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51:
310:, Raisuni received his ransom money and concessions; he was appointed Pasha of Tangier and Governor of Jibala province, and all of his imprisoned followers were released. However, Raisuni was ousted from the post in 1906 due to corruption and cruelty to his subjects; a year later he was again declared an outlaw by the Moroccan government.
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However, towards those who were not worthy of ransom, emissaries of the Pasha and the Sultan, or those disloyal to him, he was known for cruelty. A favorite punishment of
Raisuni's was burning out an enemy's eyes with heated copper coins. On one occasion, he returned the head of an envoy to the Pasha
256:
Many of
Raisuni's other victims of this time were Moroccan military and political officials; his men only rarely kidnapped Europeans. In between kidnappings, Raisuni extorted 'tribute' from villagers in territories controlled by his followers, executing those who refused to pay. He also periodically
152:
While he was regarded by foreigners and the
Moroccan government as a brigand, some Moroccans, especially among the Jebala, considered him a heroic figure, fighting a repressive, corrupt government, while others considered him a thief. Historian David S. Woolman referred to Raisuni as "a combination
264:
Raisuni had a mixed reputation. He became known for his chivalry and respectful attitude towards his hostages; he pledged Ion
Perdicaris that he would defend him from any harm, and was known to have befriended many of his other hostages. He was also known as a well-educated man who enjoyed reading
239:
Raisuni was hardened by his imprisonment, and returned to criminality after his release. However, he became more ambitious than before, growing to resent the Sultan's fealty to the various
European powers - Britain, France, Spain and Germany - jockeying for influence in Morocco. With a small but
375:
In
January 1925, after the Spanish army retreat to the Estella Line, Abd el Krim's followers attacked Raisuni's palace, killing most of his guards and capturing Raisuni. He was jailed in Tamasint (near Al Hoceima), where he died by the end of April 1925, having suffered from
380:
for several years. Rumors of his survival persisted, however, as
Raisuni had been erroneously reported dead in 1914 and 1923. He is still regarded as a folk hero by many in Morocco, although his reputation is mixed at best.
980:
208:, and began following in his father's footsteps. However, Raisuni eventually drifted into crime, stealing cattle and sheep and earning the ire of Moroccan authorities. He was also widely known as a womanizer.
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of the 1920s. This agreement was heavily criticized at the time as
Raisuni's forces, heavily weakened by their conflict with Abd el Krim, were seen as on the verge of defeat. Raisuni was intensely jealous of
303:, made political capital out of the incident, sending a squadron of warships to Morocco to force Abdelaziz's compliance with Raisuni's demands, famously proclaiming "Perdicaris Alive or Raisuli Dead!"
227:
and chained to a wall for four years. His friends were allowed to bring him food and he managed to survive. Raisuni was released from prison as part of a general clemency early in the reign of Sultan
219:, who was Raisuli's cousin and foster brother. The Pasha had invited Raisuni to dinner in his home in Tangier, only for his men to capture and brutalize Raisuni when he arrived. He was sent to the
351:, Raisuni was reportedly in contact with agents of the German government to lead a tribal rebellion against France. Responding to these rumors, French troops launched a punitive expedition into
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For years, Raisuni continued to antagonize the
Moroccan government, even after Abdelaziz's forced abdication. He briefly regained favor with the Moroccan government, by siding with
336:
In 1913, Raisuni led several Rif tribes in a bloody revolt against the
Spanish, and continued a protracted guerilla war against them. His men were finally defeated by Colonel
165:, an American historian, Raisuni was part of the rule rather than the exception in that every successful Moroccan politician at the time combined villainy with sainthood.
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on 3 October 1919 in the Battle of Fondak Pass, although Raisuni and most of his troops managed to slip away. Silvestre was later infamous as the Spanish commander at the
253:
who already knew Raisuni. Rains demanded not money, but the release of several of Raisuni's men held in prison; Harris was released after only three weeks captivity.
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sometime in 1871. Due to his place of origin and his reportedly handsome visage, one of his other nicknames was "the Eagle of Zinat." He was the son of a prominent
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317:, a British army officer serving as a military aide to the Sultan's army. Raisuni ransomed Maclean for £20,000 from the British government (£2,720,000 in 2023).
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in May 1915, which dispersed Raisuni's followers but failed to capture Raisuni himself. In September 1922, and after an interview with Colonel
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devoted band of followers, Raisuni embarked on a second career: kidnapping prominent officials and holding them for ransoms.
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By most accounts, the formative event in Raisuni's life was his arrest and imprisonment by Abd-el-Rahman Abd el-Saduk, the
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and his growing popularity with the Rif peoples, hoping to gain control of Western Morocco with a Spanish victory.
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Fisher, John; Best, Antony, eds. (2011). "An Eagle Whose Wings Are Not Easy To Clip: Walter Burton Harris".
