Bovine somatotropin

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not bend to Monsanto's letter and wanted to air a hard-hitting story with a number of statements critical of Monsanto." Fox appealed the decision stating that under Florida law, a whistleblower can only act if "a law, rule, or regulation" has been broken and argued that the FCC's policy against distortions or misrepresentations presented as news did not fit that definition. On 14 February 2003, the appeals court overturned the verdict, finding that Akre was not a whistleblower because of the Florida "legislature's requirement that agency statements that fit the definition of a "rule" (must) be formally adopted (rules). Recognizing an uncodified agency policy developed through the adjudicative process as the equivalent of a formally adopted rule is not consistent with this policy, and it would expand the scope of conduct that could subject an employer to liability beyond what Florida's Legislature could have contemplated when it enacted the whistle-blower's statute."

700:. This suggests that the increase in IGF-1 may not be specific to cow's milk, and may be caused by protein, minerals, or some other factors in milk unrelated to rBGH. There have been no direct comparisons of IGF-1 levels in people who drink ordinary cow's milk vs. milk stimulated by rBST. At this time, it is not clear that drinking milk, produced with or without rBST treatment, increases blood IGF-1 levels into a range that might be of concern regarding cancer risk or other health effects. IGF-1 concentrations are slightly higher (to variable degrees, depending on the study) in milk from cows treated with rBST than in untreated milk. This variability is presumed to be much less than the normal range of variation of IGF-1 in cow's milk due to natural factors, but more research is needed." 716:

rBST use has increased human exposure to antibiotic residues in milk. Concerns that IGF-1 present in milk could have biological effects on humans have been allayed by studies showing that oral consumption of IGF-1 by humans has little or no biological activity. Additionally, concentrations of IGF-1 in digestive tract fluids of humans far exceed any IGF-1 consumed when drinking milk. Furthermore, chronic supplementation of cows with rBST does not increase concentrations of milk IGF-1 outside the range typically observed for effects of farm, parity, or stage of lactation. Use of rBST has not affected expression of retroviruses in cattle or posed an increased risk to human health from

629:

composition of the milk has been examined in more than 200 different experiments. Natural variation within milk is normal with or without rBST treatment in cows due to genetics, location, feed, age, and other environmental factors. Protein in milk content has also been studied and was shown to have no apparent change in rBST treated cows. The vitamins and minerals that are normally in milk were also unaltered in milk from rBST treated cows. Freezing point, pH, thermal properties, and other manufacturing characteristics of milk were shown to be the same regardless of whether it came from rBST treated cows or not.

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suit was settled when the dairy agreed to add a qualifying statement to its label: "FDA states: No significant difference in milk from cows treated with artificial growth hormones." The FDA recommends this additional labeling, but does not require it. The settlement itself caused much controversy, with anti-rBST advocates claiming that Oakhurst had capitulated in response to intimidation by a larger corporation and others claiming that Oakhurst's milk labels were in and of themselves using misleading scare tactics that deserved legal and legislative response.

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reported by the USDA, the US pattern for milk BTSCC declined steadily from 316,000 cells per mL of milk in 2001 to 224,000 cells/mL in 2010 and 206,000 cells/mL in 2011 (USDA, 2013). Mammary health in the animals themselves has improved over this time period as well as the overall health of the dairy herd in general. This is mostly attributed to better application methods of rBST and a better understanding of how the hormone affects the animals.

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Honduras, Jamaica, Lebanon, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Salvador, South Africa, South Korea, Uruguay, and Venezuela. However, regulatory bodies in several countries, such as Canada, Japan, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina, along with the EU, rejected Monsanto's application to sell rBST because rBST increases the risk of health problems in cows, including

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In reaction to these trends, in early 2008, a pro-rBST advocacy group called American Farmers for the Advancement and Conservation of Technology (AFACT), made up of dairies and originally affiliated with Monsanto, formed and began lobbying to ban such labels. AFACT stated that "absence" labels can be

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Use of the recombinant supplement has been controversial. The assessment of the FDA is that there is no significant difference between milk from treated and untreated cows. Twenty-one other countries have also approved marketing of rBST: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Egypt, Guatemala,

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Administration of rBST or BST prior to peak production, in cows that are well-fed, slows the rate at which the number of mammary cells decreases, and increases the amount of nutrients directed away from fat and toward the mammary cells, leading to an extension of peak milk production. The effects are

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begins her lactation with a moderate daily level of milk production. This daily output increases until, at about 70 days into the lactation, production peaks. From that time until the cow is dry, production slowly decreases. This increase and decrease in production is partially caused by the count of

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In response to concerns from consumers and advocacy groups about milk from cows treated with rBST, some dairies, retailers, and restaurants have published policies on use of rBST in production of milk products they sell, while others offer some products or product lines that are labelled "rBST-free"

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adopted a regulation that would have banned the practice of labeling milk as derived from cows not treated with rBST. Pennsylvania's Agriculture Secretary Dennis Wolff made a statement in support of the measure. This prohibition was to go into effect 1 January 2008, but after the comment period, the

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statute. In 2000, a Florida jury found that while no evidence showed Fox/WTVT had bowed to any pressure from Monsanto to alter the story, Akre, but not Wilson, was a whistleblower and was unjustly fired. She was awarded a $ 425,000 settlement. At the time of the decision, "the station claimed it did

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Fossil fuel consumption-targets atmospheric pollution and resource sustainability environmental concerns. With cows treated with rBST, producing a higher milk yield reduces the feed requirement which in turn decreases with electricity for milk production and the energy required from fossil fuels for

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IGF-1 is also found in milk. Previous research has proposed an increase of IGF-1 in rBST-treated cows, but this claim is currently not substantiated. In addition, no current evidence shows that orally consumed IGF-1 is absorbed in humans and the dietary amount is negligible when compared to what the

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nor other adverse effects on cow health and well-being. This review included 26 peer-reviewed studies that involved the use of the rBST-Zn formulation available to US producers in accordance with the label instructions for treatment initiation (57 to 70 days after birth), dose (500 mg, every 14

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When conventional, conventional with rBST, and organic dairy operations are compared, 8% fewer cows are needed in an rBST-supplemented population, whereas organic production systems require a 25% increase to meet production targets. This is due to a lower milk yield per cow due to the pasture-based

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Despite public controversy of the use of growth hormones in food-producing animals, the number of violations has decreased substantially in the past two decades. For comparison, the level of antibiotic-residue detected in bulk milk tank trucks in 2012 was one fifth the level that it was in 1996. As

