694:
1069:
38:
152:
27:
1277:
103:
3797:
3804:
978:
4266:
345:
684:
have depressed the land so that when the ice sheets melts the land readjusts with time thus raising the height of the beaches (glacio-isostatic rebound) and in places where co-seismic uplift occur. In the latter case, the terrace are not correlated with sea level highstand even if co-seismic terrace
1413:
Uplift can also be registered through tidal notch sequences. Notches are often portrayed as lying at sea level; however notch types actually form a continuum from wave notches formed in quiet conditions at sea level to surf notches formed in more turbulent conditions and as much as 2 m
612:
While a terrace sequence can date back hundreds of thousands of years, its degradation is a rather fast process. A deeper transgression of cliffs into the shoreline may completely destroy previous terraces; but older terraces might be decayed or covered by deposits,
142:
A marine terrace commonly retains a shoreline angle or inner edge, the slope inflection between the marine abrasion platform and the associated paleo sea-cliff. The shoreline angle represents the maximum shoreline of a transgression and therefore a paleo-sea level.
2362:
Pedoja, K.; Dumont, J-F.; Lamothe, M.; Ortlieb, L.; Collot, J-Y.; Ghaleb, B.; Auclair, M.; Alvarez, V.; Labrousse, B. (2006). "Quaternary uplift of the Manta
Peninsula and La Plata Island and the subduction of the Carnegie Ridge, central coast of Ecuador".
2916:
Saillard, M; Hall, SR; Audin, L; Farber, DL; Hérail, G; Martinod, J; Regard, V; Finkel, RC; Bondoux, F (2009). "Non-steady long-term uplift rates and
Pleistocene marine terrace development along the Andean margin of Chile (31°S) inferred from Be dating".
3143:
Rostami, K.; Peltier, W.R.; Mangini, A. (2000). "Quaternary marine terraces, sea-level changes and uplift history of
Patagonia, Argentina: comparisons with predictions of the ICE-4G (VM2) model for the global process of glacial isostatic adjustment".
3000:
Saillard, M; Hall, SR; Audin, L; Farber, DL; Regard, V; Hérail, G (2011). "Andean coastal uplift and active tectonics in southern Peru: Be surface exposure dating of differentially uplifted marine terrace sequences (San Juan de
Marcona, ~15.4°S)".
2499:
Imbrie, J. et al., 1984. The orbital theory of
Pleistocene climate: support from revised chronology of the marine 18O record. In: A. Berger, J. Imbrie, J.D. Hays, G. Kukla and B. Saltzman (Editors), Milankovitch and Climate. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp.
3123:
Schellmann, G; Radtke, U (2007). "Neue
Befunde zur Verbreitung und chronostratigraphischen Gliederung holozäner Küstenterrassen an der mittel- und südpatagonischen Atlantikküste (Argentinien) – Zeugnisse holozäner Meeresspiegelveränderungen".
69:, depending on the time of its formation. It is bounded by a steeper ascending slope on the landward side and a steeper descending slope on the seaward side (sometimes called "riser"). Due to its generally flat shape, it is often used for
2605:
Bhattacharya, JP; Sheriff, RE (2011). "Practical problems in the application of the sequence stratigraphic method and key surfaces: integrating observations from ancient fluvial–deltaic wedges with
Quaternary and modelling studies".
269:. Sub-horizontal platforms usually terminate in a low tide cliff, and it is believed that the occurrence of these platforms depends on tidal activity. Marine terraces can extend for several tens of kilometers parallel to the
629:
The total displacement of the shoreline relative to the age of the associated interglacial stage allows calculation of a mean uplift rate or the calculation of eustatic level at a particular time if the uplift is known.
1036:
fluctuations, the speed of isostatic uplift can be estimated and eventually the change of relative sea levels for certain regions can be reconstructed. Thus, marine terraces also provide information for the research on
2797:
Kim, Y; Kihm, J; Jin, K (2011). "Interpretation of the rupture history of a low slip-rate active fault by analysis of progressive displacement accumulation: an example from the
Quaternary Eupcheon Fault, SE Korea".
755:
on the altitude as the most important criterion to distinguish coastlines of different ages. Moreover, individual marine terraces can be correlated based on their size and continuity. Also, paleo-soils as well as
669:. Consequently, MIS 7 (~180-240 ka) marine terraces are less pronounced and sometimes absent. When the elevations of these terraces are higher than the uncertainties in paleo-eustatic sea level mentioned for the
2012:
Bull, W.B., 1985. Correlation of flights of global marine terraces. In: Morisawa M. & Hack J. (Editor), 15th Annual
Geomorphology Symposium. Hemel Hempstead, State University of New York at Binghamton, pp.
1848:
Cantalamessa, G; Di Celma, C (2003). "Origin and chronology of
Pleistocene marine terraces of Isla de la Plata and of flat, gently dipping surfaces of the southern coast of Cabo San Lorenzo (Manabí, Ecuador)".
567:
range and decreases with rock resistance. In addition, the relationship between terrace width and the strength of the rock is inverse, and higher rates of uplift and subsidence as well as a higher slope of the
284:
materials while the uppermost terrace levels usually are less well preserved. While marine terraces in areas of relatively rapid uplift rates (> 1 mm/year) can often be correlated to individual
968:
for each dated terrace, it is assumed that the eustatic sea-level position corresponding to at least one marine terrace is known and that the uplift rate has remained essentially constant in each section.
487:
Jerky tectonic uplifts can also lead to marked terrace steps while smooth relative sea level changes may not result in obvious terraces, and their formations are often not referred to as marine terraces.
2759:
Grove, K; Sklar, LS; Scherer, AM; Lee, G; Davis, J (2010). "Accelerating and spatially varying crustal uplift and ist geomorphic expression, San Andreas Fault zone north of San Francisco, California".
265:
and the rising cliff face the platform commonly retains a shoreline angle or inner edge (notch) that indicates the location of the shoreline at the time of maximum sea ingression and therefore a paleo-
645:
criteria, but in all cases the shoreline angle of the marine terraces is associated with numerical ages. The best-represented terrace worldwide is the one correlated to the last interglacial maximum (
3211:
Saillard, M; Riotte, J; Regard, V; Violette, A; Hérail, G; Audin, A; Riquelme, R (2012). "Beach ridges U-Th dating in Tongoy bay and tectonic implications for a peninsula-bay system, Chile".
1414:(6.6 ft) above sea level. As stated above, there was at least one higher sea level during the Holocene, so that some notches may not contain a tectonic component in their formation.
480:
influences, the course of the relative sea level curve can be complicated. Hence, most of today's marine terrace sequences were formed by a combination of tectonic coastal uplift and
2876:
Kim, KJ; Sutherland, R (2004). "Uplift rate and landscape development in southwest Fiordland, New Zealand, determined using Be and Al exposure dating of marine terraces".
