636:
248:
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flow. Debris flows resemble freshly poured concrete, consisting mostly of coarse debris. Hyperconcentrated flows are intermediate between floods and debris flows, with a water content between 40 and 80 weight percent. Floods may transition to hyperconcentrated flows as they entrain sediments, while debris flows may become hyperconcentrated flows if they are diluted by water. Because flooding on alluvial fans carries large quantities of sediment, channels can rapidly become blocked, creating great uncertainty about flow paths that magnifies the dangers.
227:
22:
121:
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the flood from upstream sources, and a combination of the availability of sediments and of the slope and topography of the fan that creates extraordinary hazards. These hazards cannot reliably be mitigated by elevation on fill (raising existing buildings up to a meter (three feet) and building new foundations beneath them). At a minimum, major structural
841:
lucrative targets for petroleum exploration. Alluvial fans that experience toe-trimming (lateral erosion) by an axial river (a river running the length of an escarpment-bounded basin) may have increased potential as reservoirs. The river deposits relatively porous, permeable axial river sediments that alternate with fan sediment beds.
302:. They are characterized by having a yield strength, meaning that they are highly viscous at low flow velocities but become less viscous as the flow velocity increases. This means that a debris flow can come to a halt while still on moderately tilted ground. The flow then becomes consolidated under its own weight.
388:
Alluvial fans are common in the geologic record, but may have been particularly important before the evolution of land plants in the mid-Paleozoic. They are characteristic of fault-bounded basins and can be 5,000 meters (16,000 ft) or thicker due to tectonic subsidence of the basin and uplift of
2204:
Gao, Chonglong; Ren, Ying; Wang, Jian; Ji, Youliang; Liu, Bo; Xiong, Lianqiao; Sun, Yonghe; Wang, Ke; Liu, Ke (October 1, 2021). "Palaeohydraulic reconstruction and depositional model of the episodic flooding channels developed in the modern arid alluvial fan: Implications for the exploration target
840:
basins. Debris flow fans make poor petroleum reservoirs, but fluvial fans are potentially significant reservoirs. Though fluvial fans are typically of poorer quality than reservoirs closer to the basin center, due to their complex structure, the episodic flooding channels of the fans are potentially
750:
measures are required to mitigate risk, and in some cases, the only alternative is to restrict development on the fan surface. Such measures can be politically controversial, particularly since the hazard is not obvious to property owners. In the United States, areas at risk of alluvial fan flooding
243:
Alluvial fans usually form where a confined feeder channel exits a mountain front or a glacier margin. As the flow exits the feeder channel onto the fan surface, it is able to spread out into wide, shallow channels or to infiltrate the surface. This reduces the carrying power of the flow and results
146:
Alluvial fans vary greatly in size, from only a few meters across at the base to as much as 150 kilometers across, with a slope of 1.5 to 25 degrees. Some giant alluvial fans have areas of almost 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi). The slope measured from the apex is generally concave,
762:
that occur with little or no warning. They typically result from heavy and prolonged rainfall, and are characterized by high velocities and capacity for sediment transport. Flows cover the range from floods through hyperconcentrated flows to debris flows, depending on the volume of sediments in the
745:
Alluvial fans are subject to infrequent but often very damaging flooding, whose unusual characteristics distinguish alluvial fan floods from ordinary riverbank flooding. These include great uncertainty in the likely flood path, the likelihood of abrupt deposition and erosion of sediments carried by
190:
for all of the sediment deposits to fan out without contacting other valley walls or rivers, an unconfined alluvial fan develops. Unconfined alluvial fans allow sediments to naturally fan out, and the shape of the fan is not influenced by other topological features. When the alluvial plain is more
437:
caused by outbuilding of the fan: Finer sediments are deposited at the edge of the fan, but as the fan continues to grow, increasingly coarse sediments are deposited on top of the earlier, less coarse sediments. However, a few fans show normal grading indicating inactivity or even fan retreat, so
693:
instrument. These fans are more common in the drier mid-latitudes at the end of methane/ethane rivers where it is thought that frequent wetting and drying occur due to precipitation, much like arid fans on Earth. Radar imaging suggests that fan material is most likely composed of round grains of
445:
Debris flow deposits are common in the proximal and medial fan. These deposits lack sedimentary structure, other than occasional reverse-graded bedding towards the base, and they are poorly sorted. The proximal fan may also include gravel lobes that have been interpreted as sieve deposits, where
333:
deposition, on time scales of 1,000 to 10,000 years. Because of their high viscosity, debris flows tend to be confined to the proximal and medial fan even in a debris-flow-dominated alluvial fan, and streamfloods dominate the distal fan. However, some debris-flow-dominated fans in arid climates
457:
Stream flow deposits tend to be sheetlike, better sorted than debris flow deposits, and sometimes show well-developed sedimentary structures such as cross-bedding. These are more prevalent in the medial and distal fan. In the distal fan, where channels are very shallow and braided, stream flow
363:
in channels 1β4 meters (3β10 ft) high takes place in a network of braided streams. Such alluvial fans tend to have a shallower slope but can become enormous. The Kosi and other fans along the
Himalaya mountain front in the Indo-Gangetic plain are examples of gigantic stream-flow-dominated
2774:
Santangelo, N.; Daunis-i-Estadella, J.; Di
Crescenzo, G.; Di Donato, V.; Faillace, P. I.; MartΓn-FernΓ‘ndez, J. A.; Romano, P.; Santo, A.; Scorpio, V. (June 30, 2012). "Topographic predictors of susceptibility to alluvial fan flooding, Southern Apennines: Alluvial fan flooding susceptibility".
503:
suggests a hiatus of 70,000 to 80,000 years between the old and new fans, with evidence of tectonic tilting at 45,000 years ago and an end to fan deposition 20,000 years ago. Both the hiatus and the more recent end to fan deposition are thought to be connected to periods of enhanced southwest
346:
Fluvial fans occur where there is perennial, seasonal, or ephemeral stream flow that feeds a system of distributary channels on the fan. In arid or semiarid climates, deposition is dominated by infrequent but intense rainfall that produces flash floods in the feeder channel. This results in
458:
deposits consist of sandy interbeds with planar and trough slanted stratification. The medial fan of a streamflow-dominated alluvial fan shows nearly the same depositional facies as ordinary fluvial environments, so that identification of ancient alluvial fans must be based on radial
324:
Debris flow fans have a network of mostly inactive distributary channels in the upper fan that gives way to mid- to lower-level lobes. The channels tend to be filled by subsequent cohesive debris flows. Usually only one lobe is active at a time, and inactive lobes may develop
355:
containing 20% to 45% sediments, which are intermediate between sheetfloods having 20% or less of sediments and debris flows with more than 45% sediments. As the flood recedes, it often leaves a lag of gravel deposits that have the appearance of a network of braided streams.