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traces found in the milk due to increased exposure to agricultural chemicals. These chemicals can then easily be passed on to humans and lead to a contaminated milk supply. BST increases the longevity or the activity of the mammary cell leading to higher milk production and some other non-desirable

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The American Cancer Society has reviewed the evidence concerning IGF-1 in milk from rBST-treated cows, and found that: "While there may be a link between IGF-1 blood levels and cancer, the exact nature of this link remains unclear. Some studies have shown that adults who drink milk have about 10%

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of Maine over its use of a label which pledged not to use artificial growth hormones. The dairy stated that its disagreement was not over the scientific evidence for the safety of rBST (Monsanto's complaint about the label), but, "We're in the business of marketing milk, not Monsanto's drugs." The

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published an article in 2014 after reviewing health issues arising from the rBST debate. The article indicated "there are no new human health issues related to the use of rBST by the dairy industry. Use of rBST has no effect on the micro- and macrocomposition of milk. Also, no evidence exists that

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Synchronization involves treating cattle with a dose of BST before artificially inseminating them, according to a fixed interval schedule. Synchronization and BST treatment may be used to increase first-service pregnancy rates while following this timed artificial insemination protocol. This would

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passed a bill that would have required dairies that did not use rBST to print disclaimers on their labels that stated, "The Food and Drug Administration has determined there are no significant differences between milk from cows that receive injections of the artificial hormone and milk from those

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The FDA stated that food products made from rBST-treated cows are safe for human consumption, and no statistically significant difference exists between milk derived from rBST-treated and untreated cows. The FDA found BST to be biologically inactive when consumed by humans and found no biological

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Keeping in mind that bovine somatotropin is a protein growth hormone, it can increase average milk yield anywhere from 10 to 15%, which in turn would lead to cows consuming substantially more nutrients in order to keep up with the increased milk production. Most of a cow's energy consumption goes

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FDA rBST labeling guidelines state, "FDA is concerned that the term 'rBST free' may imply a compositional difference between milk from treated and untreated cows rather than a difference in the way the milk is produced. Without proper context, such statements could be misleading. Such unqualified

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In 1994, an EU scientific commission was asked to report on the incidence of mastitis and other disorders in dairy cows and on other aspects of their welfare. The commission's statement, subsequently adopted by the EU, stated that the use of rBST substantially increased health problems with cows,

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on the health risks associated with Monsanto's bovine growth hormone product, Posilac. Just before the story was to air, Fox received a letter from Monsanto saying the reporters were biased and that the story would damage the company. Akre stated that Wilson and she went through 83 rewrites over

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statements may imply that milk from untreated cows is safer or of higher quality than milk from treated cows. Such an implication would be false and misleading". The FDA has determined that no significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rBST treated and non-rBST treated cows.

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content is not altered substantially by the use of rBST in dairy cows. The milk may have a slight change in fat content within the first few weeks of rBST treatment as the cow is allowed to adjust her metabolism and feed intake. The changes in the fat content have been shown to be temporary. The

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Monsanto-sponsored trials reviewed by the FDA asked whether the use of rBST makes cows more susceptible to mastitis. According to the FDA, which used data from eight Monsanto-sponsored trials in its decision in 1993 to approve Monsanto's rBST product, the answer is yes. The data from these eight

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Lilly, American Cyanamid, Upjohn, and Monsanto all submitted applications to market rBST to the FDA, and the FDA completed its review of the human safety component of these applications in 1986 and found food from rBST-treated cows to be safe; however, strong public concern led to calls for more

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body that sets international food standards, has, as of 2017, refused to approve rBST as safe. The Codex Alimentarius does not have authority to ban or approve the hormone, but its decisions are regarded as a standard and approval by the Codex would have allowed exporting countries to challenge

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issued a report declaring, "The evidence for potential harm to humans is inconclusive. It is not clear that drinking milk produced using rBGH significantly increases IGF-1 levels in humans or adds to the risk of developing cancer. More research is needed to help better address these concerns."

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The FDA does not require special labels for products produced from cows given rBST, but has charged several dairies with "misbranding" their milk as having no hormones, because all milk contains hormones and cannot be produced in such a way that it would not contain any hormones. Monsanto sued

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by not allowing consumers to decide whether they deem the milk was safe and filed suit against the bill. "The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Ohio, concluding that using 'rBST' as a label was inherently misleading because it implies a compositional difference between those

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trials on milk samples. Tests involving pasteurized milk samples have even shown consistent results, with immunoglobulin rBST still detectable and distinguishable despite other antibodies remaining present. Research on the viability of this new technique, as well as many others, as a means of

886:

Recombinant bovine somatotropin is an artificially synthesized form of the bovine growth hormone. It is legal for use as an artificial cattle lactation stimulant in several countries, including the US. However, its use is prohibited in most of Europe for reasons of consumer preference, animal

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the levels of dairy cattle rBST. One proposed method involves quantifying the presence or absence of the rBST-binding antibody in serum. However, this method would require blood samples to be taken regularly and is thus considered by some critics to be too invasive. The development of other

3005:

St-Pierre, Normand R.; Milliken, George A.; Bauman, Dale E.; Collier, Robert J.; Hogan, Joseph S.; Shearer, Jan K.; Smith, K. Larry; Thatcher, William W. (1 September 2014). "Meta-analysis of the effects of sometribove zinc suspension on the production and health of lactating dairy cows".

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reaction, possible hypersensitivity, in a subchronic (90-day) study of rbST oral toxicity in rats that resulted in one test animal's developing an antibody response at low dose (0.1 mg/kg/day) after 14 weeks. However, the board stated, with the exception of concerns raised regarding

1997:

St-Pierre, Normand R.; Milliken, George A.; Bauman, Dale E.; Collier, Robert J.; Hogan, Joseph S.; Shearer, Jan K.; Smith, K. Larry; Thatcher, William W. (22 August 2014). "Meta-analysis of the effects of sometribove zinc suspension on the production and health of lactating dairy cows".

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guidelines were adjusted to only ban "rBST-free" claims and instead allow claims that farmers had pledged not to use rBST and accompany such claims with a disclaimer such as, "No significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rBST-treated and non-rBST-treated cows."

122:. Like other hormones, it is produced in small quantities and is used in regulating metabolic processes. Scientists created a bacterium that produces the hormone somatotropin which is produced by the cow's body after giving birth and increases milk production by around 10 percent. 849:

on its sale by all member nations. It was turned into a permanent ban starting from 1 January 2000; the decision was based solely on veterinary concerns, laws, and treaties. An in-depth report published in 1999 analysed in detail the various human health risks associated with rBST.

