592:, as it was thought that any action by the Marines would lead to the deaths of the prisoners. The United States planned to use them only to seize the custom-houses of Morocco, which supplied much of the nation's revenue, if the Moroccan government did not fulfill the demands of the United States. It insisted the government make the concessions necessary to persuade Raisuni to release Perdicaris, and to attack Raisuni if Perdicaris were killed. The only Marines to land in Morocco were a small detachment of four men, carrying only
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felt obliged to react on his behalf in
Morocco. Ultimately, he dispatched seven warships and several Marine companies to Tangier to convince the Sultan to accede to Raisuni's demands. Western European nations also reacted with force, with the United Kingdom, France, and Spain sending ships to prevent
946:
History of the City of
Trenton, New Jersey: Embracing a Period of Nearly Two Hundred Years, Commencing in 1676, the First Settlement of the Town, and Extending Up to the Present Time, with Official Records of the Population, Extent of the Town at Different Periods, Its Manufactories, Church History,
696:
Despite the circumstances, Perdicaris came to admire and befriend
Raisuni, who had pledged to protect his prisoner from any harm. Perdicaris later said: "I go so far as to say that I do not regret having been his prisoner for some time... He is not a bandit, not a murderer, but a patriot forced into
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on 16 May. Late on 18 May 1904, Perdicaris and Varley were abducted from their summer home by Ahmed al-Raisuni and a group of bandits (estimates of their number range from nine to one-hundred and fifty). His men cut the telephone lines, knocked out several of
Perdicaris's servants, and left Ellen at
346:
in New York City, but it was unsuccessful. After 1884, he lived permanently in
Tangier. He became the unofficial head of Tangier's foreign community. Serving as president of the Hygienic Commission in Tangier, he helped organize construction of a modern sanitation system for the city. The commission
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to the city. On 21 May, representatives from the sultan were sent to begin negotiations with the captors. By 25 May, negotiations had yet to achieve anything. On 29 May, Raisuni threatened to kill the prisoners if his demands were not met in two days. The incident revealed internal tensions, as the
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left
Gibraltar on 7 June. That same day, President Roosevelt received confirmation that Perdicaris had registered in Athens as a Greek citizen. Negotiations continued and on 8 May, the Sultan granted Raisuni's demands, appointing Herid el Barrada as governor of Tangier. Angry tribesmen raided the
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On 30 May, A. H. Slocomb sent a letter to John Hay, claiming that
Perdicaris was no longer an American citizen, having taken Greek citizenship. Though Roosevelt's resolve weakened, he decided to continue with the negotiations, as Raisuni believed that Perdicaris was an American citizen. Roosevelt
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around 1884, with Ellen's two sons and two daughters from her first marriage. She and her family were all
British subjects. Perdicaris purchased a summer house there in 1877 known as Aidonia, or the "Place of Nightingales", as he collected a menagerie of exotic animals. Perdicardis dabbled in the
653:
On 19 June the Sultan accepted
Raisuni's demands, with the date of release of captives set for 21 June. On 20 June, a hitch in negotiations occurred. Zelai, governor of an inland tribe, refused to act as intermediary. On 21 or 22 June the ransom money was deposited. On 22 June, Raisuni demanded
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home of an
Englishman. Negotiations dragged on. The government removed its troops from Raisuni's region on 9 June. On 14 June, an attempt was made to kidnap the Italian consul. On 15 June, Raisuni increased his demands to be given control of six, rather than two districts of Morocco.
461:'s wealthiest districts (later increased to six). Raisuni later added the stipulation that the United States and England must guarantee meeting these demands. Perdicaris was taken to a village on Mount Nazul, where tribes friendly to Raisuni lived.
965:
779:. In the story, the character "Burdick Harris," a Greek citizen, stands for him. ("Bur-dick-Harris" is a play on "Per-dic-aris", as the names rhyme, if pronounced as the author intended). The humorous story was written shortly after the incident.