633:
In order to estimate vertical uplift, the eustatic position of the considered paleo sea levels relative to the present one must be known as precisely as possible. Current
605:
or uplifted coral reefs are another kind of marine terrace found in intertropical regions. They are a result of biological activity, shoreline advance and accumulation of
1740:
Goy, JL; Macharé, J; Ortlieb, L; Zazo, C (1992). "Quaternary shorelines in Southern Peru: a Record of Global Sea-level Fluctuations and Tectonic Uplift in Chala Bay".
665:(~362–423 ka). Compilations show that sea level was 3 ± 3 meters higher during MIS 5e, MIS 9 and 11 than during the present one and −1 ± 1 m to the present one during
2152:
Johnson, ME; Libbey, LK (1997). "Global Review of Upper Pleistocene (Substage 5e) Rocky Shores: Tectonic Segregation, Substrate Variation, and Biological Diversity".
1722:
Johnson, ME; Libbey, LK (1997). "Global review of Upper Pleistocene (Substage 5e) Rocky Shores: tectonic segregation, substrate variation and biological diversity".
3246:
Pirazzoli, PA; Radtke, U; Hantoro, WS; Jouannic, C; Hoang, CT; Causse, C; Borel Best, M (1991). "Quaternary Raised Coral-Reef Terraces on Sumba Island, Indonesia".
2566:"A stratigraphic age of Rotoehu Ash and late Pleistocene climate interpretation based on marine terrace chronology, Mahia Peninsula, North Island, New Zealand"
708:
723:
mounted on a tripod. It should be measured with the accuracy of 1 cm (0.39 in) and at about every 50–100 metres (160–330 ft), depending on the
245:
range with, commonly, a linear to concave profile. The width is quite variable, reaching up to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), and seems to differ between the
31:
657:
with a peak from 128 to 116 ka on tectonically stable coastlines. Older marine terraces well represented in worldwide sequences are those related to
1887:
Ota, Y; Hull, AG; Berryman, KR (1991). "Coseismic Uplift of Holocene Marine Terraces in the Pakarae River Area, Eastern North Island, New Zealand".
935:
2325:"Does Kamchatka belong to North America? An extruding Okhotsk block suggested by coastal neotectonics of the Ozernoi Peninsula, Kamchatka, Russia"
560:
and eventually forms another terrace (marine-cut terrace) at a different altitude, while notches in the cliff face indicate short stillstands.
1598:
3374:
Rust, D.; Kershaw, S. (2000). "Holocene tectonic uplift patternes in northeastern Sicily: evidence from marine notches in coastal outcrops".
1978:
Chappell, J (1974). "Geology of coral terraces, Huon Peninsula, New Guinea: a study of Quaternary tectonic movements and sea Level changes".
3297:
Chappell, J (1974). "Geology of Coral Terraces, Huon Peninsula, New Guinea: A Study of Quaternary Tectonic Movements and Se-Level Changes".
2841:
Perg, LA; Anderson, RS; Finkel, RC (2001). "Use of a new Be and Al inventory method to date marine terraces, Santa Cruz, California, USA".
1363:
as part of a sequence of coral reef terraces with eleven terraces being wider than 100 m (330 ft). The coral marine terraces at
792:
marine terraces can be correlated by their size, as their width decreases with age due to the slowly thawing glaciers along the coastline.
1943:
James, N.P.; Mountjoy, E.W.; Omura, A. (1971). "An early Wisconsin reef Terrace at Barbados, West Indies, and its climatic implications".
3452:
2100:
Lehmkuhl, F; Römer, W (2007): 'Formenbildung durch endogene Prozesse: Neotektonik', in Gebhardt, H; Glaser, R; Radtke, U; Reuber, P (ed)
2706:
Garnett, ER; Gilmour, MA; Rowe, PJ; Andrews, JE; Preece, RC (2003). "230Th/234U dating of Holocene tufas: possibilities and problems".
1629:
2114:
James, NP; Mountjoy, EW; Omura, A (1971). "An Early Wisconsin Reef Terrace at Barbados, West Indies, and ist Climatic Implications".
1517:
704:
For exact interpretations of the morphology, extensive datings, surveying and mapping of marine terraces is applied. This includes
4290:
1771:
Rosenbloom, NA; Anderson, RS (1994). "Hillslope and channel evolution in a marine terraced landscape, Santa Cruz, California".
2740:
Brückner, H (1980): 'Marine Terrassen in Süditalien. Eine quartärmorphologische Studie über das Küstentiefland von Metapont',
2510:
Hearty, P.J.; Kindler, P. (1995). "Sea-Level Highstand Chronology from Stable Carbonate Platforms (Bermuda and the Bahamas)".
715:(ca. 1 : 10,000) and analysis of eroded and accumulated material. Moreover, the exact altitude can be determined with an
65:
which has been lifted out of the sphere of wave activity (sometimes called "tread"). Thus, it lies above or under the current
1056:
can have an influence on the formation process. This way can be assessed, whether there were changes in sea level or whether
2023:
Ota, Y (1986). "Marine terraces as reference surfaces in late Quaternary tectonics studies: examples from the Pacific Rim".
1009:
in a certain region. In some cases the exposed secondary landforms can be correlated with known seismic events such as the
464:. When eustasy was the main factor for the formation of marine terraces, derived sea level fluctuations can indicate former
4300:
2454:
869:
There are various methods for the direct dating of marine terraces and their related materials. The most common method is
1025:
which produced a 2.7-metre (8 ft 10 in) uplift. This figure can be estimated from the vertical offset between
621:. Erosion and backwearing of slopes caused by incisive streams play another important role in this degradation process.
2173:"'Age Estimates and Uplift Rates for Late Pleistocene Marine Terraces' Southern Oregon Portion of the Cascadia Forearc'"
1300:, marine terraces are typical coastal features. An especially prominent marine terraced coastline can be found north of
4148:
2044:"Age Estimates and Uplift Rates for Late Pleistocene Marine Terraces: Southern Oregon Portion of the Cascadia Forearc"
819:
and shallow marine sediments. Those strata show typical layers of transgressive and regressive patterns. However, an
649:). Age of MISS 5e is arbitrarily fixed to range from 130 to 116 ka but is demonstrated to range from 134 to 113 ka in
426:
can also be caused by changes in the void volume of the oceans, either through sedimento-eustasy or tectono-eustasy.
465:
369:
3411:
476:
can be extensively overcompensated by a eustatic sea level rise. Thus, in areas of both eustatic and isostatic or
4153:
3445:
1572:
2862:
4246:
4138:
3796:
2667:"Holocene marine terraces on the northeast coast of North Island, New Zealand, and their tectonic significance"
2135:
1964:
1227:
289:
periods or stages, those in areas of slower uplift rates may have a polycyclic origin with stages of returning
3318:
1999:
4315:
4008:
3935:
3840:
3803:
1344:
1325:
1347:
lie above subducted oceanic ridges and the highest and most rapid rates of uplift occur. At Cape Laundi,
3865:
1497:
1469:
3421:
2288:
Trenhaile, AS (2002). "Modeling the development of marine terraces on tectonically mobile rock coasts".