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alternative methods continues to undergo development. One such example, tested by W.W. Thatcher at the University of Florida, involves collecting milk samples from the cows and analyzing them directly for the presence of the rBST antibody. Dairy cattle do respond to the rBST

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well-being, and skepticism of new technology. Farmers who opt to use the synthetic hormone do so because they believe it increases milk production without other inputs. However, concerns of both product safety and livestock abuse have prompted discussions for new methods in

842:, reduced fertility, and reduced body condition. In Canada, bulk milk products from the United States that have been produced with rBST are still allowed to be sold and used in food manufacture (cheese, yogurt, etc.) due to loopholes in the ingredient labelling system. 707:

and infant feeding. Environmental triggers that may elicit an autoimmune reaction is the mechanism in which is being studied. Some studies have shown early exposure to bovine milk may predispose an infant to type 1 diabetes, whereas other studies show no causality.

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approved it in 1993, and required that any milk advertising that its cows were not treated with rBST include the disclaimer "The FDA has determined that no significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rBST treated and non-rBST treated cows".

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has not increased in children or adults consuming milk and dairy products from rBST-supplemented cows. Overall, milk and dairy products provide essential nutrients and related benefits in health maintenance and the prevention of chronic diseases."

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and reporting. They found a trend towards decreased BCS in treated cows but state "Depending on the level of body condition in these cows, this effect may have been beneficial or detrimental." This analysis did not report on clinical mastitis.

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including foot problems, mastitis, and injection site reactions, impinged on the welfare of the animals, and caused reproductive disorders. The report concluded, on the basis of the health and welfare of the animals, rBST should not be used.

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Conversely, however, a study from the University of Georgia on the monitoring post-approval of rBST, showed that there was no statistically significant (P > 0.05) derivation in cases of clinical mastitis in dairy cows treated with rBST.

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On an industry level, supplementing one million cows with rBST would result in the same amount of milk produced while needing 157,000 fewer cows. Farmers are, therefore, able to improve milk production with a smaller dairy population.

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directly towards milk production. In certain areas of the world, like Ethiopia where this was studied extensively, as the cows needed to intake more nutrition to balance out their milk production, there was also an increased level of

500:

proteins that are heavily involved in placental gestation. Knowledge of this and how BST works in conjunction with growth hormones allows for agricultural researchers to experiment on the effects of synchronization in farm animals.

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Middleton, John R.; Saeman, Anne; Fox, Larry K.; Lombard, Jason; Hogan, Joe S.; Smith, K. Larry (19 December 2014). "The National Mastitis Council: A Global Organization for Mastitis Control and Milk Quality, 50 Years and Beyond".

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The mechanism through which the hormones of this somatotropin exert their effects can be observed at the cellular and molecular level in placental tissue. For mammals exposed to the hormone, bovine somatotropin associates with

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Ludwig, Susann K.J.; Smits, Nathalie G.E.; Bremer, Maria G.E.G.; Nielen, Michel W.F. (2012). "Monitoring milk for antibodies against recombinant bovine somatotropin using a microsphere immunoassay-based biomarker approach".

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and the extent to which intact, active IGF-1 is absorbed through the human digestive tract remains still however uncertain" implicating that an extensive study on the nature of IGF-1 in relation to rBST milk is required.

913:

distinction between rBST and BST. In 1990, an independent panel convened by the National Institute of Health supported the FDA opinion that milk and meat from cows supplemented with rBST is safe for human consumption.

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Until the 1980s, use of the compound was very limited in agriculture as the sole source of the hormone was from bovine carcasses. During this time, the knowledge of the structure and function of the hormone increased.

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published in 2003 suggested a negative impact of rBST's effects on bovine health. Findings suggested an average increase in milk output ranging from 11–16%, an approximate 24% increase in the risk of clinical

2120: 441:. Cell counts begin at a moderate number, increase during the first part of the lactation, then decrease as the lactation proceeds. Once lost, these cells generally do not regrow until the next lactation. 595:

prohibited the sale of rBST in 1999; the external committees found that there was health risk to humans, and the drug present a threat to animal health, and, for this reason, cannot be sold in Canada.

468:

survey of dairy producers found that about 17% of producers used rBST. The 2010 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service survey of Wisconsin farms found that about 18% of dairy farms used rBST.

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body produces on its own. "IGF-1 in milk is not denatured (inactivated) by pasteurization. The extent to which intact, active IGF-1 is absorbed through the human digestive tract remains uncertain."

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Livestock metabolism-use of rBST in lactating cows decreases the quantity of energy and protein needed in comparison to conventional dairy operations along with reducing the total foodstuff used.

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actions over the lifecycle. The hormone has been shown to influence the growth of tumors in some studies and may be linked to the development of prostate, colorectal, breast, and other cancers.

2762:

Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition; Committee on Animal Nutrition; Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources (BANR); Division on Earth and Life Studies (DELS); National Research Council

2282:"Serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 concentrations and prostate cancer risk: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition" 488:(PL) hormone and falls under the class of growth hormone, or somatotropin. It is relevant to the practice of artificially expediting placental development in farm mammals, specifically 661:

The FDA, World Health Organization, and National Institutes of Health have independently stated that dairy products and meat from rBST-treated cows are safe for human consumption. The

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supports the development of national and state laws, regulations, and policies that specifically reduce the use of rBGH or rBST in milk and dairy production in the United States.

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Dervilly-Pinel, G.; Prévost, S.; Monteau, F.; Le Bizec, B. (1 January 2014). "Analytical strategies to detect use of recombinant bovine somatotropin in food-producing animals".

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eight months. Negotiations broke down and both reporters were eventually fired. Wilson and Akre alleged the firing was for retaliation, while WTVT contended they were fired for

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The International Dairy Foods Association has compiled a list, last updated in 2009, of state regulations in the U.S. for referencing use of growth hormones on milk labels.

3511: 3389: 2105: 939:(ODA) banned the use of labeling in dairy products as rBST-free because it was deemed misleading to consumers. However, the International Dairy Foods Association and the 125:

Recombinant bovine somatotropin (usually "rBST"), is a synthetic version of the bovine growth hormone given to dairy cattle by injection to increase milk production.

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monitoring the levels of rBST in dairy cattle continues to be an issue of practicality, profitability, and humaneness towards livestock in the dairy industry.

57: 3800: 412:, then broken up and separated from the rBST, which is purified to produce the injectable hormone. They published their first field trial results in 1981. 4119: 2482:

Giovannucci, E; Pollak, M; Liu, Y; et al. (2003). "Nutritional predictors of insulin-like growth factor I and their relationships to cancer in men".