358:
in Morocco. Mathews had refused to prosecute a Moroccan for rape who was under American protégé status. Perdicaris also wrote and distributed a pamphlet entitled "American Claims and the Protection of Native Subjects in Morocco" in
426:
Mr. Perdicaris, most prominent American citizen here, and his stepson Mr. Varley, British subject, were carried off last night from their country house, three miles from Tangier, by a numerous band of natives headed by Raisuly
689:. After his release, Perdicaris admitted he was no longer an American citizen. While he had received Greek citizenship, he never lived in Athens for the required two years, and never renounced his American citizenship. The
612:
to join the U.S. in a combined military action to rescue Perdicaris, but the two countries refused. Instead, the two powers were covertly recruited to put pressure on the Sultan to accept Raisuni's demands. On 2 June the
925:
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was said to act as the "chief foreign-controlled organization in Tangier, actually a government within a government". He also maintained business interests in England and the United States, frequently visiting New York.
665:: "We want Perdicaris alive or Raisuni dead." While it was clear that the convention would nominate the incumbent Roosevelt as the Republican candidate, Hay's statement electrified the Convention. One
206:
Born in Greece in 1840 to the American ambassador and his wife, Perdicaris grew up mostly in New Jersey in the United States and was an American citizen. He had been living in Tangier since the 1870s.
195:. During lengthy negotiations, he increased his demands to control of six districts. The historical importance of the affair lay not in the kidnapping itself but in the concentration of naval power in
326:. Varley was away on cable business. Ellen and Perdicaris began an affair that resulted in Ellen leaving her husband. The Varleys formally divorced in 1873 and Ellen married Perdicaris the same year.
697:
acts of brigandage to save his native soil and his people from the yoke of tyranny." Several twenty-first century historians, such as Jeffrey D. Simon, suggested that Perdicaris displayed
449:
55,000 ransom (later raised to $ 70,000); removal of government troops from the region and an end to alleged harassment of the Riffian people; the removal, arrest, and imprisonment of the
746:. He occasionally returned to Trenton, where he maintained business interests. Perdicaris Place, off West State Street in Trenton, is named for him and his father. Ion Perdicaris died in
525:
was ordered to dispatch three additional ships. When a messenger from the Sultan arrived at Raisuni's camp, he was sold to the highest bidder, and was executed by having his throat slit.
693:
concluded that Perdicaris had not "ever effectively acquired Greek, nor divested himself of American, citizenship." He was later issued a United States passport as an American citizen.
555:
arrived, and France assured the United States they would do "all in their power to rescue the prisoners". On 1 June the ransom demand was increased to $ 70,000. Jewell arrived with
1545:
669:
delegate exclaimed, "Roosevelt and Hay know what they're doing. Our people like courage. We'll stand for anything those men do." After being nominated, Roosevelt easily won
1515:
268:, Greece, while his father was serving as ambassador. The family returned to the United States in 1846, where the father at one time was a professor of Greek at
763:
mentioned the crisis in his biography of John Hay. In 1975, Thomas H. Etzold described the kidnapping as "the most famous protection case in American history."
381:
in Macedonia, when a group of missionaries were successfully held hostage for a ransom. In 1903, after five of his men were captured by the government, he held
367:
for this). Through Perdicaris' crusading, the incident made national headlines in the United States, and Mathews was removed from his position in March 1887.
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published editorials suggesting that France had to 'impose order' in the country. France intervened several times in Morocco's affairs in ensuing decades.
253:
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as Roosevelt. However, to add some glamour to the tale, the 64-year-old bearded hostage was replaced with attractive young "Eden Pedecaris", played by
725:
The Sultan of Morocco was required to pay the $ 70,000 ransom, and a further $ 4,000 to the United States to cover its expenses. Newspapers including
642:
arrived, due to fears that the United States might force Morocco to give them a port. In response to the request of the British minister in Morocco,
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Woolman, Davis (October 1997). "Did Theodore Roosevelt overreact when an American was kidnapped in Morocco? Were seven warships really necessary?".
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another district for his control. Though a settlement had already been reached, a cable from Gummeré accused the Sultan of holding up negotiations.
1338:
807:(who were not present in Morocco at the time), but it succeeded in presenting the personality of Raisuni and his interaction with his prisoners.