716:
4305:
4269:
3438:
1380:
1266:
1262:
942:. In the last decade, the dating of marine terraces has been enhanced since the arrival of terrestrial
877:
777:
2408:"Quaternary coastal uplift along the Talara Arc (Ecuador, Northern Peru) from new marine terrace data"
356:
Ma. The scale of change during the last glacial/interglacial transition is indicated with a black bar.
2406:
Pedoja, K.; Ortlieb, L.; Dumont, J-F.; Lamothe, J-F.; Ghaleb, B.; Auclair, M.; Labrousse, B. (2006).
1329:
1010:
761:
693:
131:
has resulted in the formation of marine terrace sequences, most of which were formed during separate
20:
2974:
1389:
Other considerable examples include marine terraces rising up to 360 m (1,180 ft) on some
666:
257:
faces that delimit the platform can vary in steepness depending on the relative roles of marine and
3953:
2952:
Gosse, JC; Phillips, FM (2001). "Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides: theory and application".
2245:
Anderson, RS; Densmore, AL; Ellis, MA (1999). "The Generation and degradation of Marine Terraces".
1605:
1492:
1371:, which extend over 80 km (50 mi) and rise over 600 m (2,000 ft) above present
1289:
830:
approach uses remains of organisms which can indicate the age of a marine terrace. For that, often
1596:
Pinter, N (2010): 'Coastal Terraces, Sealevel, and Active Tectonics' (educational exercise), from
3634:
1567:
1562:
1317:
1223:
4295:
4095:
3850:
3040:
Crozier, MJ; Preston NJ (2010): 'Wellington's Tectonic Landscape: Astride a Plate Boundary' in
2969:
1301:
1281:
658:
1704:
1068:
241:
The platform of a marine terrace usually has a gradient between 1°–5° depending on the former
4241:
3063:"Late Holocene uplift of beach ridges at Turakirae Head, south Wellington coast, New Zealand"
1557:
1333:
1305:
520:. The speed of erosion is highly dependent on the shoreline material (hardness of rock), the
449:, for instance, the present rate of uplift reaches up to 10 millimetres (0.39 in)/year.
360:
The formation of marine terraces is controlled by changes in environmental conditions and by
37:
2930:
328:
It is now widely thought that marine terraces are formed during the separated highstands of
61:
is a relatively flat, horizontal or gently inclined surface of marine origin, mostly an old
4070:
4023:
3978:
3963:
3383:
3306:
3255:
3220:
3153:
3074:
3010:
2961:
2926:
2885:
2850:
2807:
2768:
2715:
2678:
2615:
2577:
2538:
2466:
2419:
2372:
2336:
2297:
2254:
2184:
2123:
2055:
1987:
1952:
1896:
1858:
1780:
1745:
1459:
920:
854:
557:
469:
457:
438:
408:
377:
333:
136:
743:
Different methods for dating and correlation of marine terraces can be used and combined.
8:
4174:
3968:
3532:
1512:
954:
924:
452:
In general, eustatic marine terraces were formed during separate sea level highstands of
412:
365:
250:
246:
70:
3387:
3310:
3259:
3224:
3157:
3078:
3014:
2965:
2889:
2854:
2811:
2772:
2719:
2682:
2619:
2581:
2542:
2470:
2423:
2376:
2340:
2301:
2258:
2188:
2127:
2059:
1991:
1956:
1900:
1862:
1784:
1749:
912:
concentrations made finding a high resolution dating difficult. In a study in southern
4143:
4130:
3983:
3943:
3654:
3557:
3279:
3092:
2823:
2631:
2482:
2435:
2388:
2270:
1912:
1535:
1486:
1265:
and another still higher terrace, which is nearly completely decayed. Furthermore, on
943:
905:
881:
873:
720:
545:
81:
26:
3395:
3165:
2983:
2550:
2309:
403:
sea level fluctuations due to changes of the water volume in the oceans, and hence to
4199:
4105:
4018:
3724:
3562:
3552:
3512:
3477:
3461:
3271:
3096:
2827:
2635:
2627:
2439:
2266:
1916:
1908:
1757:
1623:
1545:
1507:
1464:
1442:
1394:
1313:
1171:
1163:
1151:
1026:
928:
796:
752:
576:
553:
541:
434:
404:
262:
218:
187:
168:
92:
62:
3425:
3283:
2727:
2486:
2392:
2274:
1245:
being one of the world's best and most thoroughly studied examples. Also along the
961:. This exposure age reflects the age of abandonment of a marine terrace by the sea.
788:
were used to date and correlate marine terraces. At the terminus advance of former
151:
4310:
4194:
4028:
4003:
3998:
3973:
3923:
3749:
3609:
3527:
3492:
3391:
3314:
3263:
3228:
3161:
3082:
3022:
3018:
2979:
2934:
2893:
2858:
2815:
2776:
2723:
2686:
2623:
2585:
2546:
2474:
2427:
2380:
2344:
2305:
2262:
2192:
2131:
2063:
1995:
1960:
1904:
1866:
1788:
1753:
1449:
1111:
1048:
When analyzing the morphology of marine terraces, it must be considered, that both
812:
765:
757:
674:
501:
461:
106:
3267:
3087:
3062:
2691:
2666:
2590:
2565:
2172:
2043:
4231:
4013:
3958:
3825:
3734:
3729:
3614:
3497:
3336:
3232:
2431:
2384:
1870:
1552:
1502:
1454:
1432:
1427:
1211:
1175:
1123:
1014:
1002:
827:
712:
638:
423:
400:
381:
349:
309:
2780:
460:. Glacioisostatic marine terraces were mainly created during stillstands of the
3624:
3619:
3582:
3522:
3502:
2938:
1474:
1364:
1312:, where terraces probably have been raised by repeated slip earthquakes on the
1238:
1215:
1191:
1107:
1103:
1038:
986:
916:
728:
602:
385:
113:
102:
96:
74:
45:, Arran, below an earlier raised beach at around 30 metres (98 ft) height.
42:
3347:
Eisma, D (2005): 'Asia, eastern, Coastal Geomorphology', in Schwartz, ML (ed)
3041:
2897:
2819:
4284:
4236:
4219:
4169:
4110:
4085:
3948:
3875:
3547:
1356:
1340:
1297:
1276:
1270:
1253:, there is a well-defined sequence of uplifted marine terraces from the late
1219:
1195:
1179:
1147:
1099:
1095:
1091:
889:
847:
831:
816:
642:
533:
117:
109:
2224:
Worsley, P (1998): 'Altersbestimmung – Küstenterrassen', in Goudie, AS (ed)
2196:
2067:
957:
produced on site. These isotopes record the duration of surface exposure to
4100:
3988:
3855:
3754:
3744:
3689:
3275:
2478:
2407:
2324:
1540:
1479:
1398:
1321:
1258:
1183:
1135:
982:
951:
947:
858:
835:
820:
618:
592:
584:
583:
and marine-built terraces arise from accumulations of materials removed by
497:
453:
389:
329:
286:
210:
132:
3179:
Wellman, HW (1969). "Tilted Marine Beach Ridges at Cape Turakirae, N.Z.".
