97:-era Germany. To arouse antisemitic sentiments among the weekly's working class Christian readership, Streicher regularly published truncated quotations from Talmudic texts that, in their shortened form, appear to advocate greed, slavery, and ritualistic murder. Although rarely employed to this malicious extreme, contextomy is a common method of misrepresentation in contemporary mass media, and studies have demonstrated that the effects of this misrepresentation can linger even after the audience is exposed to the original, in context, quote.
950:
3321:
109:" in advertising. The lure of media exposure associated with being "blurbed" by a major studio may encourage some critics to write positive reviews of mediocre movies. However, even when a review is negative overall, studios have few reservations about excerpting it in a way that misrepresents the critic's opinion.
151:, a would-be gangster epic that generates less heat than a nickel cigar. Fishburne's 'Bumpy' is fierce, magnetic, irresistible even… But even this actor can only do so much." As a result of these abuses, some critics now deliberately avoid colorful language in their reviews. In 2010, the pop culture magazine
713:
In the face of the extraordinary and often highly practical twentieth-century progress of the life sciences under the unifying concepts of evolution, "science" consists of quote-mining—minute searching of the biological literature—including outdated literature—for minor slips and inconsistencies and
303:
treatment. For example, one paper's conclusion was reported as "There is some evidence that homeopathic treatments are more effective than placebo" without the immediately following caveat "however, the strength of this evidence is low because of the low methodological quality of the trials. Studies
236:
Their favorite sport is stringing together quotations, carefully and sometimes expertly taken out of context, to show that nothing is really established or agreed upon among evolutionists. Some of my colleagues and myself have been amused and amazed to read ourselves quoted in a way showing that we
262:
ran an article in May 2013 with the subheading "Sri Lanka has the hotels, the food, the climate and the charm to offer the perfect holiday, says
Ruaridh Nicoll. It's just a pity about the increasingly despotic government". A highly edited version of this piece was immediately posted on the official
75:(as all quotes are), but to the quoter's decision to exclude from the excerpt certain nearby phrases or sentences (which become "context" by virtue of the exclusion) that serve to clarify the intentions behind the selected words. Comparing this practice to surgical excision, journalist
714:
for polemically promising examples of internal arguments. These internal disagreements, fundamental to the working of all natural science, are then presented dramatically to lay audiences as evidence of the fraudulence and impending collapse of "Darwinism."
248:
reporting its frequent abuse by promoters with, for example, "I couldn't help feeling that, for all the energy, razzmatazz and technical wizardry, the audience had been shortchanged" being pared down to "having 'energy, razzmatazz and technical
34:
in which a passage is removed from its surrounding matter in such a way as to distort its intended meaning. Context may be omitted intentionally or accidentally, thinking it to be non-essential. As a fallacy, quoting out of context differs from
163:
had taken a review fragment of "the most confusing, asinine, ridiculous—yet somehow addictively awesome—television show of all time" and only quoted "the most addictively awesome television show of all time" in its promotional material.
224:
to describe a method employed by creationists to support their arguments, though it can be and often is used outside of the creation–evolution controversy. Complaints about the practice predate known use of the term:
128:
a B− overall and only praised the opening credits so grandiosely: "The credit sequence, with its jumpy frames and near-subliminal flashes of psychoparaphernalia, is a small masterpiece of dementia." Similarly,
657:
298:
to the House of
Commons Evidence Check on Homeopathy contains many examples of quote mining, where the conclusions of scientific papers were selectively quoted to make them appear to support the efficacy of
50:
argument, it involves quoting an opponent out of context in order to misrepresent their position (typically to make it seem more simplistic or extreme) in order to make it easier to refute. It is common in
287:" because, as Lincoln explained, "they are mostly my old political and personal friends", while omitting to mention that the remainder of the letter describes Lincoln's break with these former
71:
in a way that distorts the source's intended meaning, a practice commonly referred to as "quoting out of context". The problem here is not the removal of a quote from its original context
199:
prohibits contextomy, and targets companies who "falsely claim accreditation" for their products in ways that are "not being true to the terms of the endorsement". It is enforced in the
861:
191:
reviews advertisements for tone and content rather than the accuracy of their citations. Some studios seek approval from the original critic before running a condensed quotation. The
2042:
1962:
230:
745:
2067:
1903:
1898:
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549:
1359:
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612:
2116:
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1430:
58:, it involves quoting an authority on the subject out of context, in order to misrepresent that authority as supporting some position.