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1204:
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The details of the incident (especially the fact that Perdicaris's U.S. citizenship was in doubt) were kept secret until 1933, when historian
303:. The younger Perdicaris, who was living in Athens, "registered" as a Greek subject in order to avoid confiscation or being drafted into the
1444:
2160:
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in response to the issue. The government arrested and fined Perdicaris for shielding a Moroccan from arrest. (Later he sought and received
596:. They were ordered to protect the Consulate and Mrs. Perdicaris. Two other U.S. Marines were dispatched on 8 June to protect the Belgian
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478:
670:
1125:
1891:
Baepler, Paul (October 1999). "Rewriting the Barbary Captivity Narrative: The Perdicaris Affair and the Last Barbary Pirate".
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reached Tangier on 30 May, and Admiral Chadwick had a conference with the Sultan's representative. The next day, the gunboats
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The consul of Great Britain was also notified. On 19 May, a cable from Gummeré reached the United States. It read, in part:
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Roosevelt's display of force in this incident is credited with helping the incumbent president win re-election later in
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264:. In 1837, he returned to Greece, serving as the American ambassador. In 1840, his son Ion Perdicaris was born in
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Raisuni used the money he gained from ransoming Perdicaris to build his palace, nick-named the "House of Tears".
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187:. Raisuni, leader of several hill tribes, demanded a ransom of $ 70,000, safe conduct, and control of two of
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in 1868, before moving to England. There he studied electricity and related engineering. In 1871 in
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in Morocco, as hostage in exchange for the release of his men. After that success Raisuni targeted
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arrived in port, and tensions rose to the point that there were fears of an uprising in the city.
39:
1973:
Etzold, Thomas H. (February 1975). "Protection or Politics? "Perdicaris Alive or Raisuli Dead"".
501:
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Hay described the demands as "preposterous". The following day the United States ordered Admiral
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304:
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After the war ended, Perdicaris lived in Trenton with his father. He published some articles in
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403:
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299:, the family's estate in South Carolina was in danger of confiscation by the government of the
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105:
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433:]. . . I earnestly request that a man-of-war be sent at once. . . situation most serious.
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585:. At the time, the gathering was the most numerous of American ships in any foreign port.
441:, Perdicaris's horse fell and he broke his leg. Raisuni demanded of the Sultan of Morocco
8:
2030:
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Perdicaris wrote a narrative of his captivity while held by Raisuni. It was published in
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406:, his wife, and Cromwell Varley had moved to his summer home, Aidonia, from his house in
273:
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1986:
1961:
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803:. The film incorrectly showed US Marines invading Morocco and battling soldiers of the
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and his family moved to England shortly after the incident, eventually settling in
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The story of Ion Perdicaris's kidnapping was loosely adapted to film in the 1975
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233:. After being released, Perdicaris moved with his family to England, settling in
169:
485:, dealt with the crisis. He diverted seven of the sixteen American ships in the
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arts and retained some ties to the US: In 1876, he exhibited a painting at the
322:, England, Perdicaris met Ellen Varley, wife of the British telegraph engineer
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2002:
1957:
1920:
1904:
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252:, was sponsored in 1826 as a young Greek to study in the United States by the
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citizen of the United States and married the daughter of a wealthy family in
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1730:. Internet Archive. Guilford, Conn. : Lyons Press. pp. XIII, 104.
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Roosevelt and the sultans: the United States Navy in the Mediterranean, 1904
673:. Perdicaris was home by 24 June, after most of Raisuni's demands were met.
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in June 1904 that "This government wants Perdicaris alive or Raisuni dead."
792:
579:
574:, bringing the total American ships in Tangier to seven, manned by several
505:
339:
1773:
1695:
1632:
796:
323:
1928:
Davis, Harold E. (December 1941). "The Citizenship of John Perdicaris".
1546:"Bandit Raisuli Demands Another Province Before Releasing His Prisoners"
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on a "goodwill cruise" to Tangier. Angered by the kidnapping, President
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165:
75:
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of Tangier and several other government officials; release of certain
509:
387:
288:
280:
became wealthy as one of the organizers of the Trenton Gas Company.
175:(1840–1925) and his stepson, Cromwell Varley, a British subject, by
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Sacred Interests: The United States and the Islamic World 1821-1921
1941:
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For many years, Ion lived the life of a dilettante. He entered the
215:
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The money was to be raised by selling the property of his enemies.
