692: 4618: 4595: 3813: 3725:. Oxford University Press. p. 148. 3162: 3005:. Oxford University Press. p. 110. 2846: 2337: 2174:Rajput women could be incorporated into 2012:' or its regional variants, stands for ' 1952: 1913: 1655:National Commission for Backward Classes 1369: 1226: 1211: 905: 879: 702: 7910: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7663: 7522: 7305: 7119: 7113: 5974:. Oxford University Press. p. 85. 5906: 5823: 5796: 5766: 5696: 5398:. Presidency University, Kolkata: 134. 5303:. Har Anand Publications. p. 124. 5293: 5232:. Oxford University Press. p. 46. 4914: 4715: 4581:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 224. 4574: 4473: 4335:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 115. 4234:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 4085: 4054: 3832: 3722:The State and Society in Medieval India 3682:. Pearson Education India. p. 66. 3443:Modern India: An Interpretive Anthology 3256:. In Hendrik Maier; Jan Jansen (eds.). 3215:. Oxford University Press. p. 82. 3150: 3102:. Oxford University Press. p. 51. 2883: 2700: 2684:"Society in the Kirtilata of Vidyapati" 923:formation of a coherent Rajput empire. 718:An opinion asserts that the terms like 646:mentions the opinion of Indian scholar 506:. The second theory was promulgated by 14: 9162: 8670:India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 8628:. State University of New York Press. 7877: 7668:. Oxford University Press. p. 2. 7584: 7492: 7190:. Psychology Press. pp. 284–285. 7160:. Three Essays Collective. p. 5. 6736:. SAGE Publications Ltd. p. 408. 6517:"Changing Electoral Politics in Delhi" 6492:"The caste bogey in election analysis" 6413:The Tribune India (20 December 2016). 6329: 6306:"Rajput youths rally for reservations" 5824:Metcalf, Thomas R. (8 December 2015). 5134: 4237:. New Age International. p. 307. 2776: 1862:is protected by a family goddess, the 1513:Rajputs have served in our ranks from 1291: 926:The term "Rajput" has been used as an 259:meaning "son of a king"), also called 8779: 8009:Social Stratification in Rural Kumaon 7711:. Hogrefe Publishing. pp. 219–. 7360: 7078: 6783:. Columbia University Press. p. 6638:European Scientific Journal June 2015 6167: 6043:Land Tenure and Peasant in South Asia 5933: 5877: 5739:. Abhinav Publications. p. 120. 5362: 5323: 5256:The Temple Road Towards a Great India 4999: 4860:"The Subjugation of the Sindia State" 4698: 4392:India and South Asia: A Short History 4158: 3879: 2681: 2438: 2414:List of Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh 2068: 1764:denotes descent from the solar deity 1645:(forward caste) in India's system of 1636: 1299: 1065:and other Rajput ruled kingdoms like 872:Rajput resistance to Muslim conquests 691:According to some scholars, the term 7992:. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 68. 7820: 7666:Embattled Identities Rajput Lineages 7588:A Military History of Medieval India 7084: 6277: 6064:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 6016:. SAGE Publications. pp. 389–. 5827:Aftermath of Revolt: India 1857-1970 5675:Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han 5547:. Orient Longman. pp. 315–330. 5163:A Short History of the Mughal Empire 4116: 3748: 3571: 2501:. Shipra Publications. p. 195. 1879: 1752:, the step below the super-division 1581: 1034:led a coalition of Rajput kings and 892:, Rajasthan, which was built by the 8756:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. 8187:The Indian Princes and their States 8126:. Vol. 1. BRILL. p. 269. 7738:. SAGE Publications. pp. 44–. 7732:Kanchan Mathur (16 November 2004). 5671: 5636:An Advanced History of Modern India 5598:Peasants and Monks in British India 5427: 5114:. Taylor and Francis. p. 213. 5053: 4359:Sara R. Farris (5 September 2013). 3712: 3672:(2011). "The Agrarian Classes". In 3610: 3446:. Sterling Publishers. p. 90. 3409:Sara R. Farris (9 September 2013). 3384:. Psychology Press. pp. 180–. 3381:Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait 2494: 2409:List of Rajput dynasties and states 2260:According to Priyanka Khanna, with 1948: 1807:include Udayvanshi, Rajvanshi, and 1177:From as early as the 16th century, 876:List of Rajput dynasties and states 443:(1380) among castes inhabiting the 358: 271:clans historically associated with 24: 9220:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir 8451:. University of California Press. 8208:The Making of Early Medieval India 7805:. Sterling Publishers. p. 9. 7778:. Anthem Press. pp. 124–140. 7468:. Rawat Publications. p. 42. 7462:Cūṇḍāvata, Lakshmī Kumārī (2000). 7276:Kothiyal, Tanuja (14 March 2016). 6332:"The Absurdity of Jat Reservation" 6330:Mudgal, Vipul (22 February 2016). 5878:Bates, Crispin (16 October 2014). 5731:Srivastava, Vijai Shankar (1981). 4295:Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2006). 3873: 3260:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 95. 2620: 2167:Brideprice or Bridewealth weddings 1668: 1586: 1234:, an important Rajput official of 450: 25: 9261: 9215:Social groups of Himachal Pradesh 9200:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan 8762: 8292:An Agrarian History of South Asia 6690:Anjali Semwal (31 January 2023). 6244:"12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010" 5937:The Concept of Race in South Asia 5678:. Higginbotham & Co. p. 5571:A Concise History of Modern India 5160:Michael Fisher (1 October 2015). 4206:. Psychology Press. p. 116. 3489:. Weltforum Verlag. p. 104. 2495:Roy, Ramashray (1 January 2003). 2375: 2055:There have been several cases of 1901:The Rajputs were designated as a 1846:("twig tip"). Marriages within a 1607:'s administration under the 1971 1201: 1046:and crushed Rajput forces on the 267:. The term Rajput covers various 8406:. University of Nebraska Press. 8361:Idea of Rajasthan: Constructions 8052: 8025: 8000: 7981: 7871: 7657: 7639: 7578: 7547: 7516: 7486: 7455: 7380: 7354: 7339: 7319: 7299: 7269: 7239: 7221:. APH Publishing. pp. 26–. 6870: 6804: 6768: 6750: 6723: 6705: 6683: 6648: 6625: 6595: 6570: 6552: 6530: 6509: 6490:Dipankar Gupta (20 March 2014). 6483: 6464:. Kellogg.nd.edu. Archived from 6451: 6425: 6406: 6380: 6354: 6323: 6298: 6271: 6253: 6236: 6222: 6182: 6161: 6132: 6118: 6061:Markovits, Claude, ed. (2002) . 