1403:
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730:
700:
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1623:
180:
quote of "hysterically overproduced and surprisingly entertaining" was reduced to "hysterically... entertaining".
2096:
1425:
1393:
295:
183:
In the United States, there is no specific law against misleading movie blurbs, beyond existing regulation over
2106:
2079:
2016:
1535:
591:"The Best Worst Blurbs of 2007: The 10 most egregious misquotes, blurb whores, and other movie-ad sins of 2007"
3240:
2448:
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1957:
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associates of his, and his anticipation of "painful necessity of my taking an open stand against them."
2863:
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2003:
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2622:
2371:
2353:
1861:
1823:
1788:
1513:
1170:
304:
of high methodological quality were more likely to be negative than the lower quality studies."
204:
153:
68:
640:
263:
Sri Lankan news portal under the heading "Sri Lanka has everything to offer perfect holiday" .
3246:
3234:
3214:
3203:
3118:
2931:
2907:
2729:
2685:
2537:
2463:
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2011:
1800:
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8:
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2405:
2253:
1988:
1818:
1606:
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1460:
1210:
339:
168:
recorded an instance of an adverb being applied to a different verb in a 2007 advert for
55:
3360:
3355:
3324:
3257:
3071:
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2306:
1694:
1684:
1498:
1352:
1225:
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1039:
886:
795:
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485:
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284:
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144:
954:
157:
reported that it had been the victim of "reckless blurbing" after the television show
3143:
2980:
2970:
2946:
2923:
2879:
2805:
2757:
2715:
2675:
2517:
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2334:
2131:
1813:
1294:
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1056:
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532:
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477:
363:
184:
114:
36:
962:
3293:
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3033:
2975:
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1413:
1388:
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1205:
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779:
469:
442:
80:
31:
3050:
3014:
2990:
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2782:
2762:
2610:
2578:
2562:
2527:
2021:
1808:
1572:
1408:
1220:
865:
768:(March 1973), "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution",
749:
674:
661:
433:
McGlone, M.S. (2005a). "Quoted out of context: Contextomy and its consequences".
280:
2951:
2936:
2858:
2777:
2703:
2343:
2101:
1983:
1611:
1264:
1044:
1034:
997:
993:
314:
200:
192:
139:
130:
921:
Quotemanship: The Use and Abuse of
Quotations for Polemical and Other Purposes
460:
McGlone, Matthew S. (2005b). "Contextomy: the art of quoting out of context".
143:, including just one word from it—"irresistible"—in the film's ad copy: "Even
89:
39:, in that the out of context quote is still attributed to the correct source.
3339:
3076:
2966:
2698:
2661:
2605:
2473:
2468:
2243:
2201:
1591:
1195:
1135:
678:
523:
481:
473:
324:
266:
134:
384:
207:, and carries a maximum penalty of a ÂŁ5,000 fine or two years imprisonment.
3088:
2507:
1843:
1737:
1629:
1289:
840:
753:
644:
258:
76:
67:
Contextomy refers to the selective excerpting of words from their original
2298:
105:
One of the most familiar examples of contextomy is the ubiquitous "review
3281:
3058:
2995:
2136:
1616:
1601:
1445:
1160:
1111:
1081:
586:
165:
949:
3191:
3185:
3112:
3024:
2263:
1713:
1689:
1420:
1279:
1269:
1232:
1165:
1140:
791:
329:
320:
Expelled: No
Intelligence Allowed § Charles Darwin quotation issue
300:
1749:
3298:
3082:
3066:
2749:
2258:
2248:
1967:
1658:
1180:
1096:
1071:
1066:
899:
869:
334:
244:
47:
3228:
783:
3176:
2283:
2273:
2169:
1998:
124:, used the comment "a small masterpiece." Gleiberman actually gave
2330:
1963:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
1828:
1699:
1118:
1091:
1029:
294:
Alternative medicine: Analysis of the evidence submitted by the
2268:
231:
Nothing in
Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution
94:
283:
as evidence that he "did not openly oppose the anti-immigrant
2062:
112:
For example, the ad copy for New Line Cinema's 1995 thriller
106:
1175:
684:
Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of
Intelligent Design
188:
84:
42:
Arguments based on this fallacy typically take two forms:
658:
Excellent! Theatres forced to withdraw misleading reviews
502:
Reiner, L. (1996). "Why Movie Blurbs Avoid
Newspapers."