736:
The beds of coarse sediments associated with alluvial fans form aquifers that are the most important groundwater reservoirs in many regions. These include both arid regions, such as Egypt or Iraq, and humid regions, such as central Europe or Taiwan.
438:
that increasingly fine sediments are deposited on earlier coarser sediments. Normal or reverse grading sequences can be hundreds to thousands of meters in thickness. Depositional facies that have been reported for alluvial fans include debris flows,
647:. Unlike alluvial fans on Earth, those on Mars are rarely associated with tectonic processes, but are much more common on crater rims. The crater rim alluvial fans appear to have been deposited by sheetflow rather than debris flows.
275:) and shift to a part of the fan with a steeper gradient, where deposition resumes. As a result, normally only part of the fan is active at any particular time, and the bypassed areas may undergo soil formation or erosion.
202:) sometimes produces a "toe-trimmed" fan, in which the edge of the fan is marked by a small escarpment. Toe-trimmed fans may record climate changes or tectonic processes, and the process of lateral erosion may enhance the
342:
Fluvial fans (streamflow-dominated fans) receive most of their sediments in the form of stream flow rather than debris flows. They are less sharply distinguished from ordinary fluvial deposits than are debris flow fans.
494:
may be as important as tectonic uplift. For example, alluvial fans in the
Himalayas show older fans entrenched and overlain by younger fans. The younger fans, in turn, are cut by deep incised valleys showing two
2832:
Weissmann, G. S.; Mount, J. F.; Fogg, G. E. (March 1, 2002). "Glacially Driven Cycles in
Accumulation Space and Sequence Stratigraphy of a Stream-Dominated Alluvial Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California, U.S.A.".
334:
consist almost entirely of debris flows and lag gravels from eolian winnowing of debris flows, with no evidence of sheetflood or sieve deposits. Debris-flow-dominated fans tend to be steep and poorly vegetated.
175:, which are lobes of coarse gravel, may be present on the proximal fan. The sediments in an alluvial fan are usually coarse and poorly sorted, with the coarsest sediments found on the proximal fan.
654:. These fans confirmed past fluvial flow on the planet and further supported the theory that liquid water was once present in some form on the Martian surface. In addition, observations of fans in
298:
Debris flow fans receive most of their sediments in the form of debris flows. Debris flows are slurry-like mixtures of water and particles of all sizes, from clay to boulders, that resemble wet
58:
Alluvial fans typically form where flow emerges from a confined channel and is free to spread out and infiltrate the surface. This reduces the carrying capacity of the flow and results in
812:. Over the last few hundred years, the river had generally shifted westward across its fan, and by 2008, the main river channel was located on the extreme western part of the megafan. In
516:, US, where dating of beds suggests that peaks of fan deposition during the last 25,000 years occurred during times of rapid climate change, both from wet to dry and from dry to wet.
2234:
Ghinassi, Massimiliano; Ielpi, Alessandro (2018). "Morphodynamics and facies architecture of streamflow-dominated, sand-rich alluvial fans, Pleistocene Upper
Valdarno Basin, Italy".
2714:
Petalas, Christos P. (September 2013). "A preliminary assessment of hydrogeological features and selected anthropogenic impacts on an alluvial fan aquifer system in Greece".
774:
resulted in the loss of 400 lives. Loss of life from alluvial fan floods continued into the 19th century, and the hazard of alluvial fan flooding remains a concern in Italy.
828:
that had been stable for over 200 years. Over a million people were rendered homeless, about a thousand lost their lives and thousands of hectares of crops were destroyed.
722:, in the western United States, and in many other parts of the world. However, flooding on alluvial fans poses unique problems for disaster prevention and preparation.
706:
Alluvial fans are the most important groundwater reservoirs in many regions. Many urban, industrial, and agricultural areas are located on alluvial fans, including the
442:
and upper regime stream floods, sieve deposits, and braided stream flows, each leaving their own characteristic sediment deposits that can be identified by geologists.
429:
Alluvial fans are characterized by coarse sedimentation, though the sediments making up the fan become less coarse further from the apex. Gravels show well-developed
490:. The upwards coarsening of the beds making up the fan reflects cycles of erosion in the highlands that feed sediments to the fan. However, climate and changes in
2453:
Leeder, M. R.; Mack, G. H. (November 2001). "Lateral erosion ('toe-cutting') of alluvial fans by axial rivers: implications for basin analysis and architecture".
2639:
Committee on
Alluvial Fan Flooding, Water Science and Technology Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council (1996).
600: cu ft) of sediment as it exits the mountains. Deposition of this magnitude over millions of years is more than sufficient to account for the megafan.
2582:
Morgan, A. M.; Howard, A. D.; Hobley, D. E. J.; Moore, J. M.; Dietrich, W. E.; Williams, R. M. E.; Burr, D. M.; Grant, J. A.; Wilson, S. A. (February 1, 2014).
474:, but are also found in more humid environments subject to intense rainfall and in areas of modern glaciation. They have also been found on other bodies of the
2072:
2905:
1902:
Blair, Terence C. (December 1999). "Cause of dominance by sheetflood vs. debris-flow processes on two adjoining alluvial fans, Death Valley, California".
2490:
Mack, Greg H.; Rasmussen, Keith A. (January 1, 1984). "Alluvial-fan sedimentation of the Cutler
Formation (Permo-Pennsylvanian) near Gateway, Colorado".
1811:
Alkinani, Majid; Merkel, Broder (April 2017). "Hydrochemical and isotopic investigation of groundwater of Al-Batin alluvial fan aquifer, Southern Iraq".
2359:
Kraal, Erin R.; Asphaug, Erik; Moore, Jeffery M.; Howard, Alan; Bredt, Adam (March 2008). "Catalogue of large alluvial fans in martian impact craters".
590:
several millimeters annually. Uplift is approximately in equilibrium with erosion, so the river annually carries some 100 million cubic meters (3.5
446:
runoff rapidly infiltrates and leaves behind only the coarse material. However, the gravel lobes have also been interpreted as debris flow deposits.
321:
by locally intense thunderstorms initiates slope failure. The resulting debris flow travels down the feeder channel and onto the surface of the fan.
2584:"Sedimentology and climatic environment of alluvial fans in the martian Saheki crater and a comparison with terrestrial fans in the Atacama Desert"
317:. The abundance of fine-grained sediments encourages the initial hillslope failure and subsequent cohesive flow of debris. Saturation of clay-rich
2677:
Nichols, Gary; Thompson, Ben (2005). "Bedrock lithology control on contemporaneous alluvial fan facies, Oligo-Miocene, southern
Pyrenees, Spain".