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As of 2014, evidence does not link rBST-treated milk with adverse health outcomes for children. Several studies have looked at the relationship between

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Though approved by the FDA in 1993, rBST has been immersed in controversy since the early 1980s. Part of the controversy concerns potential effects on

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effects of rBST states that its use often results in "severe and unnecessary pain, suffering and distress" for cows, and is "associated with serious

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Oregon Physicians for Social Responsibility recommends buying products from cows not injected with recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH or rBST).

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hypersensitivity, "the panel finds no biologically plausible reason for concern about human safety if rBST were to be approved for sale in Canada."

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The effect of rBGH on human health is an ongoing debate, in part due to the lack of conclusive evidence. A few of the most debated issues include:

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had been working along the same lines and struck a deal with Genentech in 1979 to license Genentech's patents and collaborate on development of a

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Health Care Without Harm opposes the use of recombinant bovine growth hormone due to its adverse impacts on animals and potential harm to humans.

557:. The same study reported a decrease in body condition score for cows treated with rBST, though an increase in their dry matter intake occurred. 3460:

Tauer, L.W. (2001). "The impact of bovine somatotropin on farm profits". In Santaniello, Vittorio; Evenson, Robert E.; Zilberman, David (eds.).

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higher levels of IGF-1 in their blood than those who drink little or no milk. But this same finding has also been reported in people who drink

1958:"Effects of Presynchronization and Bovine Somatotropin on Pregnancy Rates to a Timed Artificial Insemination Protocol in Lactating Dairy Cows" 1320:"A meta-analysis review of the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin. 2. Effects on animal health, reproductive performance, and culling" 3850: 3760: 3740: 3673: 3638: 3628: 3598: 1359: 1384: 4225: 4020: 3905: 3845: 3730: 3648: 3643: 3608: 2822:"NEW WORLD COMMUNICATIONS OF TAMPA INC WTVT TV v. AKRE, No. 2D01-529., February 14, 2003 – FL District Court of Appeal | FindLaw" 416:

studies, investigations, and public discussions, which included an unprecedented conference on the safety of rBST in 1990 organized by the

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since 1990, and Canada, Japan, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina, as it has been found to increase health risks in cows. The

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Monsanto licensed Genentech's patent, and marketed their product as "Posilac". In October 2008, Monsanto sold this business, in full, to

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Collier, R. J.; Bauman, D. E. (1 April 2014). "Update on human health concerns of recombinant bovine somatotropin use in dairy cows".

44: 4195: 4133: 4128: 3860: 3810: 3805: 1890: 1706:

Peel, CJ; et al. (September 1981). "Effect of exogenous growth hormone on lactational performance in high yielding dairy cows".

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In 1993, the product was approved for use in the US by the FDA, and its use began in 1994. The product is now sold in all 50 states.

1352: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3815: 3785: 3720: 3169: 465: 2328:

Hankinson, SE; Schernhammer, ES (2003). "Insulin-like growth factor and breast cancer risk: Evidence from observational studies".

1439: 3137: 2121:"Relationship Between the Use of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (Posilac®) in Dairy Cows and the Incidence of Clinical Mastitis" 1115: 575: 462: 3106: 857:, refused to approve rBST for use on Canadian dairies, citing concerns over animal health. The study found the occurrence of an 512:

The effects of BST on this treatment are dependent on the step in the estrous cycle, seeing how BST has a stimulatory effect of

2564:"Efforts to slacken antibiotic resistance: Labeling meat products from animals raised without antibiotics in the United States" 1250: 2527:

Collier, R. J.; Bauman, D. E. (2014). "Update on human health concerns of recombinant bovine somatotropin use in dairy cows".

1524: 2808:. Dir. Marianne Kaplan. Prod. Leonard Terhoch & Marianne Kaplan. 2002. VHS. Retrieved 24 November 2011. (23-minute mark.) 1851: 3940: 2956:"Executive Summary – Report of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada Expert Panel on Human safety of rBST" 2912: 1810: 1468: 263: 987:

or the like. Other dairies and industry groups have worked to assure the public that milk from rBST-treated cows is safe.

2365:"IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and breast cancer risk in women: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)" 1910: 600:

trials, which involved 487 cows, showed that during the period of rBST treatment, mastitis incidence increased by 76% in

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Another meta-analysis (2003) reported on body condition scores (BCS) but could not reach a conclusion due to lack of

281: 1274:"A meta-analysis review of the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin. 1. Methodology and effects on production" 1211: 641:

and even if directly injected, has not been found to have any direct effect on humans. Researchers have found that "

3895: 774:, and livestock metabolism and fossil fuel consumption are the main sources of emissions from animal agriculture. 766:, two major environmental pollutants arising from animal agriculture, was reduced by 9.1 and 11.8%, respectively. 4210: 3339: 2509: 1417: 1053: 991:

misleading and imply that milk from cows treated with rBST is inferior. The organization was dissolved in 2011.

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Other countries (Mexico, Brazil, India, Russia, and at least ten others) also approved rBST for commercial use.

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have independently stated that dairy products and meat from rBST-treated cows are safe for human consumption.

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Mastitis has cost American dairy industries an estimated $ 1.5 to 2 billion per year in treating dairy cows.

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system which is attributed with a greater maintenance energy expenditure associated with grazing behavior.

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PRB 98-1E, prepared by: Frédéric Forge Science and Technology Division October 1998 Revised 11 August 1999

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Staff, American Cancer Society. Last Medical Review: 18 February 2011; Last Revised: 18 February 2011.

1689: 638: 446: 424:. FDA approved Monsanto's application in 1993. Monsanto launched rBST, brand-named "Posilac", in 1994. 161: 1469:"Report on the Food and Drug Administration's Review of the Safety of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin" 343: with: discussion of development efforts by Lilly, American Cyanamid, and Upjohn. You can help by 4240: 4235: 3275: 1066: 940: 302: 254: 2314: 961:

that do not." The bill was vetoed in the last days of the 2009 legislative session by then-Governor

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in comparison with conventional and organic dairy operations. Cady's study showed that excretion of

509:. Dairy cattle experienced increased rates of pregnancy during synchronization when exposed to BST. 4230: 3593: 3583: 2228:"Court Rules rBGH-Free Milk *Is* Better than the Kind Produced with Artificial Hormones. Now What?" 2106:"Potential Public Health Impacts of the Use of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin in Dairy Production" 1071: 875: 839: 783: 755: 721: 704: 580: 561: 550: 505:

therefore allow agricultural researchers to observe the effects of hormones in relation to natural

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The World According to Monsanto: Pollution, Corruption, and the Control of the World's Food Supply

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version of BST – a process on which Monsanto would invest $ 300 million. The two companies used

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Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition. National Academies Press, 2001

1257:. University of Wisconsin-Madison Agricultural and Applied Economics Staff Paper Series No.397 3698: 3142: 1828: 1318:

Dohoo, IR; Descôteaux, L; Leslie, K; Fredeen, A; Shewfelt, W; Preston, A; Dowling, P (2003).