5961: 5927: 5900: 5871: 5817: 5790: 5760: 5724: 5690: 5665: 5588: 5561: 5543:(1994). "The British alliance". 5533: 5506: 5486:Ramya Sreenivasan (1 May 2017). 5405: 5383: 5356: 5317: 5287: 5246: 5219: 5192: 5128: 5101: 5081:Vivekanandan, Jayashree (2012). 5074: 5047: 5020: 4993: 4963:Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). 4908: 4880: 4851: 4831:Gyan Prakash (30 October 2003). 4514:. Psychology Press. p. 21. 3777:By the twelfth century the term 2535:. Routledge India. p. 217. 2038: 2027: 1468:The medieval bardic chronicles ( 1208:Rajput Mughal marriage alliances 1196: 1057:sacked key Rajput fortresses of 9240:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh 8649:. University of Chicago Press. 8232:. University of Chicago Press. 8102:. University of Chicago Press. 8085: 7963:. Anthem Press. pp. 128–. 7843:Slavery and South Asian History 7604:horseback. India-identification 7585:Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh (2003). 6950:. Berghahn Books. p. 135. 6040:Robert Eric Frykenberg (1984). 5703:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 3–5. 4756:. CUP Archive. pp. 18–19. 4709: 4659: 4639: 4612: 4531: 4494: 4467: 4443: 4413: 4352: 4319: 4288: 4255: 4224: 4186: 4110: 4079: 4006: 3817:Sources of The History of India 3798:Mithila In The Age Of Vidyapati 3795:Radhakrishna Choudhary (1976). 3786: 3742: 3700: 3662: 3627: 3604: 3252:Janet Tiwary Kamphorst (2004). 3245: 2548:in north Maharashtra districts. 1957:An old Rajput man poses with a 1896: 1811:. The histories of the various 1788:. The Agnivanshi clans include 1717: 1677: 1609:Constitution 26th Amendment Act 1329:Maratha Empire (or confederacy) 9230:Social groups of Punjab, India 9205:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh 8593:. African Studies Association. 8562:. Cambridge University Press. 8538:. Cambridge University Press. 8430:. Cambridge University Press. 8403:The State at War in South Asia 8319:. Cambridge University Press. 8274:. Cambridge University Press. 8253:. Cambridge University Press. 8229:Poverty and the Quest for Life 8190:. Cambridge University Press. 7523:Simoons, Frederick J. (1994). 7387:Narasimhan, Sakuntala (1992). 7282:. Cambridge University Press. 4625:. APH Publishing. p. 95. 3354:Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya 1994 3308:Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya 1994 3084:Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya 1994 2798:Daniel Gold (1 January 1995). 2673: 2647: 2553: 2522: 2488: 2466: 2439:Cohen, Stephen Philip (2006). 2432: 2316:These Rajput groups(khasa) of 287:from seventh century onwards. 27:Social community of South Asia 13: 1: 8517:. Columbia University Press. 8141:Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956). 7653:. Cambridge University Press. 7591:. Vision Books. p. 428. 7423:; Erndl, Kathleen M. (2000). 7326:Prabhākara, Manohara (1976). 7246:Schaflechner, Jürgen (2018). 6978:Makhan Jha (1 January 1997). 6284:. Cambria Press. p. 96. 5545:A History of Jaipur 1503–1938 3035:Ishita Banerjee-Dube (2010). 2420: 2014:Victory to the Mother Goddess 1396:had been "devastated" by the 1374:Chauhan Rajputs, Delhi (1868) 1348:, a sacred thread or claimed 9235:Social groups of Uttarakhand 8694:. Univ of California Press. 8445:Richard Gabriel Fox (1971). 8343:. Anthem Press. p. 90. 7391:Sati: Widow Burning in India 6944:Maya Unnithan-Kumar (1997). 6661:. Taylor and Francis group. 6091:Gerald James Larson (2001). 5459:Lynn Zastoupil (July 1994). 4675:. Penguin Books. p. 4. 4602:R. C. Majumdar, ed. (1960). 2659:. Brill. 2002. p. 155. 2627:Sabita Singh (27 May 2019). 2425: 2250:also gives and example of a 819:Marwar ra Paraganan ri Vigat 7: 8770:History of Rajputs in India 8715:. Oxford University Press. 8364:. South Asia Publications. 8211:. Oxford University Press. 7616:Harald Tambs-Lyche (1997). 7312:. Manager of Publications. 7252:. Oxford University Press. 5639:. Macmillan. pp. 73–. 5633:Sailendra Nath Sen (2010). 5412:Aqib Yousuf Rather (2022). 4750:C. A. Bayly (19 May 1988). 4420:Peter Robb (21 June 2011). 4231:Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). 2833:Doris Marion Kling (1993). 2690:. Indian History Congress. 2633:. Oxford University Press. 2386: 1048:same battlefield of Taraori 421:to which the Chachnama and 10: 9266: 9225:Social groups of Jharkhand 9210:Social groups of Rajasthan 8147:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 8032:Berreman Gerald D (1963). 7664:Kasturi, Malavika (2002). 7087:European Review of History 6608:. Om Books International. 6128:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 5462:John Stuart Mill and India 5027:Richards, John F. (1995). 4789:Kumkum Chatterjee (1996). 4652:. Impex India. p. 6. 3440:Thomas R. Metcalf (1990). 2379: 2331: 2237:were used for females and 1961:in the Maharaja palace of 1909: 1737:. The Rajputs claim to be 1721: 1518:the power of the Marathas. 1303: 1205: 869: 866:History of Rajput Kingdoms 860: 526:Kshatriyas of the epics - 29: 9040: 8989: 8956: 8891: 8818: 8673:. Penguin Books Limited. 8316:Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy 8226:Bhrigupati Singh (2015). 7988:Kalikinkar Datta (1978). 7878:Khanna, Priyanka (2011). 7350:. Routledge. p. 79-. 7346:Aase J. Kvanneid (2021). 7215:Amiya K. Samanta (2000). 7120:Streets, Heather (2004). 7099:10.1080/13507480600586726 6775:Lawrence A. Babb (1975). 6581:. JHU Press. p. 66. 6419:Tribuneindia News Service 5882:. SAGE Publishing India. 5595:William R. Pinch (1996). 5437:. Encyclopædia Britannica 5135:Hansen, Waldemar (1972). 5000:Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). 4866:. Routledge. p. 57. 4795:. BRILL. pp. 35–36. 4699:Sarda, Har Bilas (1970). 4547:. Penguin Books Limited. 4462:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 4055:Peabody, Norbert (2003). 3836:Bihar, Past & Present 3763:10.1163/9789004483002_009 3719:J.S. Grewal, ed. (2005). 3483:Detlef Kantowsky (1986). 2206:; a concubine was called 1568:Sri Rajput Pacharni Sabha 372: 353: 181: 167: 80: 62: 46: 41: 9245:Social groups of Gujarat 9195:Social groups of Haryana 8750:Hastings, James (2002). 8532:Tanuja Kothiyal (2016). 8340:Essays in Indian History 8059:Saleema Waraich (2012). 