2171:
Muhs, D; Kelsey, H; Miller, G; Kennedy, G; Whelan, J; McInelly, G (1990).
1257:
at Tongue Point. It features a well preserved lower terrace from the last
1203:
4251:
4065:
4038:
4033:
3913:
3895:
3885:
3880:
3835:
3830:
3820:
3769:
3759:
3482:
2648:
Schellmann, G; Brückner, H (2005): 'Geochronology', in Schwartz, ML (ed)
1390:
1250:
1246:
1234:
1159:
1131:
1127:
1115:
1083:
1076:
1022:
998:
939:
901:
897:
804:
769:
732:
705:
698:
591:
and accumulation. However, there is an ongoing debate about the roles of
446:
442:
3197:
Pirazzoli, PA (2005b.): 'Tectonics and Neotectonics', Schwartz, ML (ed)
1332:
county marine terraces. The marine terrace's "ecological staircase" of
977:
344:
4179:
4115:
4075:
3993:
3918:
3709:
3567:
3360:
Orme, AR (2005): 'Africa, Coastal Geomorphology', in Schwartz, ML (ed)
1530:
1437:
1368:
1343:
marine terraces are present, where the highest ones are situated where
1309:
1285:
1254:
1242:
1110:
of South America, collision context on the Pacific coast of Kamchatka,
1087:
1072:
1018:
958:
932:
724:
634:
596:
580:
569:
521:
517:
513:
481:
305:
294:
125:
1792:
4120:
4080:
3908:
3845:
3764:
3694:
2348:
1372:
1360:
1352:
1057:
1042:
1033:
1006:
994:
965:
870:
808:
681:
614:
549:
477:
473:
416:
361:
313:
290:
281:
266:
258:
203:
66:
41:
A raised beach, now at 4 metres (13 ft) above high tide, formed
3430:
4048:
4043:
3870:
3785:
3644:
3469:
1207:
1199:
1167:
1155:
1053:
885:
843:
800:
773:
670:
654:
505:
430:
373:
317:
277:
84:
1694:
Westermann&Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Braunschweig, 1119 p.
751:
The morphostratigraphic approach focuses especially in regions of
528:
properties and can be between only a few millimeters per year for
19:"Marine terrace" redirects here. For the street in Fremantle, see
4184:
4058:
3903:
3779:
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1525:
1402:
1139:
1049:
909:
893:
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588:
529:
525:
509:
420:
396:
312:
may be found. Common soil types found on marine terraces include
156:
128:
697:
Aerial photograph of the lowest marine terrace at Tongue Point,
677:, these uncertainties have no effect on overall interpretation.
411:
of the shoreline. At times of maximum glacial extent during the
4209:
4204:
3739:
3719:
3674:
3659:
3517:
3415:
1655:
Pirazzoli, PA (2005a): 'Marine Terraces', in Schwartz, ML (ed)
1376:
839:
811:
fluctuations on the basis of an alternation of terrestrial and
781:
662:
650:
646:
572:
increases the number of terraces formed during a certain time.
304:
with complex histories and different ages. In protected areas,
124:
Around the world, a combination of tectonic coastal uplift and
3245:
4090:
4053:
3812:
3714:
3664:
3649:
3639:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3542:
3537:
3487:
2322:
1348:
1187:
1119:
913:
823:
in the sediment sequence might make this analysis difficult.
785:
537:
270:
254:
180:
88:
3210:
2323:
Pedoja, K.; Bourgeois, J.; Pinegina, T.; Higman, B. (2006).
2226:
Geomorphologie, Ein Methodenhandbuch für Studium und Praxis.
419:
was about 100 metres (330 ft) lower compared to today.
4224:
4214:
4189:
3699:
3629:
3577:
3572:
2863:
10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0879:uoanba>2.0.co;2
1143:
985:
in Chile. These terraces have been studied among others by
606:
564:
301:
242:
2405:
2361:
2136:
10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2011:AEWRTA]2.0.CO;2
1965:
10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2011:aewrta]2.0.co;2
993:
Marine terraces play an important role in the research on
880:
to date several marine terraces. It utilizes terrestrial
850:. Thus, they can be used to estimate former water depths.
3704:
3507:
3319:
10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<553:gocthp>2.0.co;2
2705:
2000:
10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<553:gocthp>2.0.co;2
1280:
Air photograph of the marine terraced coastline north of
846:
can show specific properties depending on their depth of
711:(ca. 1 : 10,000 – 25,000), on-site inspections with
1273:, a sequence of seven marine terraces has been studied.
1082:
Raised beaches are found in a wide variety of coast and
563:
It is believed that the terrace gradient increases with
532:
rocks and more than 10 metres (33 ft) per year for
2999:
2915:
2170:
1929:
Finkl, CW (2005): 'Coastal Soils' in Schwartz, ML (ed)
776:
may be used to find correlations between terraces. On
1833:
Arnold&Oxford University Press Inc., London, 354p.
1831:
Introduction to Coastal Processes & Geomorphology.
3142:
2244:
2102:
Geographie, Physische Geographie und Humangeographie.
1739:
1296:
Along many coasts of mainland and islands around the
972:
95:
raised above the shoreline by a relative fall in the
2758:
1847:
300:
Marine terraces can be covered by a wide variety of
2604:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1489:, to prevent coastal erosion and creation of beach
437:along with their shorelines. Today, the process of
2840:
2113:
1942:
1770:
680:Sequence can also occur where the accumulation of
468:. This conclusion has to be treated with care, as
3420:US Geological Survey Marine Terrace Fact Sheet -
2945:
1359:can be found at 475 m (1,558 ft) above
4282:
3122:
3056:
3054:
2598:
1836:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1292:running along the coast along the lower terraces
1233:Other important sites include various coasts of
587:. Thus, a marine terrace can be formed by both
3067:New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics
2995:
2993:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
1886:
1126:coast, on west-facing Atlantic coasts, such as
896:. In some cases, however, dating based on the
3337:https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5066/
3191:
3116:
3036:
3034:
3032:
2744:14, Düsseldorf, Germany: Düsseldorf University
2642:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2147:
2145:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
3446:
3239:
3051:
2951:
2875:
2671:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
2570:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
2509:
2281:
2151:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
1812:
1764:
1721:
1636:
624:
261:processes. At the intersection of the former
3290:
3204:
2990:
2904:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2734:
2557:
2231:
2094:
1809:Arnold&Chapman&Hall, New York, 260p.
1592:
1590:
1408:
1032:Furthermore, with the knowledge of eustatic
946:method, and particularly through the use of
276:Older terraces are covered by marine and/or
175:notch/inner edge, modern shoreline angle, 4)
3373:
3172:
3029:
2699:
2529:Zazo, C (1999). "Interglacial sea levels".