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Dohoo, IR; Leslie, K; Descôteaux, L; Fredeen, A; Dowling, P; Preston, A; Shewfelt, W (2003).

222: 201: 2694:"The environmental impact of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) use in dairy production" 2632:"The environmental impact of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) use in dairy production" 294:

rBST has not been allowed since at least 2000 on the market in Canada, or since 1990 in the

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Hansen, Michael; Halloran, Jean M.; Groth, Edward III; Lefferts, Lisa Y. (September 1997).

965:. The legislature removed the labeling language and passed the bill without the provision. 730: 128:

Controversy over its safety has led to it being banned in several countries, including the

17: 3187:

Rodriguez, Cordaro; Papoulias, Elena (1 March 2011). "Recent Developments in Health Law".

2863: 1974: 1957: 1878:

Adoption of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin and Farm Profitability: Does Farm Size Matter?

1759: 1742: 8: 3900: 1911:"OVSYNCH, CO-SYNCH, PRESYNCH and KITCHENSYNCH: How did breeding cows get so complicated?" 1877: 1091: 1061: 897: 399: 3340:"News | AFACT: American Farmers for the Advancement and Conservation of Technology" 3173: 2709: 2647: 2575: 4180: 3533: 3220: 3031: 2868: 2728: 2693: 2666: 2631: 2429: 2083: 2031: 1576: 1432:"Blog : Food Safety Wins Out on GMO Bovine Growth Hormone Saga : Burra Foods" 957: 866: 553:, a 40% reduction in fertility, and 55% increased risk of developing clinical signs of 485: 133: 3147: 2460: 1677: 1360:"Eli Lilly to Buy Monsanto's Dairy Cow Hormone for $ 300 million – DealBook Blog" 1336: 1319: 1290: 1273: 3588: 3489: 3473: 3462: 3298: 3224: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3023: 2733: 2671: 2589: 2544: 2491: 2464: 2421: 2404:

Giovannucci, E (2003). "Nutrition, insulin, insulin-like growth factors and cancer".

2386: 2345: 2303: 2182: 2174: 2075: 2067: 2023: 2015: 1979: 1764: 1723: 1681: 1554:

Note: According to the report, somatotropine, which is often used, is a misnomer as "

1341: 1295: 1170: 1145: 962: 681: 554: 298:(EU). Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Argentina have also banned the use of rBST. 249: 197: 3035: 2584: 2563: 2087: 2035: 1247: 3272:"Frustrations Vented Over Questionable Milk Marketing Practices – October 26, 2006" 3196: 3091: 3087: 3015: 2941: 2752:

IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis

2723: 2713: 2661: 2651: 2630:

Capper, J. L.; Castaneda-Gutierrez, E.; Cady, R. A.; Bauman, D. E. (30 June 2008).

2612: 2579: 2536: 2456: 2433: 2413: 2376: 2337: 2293: 2209: 2166: 2059: 2007: 1969: 1782: 1754: 1715: 1673: 1537: 1331: 1285: 846: 404: 119: 2763: 2298: 2281: 1855: 3435: 3242: 2888: 2268: 1897: 1659:"Bovine somatotropin and lactation: from basic science to commercial application" 1629: 1254: 1086: 821: 395: 115: 1232:

Bovine Somatotropin. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives Monograph

3578: 3530: 2213: 1533: 1501: 923: 870: 808: 767: 680:(IGF-1) is a hormone found in humans that is responsible for growth promotion, 650: 313: 295: 129: 83:

rBST is a product allowed only in certain jurisdictions and primarily given to

2063: 4174: 3208: 2447:

Furstenberger, G; Senn, HJ (2002). "Insulin-like growth factors and cancer".

2178: 2071: 2019: 1388: 854: 825: 592: 545: 529: 517: 506: 421: 383: 3326:"AFACT: American Farmers for the Advancement and Conservation of Technology" 3019: 2969: 2718: 2656: 2011: 1719: 824:. The reporters then sued Fox/WTVT in Florida state court under the state's 4062: 3795: 3613: 3216: 3111: 3027: 2737: 2675: 2593: 2548: 2495: 2468: 2425: 2390: 2349: 2307: 2186: 2079: 2027: 1983: 1685: 1345: 1299: 974: 734: 565: 533: 513: 489: 433: 371:

In 1937, the administration of BST was shown to increase the milk yield in

84: 2540: 2417: 2341: 2170: 1768: 1727: 1562:

factors affect growth". So the Commission uses the spelling somatotrophin.

4082: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4015: 3920: 3915: 3775: 3735: 3663: 3603: 1036:

One study found a profit of $ 15.88 US per cow on average by using rBST.

601: 450: 409: 160:

for BST in the 1970s, it became possible to synthesize the hormone using

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Parliamentary Research Branch: "RECOMBINANT BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN (rbST)"

763: 717: 3343: 3170:"Maine Dairy Caves in to Pressure from Monsanto on rBGH-Free Labeling" 3050:"Detection of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin in Milk by LC-ESI-MS/MS" 2836: 2616: 476:

By using cows that produce offspring within a one to two-week period,

79: 4087: 4052: 816: 604:

cows and by 50% for multiparous cows. Overall, the increase was 53%.

387: 372: 153: 3436:"Oregon Physicians for Social Responsibility- Consumers Dairy Guide" 2942:"Report on Public Health Aspects of the Use of Bovine Somatotrophin" 2199: 1932:"Dairy Herd Synchronization Programs | Publications | UGA Extension" 786:

is reduced equivalent to removing 400,000 family cars from the road.

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Report on Animal Welfare Aspects of the Use of Bovine Somatotrophin

888: 858: 759: 697: 391: 193: 2609:

An Update on rBST - Human Safety And Animal Efficiency And Welfare

208:, developed commercial rBST products and submitted them to the US 3980: 893: 685: 625: 621: 1532:. The Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare, 363: 35: 4005: 2880:

FDA Analysis of DGXXIV Report on Public Health Aspects of BST.