210:
1360:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
992:
2229:
Countering
Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
1557:
900:"My Response to the British Homeopathic Association"
673:
79:
coined the term "contextomy" to describe its use by
854:"Sri Lanka has everything to offer perfect holiday"
362:. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. p. 106-7.
1332:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
415:They thought they were free: The Germans, 1933–45
1884:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1436:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
617:"'(Best) Film Ever!!!' How Do Movie Blurbs Work?"
279:"distortion by omission" in citing a letter from
3337:
1779:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
725:"The Counter-creationism Handbook", Mark Isaak,
547:
504:Editor & Publisher: The Fourth Estate, 129,
2439:Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
2444:Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
2314:
2092:Election denial movement in the United States
978:
758:
585:
237:are really antievolutionists under the skin.
118:attributed to Owen Gleiberman, a critic for
2328:
1312:
611:
2321:
2307:
1764:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
985:
971:
804:
764:
3022:
509:Gleiberman, Owen. (1995, September 22). "
385:"Logical Fallacy: Quoting Out of Context"
3175:
2117:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
459:
432:
1916:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
719:
667:
147:'s incendiary performance can't ignite
3338:
2043:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
1834:Soviet influence on the peace movement
1431:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
918:
382:
2302:
2190:
1768:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
1556:
1469:
1377:
1311:
1008:
966:
820:"A helluva show. Really. It was hell"
357:
220:: The term is used by members of the
211:Examples of out of context quotations
197:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
2038:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
1248:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
925:Southern Methodist University Press
13:
1509:Misinformation related to abortion
912:
805:Zetterberg, J. Peter, ed. (1983),
548:Sancton, Julian (March 19, 2010).
447:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02675.x
14:
3372:
1726:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
1339:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
942:
530:: A fight for control of Harlem.
100:
3320:
3319:
2279:United States Information Agency
1558:Operations and events by country
948:
229:wrote in his famous 1973 essay "
1879:Information war against Ukraine
1426:International Jewish conspiracy
1394:Congo Free State propaganda war
893:
875:
847:
829:
813:
736:
650:
634:
550:"Good Blurbs from Bad Reviews:
395:from the original on 2023-10-30
296:British Homeopathic Association
2817:Correlation implies causation
2191:
2107:Information Operations Roadmap
2017:Psychological Warfare Division
1587:Chinese information operations
1536:Water fluoridation controversy
836:Sri Lanka: island in the storm
809:, Phoenix, Arizona: ORYX Press
605:
579:
541:
496:
453:
426:
406:
376:
351:
218:creation–evolution controversy
1:
2214:Active Measures Working Group
1872:during the Russo-Georgian War
1839:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
953:The dictionary definition of
62:
2097:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
1774:Fake news in the Philippines
1378:
1146:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
919:Boller, Paul F. Jr. (1967).
807:Evolution versus Creationism
462:Media, Culture & Society
7:
2224:Counter Misinformation Team
2219:Counter disinformation unit
1669:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
1156:Forgery as covert operation
421:University of Chicago Press
383:Curtis, Gary (1981-03-26).
308:
10:
3377:
3241:I'm entitled to my opinion
2234:The Disinformation Project
1664:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
1020:Algorithmic radicalization
743:Quote-Mining Comes to Ohio
22:(sometimes referred to as
3315:
3224:
3163:
3097:
3013:
2922:
2897:
2872:
2796:
2748:
2684:
2659:
2631:
2596:
2546:
2500:
2491:
2429:
2395:
2351:
2342:
2197:
2186:
2157:
2151:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
2145:
2127:Tobacco industry playbook
2058:CIA Kennedy assassination
2030:
1976:
1950:
1938:
1852:
1799:
1787:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1677:
1651:
1639:
1579:
1567:
1563:
1552:
1384:
1373:
1318:
1307:
1191:Manipulation (psychology)
1015:
1009:
1004:
358:Engel, S. Morris (1994).