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In 1904, Raisuni was propelled onto the international stage when he kidnapped the Greek-American expatriate
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161:" though Barbary Coast piracy had ended by the middle of the 19th century. On the other hand, according to
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329:'s overthrow of Abdelaziz, and was restored again as Pasha of Tangier. However, at the instigation of the
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Qabila: Tribal Profiles and Tribe-state Relations in Morocco and on the Afghanistan-Pakistan Frontier
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Resort to war: a data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816-2007
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261:; however, he was less successful in this endeavor than in his kidnapping and extortion schemes.
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French historian I.S. Allouche published a collection of his correspondence with Raisuni in 1951.
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A number of other works have been published about Raisuni, though many are now out of print.
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628:"PressReader.com - Digital Magazine and Newspaper Subscriptions - Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni"
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1156:"Perdicaris Alive or Raisuli Dead! - later republished in Tuchman's compilation book
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After a near-confrontation between the government of Morocco and troops of the
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He died in April 1925 after having been captured and imprisoned by his rival
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On The Fringes Of Diplomacy: Influences On British Foreign Policy, 1800-1945
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any book he could, and was extremely generous to his family and followers.
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The Terrorist Trap, Second Edition: America's Experience with Terrorism
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Il était une fois le Maroc : témoignages du passé judéo-marocain
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681:(4th ed.). Chicago: Review of Reviews. 1904. pp. 495–496.
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1250:.)Second edition : www.iuniverse.com, Bloomington, IN, 2012,
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887:(April 1975). "Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898 - 1927".
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Guerrilla Warfare: Irregular Warfare in the Twentieth Century
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European Civilization, Its Origin and Development, Volume 7
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The Sultan of the Mountains: The Life Story of the Raisuli
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Raisuni is also featured in Walter B. Harris's memoir:
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High Commissioner of Spain in Morocco, Ricardo Burguete
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The Sultan of the Mountains: The Life Story of Raisuli
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of $ 70,000 ($ 2,370,000 in 2023). American President
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Reid Sarkees, Meredith; Whelon Wayman, Frank (2010).
410:, which was filmed in Spain by the American director
1242:, éd. du Lys, www.editionsdulys.ca, Montréal, 2010 (
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Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion
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Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion
333:, the Sultan removed Raisuni from his post in 1912.
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200:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni was born in the village of
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1277:Newspaper clippings about Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni
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443:, published the year of Raisuli's death (1925).
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313:Shortly after his dismissal, Raisuni kidnapped
257:maintained a small fleet of boats for seagoing
1321:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934)
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679:American Monthly Review of Reviews Volume 30
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435:Full-length biography of Raisuli written by
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27:Moroccan tribal leader and rebel (1871–1925)
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231:- soon to become Raisuni's greatest enemy.
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117:(Arabic: "مولاي أحمد الريسوني", known as
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770:. Oxford University Press. p. 273.
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603:"Handling a hostage crisis, 1904-style"
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404:in the heavily fictionalized 1975 film
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1368:Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12)
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847:. Modern Review Office. p. 411.
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104:Prison in Tamasint (near Al Hoceima)
1158:Practicing History: Selected Essays
137:(descendant of the Islamic prophet
41:
24:
1022:The Conquest of Morocco: A History
509:The Conquest of Morocco: A History
149:at the turn of the 20th century.
25:
1799:
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1419:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)
1404:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
1353:First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
601:Powell, J. Mark (Dec 17, 2023).
1783:Moroccan independence activists
1337:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
890:Journal of Contemporary History
834:
801:
759:
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121:to most English speakers, also
1358:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)
1332:French protectorate in Morocco
841:Chatterjee, Ramananda (1926).
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1706:Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)
1409:Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)
1102:"National Affairs: Defiance"
844:The Modern Review, Volume 40
502:A history of the Rif War in
414:. Milius drew largely on an
385:Portrayal in popular culture
7:
1696:Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911)
1686:Algeciras Conference (1906)
1363:First Melilla War (1893–94)
1281:20th Century Press Archives
657:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
473:An American among the Riffi
243:Raisuni's first victim was
133:; 1871 – April 1925) was a
10:
1804:
1610:Manuel Fernández Silvestre
1399:Bombardment of Salé (1851)
1221:Woolman, David S. (1968).
1046:Simon, Jeffrey D. (2001).
981:"Raisuli Busy for Germany"
958:. Transaction Publishers.
907:10.1177/002200947501000205
487:Woolman, David S. (1968).
338:Manuel Fernández Silvestre
276:
1768:Moroccan military leaders
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1424:Battle of El Ksiba (1913)
1414:Bloody Days of Fes (1912)
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1373:Second Melilla War (1909)
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1227:Stanford University Press
1152:Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim
1026:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
693:"1904: Teddy's Big Stick"
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493:Stanford University Press
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1676:Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)
1671:Treaty of Tangier (1844)
1439:Alhucemas Landing (1925)
1052:Indiana University Press
460:. W. Blackwood and sons.