1743:"Bovine Somatotropin: Review of an Emerging Animal Technology1" 484:

cows for maximum pregnancy rates with minimal effort. BST is a

390:, in 1981 succeeded in cloning and patenting the gene for BST. 205: 3004: 1996: 948:

products that are produced with rBST and those that are not."

3239:"Kansas Senate leaves rBST milk labels on ag committee floor" 981: 438: 1317: 1271: 453:

in response to BST or rBST administration in well-fed cows.

2103: 1889:

Staff, USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service 2010.

800: 157: 1558:

factors affect direction or extent of body movement while

720:

in cattle. Furthermore, risk for development of type 1 or

3699: 3299:"State reverses on dairy labeling, allows hormone claims" 2363:

Rinaldi, S; Peeters, PH; Berrino, F; et al. (2006).

2048: 617: 3861: 3325: 3274:. Earthfarmfriendly.com. 26 October 2006. Archived from 1018: 3076: 2611:. Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers. 1385:"Health Canada rejects bovine growth hormone in Canada" 1212:"Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin in Europe and the USA" 375:

cows by preventing mammary cell death in dairy cattle.

3684: 3519: 2000:

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

1630:"Terminal methionyl bovine growth hormone and its use" 1142:

The Ethics of What We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter

225:

for $ 300 million plus additional consideration.

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Allen, NE; Key, TJ; Appleby, PN; et al. (2007).

997: 4144: 3525: 2985:"Facts about Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rbST)" 2864:"Fighting on a Battlefield the Size of a Milk Label" 2481: 1043: 754:

Some studies show that rBST-treated cows reduce the

572:

A more recent meta-analysis (2014) published by the

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Companies cut synthetic hormone from dairy products

