20:
421:
415:
427:
155:, generating the mature hormone form of the molecule. Mature peptide hormones then travel through the blood to all of the cells of the body, where they interact with specific
278:
895:
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764:
723:
965:
647:
391:
397:
201:
608:
580:
546:
519:
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403:
1174:
797:
733:
627:
385:
379:
317:
197:
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657:
632:
367:
355:
143:
of the hormone molecule into its active configuration but have no function once the hormone folds. Specific
1246:
1241:
983:
698:
295:
728:
708:
349:
225:
1354:
1236:
482:
246:
62:. Most hormones can be classified as either amino-acid-based hormones (amine, peptide, or protein) or
1386:
1359:
917:
409:
988:
1217:
284:
156:
67:
1063:
1040:
792:
573:
205:
136:
in response to specific stimuli (e.g. an increase in Ca and cAMP concentration in cytoplasm).
809:
110:
772:
139:
These prohormones often contain superfluous amino acid residues that were needed to direct
70:; the latter, being lipid-soluble, move through the plasma membranes of target cells (both
8:
1349:
955:
950:
922:
885:
718:
703:
667:
328:
311:
186:
140:
19:
690:
152:
1391:
877:
566:
542:
515:
488:
461:
163:
129:
109:, peptide hormone precursors, are then processed in several stages, typically in the
844:
839:
178:
75:
51:
1169:
802:
597:
536:
509:
257:
63:
455:
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1290:
1262:
1207:
819:
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373:
290:
171:
117:
86:
1102:
166:
are secreted and released in a similar fashion to peptide hormones, and some "
1380:
1331:
1107:
167:
148:
144:
121:
106:
94:
71:
1114:
1050:
1035:
998:
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652:
619:
344:
102:
79:
66:. The former are water-soluble and act on the surface of target cells via
1298:
1275:
777:
680:
361:
241:
193:
177:
When a peptide hormone binds to a receptor on the surface of the cell, a
1326:
1212:
862:
814:
743:
738:
364:, also called arginine vasopressin (AVP) or anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
252:
213:
133:
125:
114:
90:
43:
457:
Peptide
Hormone Secretion/Peptide Hormone Action: A Practical Approach
1129:
1058:
940:
852:
787:
713:
334:
209:
182:
1280:
1179:
1161:
1119:
1097:
1020:
1012:
993:
975:
904:
782:
675:
637:
433:
323:
273:
35:
128:. The prohormones are then packaged into membrane-bound secretory
1184:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1025:
960:
831:
589:
301:
268:
263:
231:
39:
31:
23:
Illustration showing the binding of a peptide hormone to the cell
174:
in addition to acting as hormones when released into the blood.
1308:
1270:
1089:
1030:
306:
236:
55:
1341:
1316:
1227:
1199:
932:
339:
219:
59:
558:
98:
85:
Like all peptides, peptide hormones are synthesized in
607:
151:the prohormone just before it is released into the
1378:
484:Peptide Hormone Secretion: A Practical Approach
574:
534:
453:
279:Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
538:The Endocrine System in Sports and Exercise
581:
567:
220:Partial list of peptide hormones in humans
170:" may be used as neurotransmitters in the
132:, which can be secreted from the cell by
97:transcripts, which are synthesized from
18:
507:
159:on the surfaces of their target cells.
50:. These hormones have an effect on the
1379:
480:
562:
422:Chorionic Somatomammotropin Hormone 2
416:Chorionic Somatomammotropin Hormone 1
16:Hormone whose molecules are peptides
511:The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry
202:parathyroid hormone-related protein
189:leading to the cellular responses.
13:
14:
1403:
428:Pro-Melanin Concentrating Hormone
1069:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
398:Parathyroid Hormone Like Hormone
392:Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
386:Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone 2
380:Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone 1
42:. Peptide hormones have shorter
404:Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
528:
501:
474:
447:
318:Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
198:basic fibroblast growth factor
1:
535:Kraemer WJ, Rogol AD (2005).