2203:
2142:
1662:
1405:, rising up to 400 m (1,300 ft).
927:(OSL) was used in different studies on the
876:, which has been used, for example, on the
237:II. – after various authors
3453:
3439:
3325:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2660:
2658:
2074:
1882:
1880:
1261:, a widely eroded higher terrace from the
857:and can also be roughly dated using their
3341:
3113:Spektrum&Springer, Heidelberg, 735 p.
3103:
3086:
3060:
3046:Geomorphological Landscapes of the World.
2973:
2800:Journal of the Geological Society, London
2747:
2690:
2589:
2287:
2107:
1923:
1807:An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology.
1799:
1735:
1733:
1587:
1518:Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation
738:
87:. Raised beaches and marine terraces are
3354:
3296:
3213:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
2834:
2563:
2365:South American Journal of Earth Sciences
2164:
1977:
1851:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
1684:
1336:is also bound by the San Andreas Fault.
1275:
1067:
976:
853:Marine terraces are often correlated to
692:
688:
343:
202:terrace cover deposits/marine deposits,
150:
101:
36:
25:
3178:
2869:
2787:
2655:
1877:
746:
163:low tide cliff/ramp with deposition, 2)
4283:
3299:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2116:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1980:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1945:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1730:
1628:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1001:. They may show patterns and rates of
384:, especially with the changes between
3460:
3434:
3333:Huon Terraces – Stairway to the Past.
2742:Düsseldorfer Geographische Schriften,
2452:
2025:Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin
1385:Houn Terraces - Stairway to the Past.
1063:
1005:and thus may be used to estimate the
727:. In remote areas, the techniques of
599:in the formation of shore platforms.
135:highstands that can be correlated to
2528:
2041:
512:also takes place in connection with
30:Raised beach and marine terraces at
2919:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2664:
2022:
964:In order to calculate the eustatic
855:marine oxygen isotopic stages (MIS)
799:approach uses typical sequences of
542:shore (wave-cut/abrasion-) platform
458:marine oxygen isotopic stages (MIS)
263:shore (wave-cut/abrasion-) platform
188:shore (wave-cut/abrasion-) platform
169:shore (wave-cut/abrasion-) platform
73:structures such as settlements and
13:
4149:Integrated coastal zone management
973:Relevance for other research areas
709:aerial photographic interpretation
496:Marine terraces often result from
217:decayed and covered sea cliff and
14:
4327:
3405:
3126:Bamberger Geographische Schriften
2453:Kukla, G.J.; et al. (2002).
2228:Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 528–550
2089:Einführung in die Geomorphologie.
1829:Masselink, G; Hughes, MG (2003):
1692:Wörterbuch Allgemeine Geographie.
1677:Strahler AH; Strahler AN (2005):
1075:marine terraces at Tongue Point,
685:are known only for the Holocene.
293:following periods of exposure to
4265:
4264:
3802:
3795:
3362:Encyclopedia of Coastal Science.
3349:Encyclopedia of Coastal Science.
3201:Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 941–948
3199:Encyclopedia of Coastal Science.
2652:Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 467–472
2650:Encyclopedia of Coastal Science.
2628:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2010.01205.x
2267:10.1046/j.1365-2117.1999.00085.x
2042:Muhs, D.R.; et al. (1990).
1933:Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 278–302
1931:Encyclopedia of Coastal Science.
1659:Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 632–633
1657:Encyclopedia of Coastal Science.
864:
456:stages and can be correlated to
3367:
3136:
3061:McSaveney; et al. (2006).
3048:Springer, New York, pp. 341–348
2878:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
2728:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.06.018
2522:
2503:
2493:
2446:
2399:
2355:
2316:
2177:Journal of Geophysical Research
2048:Journal of Geophysical Research
2035:
2016:
2006:
1971:
1936:
1773:Journal of Geophysical Research
4247:Region of freshwater influence
3351:Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 67–71
3023:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.01.004
2104:Elsevier, München, pp. 316–320
1715:
1697:
1228:Cape Chignecto Provincial Park
370:Changes in climatic conditions
1:
4291:Coastal and oceanic landforms
4009:Large-scale coastal behaviour
3841:Beaches in estuaries and bays
3396:10.1016/s0025-3227(00)00019-0
3364:Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 9–21
3268:10.1126/science.252.5014.1834
3166:10.1016/s0277-3791(00)00075-5
3109:Press, F; Siever, R (2008):
3088:10.1080/00288306.2006.9515172
2984:10.1016/s0277-3791(00)00171-2
2692:10.1080/00288306.1992.9514521
2591:10.1080/00288306.1992.9514494
2551:10.1016/s1040-6182(98)00031-7
2310:10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00187-1
1581:
1493:Coastal and oceanic landforms
146:
3233:10.1016/j.jsames.2012.09.001
2455:"Last Interglacial Climates"
2432:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.01.004
2385:10.1016/j.jsames.2006.08.003
1909:10.1016/0033-5894(91)90049-B
1871:10.1016/j.jsames.2003.12.007
1758:10.1016/1040-6182(92)90039-5
491:
439:glacial isostatic adjustment
323:
308:sandy parent materials from
7:
4301:Oceanographical terminology
2781:10.1016/j.tecto.2010.09.034
2512:Journal of Coastal Research
2154:Journal of Coastal Research
1724:Journal of Coastal Research
1498:Coastal development hazards
1470:Modern recession of beaches
1450:Beach erosion and accretion
1417:
904:ratio was applied, in case
878:North Island of New Zealand
548:. A relative change of the
376:sea-level oscillations and
10:
4332:
3146:Quaternary Science Reviews
2954:Quaternary Science Reviews
2939:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.09.039
2708:Quaternary Science Reviews
1267:New Zealand's North Island
778:New Zealand's North Island
625:Land and sea level history
500:along rocky coastlines in
18:
4260:
4162:
4129:
3934:
3894:
3811:
3793:
3468:
2898:10.1016/j.gca.2003.11.005
2820:10.1144/0016-76492010-088
1409:Related coastal geography
1011:1855 Wairarapa earthquake
981:Marine terraces south of
536:. The retreat of the sea
350:sea level reconstructions
339:
194:paleo-shoreline angle, 7)
21:Marine Terrace, Fremantle
16:Emergent coastal landform
3954:Coastal biogeomorphology
2531:Quaternary International
2091:Ulmer, Stuttgart, 440 p.
1742:Quaternary International
1681:Ulmer, Stuttgart, 686 p.
1320:famously researched the
1263:penultimate interglacial
1122:, passive margin of the
484:sea level fluctuations.