2126:. University of Georgia Agriculture. Archived from 579:showed no significant increase in risk of clinical 3461: 3186: 2854: 616:The overall composition of the milk including the 320:, foot disorders and some reproductive problems". 27:Peptide hormone produced by cows' pituitary glands 3594:Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant) 3464:Market development for genetically modified foods 3138:"Oakhurst Sued by Monsanto Over Milk Advertising" 2446: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 472:Role in synchronized fertilization on dairy farms 215:Monsanto was the first firm to receive approval. 4172: 3172:. Purefood.org. 25 December 2003. Archived from 1418:"European Council Decision of December 17, 1999" 2636:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2279: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1031: 3342:. Itisafact.org. 14 April 2011. Archived from 3131: 3129: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2248:Kirkland Signature Organic Milk Carton, Costco 2052:Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 1574: 1370: 3505: 2687: 2685: 2606: 2526: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2099: 2097: 1652: 1650: 259:Should be part of section "Regulation" below. 3135: 2900:europa.eu: "Commission proposes ban on BST." 2750:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1512: 1313: 1311: 1309: 811:, planned to air an investigative report by 611: 3126: 2816: 2814: 2768: 2403: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1164: 386:, one of the pioneering biotech companies, 3512: 3498: 2828: 2682: 2145: 2094: 1647: 1570: 1568: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1412: 1410: 1113: 1109: 1107: 982:Response from milk producers and retailers 3189:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 2893: 2727: 2717: 2665: 2655: 2583: 2380: 2297: 1973: 1758: 1335: 1306: 1289: 1114:Brennand, Charlotte P.; Bagley, Clell V. 943:claimed ODA's ban was a violation of the 282:Learn how and when to remove this message 87:by injection to increase milk production. 4221:Drugs developed by Eli Lilly and Company 3468:. Wallingford, Okon, UK: CABI. pp. 2811: 2562:Centner, Terence J. (1 September 2016). 1600:"Dairy Research and Bovine Somatotropin" 1489: 1260: 1183: 1007:"has no formal position regarding rBGH". 874:countries with a ban on rBST before the 466:National Agricultural Statistics Service 362: 187: 78: 60:of all important aspects of the article. 2922: 2919:, 16 March 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2009. 2561: 2118: 1849: 1597: 1591: 1565: 1454: 1407: 1324:Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 1278:Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 1120:Utah State University - Digital Commons 1104: 881: 794: 770:is recognized to be the most important 745: 576:American Veterinary Medical Association 14: 4173: 3689:Tooltip Growth hormone-binding protein 3542: 3521: 3296: 3104: 2982: 2970:"International Health Group Shuns Bgh" 2691: 2510:"Health Concerns about Dairy Products" 2256: 2254: 1908: 1740: 1656: 1508:. National Institutes of Health. 2002. 1242: 1240: 427: 56:Please consider expanding the lead to 3493: 3459: 2692:Capper, JL; et al. (July 2008). 2220: 1955: 1775: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1216:Biotechnology and Development Monitor 1139: 1019:Response from political organizations 192:Four large pharmaceutical companies, 2607:Bauman, D.E.; Collier, R.J. (2014). 1705: 327: 232: 29: 4226:Genetic engineering and agriculture 3358:"Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone" 2251: 2202:TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2119:McClary, David (21 December 2010). 1741:Bauman, Dale E. (1 December 1992). 1506:NIH State of the Science Statements 1237: 896:and have shown positive results in 24: 2834: 1817: 1221: 1165:Singer, Peter; Mason, Jim (2010). 998:Response from health organizations 713:American Society of Animal Science 25: 4252: 2262:Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone 1975:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74600-0 1760:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78119-3 1598:Crooker, BA; et al. (1993). 1391:. 14 January 1999. Archived from 584:days), and route (subcutaneous). 174:recombinant bovine growth hormone 4196:Agriculture in the United States 3201:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2011.00554.x 2785:"Reporter wins suit over firing" 2568:Science of the Total Environment 2484:Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2313: 2286:Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1827:. Monsanto. 2007. Archived from 1046: 937:Ohio's Department of Agriculture 904: 539: 331: 237: 34: 3453: 3428: 3407: 3375: 3350: 3332: 3318: 3290: 3264: 3245:. 23 April 2009. Archived from 3231: 3180: 3162: 3136:Wickenheiser, M (8 July 2003). 3105:Raloff, Janet (November 2003). 3098: 3070: 3042: 2998: 2994:. Department of Animal Science. 2983:Bauman, Dale E. (7 June 2023). 2976: 2962: 2948: 2934: 2905: 2874: 2799: 2756: 2744: 2623: 2600: 2585:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.082 2555: 2520: 2502: 2475: 2440: 2397: 2356: 2321: 2273: 2242: 2193: 2112: 2042: 1990: 1949: 1924: 1902: 1883: 1870: 1843: 1825:"General information – Posilac" 1803: 1734: 1699: 1622: 1536:. 10 March 1999. Archived from 1424: 1194:Keith Schneider. 10 June 1990. 1054:Agriculture and Agronomy portal 968: 669: 456: 367:Image of peptide somatotropine. 166:recombinant bovine somatotropin 48:may be too short to adequately 3634:Somatrogon (MOD-4023; hGH-CTP) 3092:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.12.011 2972:. Foxbghsuit.com. 3 July 1999. 2958:. Hc-sc.gc.ca. 21 August 2009. 2406:Hormone and Metabolic Research 1577:"Regulation of rbST in the US" 1204: 1196:"Betting the Farm on Biotech." 1158: 1133: 799:In 1997, the news division of 523: 58:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 3383:"American Nurses Association" 3297:Malloy, D (18 January 2008). 2787:. SPTimes.com. 19 August 2000 2461:10.1016/s1470-2045(02)00731-3 2299:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-1062 1678:10.1016/s0739-7240(99)00028-4 1666:Domestic Animal Endocrinology 1246:William D. Dobson. June 1996 1140:Robin, Marie-Monique (2007). 1116:"Bovine Somatotropin in Milk" 1097: 832: 418:National Institutes of Health 307:National Institutes of Health 136:has not approved it as safe. 1474:Food and Drug Administration 1082:List of recombinant proteins 1032:Production and profitability 772:anthropogenic greenhouse gas 678:Insulin-like growth factor 1 463:US Department of Agriculture 437:milk-producing cells in the 408:. The bacteria are grown in 210:Food and Drug Administration 156:discovered and patented the 147: 7: 3671:Antisense oligonucleotides: 1880:AgBioForum, 13(3): 251-262. 1039: 1012:American Nurses Association 916: 782:cropping. In addition, the 632: 402:to clone the BST gene into 257:. The specific problem is: 10: 4257: 3415:"Health Care Without Harm" 2902:, press release IP/99/978. 2214:10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.006 1891:2010 Dairy Producer Survey 1854:. Monsanto. Archived from 447:insulin-like growth factor 420:at the request of Senator 323: 228: 162:recombinant DNA technology 152:After the biotech company 4142: 3939: 3859: 3697: 3540: 2529:Journal of Animal Science 2159:Journal of Animal Science 2064:10.1007/s10911-014-9328-6 1876:Gillespie J et al (2010) 1813:. FDA.gov. 13 April 2022. 1253:21 September 2020 at the 1067:Genetically modified food 951: 941:Organic Trade Association 845:In 1990, the EU placed a 612:Macronutrient composition 303:World Health Organization 182:artificial growth hormone 4216:Dairy farming technology 3584:Human placental lactogen 2887:10 February 2012 at the 2698:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2514:The Physicians Committee 1962:Journal of Dairy Science 1956:Lopes, Fernanda (2001). 1747:Journal of Dairy Science 1210:Bijman, J. (June 1996), 1072:Growth hormone treatment 876:World Trade Organization 784:global warming potential 756:greenhouse gas footprint 722:type 2 diabetes mellitus 705:type 1 diabetes mellitus 637:BST is destroyed in the 480:allows dairy farmers to 3304:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 3107:"Hormones in Your Milk" 3020:10.2460/javma.245.5.550 2719:10.1073/pnas.0802446105 2657:10.1073/pnas.0802446105 2012:10.2460/javma.245.5.550 1604:University of Minnesota 1575:Robert Collier (2000). 1005:American Cancer Society 930: 853:Canada's health board, 663:American Cancer Society 482:artificially inseminate 461:From 2000 to 2005, the 449:(IGF) system, which is 4211:Biotechnology products 3976:Examorelin (hexarelin) 3008:J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc 2824:. Caselaw.findlaw.com. 2570:. 563–564: 1088–1094. 