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the house. She later was able to contact the embassy, and at 11:00
458:
407:
330:
196:
188:
184:
180:
145:
65:
61:
1759:, August 1959; later republished in Tuchman's essay compilation
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were credited with progress in the negotiations. That same day,
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in 1925. Perdicaris published an autobiography in 1921, titled
747:
666:
609:
514:
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foreign minister of Morocco allied with Raisuni's enemies. The
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265:
85:
1381:
2029:
Morris, Edmund (2001). "The Wire That Ran Around the World".
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Llewellyn Castle: A Worker's Cooperative on the Great Plains
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When the United States was notified of the kidnapping, the
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near Tangier. He was influenced by the success of the 1901
1868:
1829:
1246:
771:"Hostages to Momus", a short story by the American author
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994:
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892:(PhD dissertation). University of Massachusetts Amherst.
2077:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
1727:
House of tears: westerners' adventures in Islamic lands
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1129:, Oxford University Press, 2004. Accessed 23 July 2005.
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Seeing the need to act, Hay issued a statement to the
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1015:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 81.
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They were not to be used without express orders from
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950:. W. T. Nicholson & Company, printers. pp.
864:
254:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
1571:
1393:
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1151:
1082:
191:'s wealthiest districts from the Sultan of Morocco
2051:
1893:Prospects: An Annual of American Cultural Studies
1608:The Republicans: A History of the Grand Old Party
2132:
504:to Tangier. On 20 May, the British dispatched a
1345:. 24 June 1904 – via Chronicling America.
1046:. Harper's Magazine Company. 1904. p. 853.
342:. In 1879, Perdicardis produced a play at the
295:in Paris for a time. In 1862, because of the
2035:. New York: Random House. pp. 323–338.
1847:
713:illustrating the arrival of French cruisers
1696:"1904: 'Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead!'"
38:
2058:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2014:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
354:against Felix Mathews, then the American
350:In 1886, Perdicaris filed a complaint of
287:class of 1860 but left at the end of his
1611:. Oxford University Press. p. 129.
1121:"Varley, Cromwell Fleetwood (1828–1883)"
885:
703:
437:As Raisuni's group traveled through the
144:
2072:
1899:. Cambridge University Press: 177–211.
1890:
1874:
1835:
1753:, "Perdicaris Alive or Raisuli Dead!".
1656:
1502:
1416:
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1202:
1145:
1126:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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998:
926:"Rich American is Kidnapped by Bandits"
909:
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14:
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199:and what it meant for the politics of
2146:Diplomatic crises of the 20th century
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2009:
1848:Pfeiffer, Lee; Lisa, Philip (2001).
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1010:
942:
920:
918:
775:, was inspired by the kidnapping of
623:
44:US newspaper cartoon on the incident
2109:"Mr. Gummeré Gets Perdicaris Alive"
2099:Works by or about Perdicaris affair
1761:Practicing History: Selected Essays
1203:Tuchman, Barbara W. (August 1959).
457:; and cession of control of two of
24:
1987:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1975.tb00027.x
1605:Gould, Lewis L. (29 August 2014).
1434:
1306:
1205:"Perdicaris Alive or Raisuli Dead"
1193:
1050:
766:
179:and his bandits on 18 May 1904 in
25:
2177:
2092:
1516:"Tangier Incident Excites Europe"
1029:
915:
415:pm, the American Consul General,
886:Hourihan, William James (1975).
701:in identifying with his captor.
2161:Morocco–United States relations
1884:
1841:
1803:
1766:
1744:
1717:
1689:
1633:"Presidential Election of 1904"
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1854:. Citadel Press. p. 140.
1004:
958:
936:
879:
659:Republican National Convention
493:reacted with a show of force.
224:Republican National Convention
13:
1:
1930:The Journal of Modern History
832:
523:Theodore Frelinghuysen Jewell
398:
301:Confederate States of America
240:
1269:"Redress for Mr. Perdicaris"
734:
671:election in the fall of 1904
500:to dispatch a ship from the
479:Assistant Secretary of State
222:, issued a statement to the
7:
1811:""Hostage to Momus" online"
810:
795:in the role of Raisuni and
149:Ion Perdicaris, June 1904,
10:
2182:
2050:Simon, Jeffrey D. (2001).
2010:Katz, Jonathan G. (2006).
1724:Hughes, John, ed. (2005).