2931:2009E&PSL.277...50S
2197:10.1029/jb095ib05p06685
2068:10.1029/jb095ib05p06685
1568:Sand dune stabilization
1563:Coastal sediment supply
1224:Eatonville, Nova Scotia
544:through the process of
504:due to wave attack and
3851:Coastal morphodynamics
2479:10.1006/qres.2001.2316
1690:Leser, H (ed)(2005): ‚
1379:'s tentative list for
1293:
1079:
990:
919:was used to carry out
739:Correlation and dating
701:
637:relies principally on
508:carried in the waves.
433:involve the uplift of
357:
238:
129:sea-level fluctuations
121:
46:
34:
4242:Physical oceanography
1679:Physische Geographie.
1558:Deposition (sediment)
1334:Salt Point State Park
1279:
1071:
1041:and trends in future
980:
921:paleomagnetic datings
908:contamination or low
892:, by analyzing the C
842:are used. Especially
719:or preferably with a
696:
689:Mapping and surveying
470:isostatic adjustments
347:
334:marine isotope stages
332:stages correlated to
154:
137:marine isotope stages
105:
80:A raised beach is an
40:
29:
4316:Lacustrine landforms
4071:Submergent coastline
4024:Marine transgression
3979:Discordant coastline
3964:Concordant coastline
3152:(14–15): 1495–1525.
3111:Allgemeine Geologie.
2564:Berryman, K (1992).
1460:Beach morphodynamics
1381:world heritage sites
1339:Along the coasts of
747:Correlational dating
721:levelling instrument
445:glaciated areas. In
251:southern hemispheres
155:Typical sequence of
4175:Coastal engineering
3388:2000MGeol.167..105R
3311:1974GSAB...85..553C
3260:1991Sci...252.1834P
3254:(5014): 1834–1836.
3225:2012JSAES..40...77S
3158:2000QSRv...19.1495R
3079:2006NZJGG..49..337M
3015:2011Geomo.128..178S
2966:2001QSRv...20.1475G
2890:2004GeCoA..68.2313K
2855:2001Geo....29..879P
2812:2011JGSoc.168..273K
2773:2010Tectp.495..256G
2720:2004QSRv...23..947G
2683:1992NZJGG..35..273O
2620:2011Sedim..58..120B
2582:1992NZJGG..35....1B
2543:1999QuInt..55..101Z
2471:2002QuRes..58....2K
2459:Quaternary Research
2424:2006MGeol.228...73P
2377:2006JSAES..22....1P
2341:2006Geo....34..353P
2302:2002MGeol.185..341T
2259:1999BasR...11....7A
2189:1990JGR....95.6685M
2128:1971GSAB...82.2011J
2087:Ahnert, F (1996) –
2060:1990JGR....95.6685M
1992:1974GSAB...85..553C
1957:1971GSAB...82.2011J
1901:1991QuRes..35..331O
1889:Quaternary Research
1863:2004JSAES..16..633C
1805:Pethick, J (1984):
1785:1994JGR....9914013R
1779:(B7): 14013–14029.
1750:1992QuInt..15...99G
1513:Coastal engineering
1086:background such as
1058:tectonic activities
955:cosmogenic isotopes
944:cosmogenic nuclides
925:luminescence dating
474:tectonic activities
413:last glacial period
352:during the last 500
198:paleo-sea cliff, 8)
159:marine terraces. 1)
120:'s south-west coast
4144:Coastal management
3984:Emergent coastline
3655:Intertidal wetland
3558:Continental margin
1487:Coastal management
1391:Philippine Islands
1294:
1080:
1064:Prominent examples
991:
882:biogenic materials
874:radiocarbon dating
797:lithostratigraphic
702:
661:(~303–339 ka) and
441:mainly applies to
435:continental crusts
358:
348:Comparison of two
239:
122:
93:wave-cut platforms
47:
35:
32:Water Canyon beach
4306:Coastal geography
4278:
4277:
4106:Wave-cut platform
4019:Marine regression
3563:Continental shelf
3553:Coastal waterfall
3462:Coastal geography
2960:(14): 1475–1560.
2884:(10): 2313–2319.
2183:(B5): 6685–6698.
2054:(B5): 6685–6688.
1793:10.1029/94jb00048
1546:Wave-cut platform
1508:Coastal geography
1465:Beach nourishment
1443:Terrace (geology)
1424:Similar features
1375:are currently on
1314:San Andreas Fault
1172:Vale of Glamorgan
1152:Crackington Haven
1027:raised shorelines
1007:tectonic activity
929:San Andreas Fault
753:marine regression
717:aneroid barometer
502:temperate regions
424:sea level changes
380:movements of the
362:tectonic activity
63:abrasion platform
59:perched coastline
4323:
4268:
4267:
4029:Raised shoreline
4004:Ingression coast
3999:Graded shoreline
3974:Cuspate foreland
3806:
3799:
3750:Submarine canyon
3610:Freshwater marsh
3455:
3448:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3400:
3399:
3382:(1–2): 105–126.
3371:
3365:
3358:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3208:
3202:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3120:
3114:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3058:
3049:
3038:
3027:
3026:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2913:
2902:
2901:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2756:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2714:(7–8): 947–958.
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2662:
2653:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2349:10.1130/g22062.1
2320:
2314:
2313:
2296:(3–4): 341–361.
2285:
2279:
2278:
2242:
2229:
2222:
2201:
2200:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2122:(7): 2011–2018.
2111:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1951:(7): 2011–2018.
1940:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1845:
1834:
1827:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1744:. 15–16: 9–112.
1737:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1660:
1653:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1604:. Archived from
1603:
1594:
1401:, especially in
1112:Papua New Guinea
828:biostratigraphic
813:marine sediments
780:, for instance,
735:can be applied.
713:topographic maps
675:Late Pleistocene
462:isostatic uplift
366:geological times
355:
310:tsunami deposits
236:
232:
228:
224:
216:
209:
201:
197:
193:
186:
178:
174:
166:
162:
82:emergent coastal
55:coastal terrace,
4331:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4256:
4232:Intertidal zone
4158:
4125:
4014:Longshore drift
3959:Coastal erosion
3930:
3890:
3826:Beach evolution
3807:
3801:
3800:
3791:
3478:Anchialine pool
3464:
3459:
3408:
3403:
3372:
3368:
3359:
3355:
3346:
3342:
3331:UNESCO (2006):
3330:
3326:
3295:
3291:
3244:
3240:
3209:
3205:
3196:
3192:
3177:
3173:
3141:
3137:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3104:
3059:
3052:
3039:
3030:
2998:
2991:
2975:10.1.1.298.3324
2950:
2946:
2914:
2905:
2874:
2870:
2849:(10): 879–882.
2839:
2835:
2795:
2788:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2735:
2704:
2700:
2665:Ota, Y (1992).