7847:Indiana University Press 7845:. Bloomington, Indiana: 7332:. Panchsheel Prakashan. 7184:Philippa Levine (2003). 7058:Heather Streets (2004). 7018:. BRILL. pp. 282–. 6811:Lawrence A Babb (2004). 6602:Anil Maheshwari (2022). 6278:Basu, Pratyusha (2009). 6046:. Manohar. p. 197. 5907:Bingley, A. H. (1986) . 5851:Robert W. Stern (1988). 5513:Chaurasia, R.S. (2004). 5205:. Taylor & Francis. 5187:Barbara N. Ramusack 2004 4816:Richard Gabriel Fox 1971 4777:Barbara N. Ramusack 2004 4716:Chandra, Satish (2005). 4705:. Kumar Bros. p. 1. 4575:Chandra, Satish (2004). 4474:Chandra, Satish (2004). 4268:A Brief History of India 3953:Barbara N. Ramusack 2004 3751:"The Mahārājas of India" 3415:. BRILL. pp. 140–. 3378:Reinhard Bendix (1998). 3296:Richard Gabriel Fox 1971 2299:Semi nomadic communities 2198:; a dancer was called a 2127:to the mother's breast. 1522:The Rajput practices of 1497:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1321: 707:Rajputs of Central India 699:Emergence as a community 490:, and believed that the 8688:Lindsey Harlan (2018). 8577:Norman Ziegler (1976). 8379:Lindsey Harlan (1992). 8358:Karine Schomer (1994). 8268:Cynthia Talbot (2015). 8067:. Ashgate. p. 88. 8034:Hindus of the Himalayas 7499:. Manohar. p. 61. 6882:Encyclopædia Britannica 6640:. core.ac.uk: 342,343. 6197:Oxford University Press 6168:Brass, Paul R. (1966). 5803:. BRILL. pp. 3–5. 5797:Freitag, Jason (2009). 5786:(subscription required) 5697:Freitag, Jason (2009). 5516:History of the Marathas 5226:Lindsey Harlan (2003). 4858:Farooqui, Amar (2007). 4301:. Anthem. p. 116. 4086:Jackson, Peter (2003). 2327: 2050: 1776:) from the lunar deity 1647:positive discrimination 1366:British colonial period 1151:Eastern Gangetic plains 945:. These dynasties were 814:Munhata Nainsi ri Khyat 32:Rajput (disambiguation) 9190:Social groups of Bihar 9185:Ethnic groups in Sindh 9180:Ethnic groups in India 8643:Lloyd Rudolph (1967). 8559:The Marathas 1600-1818 8511:Shail Mayaram (2013). 8472:. Rupa & Company. 8469:A History of Rajasthan 8400:Pradeep Barua (2005). 7799:Manmohan Kaur (1968). 7493:Fisher, R. J. (1997). 5857:. BRILL. p. 108. 4646:V.S Bhatnagar (1974). 4619:Naravane, M.S (1999). 4365:. BRILL. p. 145. 3329:. BRILL. p. 282. 3181:. Mouton. p. 79. 2586:Paul R. Brass (1997). 2474:"Folk-lore, Volume 21" 2346: 2160: 2140: 1966: 1922: 1876:s in their own right. 1520: 1491:, Rajput Taluqdars in 1375: 1306:Rajput War (1679–1707) 1239: 1224: 1005:Rajput family of Mewar 915: 903: 708: 606:The medieval tales on 8739:Regmi Research Series 8289:David Ludden (1999). 8144:Chaulukyas of Gujarat 7309:Census of India, 1961 7154:Omar Khalidi (2003). 6910:Rolf Lunheim (1993). 5769:Archives of Asian Art 5363:Bayly, Susan (2000). 5199:Jagmal Singh (2020). 4988:Dirk H. A. Kolff 2002 4389:David Ludden (2013). 4117:Behl, Aditya (2012). 3096:Parita Mukta (1994). 2924:Bhrigupati Singh 2015 2341: 2178:and this defined the 2156: 2136: 2081:(Uttar Pradesh), the 1956: 1917: 1511: 1487:As per the historian 1373: 1230: 1215: 949:, the Chahamanas (of 947:Pratiharas of Kannauj 909: 883: 706: 512:Aryan invasion theory 468:by some scholars and 281:Rajput-ruled kingdoms 8007:R.D. Sanwal (1976). 7923:. Usha. p. 49. 7849:. pp. 136–161. 7651:Cambridge Dictionary 6817:. SAGE. p. 17. 5660:Tanuja Kothiyal 2016 5324:Ahmad, Amir (2005). 4001:Tanuja Kothiyal 2016 3917:Tanuja Kothiyal 2016 3749:Wink, Andre (2002). 3284:Tanuja Kothiyal 2016 3069:Tanuja Kothiyal 2016 2972:Alf Hiltebeitel 1999 2960:Alf Hiltebeitel 1999 2948:Alf Hiltebeitel 1999 2912:Alf Hiltebeitel 1999 2442:The idea of Pakistan 1784:from the fire deity 1651:Other Backward Class 1593:India's independence 1134:. After a few years 1126:but was defeated at 1083:Muhammad bin Tughluq 658:hypergamous marriage 510:who believed in the 480:British colonial-era 379:scriptures like the 30:For other uses, see 8583:"History in Africa" 8466:Rima Hooja (2006). 8250:India Before Europe 8182:Barbara N. Ramusack 8160:Ayan Shome (2014). 8047:Karine Schomer 1994 7945:Lindsey Harlan 1992 7917:D. D. Gaur (1978). 7689:Lindsey Harlan 1992 7450:Lindsey Harlan 1992 7046:Lindsey Harlan 1992 7012:André Wink (2002). 6884:. 11 December 2023. 6865:Cynthia Talbot 2015 5910:Handbook on Rajputs 5672:Tod, James (1873). 5390:Sayan Lodh (2019). 4043:Cynthia Talbot 2015 4020:on 9 November 2014. 3989:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3979:, pp. 121–122. 3977:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3929:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3859:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3579:Barbara N. Ramusack 3566:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3471:Stewart Gordon 2007 3366:Norman Ziegler 1976 3139:Norman Ziegler 1976 3127:Satish Chandra 1982 2974:, pp. 441–442. 2950:, pp. 440–441. 2914:, pp. 439–440. 2786:Eugenia Vanina 2012 2404:Rajput architecture 2370:Ananda Coomaraswamy 1292:Shah Jahan's period 899:Rajput architecture 896:Rajput rulers (see 713:Indo-Gangetic Plain 399:Bakshali manuscript 265:Indian subcontinent 7947:, p. 145,167. 7835:Sreenivasan, Ramya 7361:Chowdhary, Charu. 6898:Shail Mayaram 2013 6566:. 13 October 2013. 6564:The Times of India 6439:. 15 November 2021 6310:The Times of India 6150:on 6 December 2011 5998:Lloyd Rudolph 1967 5054:Lal, Ruby (2005). 4423:A History of India 4203:A History of India 4198:Dietmar Rothermund 4031:Pradeep Barua 2005 3991:, p. 121-125. 3757:. Brill.com: 293. 3611:Ali, Daud (2005). 2936:Pradeep Barua 2005 2893:Richard Eaton 2019 2563:Kumar Suresh Singh 2476:. 1980. p. 79 2347: 2204:badaran or vadaran 2074:Female infanticide 2069:Female infanticide 2033:Harald Tambs-Lyche 1967: 1923: 1890:East India Company 1702:, 3.45 % for 1637:Affirmative Action 1538:social engineering 1524:female infanticide 1413:aggressive ones". 