83:, editor of the infamous
3267:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
2367:Affirming the consequent
2239:East StratCom Task Force
2053:9/11 conspiracy theories
1050:List of cognitive biases
771:American Biology Teacher
474:10.1177/0163443705053974
435:Journal of Communication
345:
137:'s review of their flop
3287:Two wrongs make a right
2618:Denying the correlative
2165:Public opinion brigades
2122:Niger uranium forgeries
2112:Litter boxes in schools
1482:COVID-19 misinformation
1404:Free energy suppression
1313:Books and documentaries
1087:Euphemistic misspeaking
884:, James M. MacPherson,
689:Oxford University Press
3272:Psychologist's fallacy
3209:Argument to moderation
3199:Argument from anecdote
3149:Chronological snobbery
2773:Quoting out of context
2740:Overwhelming exception
2623:Suppressed correlative
2523:Quoting out of context
2398:quantificational logic
2372:Denying the antecedent
1911:2016 Brexit referendum
1260:Scientific fabrication
1171:Historical negationism
766:Dobzhansky, Theodosius
239:
205:Office of Fair Trading
20:Quoting out of context
3235:The Four Great Errors
3215:Argumentum ad populum
3204:Argument from silence
2908:Argumentum ad baculum
2686:Faulty generalization
2377:Argument from fallacy
2207:Fact-checking website
2012:Operation Mass Appeal
1994:Clockwork Orange plot
1504:Mental illness denial
1399:Climate change denial
1216:Psychological warfare
1186:Internet manipulation
1151:Firehose of falsehood
1077:Disinformation attack
526:, (1997, August 27).
234:
227:Theodosius Dobzhansky
171:Live Free or Die Hard
133:contextomized critic
3253:Invincible ignorance
3059:Reductio ad Stalinum
3045:Reductio ad Hitlerum
3001:Wisdom of repugnance
2768:Moving the goalposts
2633:Illicit transference
2558:Begging the question
2479:Undistributed middle
2387:Mathematical fallacy
2362:Affirming a disjunct
1346:Who's Who in the CIA
560:Diary of a Wimpy Kid
516:Entertainment Weekly
277:Lerone Bennett Jr.'s
242:Entertainment: with
222:scientific community
121:Entertainment Weekly
2986:Parade of horribles
2962:In-group favoritism
2788:Syntactic ambiguity
2431:Syllogistic fallacy
2354:propositional logic
2048:Conspiracy theories
1989:Double-Cross System
1958:Conspiracy theories
1819:Operation INFEKTION
1607:Internet Water Army
1461:Strategy of tension
1326:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
1211:Post-truth politics
882:"Lincoln the Devil"
589:(January 6, 2008).
419:Chicago, Illinois:
340:Recontextualization
269:: A book review in
177:New York Daily News
56:appeal to authority
3346:Informal fallacies
3072:Poisoning the well
2889:Proof by assertion
2864:Texas sharpshooter
2798:Questionable cause
2735:Slothful induction
2694:Anecdotal evidence
2554:Circular reasoning
2449:Exclusive premises
2411:Illicit conversion
1944:HIV/AIDS denialism
1921:Trolls from Olgino
1695:Paid news in India
1685:Fake news in India
1499:HIV/AIDS denialism
1353:Merchants of Doubt
1226:Military deception
1201:Media manipulation
1040:Circular reporting
906:, February 9, 2010
902:, Martin Robbins,
887:The New York Times
864:2013-07-29 at the
838:, Ruaridh Nicoll,
748:2007-10-03 at the
643:, Philip Pullman,
412:Mayer, M. (1966).