1849:
2619:
2170:
824:. This diverted most of the river into an unprotected ancient channel and flooded the central part of the megafan. This was an area with a high
131:
An alluvial fan is an accumulation of sediments that fans out from a concentrated source of sediments, such as a narrow canyon emerging from an
2426:
213:
When numerous rivers and streams exit a mountain front onto a plain, the fans can combine to form a continuous apron. This is referred to as a
372:
over the last ten million years has focused the drainage of 750 kilometres (470 mi) of mountain frontage into just three enormous fans.
1788:
55:. They range in area from less than 1 square kilometer (0.4 sq mi) to almost 20,000 square kilometers (7,700 sq mi).
2898:
669:
The few alluvial fans associated with tectonic processes include those at
Coprates Chasma and Juventae Chasma, which are part of the
3136:
2862:
Zaharia, Felix (2011). "The Law of
Transboundary Aquifers in Practice β the MureΕ Alluvial Fan Aquifer System (Romania/Hungary)".
635:
351:
on the alluvial fan, where sediment-laden water leaves its channel confines and spreads across the fan surface. These may include
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in local hills. The typical watercourse in an arid climate has a large, funnel-shaped basin at the top, leading to a narrow
2891:
880:
287:
1629:
247:
2398:"Natural hazards on alluvial fans: the debris flow and flash flood disaster of December 1999, Vargas state, Venezuela."
2330:
Khalil, Mohamed H. (June 2010). "Hydro-geophysical Configuration for the Quaternary Aquifer of Nuweiba Alluvial Fan".
2443:
2397:
562:
Alluvial fans also develop in wetter climates when high-relief terrain is located adjacent to low-relief terrain. In
500:
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267:), which may be up to 30 meters (100 ft) deep. This channel is subject to blockage by accumulated sediments or
4130:
2117:
Davis, J.M.; Grindrod, P.M.; Banham, S.G.; Warner, N.H.; Conway, S.J.; Boazman, S.J.; Gupta, S. (October 1, 2021).
808:
for contributing disproportionately to India's death tolls in flooding. These exceed those of all countries except
380:
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1960:
4161:
4125:
2822:
2320:
1996:
1977:
1939:
Blair, Terence C.; Mcpherson, John G. (June 1, 1992). "The Trollheim alluvial fan and facies model revisited".
1892:
3686:
2511:
2292:
2272:
2037:"Changes of Groundwater Level due to the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake in the Choshui River Alluvial Fan in Taiwan"
804:. The river has a history of frequently and capriciously changing its course, so that it has been called the
2119:"A record of syn-tectonic sedimentation revealed by perched alluvial fan deposits in Valles Marineris, Mars"
3827:
3777:
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393:
alteration of iron-rich minerals in a shallow, oxidizing environment. Examples of paleofans include the
4156:
3331:
2420:
731:
412:
of Canada. Such fan deposit likely contain the largest accumulations of gravel in the geologic record.
1864:
673:
canyon system. These provide evidence of the existence and nature of faulting in this region of Mars.
4115:
4067:
3950:
2623:
2177:
43:
that fans outwards from a concentrated source of sediments, such as a narrow canyon emerging from an
1692:
191:
restricted, so that the fan comes into contact with topographic barriers, a confined fan is formed.
4100:
3817:
3782:
3624:
752:
690:
615:
51:, but are also found in more humid environments subject to intense rainfall and in areas of modern
263:
Flow in the proximal fan, where the slope is steepest, is usually confined to a single channel (a
210:
potential of the fan. Toe-trimmed fans on the planet Mars provide evidence of past river systems.
178:
4110:
3802:
3567:
2528:
Proceedings of the International Association of Science and Hydrology General Assembly of Toronto
809:
711:
2090:"Death toll rises from Indian floods β Just In β ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"
555:
trace buried channels of coarse sediments from the fan that have interfingered with impermeable
4151:
4052:
3910:
3461:
3346:
2006:
Chawner, W. D. (April 1935). "Alluvial Fan Flooding: The Montrose, California, Flood of 1934".
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2048:
1948:
1911:
1820:
790:
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715:
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59:
666:. Alluvial fans in Holden crater have toe-trimmed profiles attributed to fluvial erosion.
8:
4016:
4011:
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3131:
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207:
101:
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with the pebbles dipping towards the apex. Fan deposits typically show well-developed
409:
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1992:
1973:
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853: β Loose soil or sediment that is eroded and redeposited in a non-marine setting
771:
758:
Alluvial fan flooding commonly takes the form of short (several hours) but energetic
695:
471:
252:
74:
48:
305:
Debris flow fans occur in all climates but are more common where the source rock is
3935:
3837:
3742:
3491:
3341:
3336:
3313:
3253:
3082:
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2871:
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2784:
2731:
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2376:
2347:
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2222:
2148:
2138:
2056:
2036:
2015:
1956:
1919:
1828:
859: β Land adjacent to a water body which is flooded during periods of high water
813:
719:
670:
551:) are sometimes found in sinuous lines radiating from arid climate fan toes. These
2658:
Nemec, W.; Steel, R. J. (1988). "What is a fan delta and how do we recognize it".
1605:
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1698:
682:
663:
651:
575:
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487:
140:
70:
2521:"Estimating quantity and quality of ground water in dry regions using airphotos"
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536:
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401:
326:
187:
2883:
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1680:
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of Italy have resulted in repeated loss of life. A flood on 1 October 1581 at
614:
have deposited smaller but still extensive alluvial fans, such as that of the
4145:
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4077:
4062:
4047:
3996:
3991:
3757:
3722:
3676:
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2969:
2949:
2875:
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1134:
747:
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528:
459:
405:
226:
2753:"Alluvial Fans on Titan Reveal Materials, Processes and Regional Conditions"
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125:
90:
63:
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made by satellites from orbit have now been confirmed by the discovery of
3981:
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covering some 15,000 km (5,800 sq mi) below its exit from
567:
548:
524:
439:
330:
268:
2436:
Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics
2351:
2315:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
1653:
4087:
3767:
3651:
3591:
3549:
3421:
3258:
3126:
3067:
3057:
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2060:
1850:"GIS in Flood Hazard Mapping: a case study of Koshi River Basin, India"
1383:
1039:
856:
782:
608:
513:
491:
390:
132:
109:
52:
44:
2396:
Larsen, M.C.; Wieczorek, G.F.; Eaton, L.S.; Torres-Sierra, H. (2001).