1077:Industrial agriculture 368: 88: 4201:Agricultural research 4191:1981 in biotechnology 3143:Portland Press Herald 2806:Deconstructing Supper 2541:10.2527/jas.2013-7383 2418:10.1055/s-2004-814147 2342:10.3233/bd-2003-17104 2267:23 March 2015 at the 2171:10.2527/jas.2013-7383 1720:10.1093/jn/111.9.1662 1657:Bauman, D.E. (1999). 1502:"Bovine Somatotropin" 478:synchronized breeding 366: 223:Eli Lilly and Company 188:Industrial production 108:bovine growth hormone 82: 4031:Pralmorelin (GHRP-2) 3574:Eftansomatropin alfa 1896:2 March 2012 at the 1420:. Eur-lex.europa.eu. 882:Abuse on dairy farms 795:Lawsuit against WTVT 746:Environmental impact 731:chemical fertilizers 312:An EU report on the 264:improve this section 253:to meet Knowledge's 212:(FDA) for approval. 96:bovine somatotrophin 4073:Ibutamoren (MK-677) 3901:Modified GRF (1-29) 3801:Somatostatin (1-28) 3796:Somatostatin (GHIH) 3564:Bovine somatotropin 3346:on 16 January 2013. 3252:on 15 December 2011 2835:Canada, Senate of. 2710:2008PNAS..105.9668C 2648:2008PNAS..105.9668C 2576:2016ScTEn.563.1088C 2382:10.1677/erc.1.01150 2369:Endocr Relat Cancer 1920:. Select Sires Inc. 1858:on 24 December 2007 1850:Barbano, D (2007). 1543:on 4 September 2008 1092:Somatotropin family 1062:Genetic engineering 428:Mechanism of action 400:genetic engineering 382:With the advent of 92:Bovine somatotropin 3176:on 6 January 2016. 3150:on 1 February 2008 2992:Cornell University 2869:The New York Times 2516:. 13 October 2010. 2412:(11/12): 694–704. 2133:on 10 October 2015 1783:"Auditor's Report" 1634:Patents.google.com 1395:on 10 January 2008 1364:The New York Times 1200:the New York Times 1169:. Harmony/Rodale. 958:Kansas Legislature 867:Codex Alimentarius 486:placental lactogen 369: 134:Codex Alimentarius 118:produced by cows' 89: 4168: 4167: 4150: 4123: 3947: 3867: 3841:Cyclosomatostatin 3705: 3681:Binding proteins: 3589:Lonapegsomatropin 3548: 2911:Horovitz, Bruce. 2642:(28): 9668–9673. 1936:extension.uga.edu 1909:DeJarnette, Mel. 1831:on 1 January 2008 1811:"FDA page on BST" 1753:(12): 3432–3451. 1436:Burrafoods.com.au 1366:. 20 August 2008. 1218:, No. 27, p. 2-5. 963:Kathleen Sebelius 805:Fox-owned station 682:protein synthesis 361: 360: 292: 291: 284: 255:quality standards 246:This section may 198:American Cyanamid 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 4248: 4241:Veterinary drugs 4236:Peptide hormones 4148: 4146: 4121: 3945: 3943: 3865: 3863: 3703: 3701: 3690: 3686: 3619:Somatropin pegol 3546: 3544: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3507: 3500: 3491: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3467: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3394: 3388:. Archived from 3387: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3328:. Itisafact.org. 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3251: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3146:. 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1610:on 18 June 2007 1596: 1592: 1573: 1566: 1553: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1513: 1500: 1499: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1467: 1466: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1416: 1415: 1408: 1398: 1396: 1383: 1382: 1371: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1316: 1307: 1270: 1261: 1255:Wayback Machine 1245: 1238: 1231: 1222: 1209: 1205: 1193: 1184: 1177: 1163: 1159: 1152: 1138: 1134: 1124: 1122: 1112: 1105: 1100: 1087:Recombinant DNA 1052: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1034: 1021: 1000: 984: 971: 954: 945:first amendment 933: 919: 907: 884: 835: 822:insubordination 797: 748: 672: 645:in milk is not 635: 614: 574:Journal of the 542: 526: 474: 459: 430: 357: 351: 348: 341:needs expansion 326: 288: 277: 271: 268: 261: 242: 238: 231: 190: 150: 116:peptide hormone 71: 65: 62: 55: 43:This article's 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4254: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4206:Animal welfare 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4186:Dairy industry 4183: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4154: 4152: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4131: 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3161: 3125: 3097: 3069: 3057:Cn.agilent.com 3041: 3014:(5): 550–564. 2997: 2975: 2961: 2947: 2933: 2921: 2904: 2892: 2873: 2853: 2827: 2810: 2798: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2681: 2622: 2599: 2554: 2519: 2501: 2474: 2455:(5): 298–302. 2439: 2396: 2375:(2): 593–615. 2355: 2320: 2272: 2250: 2241: 2219: 2192: 2144: 2111: 2093: 2041: 2006:(5): 550–564. 1989: 1948: 1923: 1901: 1882: 1869: 1842: 1816: 1802: 1774: 1733: 1714:(9): 1662–71. 1698: 1646: 1621: 1590: 1564: 1534:European Union 1511: 1488: 1453: 1442:on 2 June 2019 1423: 1406: 1369: 1351: 1305: 1259: 1236: 1220: 1203: 1182: 1175: 1157: 1150: 1132: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1041: 1038: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1008: 999: 996: 983: 980: 970: 967: 953: 950: 932: 929: 924:Oakhurst Dairy 918: 915: 906: 903: 883: 880: 871:United Nations 869:Commission, a 834: 831: 809:Tampa, Florida 796: 793: 788: 787: 779: 768:Carbon dioxide 747: 744: 738:side effects. 671: 668: 651:pasteurization 634: 631: 613: 610: 541: 538: 525: 522: 507:estrous cycles 498:N-glycosylated 473: 470: 458: 455: 429: 426: 359: 358: 352:September 2012 338: 336: 325: 322: 314:animal welfare 296:European Union 290: 289: 245: 243: 236: 230: 227: 189: 186: 149: 146: 130:European Union 73: 72: 52:the key points 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4253: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149:(somatomedin) 4141: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4124:-Lys³)-GHRP-6 4118: 4116: 4115:Cortistatin-8 4113: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 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New Press. 1143: 1136: 1121: 1117: 1110: 1108: 1103: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1044: 1037: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1002: 1001: 995: 992: 988: 979: 976: 966: 964: 959: 956:In 2009, the 949: 946: 942: 938: 928: 925: 914: 910: 905:United States 902: 899: 898:immunosorbent 895: 890: 879: 877: 872: 868: 863: 860: 856: 855:Health Canada 851: 848: 843: 841: 830: 827: 826:whistleblower 823: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 792: 785: 780: 777: 776: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 743: 739: 736: 732: 726: 723: 719: 714: 709: 706: 701: 699: 693: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 667: 664: 659: 655: 652: 648: 644: 640: 630: 627: 623: 619: 609: 605: 603: 597: 594: 593:Health Canada 588: 585: 582: 578: 577: 570: 567: 563: 558: 556: 552: 547: 546:meta-analysis 540:Animal health 537: 535: 531: 530:animal health 521: 519: 518:corpus luteum 515: 510: 508: 502: 499: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 469: 467: 464: 454: 452: 448: 442: 440: 435: 425: 423: 422:Patrick Leahy 419: 413: 411: 407: 406: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384:biotechnology 380: 376: 374: 365: 355: 346: 342: 339:This section 337: 334: 330: 329: 321: 319: 315: 310: 308: 304: 299: 297: 286: 283: 275: 272:December 2023 265: 260: 256: 252: 251: 244: 235: 234: 226: 224: 219: 216: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 145: 142: 137: 135: 131: 126: 123: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 98:(abbreviated 97: 93: 86: 81: 77: 69: 59: 53: 51: 46: 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 4107:Antagonists: 4106: 4091: 4063:Capromorelin 4050:Non-peptide: 4049: 3961:Alexamorelin 3957: 3954: 3928:Antagonists: 3927: 3877: 3874: 3833:Antagonists: 3832: 3826:Veldoreotide 3712: 3680: 3670: 3656:Antagonists: 3655: 3614:Somatotropin 3563: 3555: 3463: 3455: 3443:. Retrieved 3439: 3430: 3421: 3409: 3397:. Retrieved 3390:the original 3377: 3365:. Retrieved 3361: 3352: 3344:the original 3334: 3320: 3308:. Retrieved 3302: 3292: 3282:24 September 3280:. Retrieved 3276:the original 3266: 3254:. Retrieved 3247:the original 3233: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3174:the original 3164: 3152:. Retrieved 3148:the original 3141: 3116:. Retrieved 3112:Science News 3110: 3100: 3083: 3080:Food Control 3079: 3072: 3060:. Retrieved 3056: 3044: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2991: 2978: 2964: 2950: 2936: 2924: 2916: 2907: 2895: 2876: 2867: 2844:. Retrieved 2841:Sencanada.ca 2840: 2837:"Committees" 2830: 2805: 2801: 2789:. Retrieved 2758: 2746: 2701: 2697: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2608: 2602: 2567: 2557: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2490:(2): 84–89. 2487: 2483: 2477: 2452: 2449:Lancet Oncol 2448: 2442: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2244: 2232:. Retrieved 2222: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2162: 2158: 2135:. 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