285:Know-Nothing Party
272:The New York Times
145:Laurence Fishburne
69:linguistic context
3333:
3332:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3247:Ignoratio elenchi
3159:
3158:
3009:
3008:
2971:Not invented here
2676:Converse accident
2598:Correlative-based
2575:Compound question
2518:False attribution
2513:False equivalence
2487:
2486:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2132:Operation Shocker
1934:
1933:
1814:K-1000 battleship
1645:Operation Neptune
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1369:
1368:
1303:
1302:
1295:Yellow journalism
1243:counterpropaganda
1124:List of fallacies
1057:Conspiracy theory
1025:Alternative facts
934:978-1-161-40918-5
904:The Lay Scientist
890:, August 27, 2000
556:The Bounty Hunter
533:Los Angeles Times
513:" (film review).
389:Logical Fallacies
369:978-0-312-08479-0
185:false advertising
37:false attribution
3368:
3351:Verbal fallacies
3323:
3322:
3294:Special pleading
3173:
3172:
3034:Appeal to motive
3020:
3019:
2996:Stirring symbols
2976:Island mentality
2914:Wishful thinking
2895:
2894:
2611:Perfect solution
2588:No true Scotsman
2583:Complex question
2568:Leading question
2547:Question-begging
2533:No true Scotsman
2498:
2497:
2421:Quantifier shift
2416:Proof by example
2349:
2348:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2188:
2187:
2007:MMR autism fraud
1890:On US elections
1824:Operation Toucan
1797:
1796:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1519:anti-vaccination
1467:
1466:
1414:Holocaust denial
1389:Bermuda Triangle
1375:
1374:
1309:
1308:
1238:black propaganda
1206:Potemkin village
1131:False accusation
1107:list of websites
1006:
1005:
987:
980:
973:
964:
963:
952:
938:
907:
897:
891:
879:
873:
851:
845:
833:
827:
822:, Jack Malvern,
817:
811:
810:
802:
762:
756:
740:
734:
723:
717:
716:
710:
709:
675:Forrest, Barbara
671:
665:
654:
648:
638:
632:
631:
629:
627:
615:(Nov 25, 2009).
609:
603:
602:
600:
598:
583:
577:
576:
574:
572:
545:
539:
500:
494:
493:
457:
451:
450:
430:
424:
410:
404:
403:
401:
400:
380:
374:
373:
360:With Good Reason
355:
252:
81:Julius Streicher
32:informal fallacy
16:Informal fallacy
3376:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3303:
3277:Rationalization
3220:
3167:
3155:
3093:
3015:Genetic fallacy
3005:
2918:
2893:
2868:
2792:
2783:Sorites paradox
2763:False precision
2744:
2725:Double counting
2680:
2655:
2627:
2592:
2579:Loaded question
2563:Loaded language
2542:
2483:
2425:
2391:
2338:
2327:
2297:
2288:
2193:
2174:
2153:
2141:
2026:
2022:Zinoviev letter
1972:
1946:
1930:
1854:Post-Soviet era
1848:
1809:Active Measures
1792:
1783:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1673:
1647:
1635:
1575:
1573:Jihadunspun.com
1559:
1540:
1465:
1441:New World Order
1409:Genocide denial
1380:
1365:
1314:
1299:
1221:Memetic warfare
1011:
1000:
991:
945:
935:
915:
913:Further reading
910:
898:
894:
880:
876:
866:Wayback Machine
852:
848:
834:
830:
826:, July 24, 2006
818:
814:
803:; reprinted in
784:10.2307/4444260
763:
759:
750:Wayback Machine
741:
737:
724:
720:
707:
705:
703:
672:
668:
662:The Independent
660:", Amol Rajan,
655:
651:
639:
635:
625:
623:
610:
606:
596:
594:
593:. Gelf Magazine
584:
580:
570:
568:
546:
542:
524:Turan, Kenneth.