2027:
1581:
1494:
1470:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
963:
865: β Accumulation of valuable minerals formed by gravity separation
800:
in India has built up a megafan where it exits the Himalayas onto the
4057:
4006:
3976:
3945:
3875:
3787:
3544:
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3416:
3356:
3303:
3298:
3198:
3121:
3111:
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2788:
2143:
2118:
2099:"Geology, hydrology and quality of water in the Hanford-Visalia area"
1617:
837:
793:
were built. The floods caused significant loss of life and property.
777:
On January 1, 1934, record rainfall in a recently burned area of the
587:
318:
310:
290:, and the type of bedrock in the area feeding the flow onto the fan.
2620:"Geomorphology from Space; Fluvial Landforms, Chapter 4: Plate F-19"
2255:
1593:
1395:
622:. Like the Himalayan megafans, these are streamflow-dominated fans.
3727:
3694:
3371:
3213:
3180:
2405:
Proceedings of the Sixth Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress
2019:
1332:
1194:
1158:
850:
785:, caused severe flooding of the alluvial fan on which the towns of
470:
Alluvial fans are characteristic of mountainous terrain in arid to
398:
314:
306:
299:
256:
182:
Large alluvial fan in Death Valley showing a "toe-trimmed" profile
97:
40:
29:
1638:, "Network of Monitoring Wells in the Choshui River Alluvial Fan".
1027:
951:
586:. Along the upper Koshi tributaries, tectonic forces elevate the
271:, which causes flow to periodically break out of its old channel (
73:, such as in the Triassic basins of eastern North America and the
21:
4037:
3986:
3514:
3509:
3471:
3376:
3248:
3185:
2395:
1991:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.
1686:
1575:
817:
659:
571:
505:
231:
203:
195:
1887:(3rd ed.). Alexandria, Va.: American Geological Institute.
1776:
93:, showing that fluvial processes have occurred on other worlds.
81:. Such fan deposits likely contain the largest accumulations of
3832:
3704:
3529:
3524:
3476:
3466:
3436:
3361:
3116:
3047:
3019:
2918:
639:
Large alluvial fan at the base of the rim of Gale crater, Mars
583:
535:, which opens out into an alluvial fan at the bottom. Multiple
520:
422:
120:
82:
26:
2438:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
1044:
1042:
85:
in the geologic record. Alluvial fans have also been found on
3930:
3915:
3870:
3614:
3587:
3534:
3401:
3396:
3366:
3351:
3160:
2930:
2914:
450:
originating as debris flows on alluvial fans is described as
359:
Where the flow is more continuous, as with spring snow melt,
78:
1400:
1398:
1100:
1098:
1096:
578:
onto the nearly level plains where the river traverses into
508:
precipitation. Climate has also influenced fan formation in
47:. They are characteristic of mountainous terrain in arid to
3960:
3925:
3481:
3441:
3406:
1961:
10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0762:TTAFAF>2.3.CO;2
1797:, , "Applications to basic analysis: architectural models".
1310:
1308:
1083:
1081:
836:
Buried alluvial fans are sometimes found at the margins of
644:
544:
389:
the mountain front. Most are red from hematite produced by
136:
86:
2191:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. FEMA. July 7, 2020
1968:
Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
993:
991:
486:
Alluvial fans are built in response to erosion induced by
135:. This accumulation is shaped like a section of a shallow
3880:
3321:
2638:
2512:
10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<109:ASOTCF>2.0.CO;2
2116:
1728:
1662:
1587:
1559:
1557:
1536:
1488:
1446:
1410:
1361:
1359:
1252:
1182:
1122:
1110:
1093:
1716:
1305:
1170:
1078:
1054:
907:
871: β Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river
286:). Which kind of fan is formed is controlled by climate,
108:) can lead to catastrophic flooding, as occurred on the
2581:
2358:
1518:
1512:
1500:
1422:
1377:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
988:
926:
924:
922:
62:
of sediments. The flow can take the form of infrequent
1972:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
1704:
1554:
1356:
1003:
941:
939:
897:
895:
96:
Some of the largest alluvial fans are found along the
2808:. San Francisco and London: W.H. Freeman and Company.
1752:
1542:
1434:
1281:
1146:
1967:
1338:
1264:
1233:
1215:
1015:
982:
957:
919:
2332:
Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics
2271:Harwood, William; Wall, Mike (September 27, 2012).
936:
892:
539:are usually present and active during water flows.
230:Topographic map of an alluvial fan near Rawa Danau
2831:
2817:(2d ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 303β344.
1764:
1464:
2293:"Elevation of buildings in flood-prone locations"
4143:
2236:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2041:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
1668:
278:Alluvial fans can be dominated by debris flows (
2913:
2676:
2661:Fan Deltas: sedimentology and tectonic settings
2618:National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
2273:"Mars rover Curiosity finds ancient stream bed"
2205:of the heterogeneous alluvial fan reservoirs".
1740:
1140:
259:showing active left and inactive right sectors
66:or one or more ephemeral or perennial streams.
1938:
1810:
1611:
1227:
397:and the New Red Sandstone of south Devon, the
163:) and shallowing at the edges of the fan (the
2899:
2489:
2233:
1350:
1299:
2643:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
2207:Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering
2203:
2097:Croft, M.G.; Gordon, G.V. (April 10, 1968).
2069:"Half of Bihar under water, 30 lakh suffer;"
1989:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
1882:
1782:
1326:
1128:
2760:44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
2547:Moore, Jeffrey M.; Howard, Alan D. (2005).
2546:
2270:
2096:
1847:
1722:
1524:
1476:
1452:
1404:
1048:
155:) and becoming less steep further out (the
147:with the steepest slope near the apex (the
2906:
2892:
2657:
2452:
2425:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1794:
1033:
1009:
2812:
2750:
2572:
2169:
2152:
2142:
1758:
1548:
1389:
1060:
1883:Bates, Robert L.; Jackson, J.A. (1987).
681:Alluvial fans have been observed by the
634:
395:Triassic basins of eastern North America
379:
246:
225:
177:
119:
20:
3505:International scale of river difficulty
2861:
2803:
2713:
2310:
2005:
1710:
1623:
1563:
1365:
1072:
831:
650:Three alluvial fans have been found in
523:areas, which are subjected to periodic
4144:
2433:
2329:
2087:
2075:from the original on September 3, 2008
1770:
1734:
1599:
1416:
1287:
1258:
1188:
1152:
1116:
1104:
1021:
930:
913:
415:
364:alluvial fans, sometimes described as
2887:
2777:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
2407:. MayagΓΌez, Puerto Rico. pp. 1β7
1986:
1901:
1314:
1275:
1246:
1176:
1164:
1087:
997:
945:
901:
820:flows breached the embankment of the
2617:
2518:
2290:
2187:
2171:"Situation report Bihar floods 2008"
2034:
1674:
1647:
1635:
1440:
1428:
881:Tectonic influences on alluvial fans
420:Several kinds of sediment deposits (
384:Pebble bed in the New Red Sandstone
313:rather than coarser, more permeable
2751:Radebaugh, J.; et al. (2013).