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315:Sir Harry "Caid" Maclean
308:United States of America
1600:Arsenio Martínez-Campos
1434:Battle of Annual (1921)
1129:"Foreign News: El Riff"
1082:The Star (Christchurch)
954:Hart, David M. (2001).
938:Forbes, Rosita (1924).
781:The New York Times 1915
273:The Perdicaris incident
269:in a basket of melons.
141:), and a leader of the
102:April 1925 (aged 53–54)
1625:Miguel Primo de Rivera
1595:Juan García y Margallo
1472:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
1467:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni
899:Sage Publications, Ltd
697:www.capitalcentury.com
400:- He was portrayed by
359:and permission of the
357:José Villalba Riquelme
197:
186:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuli
145:tribal confederacy in
115:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni
55:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuli
34:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni
816:. CQ Press. pp.
766:Eyre, Edward (1939).
452:Harris, Walter Burton
407:The Wind and the Lion
397:The Wind and the Lion
183:
1727:Agadir Crisis (1911)
1701:Treaty of Fes (1912)
1681:Treaty of Fes (1894)
1127:(August 17, 1925a).
418:magazine article by
291:and held them for a
245:Walter Burton Harris
1778:People from Tétouan
1548:Paul Prosper Henrys
1378:Zaian War (1914–21)
1232:- Total pages: 257
1216:- Total pages: 240
1075:(19 October 1907).
1067:- Total pages: 496
1041:- Total pages: 368
971:- Total pages: 254
949:- Total pages: 351
528:- Total pages: 368
498:- Total pages: 257
482:- Total pages: 345
477:The Century Company
463:- Total pages: 333
299:, then running for
279:Perdicaris incident
42:مولاي أحمد الريسوني
1620:José Millán-Astray
1563:Henry de Bournazel
1492:Sidi Ahmed El Hiba
1236:David Bensoussan,
1077:"The Real Raisuni"
986:The New York Times
977:The New York Times
885:Chandler, James A.
860:, pp. 104–117
420:Barbara W. Tuchman
331:Spanish government
297:Theodore Roosevelt
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73:Tribal Confederacy
1758:Deaths from edema
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1462:Mohammed Ameziane
1383:Rif War (1921–26)
1264:978-1-4759-2609-5
1256:978-1-4759-2608-8
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1165:American Heritage
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989:. New York City.
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607:My JournalCourier
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235:Outlaw and pirate
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16:(Redirected from
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1753:1925 deaths
1748:1871 births
1502:Abd el-Krim
901:: 301–322.
870:Forbes 1924
783:, p. 2
733:, p. 2
632:Pressreader
551:Forbes 1924
412:John Milius
370:Abd el Krim
349:World War I
327:Mulay Hafid
321:Later years
301:re-election
170:Abd el Krim
1788:Pretenders
1763:Kidnappers
1742:Categories
1448:Key people
878:References
719:Simon 2001
702:2024-03-22
589:Porch 2005
563:TIME 1925a
176:Early life
155:Robin Hood
123:Raissoulli
1588:Spaniards
1455:Moroccans
1178:0002-8738
995:1553-8095
931:159817508
915:1461-7250
754:Weir 2008
743:TIME 1925
638:March 22,
612:March 22,
250:The Times
229:Abdelaziz
1664:Treaties
1512:Aït Atta
1266:(ebook);
1258:, 620p.
1195:(2008).
1183:July 11,
1142:July 11,
1115:July 11,
1088:July 11,
1073:The Star
1020:(2005).
1008:July 11,
507:(2005).
471:(1926).
454:(1921).
139:Muhammad
127:Rais Uli
65:General
1517:Zayanes
1392:Battles
1283:of the
1279:in the
1160:(1981)"
1003:1645522
365:Rif War
347:During
225:Mogador
221:dungeon
217:Tangier
194:Morocco
190:Tangier
147:Morocco
131:Raysuni
119:Raisuli
69:of the
18:Raisuli
1715:Crises
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390:Movies
293:ransom
259:piracy
143:Jebala
135:Sharif
129:, and
71:Jebala
927:S2CID
919:JSTOR
897:(2).
539:Notes
427:Books
213:Pasha
202:Zinat
93:Zinat
1346:Wars
1260:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1185:2019
1174:ISSN
1144:2019
1133:Time
1125:TIME
1117:2019
1106:Time
1098:TIME
1090:2019
1056:ISBN
1030:ISBN
1010:2019
999:OCLC
991:ISSN
960:ISBN
944:Holt
911:ISSN
822:ISBN
659:ISBN
640:2024
614:2024
517:ISBN
206:Caid
99:Died
90:1871
87:Born
67:Emir
1285:ZBW
903:doi
818:304
223:of
215:of
188:in
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