1905:10.1017/S0361233300000338
1851:The Films of Sean Connery
1774:"1904: Teddy's Big Stick"
1339:"Perdicaris Free at Last"
970:Theodore Roosevelt Center
966:"The Perdicaris Incident"
119:
111:
101:
91:
81:
71:
57:
49:
37:
2073:Walther, Karine (2015).
1390:, pp. 326–327, 330.
630:Spanish battleship
578:companies, commanded by
419:, arrived at the house.
291:year and studied at the
272:. The family settled in
2124:Sultan of the Mountains
502:South Atlantic Squadron
477:, was out of town. The
305:Confederate States Army
2166:1904 crimes in Morocco
1778:www.capitalcentury.com
1550:The St. Louis Republic
1011:Entz, Gary R. (2013).
943:Raum, John O. (1871).
930:The St. Louis Republic
722:
637:Spanish ironclad
435:
373:was a leader of three
256:. Perdicaris became a
173:Ion Hanford Perdicaris
153:
115:9-150 of Raisuni's men
95:Ion Hanford Perdicaris
1445:"France takes a Hand"
1074:: 16, 79 – via
788:The Wind and the Lion
707:
615:Italian cruiser
498:French Ensor Chadwick
424:
385:, a correspondent of
336:Centennial Exposition
148:
53:18 May – 21 June 1904
2117:. 1905. p. 735.
1520:The Washington Times
1449:The New-York Tribune
1343:The New-York Tribune
663:Joseph Gurney Cannon
661:, which was read by
528:The armored cruiser
465:American involvement
344:Fifth Avenue Theatre
329:The couple moved to
293:Ecole des Beaux Arts
276:, New Jersey, where
214:rioting in Morocco.
160:, also known as the
2012:Murder in Marrakesh
1877:, pp. 178–179.
1838:, pp. 177–178.
1763:(1984), pp. 104–117
1671:, pp. 302–303.
1568:, pp. 301–302.
1361:, pp. 324–325.
1275:. 11 December 1886.
1258:, pp. 130–131.
1217:(5). Archived from
947:and Fire Department
827:List of kidnappings
686:National Geographic
455:political prisoners
162:Perdicaris incident
34:
33:Perdicaris incident
2054:The Terrorist Trap
1751:Barbara W. Tuchman
1464:, pp. 34, 36.
1273:The New York Times
822:Stockholm syndrome
728:The New York Times
723:
699:Stockholm syndrome
491:Theodore Roosevelt
471:Secretary of State
297:American Civil War
285:Harvard University
278:Gregory Perdicaris
270:Harvard University
250:Gregory Perdicaris
220:Secretary of State
211:Theodore Roosevelt
154:
32:
2114:Munsey's Magazine
2084:978-1-4696-2540-9
2065:978-0-253-21477-5
1756:American Heritage
1698:, Jon Blackwell,
1210:American Heritage
752:The Hand of Fate.
710:Le Petit Parisien
624:Tensions escalate
583:John Twiggs Myers
487:Mediterranean Sea
483:Francis B. Loomis
379:Miss Stone Affair
201:gunboat diplomacy
158:Perdicaris affair
143:
142:
86:Payment of ransom
16:(Redirected from
2173:
2126:by Rosita Forbes
2118:
2103:Internet Archive
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1813:. Archived from
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1188:
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1172:
1166:
1160:
1149:
1143:
1130:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1068:Military History
1063:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1027:
1026:
1008:
1002:
996:
981:
980:
978:
976:
962:
956:
955:
940:
934:
933:
922:
913:
907:
894:
893:
883:
877:
871:
851:
848:
691:State Department
414:
395:for kidnapping.
371:Ahmed al-Raisuni
177:Ahmed al-Raisuni
164:, refers to the
133:Ahmed al-Raisuni
106:Ahmed al-Raisuni
42:
35:
31:
21:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2156:May 1904 events
2141:1904 in Morocco
2131:
2130:
2107:
2095:
2085:
2066:
2043:
2022:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1809:
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1796:
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1782:
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1749:
1745:
1738:
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1706:
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1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1641:
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1631:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1557:
1552:. 22 June 1904.
1544:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
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1472:
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1456:
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1442:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1394:
1386:
1382:
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1365:
1357:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1226:
1221:on 2 June 2019.