2088:Coggan, Michael (August 29, 2008).
2067:
1746:
701:
698:about two centimeters in diameter.
625:
104:. A shift of the feeder channel (a
13:
2864:International Community Law Review
2176:. December 3, 2008. Archived from
1650:, "Methods of building elevation".
1339:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
1216:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
983:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
958:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
375:
368:. Here, continued movement on the
186:When there is enough space in the
14:
4173:
2455:Journal of the Geological Society
1848:Bapalu, G. V.; Sinha, R. (2005).
519:Alluvial fans are often found in
501:optically stimulated luminescence
2699:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2005.00711.x
1924:10.1046/j.1365-3091.1999.00261.x
1465:Weissmann, Mount & Fogg 2002
877: β Type of sediment deposit
740:
643:Alluvial fans are also found on
69:Alluvial fans are common in the
3662:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2835:Journal of Sedimentary Research
2553:Journal of Geophysical Research
2311:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997).
329:or develop a soil profile from
2813:Thornbury, William D. (1969).
1663:National Research Council 1996
1588:National Research Council 1996
481:
465:
426:) are found in alluvial fans.
293:
115:
16:Fan-shaped deposit of sediment
1:
2549:"Large alluvial fans on Mars"
1803:
766:Alluvial fan flooding in the
3828:Universal Soil Loss Equation
3778:Hydrological transport model
3672:Storm Water Management Model
2716:Environmental Earth Sciences
2611:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.007
2381:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.09.028
2227:10.1016/j.petrol.2021.108927
2071:. CNN IBN. January 9, 2008.
2035:Chia, Y. (October 1, 2004).
1813:Environmental Earth Sciences
1075:, "piedmont alluvial plain".
689:using the Cassini orbiter's
404:of Norway, and the Devonian-
244:in deposition of sediments.
238:
143:at the source of sediments.
7:
2815:Principles of geomorphology
1970:Origin of sedimentary rocks
1141:Nichols & Thompson 2005
844:
725:
553:fan-toe phreatophyte strips
547:capable of reaching a deep
10:
4178:
3332:Antecedent drainage stream
2291:Hill, Ed (June 24, 2014).
1612:Alkinani & Merkel 2017
1228:Blair & Mcpherson 1992
732:Water use in alluvial fans
729:
337:
4096:
4068:River valley civilization
4030:
3969:
3951:Riparian-zone restoration
3851:
3713:
3685:
3586:
3558:
3490:
3312:
3179:
3096:
3018:
2929:
2804:Shelton, John S. (1966).
2736:10.1007/s12665-012-2138-5
1863:(13): 1β6. Archived from
1833:10.1007/s12665-017-6623-8
1351:Ghinassi & Ielpi 2018
1300:Mack & Rasmussen 1984
753:flood insurance rate maps
751:are marked as Zone AO on
4131:Countries without rivers
4106:Rivers by discharge rate
3818:Runoff model (reservoir)
3783:Infiltration (hydrology)
2876:10.1163/187197311X585347
2104:. U.S. Geological Survey
1327:Bates & Jackson 1987
1036:, pp. 885, 889β891.
886:
691:synthetic aperture radar
676:
198:of the edge of the fan (
3803:River Continuum Concept
3568:Agricultural wastewater
2519:Mann, J.F. Jr. (1957).
2475:10.1144/0016-760000-198
2189:"Alluvial Fan Flooding"
1987:Boggs, Sam Jr. (2006).
1723:Bapalu & Sinha 2005
1525:Harwood & Wall 2012
1477:Moore & Howard 2005
1453:Croft & Gordon 1968
1405:Moore & Howard 2005
1049:Moore & Howard 2005
712:Los Angeles, California
630:
607:, streams flowing into
462:in a piedmont setting.
353:hyperconcentrated flows
234:, West Java, Indonesia
221:piedmont alluvial plain
4126:River name etymologies
4053:Hydraulic civilization
3911:Floodplain restoration
3687:Point source pollution
3462:Sedimentary structures
2403:. In Sylva, W. (ed.).
1857:GIS Development Weekly
1795:Leeder & Mack 2001
1699:Santangelo et al. 2012
1034:Leeder & Mack 2001
1010:Nemec & Steel 1988
640:
543:(plants with long tap
385:
260:
235:
183:
128:
100:mountain front on the
39:is an accumulation of
32:
4162:Geography terminology
3738:Discharge (hydrology)
3700:Industrial wastewater
3181:Sedimentary processes
2641:Alluvial fan flooding
2626:on September 27, 2011
2434:Leeder, Mike (2011).
779:San Gabriel Mountains
638:
383:
250:
229:
181:
123:
24:
3843:Volumetric flow rate
3427:Riffle-pool sequence
2855:10.1306/062201720240
2574:10.1029/2004JE002352
2183:on December 3, 2008.
1785:, pp. 2, 20β21.
1539:, p. 1250-1253.
832:Petroleum reservoirs
716:Salt Lake City, Utah
370:Main Boundary Thrust
361:incised-channel flow
251:Alluvial fan in the
25:Alluvial fan in the
4017:Whitewater kayaking
4012:Whitewater canoeing
3813:Runoff curve number
3657:Flood pulse concept
2847:2002JSedR..72..240W
2806:Geology Illustrated
2728:2013EES....70..439P
2691:2005Sedim..52..571N
2603:2014Icar..229..131M
2565:2005JGRE..110.4005M
2504:1984GSAB...95..109M
2467:2001JGSoc.158..885L
2373:2008Icar..194..101K
2352:10.2113/JEEG15.2.77
2344:2010JEEG...15...77K
2313:Glossary of geology
2248:2018GSLSP.440..175G
2219:2021JPSE..20508927G
2135:2021Geo....49.1250D
2053:2004BuSSA..91.1062C
2008:Geographical Review
1953:1992GSAB..104..762B
1916:1999Sedim..46.1015B
1885:Glossary of geology
1825:2017EES....76..301A
1737:, pp. 289β291.
1515:, pp. 131β132.
1431:, pp. 130β132.
1419:, pp. 291β293.
1317:, pp. 247β249.
1261:, pp. 288β289.
1191:, pp. 287β288.