2663:
2656:
2647:
2643:
2603:
2599:
2562:
2558:
2527:
2523:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2451:
2447:
2404:
2400:
2360:
2356:
2321:
2317:
2286:
2282:
2243:
2232:
2223:
2204:
2169:
2165:
2150:
2143:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2075:
2040:
2036:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2007:
1976:
1972:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1885:
1878:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1813:
1804:
1800:
1769:
1765:
1738:
1731:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1663:
1654:
1637:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1599:"Archived copy"
1597:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1553:Longshore drift
1503:Coastal erosion
1455:Beach evolution
1433:Fluvial terrace
1428:Bench (geology)
1420:
1411:
1383:under the name
1269:at the eastern
1176:Gower Peninsula
1124:South China Sea
1066:
1015:Wairarapa Fault
1003:tectonic uplift
975:
867:
749:
741:
691:
639:relative dating
627:
577:shore platforms
534:volcanic ejecta
494:
466:climate changes
353:
342:
326:
234:
233:paleo-sea level
230:
226:
225:paleo-sea level
222:
214:
207:
199:
195:
191:
184:
176:
172:
164:
160:
149:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:Brackish marsh
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Barrier island
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3422:Wikimedia link
3418:
3407:
3406:External links
3404:
3402:
3401:
3376:Marine Geology
3366:
3353:
3340:
3324:
3305:(4): 553–570.
3289:
3238:
3203:
3190:
3171:
3135:
3115:
3102:
3073:(3): 337–358.
3050:
3028:
3009:(3): 178–190.
2989:
2944:
2925:(1–2): 50–63.
2903:
2868:
2833:
2806:(1): 273–288.
2786:
2767:(3): 256–268.
2761:Tectonophysics
2746:
2733:
2698:
2677:(3): 273–288.
2654:
2641:
2614:(1): 120–169.
2597:
2556:
2537:(1): 101–113.
2521:
2502:
2492:
2445:
2418:(1–4): 73–91.
2412:Marine Geology
2398:
2354:
2335:(5): 353–356.
2315:
2290:Marine Geology
2280:
2247:Basin Research
2230:
2202:
2163:
2141:
2106:
2093:
2073:
2034:
2015:
2005:
1986:(4): 553–570.
1970:
1935:
1922:
1895:(3): 331–346.
1876:
1857:(8): 633–648.
1835:
1811:
1798:
1763:
1729:
1714:
1696:
1683:
1661:
1635:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1475:Paleoshoreline
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1393:and along the
1365:Huon Peninsula
1239:Turakirae Head
1216:Northern Spain
1108:Atlantic coast
1104:passive margin
1092:Pacific coasts
1065:
1062:
1039:climate change
987:Roland Paskoff
974:
971:
936:Eupcheon Fault
917:paleomagnetism
890:mollusc shells
866:
863:
832:mollusc shells
772:landforms and
748:
745:
740:
737:
729:photogrammetry
690:
687:
643:geomorphologic
626:
623:
579:are formed by
558:transgressions
498:marine erosion
493:
490:
409:transgressions
401:glacioeustatic
364:during recent
341:
338:
325:
322:
219:shore platform
148:
145:
75:infrastructure
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4328:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:Geomorphology
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4271:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:Littoral zone
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:Bulkhead line
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Wave shoaling
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:Surge channel
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Cliffed coast
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:Shingle beach
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3798:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Coastal plain
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3003:Geomorphology
2996:
2994:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:Sedimentology
2601:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2518:(3): 675–689.
2517:
2513:
2506:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:(1–2): 1–21.
2370:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2160:(2): 297–307.
2159:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1709:www.sdnhm.org
1706:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1611:on 2010-10-10
1607:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:Mediterranean
1392:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:plate margins
1342:
1341:South America
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:pygmy forests
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1271:Bay of Plenty
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:Squally Point
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:Isle of Arran
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:Pembrokeshire
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:Widemouth Bay
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:North America
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1029:in the area.
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
979:
970:
967:
962:
960:
956:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
872:
865:Direct dating
862:
860:
859:stratigraphic
856:
851:
849:
848:sedimentation
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
744:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
707:
700:
695:
686:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
622:
620:
619:alluvial fans
616:
610:
608:
604:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:shore erosion
582:
578:
575:Furthermore,
573:
571:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
489:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:Processes of
427:
425:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:Processes of
393:
391:
387:
383:
382:Earth's crust
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
351:
346:
337:
335:
331:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:allochthonous
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
220:
212:
205:
189:
182:
170:
158:
153:
144:
140:
138:
134:
130:
127:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
78:
76:
72:
71:anthropogenic
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
39:
33:
28:
22:
4101:Volcanic arc
3989:Feeder bluff
3896:River mouths
3861:Raised beach
3860:
3856:Pocket beach
3784:
3755:Tidal island
3745:Strand plain
3690:Natural arch
3379:
3375:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3343:
3332:
3327:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3105:
3070:
3066:
3045:
3006:
3002:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2922:
2918:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2803:
2799:
2764:
2760:
2741:
2736:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2674:
2670:
2649:
2644:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2495:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2250:
2246:
2225:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2008:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1892:
1888:
1854:
1850:
1830:
1806:
1801:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1741:
1723:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1656:
1613:. Retrieved
1606:the original
1541:Natural arch
1480:Fossil beach
1412:
1399:North Africa
1388:
1384:
1349:Sumba Island
1338:
1295:
1259:interglacial
1232:
1184:Cardigan Bay
1136:County Kerry
1084:geodynamical
1081:
1060:took place.
1047:
1031:
992:
983:Choapa River
963:
868:
852:
836:foraminifera
825:
821:unconformity
794:
750:
742:
706:stereoscopic
703:
679:
632:
628:
611:
601:
593:wave erosion
574:
562:
540:generates a
495:
486:
454:interglacial
451:
428:
394:
390:interglacial
372:have led to
359:
330:interglacial
327:
299:
287:interglacial
275:
240:
211:alluvial fan
141:
133:interglacial
123:
79:
58:
54:
51:raised beach
50:
48:
4252:River plume
4066:Steep coast
4039:Rocky shore
4034:Rip current
3914:River delta
3886:Wash margin
3881:Storm beach
3871:Shell beach
3836:Beach wrack
3831:Beach ridge
3821:Beach cusps
3770:Tied island
3760:Tidal marsh
3483:Archipelago
3187:(2): 82–86.
2465:(1): 2–13.
2253:(1): 7–19.
1705:"The Nat -"
1355:an ancient
1251:New Zealand
1247:Cook Strait
1235:New Zealand
1226:within the
1160:Perranporth
1132:County Cork
1128:Donegal Bay
1116:New Zealand
1077:New Zealand
1023:New Zealand
999:earthquakes
959:cosmic rays
940:South Korea
931:and on the
884:in coastal
805:rock strata
770:periglacial
733:tacheometry
699:New Zealand
609:materials.
554:regressions
447:Scandinavia
443:Pleistocene
405:regressions
179:modern sea
114:King's Cave
43:King's Cave
4285:Categories
4180:Grain size
4154:Submersion
4131:Management
4116:Wind fetch
4076:Surf break
3994:Flat coast
3924:regressive
3710:Salt marsh
3568:Coral reef
2576:(1): 1–7.
2031:: 357–375.