440:
368:Vasoactive intestinal peptide
356:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
588:
454:Siddle K, Hutton JC (1991).
296:Follicle-stimulating hormone
7:
460:. Oxford University Press.
350:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
226:Adrenocorticotropic hormone
113:, including removal of the
10:
1408:
1237:Insulin-like growth factor
247:Atrial natriuretic peptide
1340:
1307:
1289:
1261:
1226:
1198:
1160:
1137:
1128:
1088:
1081:
1049:
1011:
974:
931:
903:
894:
876:
830:
763:
689:
666:
618:
596:
487:. Hull University Press.
541:. Blackwell Publishing.
285:Glucagon-like peptide-1
206:intracellular receptors
1064:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
1041:Pancreatic polypeptide
410:Anti-MĂĽllerian Hormone
78:) to act within their
24:
204:) also interact with
111:endoplasmic reticulum
101:templates inside the
22:
1350:Natriuretic peptide
668:Posterior pituitary
653:Somatostatin (GHIH)
508:Wermuth CG (2003).
329:Parathyroid hormone
312:Luteinizing hormone
187:signal transduction
46:chain lengths than
691:Anterior pituitary
514:. Academic Press.
481:Hutton JC (1991).
25:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1257:
1256:
1077:
1076:
1007:
1006:
759:
758:
212:or nucleus by an
185:, which triggers
164:neurotransmitters
68:second messengers
1399:
1387:Peptide hormones
1135:
1134:
1130:Digestive system
1086:
1085:
901:
900:
840:Thyroid hormones
616:
615:
605:
604:
583:
576:
569:
560:
559:
553:
552:
532:
526:
525:
505:
499:
498:
478:
472:
471:
451:
179:second messenger
64:steroid hormones
52:endocrine system
48:protein hormones
28:Peptide hormones
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1366:
1336:
1303:
1285:
1253:
1222:
1194:
1156:
1124:
1073:
1045:
1003:
970:
927:
890:
872:
856:
848:
826:
810:Adrenal medulla
803:Androstenedione
755:
685:
662:
610:
599:
592:
587:
557:
556:
549:
533:
529:
522:
506:
502:
495:
479:
475:
468:
452:
448:
443:
258:Cholecystokinin
222:
208:located in the
192:Some peptides (
181:appears in the
124:, resulting in
118:signal sequence
17:
12:
11:
5:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1372:
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1368:
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1364:
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1357:
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1338:
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1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
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1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1263:Adipose tissue
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1233:
1231:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:Enteroglucagon
1204:
1202:
1196:
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1193:
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1187:
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1177:
1172:
1166:
1164:
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1143:
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1132:
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1125:
1123:
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1117:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1108:Beta thymosins
1105:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
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1066:
1061:
1055:
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1038:
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1028:
1023:
1017:
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991:
986:
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972:
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953:
948:
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935:
929:
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926:
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891:
889:
888:
882:
880:
874:
873:
871:
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865:
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858:
854:
850:
846:
836:
834:
828:
827:
825:
824:
823:
822:
820:Norepinephrine
817:
807:
806:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
773:Adrenal cortex
769:
767:
761:
760:
757:
756:
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753:
748:
747:
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736:
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365:
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315:
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291:Growth hormone
288:
282:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
250:
244:
239:
234:
229:
221:
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194:angiotensin II
172:nervous system
145:endopeptidases
120:and sometimes
107:Preprohormones
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1404:
1393:
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1388:
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1358:
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1352:
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1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1332:Prostaglandin
1330:
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837:
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829:
821:
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789:
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688:
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641:
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634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
623:
621:
617:
614:
612:
609:Hypothalamic–
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603:
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591:
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579:
577:
572:
570:
565:
564:
561:
550:
548:1-4051-3017-2
544:
540:
539:
531:
523:
521:0-12-744481-5
517:
513:
512:
504:
496:
494:0-19-963068-2
490:
486:
485:
477:
469:
467:0-19-963073-9
463:
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458:
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223:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
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188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
168:neuropeptides
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:glycosylation
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:according to
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
1115:Thymopoietin
1051:Pineal gland
1036:Somatostatin
999:Progesterone
946:Progesterone
913:Testosterone
896:Gonadal axis
868:Thyroid axis
765:Adrenal axis
620:Hypothalamus
537:
530:
510:
503:
483:
476:
456:
449:
374:Somatotropin
345:Somatostatin
191:
176:
161:
147:in the cell
138:
103:cell nucleus
84:
58:, including
47:
27:
26:
1299:Osteocalcin
1276:Adiponectin
1103:Thymosin α1
878:Parathyroid
778:Aldosterone
681:Vasopressin
362:Vasopressin
242:Angiotensin
216:mechanism.