1179:, pp. 45, 246.
1119:, pp. 287β289.
1107:, pp. 285β289.
1090:, pp. 246β248.
1000:, pp. 246β250.
985:, pp. 629β632.
916:, pp. 282β285.
694:water ice or solid
618:flowing out of the
582:before joining the
576:Himalayan foothills
499:levels. Dating via
416:Depositional facies
208:petroleum reservoir
102:Indo-Gangetic plain
4043:Aquatic toxicology
3956:Stream restoration
3921:Infiltration basin
3773:Hydrological model
3289:Sediment transport
3112:Estavelle/Inversac
2990:Subterranean river
2061:10.1785/0120000726
1870:on 5 December 2013
1687:Larsen et al. 2001
1576:Larsen et al. 2001
1513:Morgan et al. 2014
1378:Morgan et al. 2014
826:population density
768:Apennine Mountains
641:
386:
282:) or stream flow (
261:
236:
184:
129:
33:
4157:Fluvial landforms
4139:
4138:
4116:Whitewater rivers
4022:Whitewater slalom
3853:River engineering
3753:Groundwater model
3714:River measurement
3642:Flood forecasting
3457:Sedimentary basin
3314:Fluvial landforms
3219:Bed material load
2995:River bifurcation
2650:978-0-309-05542-0
2421:cite encyclopedia
2129:(10): 1250β1254.
1614:, "Introduction".
1537:Davis et al. 2021
1501:Kraal et al. 2008
1489:Davis et al. 2021
1329:, "fanglomerate".
772:Piedimonte Matese
696:organic compounds
662:sediments by the
472:semiarid climates
253:Taklamakan Desert
75:New Red Sandstone
49:semiarid climates
4169:
4101:Rivers by length
3936:River morphology
3838:Wetted perimeter
3743:Drainage density
3254:Headward erosion
3083:Perennial stream
2955:Blackwater river
2908:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2858:
2828:
2809:
2800:
2789:10.1002/esp.3197
2770:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2747:
2710:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2654:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2622:. Archived from
2614:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2525:
2515:
2486:
2449:
2430:
2424:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2402:
2392:
2355:
2326:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2267:
2230:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2184:
2182:
2175:
2166:
2156:
2146:
2144:10.1130/G48971.1
2113:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2064:
2047:(5): 1062β1068.
2031:
2002:
1983:
1964:
1935:
1910:(6): 1015β1028.
1898:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1869:
1854:
1844:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
986:
980:
961:
955:
949:
943:
934:
928:
917:
911:
905:
899:
720:Denver, Colorado
702:Impact on humans
671:Valles Marineris
626:Extraterrestrial
596:
595:
280:debris flow fans
194:Wave or channel
124:Alluvial fan in
4177:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4111:Drainage basins
4092:
4026:
3965:
3941:Retention basin
3901:Erosion control
3896:Detention basin
3847:
3763:HjulstrΓΆm curve
3715:
3709:
3681:
3625:Non-water flood
3582:
3554:
3500:Helicoidal flow
3486:
3387:Fluvial terrace
3382:Floating island
3308:
3183:
3175:
3166:Rhythmic spring
3100:
3092:
3073:Stream gradient
3014:
3000:River ecosystem
2965:Channel pattern
2933:
2925:
2912:
2882:
2825:
2764:
2762:
2755:
2667:
2665:
2664:. pp. 3β13
2651:
2629:
2627:
2586:
2537:
2535:
2523:
2446:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2408:
2400:
2323:
2301:
2299:
2281:
2279:
2256:10.1144/SP440.1
2194:
2192:
2180:
2173:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2078:
2076:
1999:
1980:
1895:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1852:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1783:Gao et al. 2021
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1665:, pp. 1β2.
1661:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1491:, p. 1250.
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1129:Gao et al. 2021
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
989:
981:
964:
956:
952:
944:
937:
929:
920:
912:
908:
900:
893:
889:
847:
834:
806:Sorrow of Bihar
743:
734:
728:
704:
683:Cassini-Huygens
679:
664:Curiosity rover
633:
628:
593:
591:
537:braided streams
488:tectonic uplift
484:
468:
460:paleomorphology
435:reverse grading
418:
410:GaspΓ© Peninsula
378:
376:Geologic record
340:
309:or matrix-rich
296:
241:
200:lateral erosion
118:
71:geologic record
17:
12:
11:
5:
4175:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4002:Stone skipping
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3886:Drop structure
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:Balancing lake
3863:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3793:Playfair's law
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3748:Exner equation
3745:
3740:
3735:
3733:Bradshaw model
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3620:Urban flooding
3612:
3607:
3605:Crevasse splay
3602:
3600:100-year flood
3596:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3560:Surface runoff
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Stream capture
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3452:Rock-cut basin
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3294:Suspended load
3291:
3286:
3284:Secondary flow
3281:
3276:
3274:Retrogradation
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3239:Dissolved load
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3171:Spring horizon
3168:
3163:
3158:
3156:Mineral spring
3153:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3137:list in the US
3134:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3063:Stream channel
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:Drainage basin
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2945:Alluvial river
2941:
2939:
2927:
2926:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2881:
2880:
2870:(3): 291β304.
2859:
2841:(2): 240β251.
2829:
2823:
2810:
2801:
2783:(8): 803β817.
2771:
2748:
2722:(1): 439β452.
2711:
2685:(3): 571β585.
2674:
2655:
2649:
2636:
2615:
2579:
2559:(E4): E04005.
2544:
2516:
2498:(1): 109β116.
2487:
2461:(6): 885β893.
2450:
2444:
2431:
2393:
2367:(1): 101β110.
2356:
2327:
2321:
2308:
2288:
2268:
2242:(1): 175β200.
2231:
2201:
2185:
2167:
2114:
2094:
2085:
2065:
2032:
2020:10.2307/209600
2014:(2): 255β263.
2003:
1997:
1984:
1978:
1965:
1947:(6): 762β769.
1936:
1899:
1893:
1880:
1845:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1759:EHA-India 2008
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1713:, p. 255.
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1566:, p. 439.
1553:
1549:Radebaugh 2013
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1503:, p. 102.
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1394:
1390:Radebaugh 2013
1382:
1370:
1368:, p. 154.
1355:
1343:
1341:, p. 630.
1331:
1319:
1304:
1292:
1290:, p. 290.
1280:
1278:, p. 249.
1263:
1251:
1249:, p. 248.
1232:
1220:
1218:, p. 631.
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1155:, p. 177.
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1092:
1077:
1065:
1063:, p. 173.
1061:Thornbury 1969
1053:
1038:
1026:
1024:, p. 282.