1376: 1333:East India Company 1300:Aurangzeb's period 1240: 1225: 1158:zamindars and the 1087:Singoli in 1336 CE 1028:Prithviraj Chauhan 994:Muhammad ibn Qasim 916: 904: 847:Prithviraj Chauhan 709: 673:female infanticide 610:depicting Rajput, 601:Hindu Varna system 9250:Hindu communities 9157: 9156: 9041:Subdivision Clans 8722:978-0-19-566915-2 8701:978-0-520-30175-7 8680:978-0-14-196655-7 8656:978-0-226-73137-7 8635:978-0-7914-8385-5 8614:978-93-80607-19-1 8587:History in Africa 8569:978-0-521-03316-9 8524:978-0-231-52951-8 8479:978-81-291-1501-0 8437:978-0-521-54329-3 8413:978-0-8032-1344-9 8392:978-0-520-07339-5 8371:978-0-945921-25-7 8350:978-1-84331-061-7 8326:978-0-521-52305-9 8302:978-0-521-36424-9 8260:978-0-521-80904-7 8239:978-0-226-19468-4 8173:978-93-84318-46-8 8109:978-0-226-34055-5 7970:978-1-84331-363-2 7785:978-1-84331-092-1 7745:978-0-7619-3244-4 7718:978-1-61676-436-4 7701:Erminia Colucci; 7675:978-0-19-565787-6 7629:978-81-7304-176-1 7598:978-81-7094-525-3 7567:978-1-4746-1775-8 7536:978-0-299-14254-4 7506:978-81-7304-184-6 7475:978-81-7033-606-8 7436:978-0-8147-3619-7 7406:978-0-385-42317-5 7289:978-1-107-08031-7 7259:978-0-19-085052-4 7228:978-81-7648-166-3 7197:978-0-415-94447-2 7133:978-0-7190-6962-8 7071:978-0-7190-6962-8 7025:978-0-391-04173-8 6991:978-81-7533-034-4 6957:978-1-57181-918-5 6824:978-0-7619-3223-9 6794:978-0-231-08387-4 6743:978-81-7829-860-3 6719:. 2 October 2023. 6615:978-93-91258-48-1 6588:978-1-4214-1958-9 6368:. 16 January 2013 6291:978-1-60497-625-0 6260:A.Prasad (1997). 6206:978-0-19-566709-7 6104:978-0-253-21480-5 6074:978-1-84331-004-4 6023:978-81-321-1865-7 5947:978-0-19-563767-0 5920:978-81-206-0204-5 5889:978-93-5150-457-3 5864:978-90-04-08283-0 5837:978-1-4008-7664-8 5810:978-90-04-17594-5 5746:978-0-391-02358-1 5710:978-90-04-17594-5 5646:978-0-230-32885-3 5581:978-1-107-02649-0 5499:978-0-295-99785-8 5472:978-0-8047-6617-3 5396:AltraLANG Journal 5189:, pp. 18–19. 5173:978-0-85772-976-7 5146:978-81-208-0225-4 5094:978-1-136-70385-0 5067:978-0-521-85022-3 5040:978-0-521-56603-2 5030:The Mughal Empire 5013:978-0-19-514890-9 4974:978-81-269-0123-4 4901:978-0-521-25119-8 4892:The Mughal Empire 4888:Richards, John F. 4873:978-1-134-11988-2 4844:978-0-521-52658-6 4763:978-0-521-31054-3 4729:978-81-241-1066-9 4682:978-0-14-011854-4 4632:978-81-7648-118-2 4588:978-81-241-1064-5 4554:978-93-5214-118-0 4521:978-0-415-30786-4 4487:978-81-241-1064-5 4433:978-0-230-34549-2 4402:978-1-78074-108-6 4372:978-90-04-25409-1 4342:978-81-241-0035-6 4308:978-1-84331-132-4 4278:978-1-59477-794-3 4244:978-81-224-1198-0 4213:978-0-415-32920-0 4175:978-0-521-79842-6 4134:978-0-19-514670-7 4099:978-0-521-54329-3 4068:978-0-521-46548-9 3941:David Ludden 1999 3896:978-0-521-52305-9 3881:Kolff, Dirk H. A. 3814:S.P. Sen (1988). 3772:978-90-04-48300-2 3689:978-81-317-2791-1 3652:978-81-317-1120-0 3496:978-3-8039-0333-4 3422:978-90-04-25409-1 3391:978-0-415-17453-4 3222:978-0-19-566448-5 3207:David N. Lorenzen 3109:978-0-19-563115-9 3086:, pp. 79–80. 3048:978-0-19-806678-1 3012:978-0-19-806678-1 2815:978-0-7914-2025-6 2800:David N. Lorenzen 2578:978-0-19-563357-3 2248:Ramya Sreenivasan 1880:Culture and ethos 1620:Kashmir and Jammu 1582:Post Independence 1489:Thomas R. Metcalf 1279:Rajput family of 1063:Ranthambor (1301) 644:Thomas R. Metcalf 433:finds mention in 247: 246: 218:Jammu and Kashmir 16:(Redirected from 9257: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8757: 8746: 8736: 8726: 8705: 8684: 8660: 8639: 8618: 8607:. Primus Books. 8594: 8573: 8549: 8528: 8507: 8483: 8462: 8441: 8417: 8396: 8375: 8354: 8330: 8311:Dirk H. A. Kolff 8306: 8285: 8264: 8243: 8222: 8201: 8177: 8156: 8137: 8113: 8079: 8078: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7831: 7818: 7810: 7809: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7769: 7750: 7749: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7421:Hiltebeitel, Alf 7417: 7411: 7410: 7394: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6886: 6885: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6782: 6772: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6674: 6666: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6470: 6463: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6338:. 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Archived from 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3905: 3904: 3877: 3871: 3862: 3856: 3843: 3840: 3833:PN Ojha (1987). 3829: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3552: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3038:Caste in History 3032: 3021: 3020: 3002:Caste in History 2996: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2890: 2881: 2880: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2697: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2589:Theft of an Idol 2582: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2436: 2085:, Bamungors and 1949:Rajput lifestyle 1710:, and 0.16% for 1696:Himachal Pradesh 1657:in the state of 1623:acceded to India 1463:David Ochterlony 1415:Charles Metcalfe 963:Tomaras of Delhi 662:widow remarriage 504:D. R. Bhandarkar 374: 359:Early references 324:Himachal Pradesh 210:Himachal Pradesh 39: 38: 21: 9265: 9264: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9160: 9159: 9158: 9153: 9068:Karadiya Rajput 9036: 8985: 8952: 8887: 8814: 8804: 8768: 8765: 8760: 8734: 8723: 8702: 8681: 8657: 8636: 8615: 8570: 8546: 8525: 8504: 8480: 8459: 8438: 8414: 8393: 8372: 8351: 8327: 8303: 8282: 8261: 8240: 8219: 8198: 8174: 8134: 8110: 8094:Alf Hiltebeitel 8088: 8083: 8082: 8075: 8057: 8053: 8045: 8041: 8030: 8026: 8019: 8005: 8001: 7986: 7982: 7971: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7915: 7911: 7876: 7872: 7857: 7832: 7821: 7813: 7797: 7793: 7786: 7770: 7753: 7746: 7730: 7726: 7719: 7699: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7662: 7658: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7630: 7614: 7610: 7599: 7583: 7579: 7568: 7552: 7548: 7537: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7491: 7487: 7476: 7460: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7437: 7418: 7414: 7407: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7359: 7355: 7344: 7340: 7324: 7320: 7304: 7300: 7290: 7274: 7270: 7260: 7244: 7240: 7229: 7213: 7209: 7198: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7152: 7148: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7118: 7114: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7010: 7006: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6976: 6972: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6942: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6896: 6889: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6841:Ayan Shome 2014 6839: 6835: 6825: 6809: 6805: 6795: 6773: 6769: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6728: 6724: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6688: 6684: 6668: 6667: 6653: 6649: 6632:Anupama Verma. 