1201:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1152:
1144:
1133:
1118:
1114:
1110:, pp. 303.
1106:
1102:
1094:
1083:
1064:
1051:
1043:Harper's Weekly
1040:
1039:
1030:
1023:
1009:
1005:
997:
984:
974:
972:
964:
963:
959:
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923:
916:
908:
897:
884:
880:
872:
865:
855:
854:
849:
845:
835:
817:Perdicaris Park
813:
769:
767:Popular culture
744:Tunbridge Wells
737:
679:Leslie's Weekly
646:Prince of Wales
628:On 6 June, the
626:
467:
412:
401:
243:
235:Tunbridge Wells
218:, the American
136:$ 4,000 to the
135:
130:
97:Cromwell Varley
96:
45:
28:
27:1904 kidnapping
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2179:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2129:
2128:
2119:
2105:
2094:
2093:External links
2091:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2070:
2064:
2047:
2041:
2026:
2020:
2007:
1981:(2): 275–304.
1970:
1942:10.1086/236568
1936:(4): 517–526.
1925:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1867:
1860:
1840:
1828:
1802:
1800:, p. 297.
1790:
1765:
1743:
1736:
1716:
1714:, p. 304.
1704:
1700:The Trentonian
1688:
1686:, p. 519.
1673:
1661:
1659:, p. 177.
1649:
1624:
1617:
1597:
1595:, p. 335.
1582:
1570:
1555:
1537:
1535:, p. 330.
1525:
1522:. 6 June 1904.
1507:
1505:, p. 142.
1495:
1493:, p. 518.
1478:
1476:, p. 329.
1466:
1454:
1451:. 1 June 1904.
1433:
1431:, p. 300.
1421:
1419:, p. 185.
1409:
1392:
1380:
1378:, p. 299.
1363:
1348:
1305:
1303:, p. 181.
1293:
1291:, p. 115.
1278:
1260:
1245:
1243:, p. 324.
1224:
1192:
1167:
1150:
1148:, p. 184.
1131:
1112:
1100:
1081:
1049:
1028:
1022:978-0803245396
1021:
1003:
1001:, p. 183.
982:
957:
935:
932:. 20 May 1904.
914:
912:, p. 130.
895:
878:
876:, p. 323.
862:
861:
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853:
852:
842:
841:
840:
839:
834:
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830:
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812:
809:
801:Candice Bergen
784:motion picture
777:Ion Perdicaris
768:
765:
736:
733:
625:
622:
466:
463:
417:Samuel Gummeré
404:Ion Perdicaris
400:
397:
393:Ion Perdicaris
356:Consul General
262:South Carolina
246:Ion Perdicaris
242:
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170:Greek-American
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1407:, p. 35.
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761:Tyler Dennett
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607:
604:tried to get
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439:Rif Mountains
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394:
390:
389:
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383:Walter Harris
380:
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375:Jebala tribes
372:
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138:United States
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56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2123:
2112:
2074:
2053:
2032:Theodore Rex
2031:
2011:
1978:
1974:
1933:
1929:
1896:
1892:
1885:Bibliography
1875:Baepler 1999
1870:
1850:
1843:
1836:Baepler 1999
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:the original
1805:
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1760:
1754:
1746:
1726:
1719:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1664:
1657:Baepler 1999
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1636:
1627:
1607:
1600:
1573:
1549:
1540:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1503:Walther 2015
1498:
1469:
1457:
1448:
1424:
1417:Baepler 1999
1412:
1383:
1342:
1301:Baepler 1999
1296:
1272:
1263:
1256:Walther 2015
1219:the original
1214:
1208:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1146:Baepler 1999
1124:
1115:
1103:
1071:
1067:
1042:
1012:
1006:
999:Baepler 1999
973:. Retrieved
969:
960:
945:
938:
929:
910:Walther 2015
888:
881:
846:
793:Sean Connery
786:
781:
770:
758:
755:
751:
738:
726:
724:
708:
695:
684:
683:followed by
677:
675:
656:
652:
645:
638:
631:
627:
616:
602:
587:
570:
564:
558:
551:
545:
538:
535:and cruiser
531:
527:
506:torpedo boat
495:
468:
436:
428:
425:
421:
402:
386:
369:
349:
340:Philadelphia
328:
314:
311:
308:
282:
244:
228:
205:
161:
157:
155:
151:Tacoma Times
150:
131:$ 70,000 to
123:
112:Participants
102:Organized by
29:
2151:Kidnappings
1798:Etzold 1975
1712:Etzold 1975
1669:Etzold 1975
1593:Morris 2001
1566:Etzold 1975
1533:Morris 2001
1474:Morris 2001
1429:Etzold 1975
1388:Morris 2001
1376:Etzold 1975
1359:Morris 2001
1241:Morris 2001
1180:Smithsonian
1119:Hunt, B.J.