1615:2011-04-21
1582:References
1573:Submersion
1531:Bioerosion
1438:Strandflat
1369:New Guinea
1357:patch reef
1318:Hans Jenny
1310:California
1302:Santa Cruz
1286:California
1282:Santa Cruz
1255:Quaternary
1243:Wellington
1088:subduction
1073:Quaternary
1019:Wellington
933:Quaternary
888:, such as
861:position.
725:topography
682:ice sheets
635:chronology
603:Reef flats
597:weathering
581:denudation
570:hinterland
524:, and the
522:bathymetry
518:cavitation
514:weathering
482:Quaternary
295:weathering
291:sea levels
147:Morphology
126:Quaternary
110:sea-cliffs
4139:Accretion
4121:Wind wave
4081:Surf zone
3936:Processes
3909:Mouth bar
3866:Recession
3846:Beachrock
3765:Tide pool
3695:Peninsula
3583:cliff-top
3470:Landforms
3426:USGS link
3219:: 77–84.
3097:129074978
3042:Migoń, P.
2970:CiteSeerX
2828:129506275
2636:128395986
2440:129024575
1917:129630764
1397:Coast of
1373:sea level
1361:sea level
1353:Indonesia
1326:Mendocino
1306:Davenport
1290:Highway 1
1204:Finistère
1045:changes.
1043:sea level
1034:sea level
995:tectonics
966:sea level
886:sediments
809:sea level
807:to prove
774:sediments
641:based on
552:leads to
550:sea level
492:Processes
417:sea level
392:periods.
378:isostatic
324:Formation
314:planosols
282:colluvial
267:sea level
259:subaerial
204:colluvium
157:erosional
97:sea level
67:sea level
4270:Category
4096:Undertow
4049:Sea foam
4044:Sea cave
3944:Blowhole
3786:Windwatt
3645:Headland
3493:Avulsion
3284:36558992
3276:17753260
2500:269–305.
2487:55262041
2393:59487926
2275:19075109
2013:129–152.
1624:cite web
1536:Blowhole
1418:See also
1208:Brittany
1200:Scotland
1194:and the
1168:Cornwall
1156:Tintagel
1054:isostasy
906:detrital
844:Mollusca
817:littoral
801:sediment
790:glaciers
671:Holocene
655:Barbados
615:colluvia
546:abrasion
530:granitic
506:sediment
478:tectonic
431:isostasy
421:Eustatic
399:lead to
374:eustatic
318:solonetz
278:alluvial
247:northern
183:, 5) old
85:landform
4311:Beaches
4220:shingle
4200:granule
4185:boulder
4163:Related
4059:peresyp
3969:Current
3904:Debouch
3813:Beaches
3780:Waituna
3775:Tombolo
3685:Mudflat
3680:Machair
3670:Isthmus
3590:Estuary
3533:Channel
3384:Bibcode
3307:Bibcode
3256:Bibcode
3248:Science
3221:Bibcode
3181:Tuatara
3154:Bibcode
3132:: 1–91.
3075:Bibcode
3011:Bibcode
2962:Bibcode
2927:Bibcode
2886:Bibcode
2851:Bibcode
2843:Geology
2808:Bibcode
2769:Bibcode
2716:Bibcode
2679:Bibcode
2616:Bibcode
2578:Bibcode
2539:Bibcode
2467:Bibcode
2420:Bibcode
2373:Bibcode
2337:Bibcode
2329:Geology
2298:Bibcode
2255:Bibcode
2185:Bibcode
2124:Bibcode
2056:Bibcode
1988:Bibcode
1953:Bibcode
1897:Bibcode
1859:Bibcode
1781:Bibcode
1746:Bibcode
1526:Erosion
1403:Tunisia
1324:of the
1304:, near
1298:Pacific
1288:, note
1237:, e.g.
1218:and at
1212:Galicia
1164:St Ives
1140:Ireland
1106:of the
1090:on the
1050:eustasy
1013:on the
910:uranium
894:isotope
762:fluvial
758:glacial
589:erosion
526:bedrock
510:Erosion
397:eustasy
386:glacial
336:(MIS).
167:modern
139:(MIS).
89:beaches
4210:pebble
4205:gravel
4195:cobble
3740:Strait
3720:Skerry
3675:Lagoon
3660:Island
3615:Fundus
3518:Bodden
3416:NAHSTE
3282:
3274:
3095:
2972:
2826:
2634:
2485:
2438:
2391:
2273:
1915:
1520:(CERF)
1377:UNESCO
1330:Sonoma
1170:, the
840:pollen
782:tephra
766:eolian
651:Hawaii
647:MIS 5e
415:, the
354:
340:Causes
253:. The
235:
231:
229:I, 12)
227:
223:
215:
208:
200:
196:
192:
185:
177:
173:
165:
161:
107:Relict
4091:Swash
4054:Shoal
3735:Stack
3725:Sound
3715:Shoal
3665:Islet
3650:Inlet
3640:Hapua
3605:Fjord
3600:Fjard
3595:Firth
3543:Coast
3538:Cliff
3513:Bight
3488:Atoll
3412:Notes
3335:from
3280:S2CID
3093:S2CID
3044:(ed)
2824:S2CID
2632:S2CID
2483:S2CID
2436:S2CID
2389:S2CID
2271:S2CID
1913:S2CID
1609:(PDF)
1602:(PDF)
1241:near
1188:Wales
1120:Japan
1096:South
1017:near
914:Italy
786:loess
667:MIS 7
659:MIS 9
565:tidal
538:cliff
302:soils
271:coast
255:cliff
243:tidal
221:, 11)
213:, 10)
181:cliff
118:Arran
4225:silt
4215:sand
4190:clay
3919:mega
3730:Spit
3700:Reef
3630:Gulf
3578:Dune
3573:Cove
3528:Cape
3498:Ayre
3272:PMID
1630:link
1328:and
1210:and
1192:Jura
1182:and
1162:and
1144:Bude
1134:and
1098:and
1052:and
997:and
950:and
923:and
826:The
803:and
795:The
784:and
768:and
731:and
673:and
653:and
607:reef
595:and
516:and
472:and
407:and
388:and
316:and
249:and
206:, 9)
190:, 6)
171:, 3)
3705:Ria
3635:Gut
3625:Geo
3620:Gat
3508:Bay
3414:at
3392:doi
3380:167
3315:doi
3264:doi
3252:252
3229:doi
3162:doi
3083:doi
3019:doi
3007:128
2980:doi
2935:doi
2923:277
2894:doi
2859:doi
2816:doi
2804:168
2777:doi
2765:495
2724:doi
2687:doi
2624:doi
2586:doi
2547:doi
2475:doi
2428:doi
2416:228
2381:doi
2345:doi
2306:doi
2294:185
2263:doi
2193:doi
2132:doi
2064:doi
1996:doi
1961:doi
1905:doi
1867:doi
1789:doi
1754:doi
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1249:in
1222:in
1214:in
1206:in
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