6630: 6626: 6616: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6575: 6571: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6514: 6510: 6500: 6498: 6488: 6484: 6474: 6472: 6471:on 4 March 2016 6468: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6442: 6440: 6437:Hindustan Times 6431: 6430: 6426: 6411: 6407: 6397: 6395: 6394:. 28 April 2016 6392:Hindustan Times 6386: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6345: 6343: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6312: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6292: 6276: 6272: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6207: 6187: 6183: 6166: 6162: 6153: 6151: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6126:"Dogra dynasty" 6124: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6089: 6085: 6075: 6059: 6055: 6038: 6034: 6024: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5905: 5901: 5890: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5695: 5691: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5541:Jadunath Sarkar 5538: 5534: 5527: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5457: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5410: 5406: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5361: 5357: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5295:Chandra, Satish 5292: 5288: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5025: 5021: 5014: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4961: 4952: 4929:10.2307/3517716 4923:(9/10): 48–53. 4913: 4909: 4902: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4748: 4741: 4730: 4714: 4710: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4667:Giles Tillotson 4664: 4660: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4617: 4613: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4573: 4566: 4555: 4541:(1 June 2015). 4536: 4532: 4522: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4450:André Wink 1990 4448: 4444: 4434: 4418: 4414: 4403: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4324: 4320: 4309: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4260: 4256: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4214: 4191: 4187: 4176: 4157: 4153: 4135: 4115: 4111: 4100: 4084: 4080: 4069: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3965:André Wink 1990 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3919:, pp. 8–9. 3915: 3908: 3897: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3857: 3846: 3804: 3802: 3791: 3787: 3773: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3717: 3713: 3707:Rima Hooja 2006 3705: 3701: 3690: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3645:, p. 566, 3632: 3628: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3555: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3454: 3438: 3434: 3423: 3407: 3403: 3392: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3337: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3223: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3110: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3071:, p. 265, 3067: 3060: 3049: 3033: 3024: 3013: 2997: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2903: 2891: 2884: 2874: 2866:. p. 171. 2851: 2847: 2831: 2827: 2816: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2754: 2735: 2731: 2715: 2694: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2625: 2621: 2615:Rima Hooja 2006 2613: 2609: 2600: 2579: 2558: 2554: 2543: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2389: 2384: 2382:List of Rajputs 2378: 2363:Mughal painting 2351:Rajput painting 2336: 2334:Rajput painting 2330: 2169: 2104:by drawing the 2071: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2030: 1951: 1912: 1899: 1882: 1854:lineages). The 1726: 1720: 1680: 1671: 1669:Rajput politics 1639: 1589: 1587:Princely States 1584: 1457:by 1817-18 and 1381:Warren Hastings 1368: 1324: 1308: 1302: 1294: 1244:Mughal emperors 1210: 1204: 1199: 1172:Ghurid invasion 1132:Krishnadevaraya 1055:Alauddin Khalji 1044:mounted archers 1014:Mahmud Ghaznavi 997:conquered Sindh 920:Rajput kingdoms 912:Mehrangarh Fort 878: 868: 863: 842:Prithviraj Raso 747:Varna Ratnakara 701: 681:Sanskritisation 679:", which, like 476:Alf Hiltebeitel 466:Sanskritization 453: 451:Scholars' views 361: 356: 53: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9263: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8962: 8960: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8897: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8824: 8822: 8816: 8815: 8803: 8802: 8795: 8788: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8764: 8763:External links 8761: 8759: 8758: 8747: 8727: 8721: 8706: 8700: 8685: 8679: 8661: 8655: 8640: 8634: 8619: 8613: 8599:Eugenia Vanina 8595: 8574: 8568: 8554:Stewart Gordon 8550: 8544: 8529: 8523: 8508: 8502: 8488:Satish Chandra 8484: 8478: 8463: 8457: 8442: 8436: 8418: 8412: 8397: 8391: 8376: 8370: 8355: 8349: 8331: 8325: 8307: 8301: 8286: 8280: 8265: 8259: 8244: 8238: 8223: 8217: 8202: 8196: 8178: 8172: 8157: 8138: 8132: 8114: 8108: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8073: 8051: 8049:, p. 338. 8039: 8024: 8017: 7999: 7980: 7969: 7949: 7937: 7909: 7870: 7856:978-0253116710 7855: 7819: 7811: 7791: 7784: 7751: 7744: 7724: 7717: 7693: 7681: 7674: 7656: 7638: 7628: 7608: 7597: 7577: 7566: 7546: 7535: 7515: 7505: 7485: 7474: 7454: 7442: 7435: 7412: 7405: 7379: 7353: 7338: 7318: 7298: 7288: 7268: 7258: 7238: 7227: 7207: 7196: 7176: 7166: 7146: 7132: 7112: 7077: 7070: 7050: 7038: 7024: 7004: 6990: 6970: 6956: 6936: 6922: 6902: 6900:, p. 269. 6887: 6869: 6857: 6845: 6843:, p. 196. 6833: 6823: 6803: 6793: 6767: 6749: 6742: 6722: 6704: 6682: 6647: 6624: 6614: 6594: 6587: 6569: 6551: 6529: 6508: 6482: 6450: 6424: 6405: 6379: 6353: 6342:on 30 May 2016 6322: 6297: 6290: 6270: 6252: 6235: 6221: 6205: 6199:. p. 84. 6181: 6160: 6131: 6117: 6103: 6083: 6073: 6053: 6032: 6022: 6002: 6000:, p. 127. 5990: 5980: 5960: 5946: 5926: 5919: 5899: 5888: 5870: 5863: 5843: 5836: 5816: 5809: 5789: 5759: 5745: 5723: 5709: 5689: 5664: 5652: 5645: 5625: 5607: 5587: 5580: 5560: 5553: 5532: 5525: 5505: 5498: 5478: 5471: 5448: 5426: 5420:. JIPIRS: 34. 