153:bloodstream
126:prohormones
91:amino acids
72:cytoplasmic
1381:Categories
1327:Calcitriol
1213:Peptide YY
863:Calcitonin
815:Adrenaline
744:Lipotropin
739:Endorphins
441:References
253:Calcitonin
214:intracrine
134:exocytosis
115:N-terminal
44:amino acid
1098:Thymosins
1059:Melatonin
941:Estradiol
788:Cortisone
714:Prolactin
611:pituitary
598:Endocrine
335:Prolactin
210:cytoplasm
183:cytoplasm
157:receptors
36:molecules
1392:Proteins
1291:Skeleton
1281:Resistin
1180:Secretin
1162:Duodenum
1120:Thymulin
1021:Glucagon
1013:Pancreas
994:Estrogen
976:Placenta
783:Cortisol
676:Oxytocin
638:Dopamine
590:Hormones
434:Resistin
324:Oxytocin
274:Glucagon
130:vesicles
40:peptides
32:hormones
1185:Motilin
1152:Ghrelin
1147:Gastrin
1139:Stomach
1026:Insulin
961:Relaxin
956:Inhibin
951:Activin
923:Inhibin
832:Thyroid
400:(PTHLH)
388:(GNRH2)
382:(GNRH1)
302:Insulin
287:(GLP-1)
269:Ghrelin
264:Gastrin
232:Adropin
141:folding
76:nuclear
56:animals
1309:Kidney
1271:Leptin
1230:/other
1090:Thymus
1031:Amylin
905:Testis
798:DHEA-S
600:glands
545:
518:
491:
464:
436:(RETN)
430:(PMCH)
424:(CSH2)
418:(CSH1)
394:(GHRH)
307:Leptin
237:Amylin
228:(ACTH)
149:cleave
80:nuclei
60:humans
34:whose
1342:Heart
1317:Renin
1247:IGF-2
1242:IGF-1
1228:Liver
1218:GLP-1
1200:Ileum
1082:Other
966:GnSAF
933:Ovary
412:(AMH)
406:(CRH)
376:(GH1)
370:(VIP)
358:(TRH)
352:(TSH)
340:Renin
331:(PTH)
320:(MSH)
298:(FSH)
281:(GIP)
260:(CCK)
249:(ANP)
162:Some
89:from
87:cells
793:DHEA
729:ACTH
724:CLIP
719:POMC
648:GHRH
628:GnRH
543:ISBN
516:ISBN
489:ISBN
462:ISBN
314:(LH)
200:-2,
95:mRNA
74:and
38:are
30:are
1360:BNP
1355:ANP
1322:EPO
1190:VIP
1175:GIP
1170:CCK
989:HPL
984:hCG
918:AMH
886:PTH
734:MSH
709:TSH
699:FSH
658:MCH
643:CRH
633:TRH
99:DNA
54:of
1383::
751:GH
704:LH
196:,
105:.
82:.
855:4
853:T
847:3
845:T
582:e
575:t
568:v
551:.
524:.
497:.
470:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