1108:Etzold 1975
874:Morris 2001
797:Brian Keith
443:Abd al-Aziz
324:C.F. Varley
258:naturalized
248:'s father,
193:Abd al-Aziz
126:Abd al-Aziz
124:Payment by
2135:Categories
2042:0965406970
2021:0253348153
2003:4649448900
1958:4642666978
1921:4796451456
1684:Davis 1941
1637:270 to win
1578:Simon 2001
1491:Davis 1941
1462:Simon 2001
1405:Simon 2001
1163:Simon 2001
1096:Simon 2001
833:References
740:Perdicaris
721:to Tangier
590:Washington
427: [
399:Kidnapping
352:misconduct
315:The Galaxy
241:Background
166:kidnapping
76:Kidnapping
18:Perdicaris
1995:0018-2370
1975:Historian
1966:144264771
1950:0022-2801
1913:0361-2333
1289:Katz 2006
1176:"Tangier"
735:Aftermath
644:HMS
571:Cleveland
565:Baltimore
557:USS
544:USS
537:USS
530:USS
510:Gibraltar
388:The Times
289:sophomore
208:President
1821:22 April
1076:ProQuest
811:See also
773:O. Henry
639:Numancia
598:legation
594:sidearms
546:Marietta
532:Brooklyn
475:John Hay
216:John Hay
58:Location
2101:at the
1783:9 April
1702:, 1904.
858:Sources
791:, with
715:Galilée
606:Britain
559:Olympia
552:Castine
539:Atlanta
515:Sharifs
459:Morocco
408:Tangier
365:redress
331:Tangier
320:Malvern
274:Trenton
197:Tangier
189:Morocco
185:Morocco
181:Tangier
120:Charges
66:Morocco
62:Tangier
2081:
2062:
2039:
2018:
2001:
1993:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1919:
1911:
1858:
1734:
1642:1 June
1615:
1185:2 June
1019:
975:8 June
748:London
719:Kléber
667:Kansas
632:Pelayo
617:Dogali
610:France
576:Marine
568:, and
413:
361:London
266:Athens
92:Target
82:Motive
1962:S2CID
838:Notes
580:Major
519:Wazan
508:from
451:Pasha
2079:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2037:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1999:OCLC
1991:ISSN
1954:OCLC
1946:ISSN
1917:OCLC
1909:ISSN
1856:ISBN
1823:2009
1785:2019
1732:ISBN
1644:2019
1613:ISBN
1187:2019
1017:ISBN
977:2019
717:and
635:and
608:and
549:and
231:1904
156:The
72:Type
50:Date
1983:doi
1938:doi
1901:doi
1123:in
952:350
517:of
430:sic
338:in
168:of
2137::
2111:.
1997:.
1989:.
1979:37
1977:.
1960:.
1952:.
1944:.
1934:13
1932:.
1915:.
1907:.
1897:24
1895:.
1776:.
1676:^
1635:.
1585:^
1558:^
1548:.
1518:.
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1447:.
1436:^
1395:^
1366:^
1351:^
1341:.
1308:^
1281:^
1271:.
1248:^
1227:^
1215:10
1213:.
1207:.
1195:^
1178:.
1153:^
1134:^
1084:^
1070:.
1052:^
1031:^
985:^
968:.
928:.
917:^
898:^
866:^
600:.
562:,
481:,
473:,
447:$
445:a
237:.
203:.
183:,
64:,
2087:.
2068:.
2045:.
2024:.
2005:.
1985::
1968:.
1940::
1923:.
1903::
1864:.
1825:.
1787:.
1740:.
1646:.
1621:.
1189:.
1078:.
1072:4
1025:.
979:.
954:.
681:,
307:.
128::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