5404: 5382: 5375: 5355: 5316: 5309: 5286: 5265: 5245: 5238: 5218: 5211: 5191: 5179: 5172: 5152: 5145: 5127: 5120: 5100: 5093: 5073: 5066: 5046: 5039: 5019: 5012: 4992: 4990:, p. 132. 4980: 4973: 4950: 4907: 4900: 4879: 4872: 4850: 4843: 4820: 4808: 4801: 4781: 4769: 4762: 4739: 4728: 4708: 4691: 4681: 4658: 4638: 4631: 4611: 4594: 4587: 4564: 4553: 4530: 4520: 4493: 4486: 4466: 4454: 4442: 4432: 4412: 4401: 4381: 4371: 4351: 4341: 4327:Satish Chandra 4318: 4307: 4287: 4277: 4263:Alain Danielou 4254: 4243: 4223: 4212: 4185: 4174: 4151: 4133: 4109: 4098: 4078: 4067: 4047: 4035: 4023: 4005: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3967:, p. 282. 3957: 3945: 3933: 3931:, p. 121. 3921: 3906: 3895: 3872: 3863: 3861:, p. 120. 3844: 3842: 3841: 3830: 3811: 3785: 3771: 3741: 3731: 3711: 3699: 3688: 3661: 3651: 3626: 3603: 3593: 3570: 3568:, p. 119. 3553: 3532: 3525: 3502: 3495: 3475: 3463: 3452: 3432: 3421: 3401: 3390: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3335: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3273: 3266: 3244: 3242:, p. 257. 3232: 3221: 3194: 3187: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3108: 3088: 3076: 3058: 3047: 3022: 3011: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2901: 2895:, p. 87, 2882: 2872: 2845: 2825: 2814: 2790: 2775: 2763: 2752: 2738:Satish Chandra 2729: 2727: 2726: 2713: 2698: 2672: 2665: 2646: 2639: 2619: 2617:, p. 181. 2607: 2605: 2604: 2598: 2583: 2577: 2552: 2541: 2521: 2507: 2487: 2465: 2452:978-0815715030 2451: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2399:Muslim Rajputs 2396: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2380:Main article: 2377: 2376:Notable people 2374: 2332:Main article: 2329: 2326: 2313:respectively. 2168: 2165: 2132:Hindu Shastras 2106:umbilical cord 2100:, poisoning, " 2070: 2067: 2052: 2049: 2040: 2037: 2029: 2026: 1983:khanda nariyal 1950: 1947: 1943:Sherawali Mata 1911: 1908: 1898: 1895: 1881: 1878: 1842:("twig"), and 1722:Main article: 1719: 1716: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1638: 1635: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1552:Madhya Pradesh 1367: 1364: 1323: 1320: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1266:Michael Fisher 1219:, the Rana of 1203: 1202:Akbar's period 1200: 1198: 1195: 1136:Maldev Rathore 1059:Chittor (1303) 1036:defeated Ghori 1018:Somnath Temple 943:Northern India 867: 864: 862: 859: 700: 697: 654:Stewart Gordon 648:K. M. Panikkar 635:nomadic groups 624:Nomadic tribes 457:Satish Chandra 452: 449: 360: 357: 355: 352: 340:Madhya Pradesh 312:Western Punjab 308:Eastern Punjab 285:northern India 245: 244: 234:Madhya Pradesh 206:Western Punjab 202:Eastern Punjab 183: 179: 178: 169: 165: 164: 82: 78: 77: 64: 60: 59: 48: 47:Classification 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9262: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9175:Indian castes 9173: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9104:Sagar Rajputs 9102: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8893:Chandravanshi 8890: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8808: 8801: 8796: 8794: 8789: 8787: 8782: 8781: 8778: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8755: 8754: 8748: 8745:(12): 232–240 8744: 8740: 8733: 8728: 8724: 8718: 8714: 8713: 8707: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8686: 8682: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8665:Richard Eaton 8662: 8658: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8610: 8606: 8605: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8575: 8571: 8565: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8545:9781107080317 8541: 8537: 8536: 8530: 8526: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8509: 8505: 8503:9780333903964 8499: 8496:. Macmillan. 8495: 8494: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8475: 8471: 8470: 8464: 8460: 8458:9780520018075 8454: 8450: 8449: 8443: 8439: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8422:Peter Jackson 8419: 8415: 8409: 8405: 8404: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8377: 8373: 8367: 8363: 8362: 8356: 8352: 8346: 8342: 8341: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8298: 8294: 8293: 8287: 8283: 8281:9781107118560 8277: 8273: 8272: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8252: 8251: 8245: 8241: 8235: 8231: 8230: 8224: 8220: 8218:9780195634150 8214: 8210: 8209: 8203: 8199: 8197:9781139449083 8193: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8169: 8166:. Vij Books. 8165: 8164: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8145: 8139: 8135: 8133:9789004095090 8129: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8076: 8074:9781409411895 8070: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8043: 8035: 8028: 8020: 8014: 8010: 8003: 7996: 7991: 7984: 7977: 7972: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7953: 7946: 7941: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7913: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7874: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7816: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7795: 7787: 7781: 7777: 7776: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7747: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7728: 7720: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7697: 7691:, p. 27. 7690: 7685: 7677: 7671: 7667: 7660: 7652: 7648: 7642: 7635: 7631: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7612: 7605: 7600: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7581: 7574: 7569: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7550: 7543: 7538: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7519: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7489: 7482: 7477: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7458: 7452:, p. 88. 7451: 7446: 7438: 7432: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7416: 7408: 7402: 7398: 7393: 7392: 7383: 7368: 7364: 7357: 7349: 7342: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7322: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7302: 7295: 7291: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7272: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7242: 7235: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7211: 7204: 7199: 7193: 7189: 7188: 7180: 7173: 7169: 7167:9788188789092 7163: 7159: 7158: 7150: 7135: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7081: 7073: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7054: 7048:, p. 31. 