1014:
1002:
987:
962:
960:, p. 629.
950:
948:, p. 247.
935:
933:, p. 285.
918:
906:
904:, p. 246.
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
878:
875:Subaqueous fan
872:
866:
863:Placer deposit
860:
854:
846:
843:
833:
830:
742:
739:
727:
724:
703:
700:
678:
675:
632:
629:
627:
624:
612:Central Valley
483:
480:
467:
464:
417:
414:
402:Hornelen Basin
377:
374:
339:
336:
327:desert varnish
295:
292:
273:nodal avulsion
265:fanhead trench
240:
237:
188:alluvial plain
173:Sieve deposits
117:
114:
106:nodal avulsion
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4174:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Sedimentology
4150:
4149:
4147:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Surface water
4081:
4079:
4078:Sacred waters
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Riparian zone
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4048:Body of water
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Riverboarding
3995:
3993:
3992:River surfing
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:and modelling
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3677:Return period
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Flood control
3635:
3633:
3632:Flood barrier
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Palaeochannel
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Granular flow
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Channel types
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Braided river
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2679:Sedimentology
2675:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2445:9781405177832
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2406:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2154:10044/1/90417
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2100:
2095:
2092:. Abc.net.au.
2091:
2086:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:Sedimentology
1900:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1455:, p. 11.
1454:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1006:
999:
994:
992:
984:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
959:
954:
947:
942:
940:
932:
927:
925:
923:
915:
910:
903:
898:
896:
891:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
848:
842:
839:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
764:
761:
756:
754:
749:
748:flood control
741:Flood hazards
738:
733:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
699:
697:
692:
688:
684:
674:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:Saheki Crater
648:
646:
637:
623:
621:
620:Sierra Nevada
617:
613:
610:
606:
605:North America
601:
599:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:Phreatophytes
538:
534:
530:
529:thunderstorms
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
502:
498:
493:
489:
479:
477:
473:
463:
461:
455:
453:
449:
443:
441:
436:
432:
427:
425:
424:
413:
411:
407:
406:Carboniferous
403:
400:
396:
392:
382:
373:
371:
367:
362:
357:
354:
350:
344:
335:
332:
328:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
291:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
258:
254:
249:
245:
233:
228:
224:
222:
218:
217:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
189:
180:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
144:
142:
138:
134:
127:
122:
113:
112:fan in 2008.
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
31:
28:
23:
19:
4121:Flash floods
4073:River cruise
3970:River sports
3823:Stream gauge
3808:Rouse number
3798:Relief ratio
3647:Flood-meadow
3578:Urban runoff
3492:Fluvial flow
3477:River valley
3447:River island
3412:Meander scar
3327:Alluvial fan
3326:
3269:Progradation
3144:Karst spring
3088:Winterbourne
3043:Chalk stream
3005:River source
2980:Distributary
2867:
2863:
2838:
2834:
2814:
2805:
2780:
2776:
2763:. Retrieved
2759:
2719:
2715:
2682:
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2660:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2624:the original
2594:
2590:
2556:
2552:
2536:. Retrieved
2531:
2527:
2495:
2492:GSA Bulletin
2491:
2458:
2454:
2435:
2409:. Retrieved
2404:
2364:
2360:
2338:(2): 77β90.
2335:
2331:
2312:
2300:. Retrieved
2296:
2280:. Retrieved
2276:
2239:
2235:
2210:
2206:
2193:. Retrieved
2178:the original
2126:
2122:
2106:. Retrieved
2079:September 1,
2077:. Retrieved
2044:
2040:
2011:
2007:
1988:
1969:
1944:
1941:GSA Bulletin
1940:
1907:
1903:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1865:the original
1860:
1856:
1816:
1812:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1725:, p. 1.
1718:
1711:Chawner 1935
1706:
1694:
1689:, p. 2.
1682:
1670:
1643:
1631:
1624:Zaharia 2011
1619:
1607:
1595:
1590:, p. 1.
1583:
1578:, p. 1.
1571:
1564:Petalas 2013
1544:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1385:
1373:
1366:Shelton 1966
1346:
1334:
1322:
1295:
1283:
1254:
1223:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1131:, p. 2.
1124:
1112:
1073:Jackson 1997
1068:
1056:
1029:
1017:
1012:, p. 6.
1005:
953:
909:
835:
805:
802:Ganges plain
795:
776:
765:
760:flash floods
757:
744:
735:
708:conurbations
705:
680:
668:
649:
642:
609:California's
602:
597:
570:has built a
561:
552:
527:from nearby
525:flash floods
518:
510:Death Valley
485:
476:Solar System
469:
456:
452:fanglomerate
451:
448:Conglomerate
444:
440:sheet floods
428:
421:
419:
387:
365:
360:
358:
348:
345:
341:
323:
304:
297:
284:fluvial fans
283:
279:
277:
272:
269:debris flows
264:
262:
242:
220:
214:
212:
199:
193:
185:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:proximal fan
148:
145:
130:
126:Death Valley
105:
95:
68:
64:debris flows
57:
37:alluvial fan
36:
34:
18:
3982:Fly fishing
3906:Fish ladder
3891:Daylighting
3610:Flash flood
3573:First flush
3520:Plunge pool
3244:Downcutting
3229:Debris flow
3204:Aggradation
3078:Stream pool
2765:January 21,
2597:: 131β156.
2538:October 29,
2411:October 29,
2282:January 21,
1874:5 September
1771:Coggan 2008
1735:Leeder 2011
1600:Khalil 2010
1417:Leeder 2011
1288:Leeder 2011
1259:Leeder 2011
1189:Leeder 2011
1153:Leeder 2011
1117:Leeder 2011
1105:Leeder 2011
1022:Leeder 2011
931:Leeder 2011
914:Leeder 2011
869:River delta
822:Koshi River
814:August 2008
798:Koshi River
685:mission on
656:Gale crater
616:Kings River
568:Koshi River
559:sediments.
549:water table
482:Terrestrial
466:Occurrences
431:imbrication
349:sheetfloods
331:eolian dust
294:Debris flow
139:, with its
116:Description
4146:Categories
4088:Wild river
3768:Hydrograph
3758:Hack's law
3723:Baer's law
3667:Inundation
3652:Floodplain
3592:stormwater
3550:Whitewater
3422:Oxbow lake
3259:Knickpoint
3234:Deposition
3127:Hot spring
3068:Streamflow
3058:Stream bed
2975:Confluence
2824:0471861979
2322:0922152349
2213:: 108927.
1998:0131547283
1979:0136427103
1894:0913312894
1819:(7): 301.
1804:References
1701:, table 1.