7047: 7042: 7027: 7021: 7017: 7016: 7008: 6993: 6987: 6983: 6982: 6974: 6959: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6940: 6925: 6923:9788290896121 6919: 6915: 6914: 6906: 6899: 6894: 6892: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6866: 6861: 6854: 6849: 6842: 6837: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6807: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6780: 6771: 6759: 6753: 6745: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6726: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6678: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6651: 6644: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6617: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6598: 6590: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6539: 6533: 6518: 6512: 6497: 6493: 6486: 6467: 6460: 6454: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6293: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6274: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6245: 6239: 6231: 6225: 6218: 6215: 6208: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6185: 6178: 6173: 6172: 6164: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6127: 6121: 6106: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6087: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6044: 6036: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5987: 5983: 5981:9780199089376 5977: 5973: 5972: 5964: 5949: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5930: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5903: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5866: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5847: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5793: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5748: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5712: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5629: 5622: 5610: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5591: 5583: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5564: 5556: 5554:81-250-0333-9 5550: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5528: 5526:81-269-0394-5 5522: 5518: 5517: 5509: 5501: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5482: 5474: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5455: 5453: 5436: 5430: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5378: 5376:9780521798426 5372: 5368: 5367: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5312: 5310:9788124110669 5306: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5282: 5276: 5268: 5266:9788323399865 5262: 5258: 5257: 5249: 5241: 5239:9780195348347 5235: 5231: 5230: 5222: 5214: 5212:9781000196061 5208: 5204: 5203: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5175: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5156: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5121:9781316184363 5117: 5113: 5112: 5104: 5096: 5090: 5087:. Routledge. 5086: 5085: 5077: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5050: 5042: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5023: 5015: 5009: 5005: 5004: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4827: 4825: 4817: 4812: 4804: 4802:90-04-10303-1 4798: 4794: 4793: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4746: 4744: 4736: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4712: 4704: 4703: 4695: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4642: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4615: 4607: 4606: 4598: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4571: 4569: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4539:Romila Thapar 4534: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4385: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4355: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4322: 4315: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4291: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4194:Hermann Kulke 4189: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4155: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4119:Wendy Doniger 4113: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4051: 4045:, p. 33. 4044: 4039: 4033:, p. 25. 4032: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4003:, p. 11. 4002: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3955:, p. 13. 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3903: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3868: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3838: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3812: 3800: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3782: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3635:Upinder Singh 3630: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3596: 3594:9781139449083 3590: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3528: 3526:9788173040375 3522: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3511:Hermann Kulke 3506: 3498: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3479: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3453:9788120709003 3449: 3445: 3444: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3405: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3356:, p. 59. 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3336:0-391-04173-8 3332: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3316: 3310:, p. 60. 3309: 3304: 3298:, p. 16. 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3269: 3267:9783825867584 3263: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3229: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3190: 3188:9783112026250 3184: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3164: 3163:Hastings 2002 3159: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3129:, p. 92. 3128: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3055: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3019: 3014: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2995: 2993: 2986:, p. 99. 