1315:Boggs 2006
1276:Boggs 2006
1247:Boggs 2006
1177:Boggs 2006
1165:Blair 1999
1088:Boggs 2006
998:Boggs 2006
946:Boggs 2006
902:Boggs 2006
857:Floodplain
810:Bangladesh
783:California
730:See also:
514:California
492:base level
391:diagenetic
165:distal fan
157:medial fan
133:escarpment
110:Kosi River
60:deposition
53:glaciation
45:escarpment
4058:Limnology
4007:Triathlon
3977:Canyoning
3946:Revetment
3876:Check dam
3788:Main stem
3545:Waterfall
3432:Point bar
3417:Mouth bar
3357:Billabong
3304:Water gap
3299:Wash load
3279:Saltation
3199:Anabranch
3122:Holy well
3010:Tributary
2797:140173202
2744:128799482
2707:129568801
2630:April 18,
2534:: 128β132
2483:129097126
2389:0019-1035
2297:Floodlist
2264:132662919
2163:237858748
1932:140184873
1841:132812522
1675:FEMA 2020
1648:Hill 2014
1636:Chia 2004
1441:NASA 2009
1429:Mann 1957
838:petroleum
588:Himalayas
319:colluvium
311:saprolite
288:tectonics
239:Formation
169:outer fan
77:of south
41:sediments
3861:Aqueduct
3728:Baseflow
3695:Effluent
3372:Cut bank
3337:Avulsion
3214:Bed load
3194:Abrasion
2668:April 4,
2302:April 8,
2277:CBS News
2195:April 8,
2108:March 9,
2073:Archived
1747:CNN 2008
1443:, ch. 4.
851:Alluvium
845:See also
791:Glendale
787:Montrose
726:Aquifers
399:Devonian
366:megafans
315:regolith
307:mudstone
300:concrete
257:Xinjiang
98:Himalaya
30:Pyrenees
4038:Aquifer
4031:Related
3987:Rafting
3515:Meander
3510:Log jam
3472:Thalweg
3377:Estuary
3249:Erosion
3186:erosion
3098:Springs
3053:Current
3020:Streams
2960:Channel
2923:springs
2919:streams
2843:Bibcode
2724:Bibcode
2687:Bibcode
2599:Bibcode
2561:Bibcode
2500:Bibcode
2463:Bibcode
2369:Bibcode
2340:Bibcode
2244:Bibcode
2215:Bibcode
2131:Bibcode
2123:Geology
2049:Bibcode
1949:Bibcode
1912:Bibcode
1821:Bibcode
1479:, 2.7 .
1051:, 2.2 .
818:monsoon
816:, high
660:fluvial
572:megafan
506:monsoon
497:terrace
408:in the
338:Fluvial
232:Caldera
204:aquifer
196:erosion
153:fanhead
3833:WAFLEX
3705:Sewage
3588:Floods
3530:Riffle
3525:Rapids
3467:Strath
3437:Ravine
3362:Canyon
3117:Geyser
3048:Coulee
3033:Bourne
3028:Arroyo
2931:Rivers
2915:Rivers
2821:
2795:
2742:
2705:
2647:
2591:Icarus
2481:
2442:
2387:
2361:Icarus
2319:
2262:
2161:
2028:209600
2026:
1995:
1976:
1930:
1891:
1839:
718:; and
584:Ganges
566:, the
533:defile
521:desert
423:facies
216:bajada
161:midfan
83:gravel
27:French
3931:Levee
3916:Flume
3871:Canal
3615:Flood
3535:Shoal
3402:Gully
3397:Gulch
3367:Chine
3352:Bayou
3209:Armor
3161:Ponor
2936:lists
2793:S2CID
2756:(PDF)
2740:S2CID
2703:S2CID
2587:(PDF)
2524:(PDF)
2479:S2CID
2401:(PDF)
2260:S2CID
2181:(PDF)
2174:(PDF)
2159:S2CID
2102:(PDF)
2024:JSTOR
1928:S2CID
1868:(PDF)
1853:(PDF)
1837:S2CID
1407:, 1 .
887:Notes
687:Titan
677:Titan
580:India
564:Nepal
557:playa
545:roots
91:Titan
79:Devon
3961:Weir
3926:Leat
3590:and
3482:Wadi
3442:Rill
3407:Glen
3392:Gill
3342:Bank
3184:and
3149:list
3132:list
3103:list
3038:Burn
2921:and
2819:ISBN
2767:2016
2670:2022
2645:ISBN
2632:2009
2540:2020
2440:ISBN
2427:link
2413:2020
2385:ISSN
2317:ISBN
2304:2022
2284:2016
2197:2022
2110:2018
2081:2008
1993:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1876:2013
796:The
789:and
645:Mars
631:Mars
141:apex
137:cone
89:and
87:Mars
3881:Dam
3347:Bar
3322:Ait
2872:doi
2851:doi
2785:doi
2732:doi
2695:doi
2607:doi
2595:229
2569:doi
2557:110
2508:doi
2471:doi
2459:158
2377:doi
2365:194
2348:doi
2252:doi
2240:440
2223:doi
2211:205
2149:hdl
2139:doi
2057:doi
2016:doi
1957:doi
1945:104
1920:doi
1829:doi
1626:, .
1602:, .
1467:, .
1392:, .
1380:, .
1353:, .
1302:, .
1230:, .
1167:, .
1143:, .
710:of
603:In
255:in
219:or
206:or
171:).
167:or
159:or
151:or
35:An
4148::
2917:,
2868:13
2866:.
2849:.
2839:72
2837:.
2791:.
2781:37
2779:.
2758:.
2738:.
2730:.
2720:70
2718:.
2701:.
2693:.
2683:52
2681:.
2605:.
2593:.
2589:.
2567:.
2555:.
2551:.
2530:.
2526:.
2506:.
2496:95
2494:.
2477:.
2469:.
2457:.
2423:}}
2419:{{
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2147:.
2137:.
2127:49
2125:.
2121:.
2055:.
2045:91
2043:.
2039:.
2022:.
2012:25
2010:.
1955:.
1943:.
1926:.
1918:.
1908:46
1906:.
1859:.
1855:.
1835:.
1827:.
1817:76
1815:.
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1556:^
1397:^
1358:^
1307:^
1266:^
1235:^
1196:^
1095:^
1080:^
1041:^
990:^
965:^
938:^
921:^
894:^
781:,
755:.
714:;
594:10
512:,
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2112:.
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2059::
2051::
2030:.
2018::
2001:.
1982:.
1963:.
1959::
1951::
1934:.
1922::
1914::
1897:.
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1861:1
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598:^
592:Γ
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