2985: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2962:, pp. 3. 2961: 2956: 2949: 2944: 2938:, p. 24. 2937: 2932: 2926:, p. 38. 2925: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2873:90-04-10236-1 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2773:, p. 59. 2772: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2753:9788124113868 2749: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2733: 2724: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2701:Hetukar Jha. 2699: 2696: 2693:Businessmen." 2689: 2685: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2668: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2650: 2642: 2640:9780199098286 2636: 2632: 2631: 2623: 2616: 2611: 2601: 2599:9780691026503 2595: 2591: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2549: 2544: 2542:9781136516627 2538: 2534: 2533: 2525: 2510: 2508:9788175411401 2504: 2500: 2499: 2491: 2475: 2469: 2454: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2394:Bihari Rajput 2392: 2391: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2368:According to 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355:Central India 2352: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2291:Ravana Rajput 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192:Jodhpur state 2189: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2111:breastfeeding 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098:strangulation 2095: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2048: 2045: 2039:Miscellaneous 2036: 2034: 2028:Hospitability 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1977:like that of 1976: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935:Goddess Durga 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1907: 1904: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1817:vamshāavalīis 1814: 1810: 1806: 1803:Lesser-noted 1801: 1800:and Chauhan. 1799: 1795: 1792:, Chaulukya ( 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:Chandravanshi 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688:Uttar Pradesh 1685: 1675: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1643:General caste 1634: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1605:Indira Gandhi 1602: 1598: 1594: 1579: 1577: 1576:Sagar Rajputs 1573: 1572:Sacred thread 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556:Uttar Pradesh 1553: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1372: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1356:Asaf-ud-Daula 1353: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1297: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1255:and grandson 1254: 1250: 1245: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1197:Mughal period 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1174:in the West. 1173: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1077:who defeated 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 995: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 928:anachronistic 924: 921: 913: 908: 901: 900: 895: 891: 887: 886:Junagarh Fort 882: 877: 873: 858: 856: 850: 848: 844: 843: 838: 837: 831: 829: 828:Mughal Empire 823: 820: 816: 815: 810: 809:Muhnot Nainsi 805: 803: 799: 798: 793: 788: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 748: 743: 742:Rajatarangini 738: 736: 732: 731: 730:Rajatarangini 725: 721: 716: 714: 705: 696: 694: 689: 686: 685:Hermann Kulke 682: 678: 677:Rajputisation 674: 670: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 649: 645: 641: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 592: 590: 589:varna–samkara 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 550: 546: 545:Nancy MacLean 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 471: 470:Rajputization 467: 462: 458: 448: 446: 442: 441: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 395: 390: 389: 384: 383: 378: 370: 366: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 316:Uttar Pradesh 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 286: 282: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 255: 251: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 198:Uttar Pradesh 195: 191: 187: 184: 180: 177: 173: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 101:Chhattisgarhi 98: 94: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 72: 68: 65: 61: 57: 52: 51:Forward caste 49: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 9002:Hada Chauhan 8997:Gandhavariya 8828:Bais Rajputs 8810: 8752: 8742: 8738: 8711: 8690: 8669: 8645: 8624: 8603: 8590: 8586: 8579:David Henige 8558: 8534: 8513: 8492: 8468: 8447: 8426: 8402: 8381: 8360: 8339: 8315: 8291: 8270: 8249: 8228: 8207: 8186: 8162: 8143: 8122: 8098: 8086:Bibliography 8064: 8054: 8042: 8033: 8027: 8008: 8002: 7993: 7989: 7983: 7974: 7959: 7952: 7940: 7932: 7919: 7912: 7887: 7883: 7873: 7842: 7814: 7806: 7801: 7794: 7774: 7734: 7727: 7707: 7703:David Lester 7696: 7684: 7665: 7659: 7650: 7647:"Hospitable" 7641: 7633: 7618: 7611: 7602: 7587: 7580: 7571: 7556: 7549: 7540: 7525: 7518: 7510: 7495: 7488: 7479: 7464: 7457: 7445: 7425: 7415: 7390: 7382: 7370:. Retrieved 7366: 7356: 7347: 7341: 7333: 7328: 7321: 7313: 7308: 7301: 7293: 7278: 7271: 7263: 7248: 7241: 7234:nationalism. 7232: 7217: 7210: 7201: 7186: 7179: 7171: 7156: 7149: 7137:. Retrieved 7122: 7115: 7090: 7086: 7080: 7060: 7053: 7041: 7029:. Retrieved 7014: 7007: 6995:. Retrieved 6980: 6973: 6961:. Retrieved 6946: 6939: 6927:. Retrieved 6912: 6905: 6881: 6872: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6828: 6813: 6806: 6798: 6778: 6770: 6752: 6732: 6725: 6716: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6685: 6662: 6657: 6650: 6641: 6637: 6627: 6619: 6604: 6597: 6572: 6563: 6554: 6542:. Retrieved 6532: 6520:. Retrieved 6511: 6499:. Retrieved 6495: 6485: 6473:. Retrieved 6466:the original 6453: 6441:. Retrieved 6436: 6427: 6418: 6408: 6396:. Retrieved 6391: 6382: 6370:. Retrieved 6365: 6356: 6344:. Retrieved 6340:the original 6335: 6325: 6313:. Retrieved 6309: 6300: 6280: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6238: 6224: 6213: 6210: 6191: 6184: 6175: 6170: 6163: 6152:, retrieved 6148:the original 6143: 6134: 6120: 6108:. 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