501:
497:
458:
454:
431:
427:
411:
407:
398:
396:
381:
377:
370:
356:
352:
348:
311:
281:Abraham Lincoln
250:
213:
103:
65:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3116:
3109:
3107:Accomplishment
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2859:Slippery slope
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2778:Slippery slope
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2704:Cherry picking
2696:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
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2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2495:
2489:
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2471:
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2446:
2441:
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2427:
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2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:Habbush letter
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:Bell Pottinger
1980:
1978:
1977:United Kingdom
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1858:
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1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
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1794:
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1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1760:
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1730:
1729:
1724:
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1702:
1697:
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1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1640:Czechoslovakia
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1612:PLA Unit 61398
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1487:by governments
1479:
1473:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1324:Disinformation
1319:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1045:Cognitive bias
1042:
1037:
1035:Cherry picking
1032:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1002:
1001:
998:misinformation
994:Disinformation
990:
989:
982:
975:
967:
961:
960:
944:
943:External links
941:
940:
939:
933:
914:
911:
909:
908:
892:
874:
846:
828:
812:
778:(3): 125–129,
757:
735:
718:
701:
666:
649:
633:
604:
578:
540:
538:
537:
521:
495:
468:(4): 511–522.
452:
441:(2): 330–346.
425:
405:
375:
368:
349:
347:
344:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
315:Cherry picking
310:
307:
306:
305:
292:
264:
254:
240:
212:
209:
201:United Kingdom
193:European Union
131:United Artists
102:
101:In advertising
99:
64:
61:
60:
59:
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3373:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
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3341:
3326:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3300:
3297:
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3292:
3288:
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3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3259:
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3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
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3227:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3162:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:Invented here
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:False analogy
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:Sampling bias
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2662:Secundum quid
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:False dilemma
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Illicit minor
2472:
2470:
2469:Illicit major
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:FactCheck.org
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:Fact-checking
2200:
2199:
2196:
2189:
2185:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
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2144:
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2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
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2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:United States
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
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1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
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1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1780:
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1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
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1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
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1731:
1727:
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1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
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1627:
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1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:50 Cent Party
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
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1383:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1361:
1357:
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1343:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
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1253:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:Media culture
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:False dilemma
1134:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
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1073:
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1068:
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1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
983:
981:
976:
974:
969:
968:
965:
959:at Wiktionary
958:
957:
951:
947:
946:
936:
930:
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3111:
3089:Whataboutism
3081:
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3051:Godwin's law
3043:
3023:
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2899:Consequences
2880:Law/Legality
2854:Single cause
2827:
2820:
2772:
2660:
2528:Loki's Wager
2522:
2508:Equivocation
2501:Equivocation
2004:
1939:South Africa
1926:Web brigades
1862:Cyberwarfare
1844:Useful idiot
1793:Soviet Union
1738:Fintas Group
1630:Global Times
1628:
1597:cyberwarfare
1358:
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1337:
1331:
1323:
1290:Whataboutism
1285:Urban legend
1255:Quote mining
1254:
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858:The Guardian
857:
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841:The Guardian
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769:
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754:Glenn Branch
738:
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706:. Retrieved
683:
669:
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645:The Guardian
636:
626:February 28,
624:. Retrieved
620:
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597:February 28,
595:. Retrieved
587:Bialik, Carl
581:
571:February 28,
569:. Retrieved
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28:quote mining
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3282:Red herring
3039:Association
2720:Conjunction
2641:Composition
2538:Reification
2454:Existential
2406:Existential
2137:Yellow rain
1757:Philippines
1617:Spamouflage
1602:Little Pink
1456:Rothschilds
1446:Red mercury
1161:Gaslighting
1112:Lying press
1082:Doublespeak
641:Age banding
613:Beam, Chris
566:Vanity Fair
301:homeopathic
166:Carl Bialik
154:Vanity Fair
90:Der StĂĽrmer
87:broadsheet
3340:Categories
3258:Moralistic
3192:Sealioning
3186:Ad nauseam
3113:Ipse dixit
3025:Ad hominem
2849:Regression
2651:Ecological
2464:Four terms
2382:Masked man
2264:PolitiFact
2192:Opposition
2068:Sandy Hook
1867:on Estonia
1801:Soviet era
1714:Team Jorge
1690:Godi-media
1451:Reptilians
1421:Illuminati
1280:Truthiness
1270:Social bot
1233:Propaganda
1166:Half-truth
1141:False flag
956:contextomy
708:2007-03-09
691:. p.
687:. Oxford:
399:2023-12-06
330:Half-truth
289:Whig Party
174:, where a
63:Contextomy
24:contextomy
3361:Deception
3356:Ambiguity
3299:Straw man
3177:Arguments
3166:fallacies
3140:Tradition
3130:Etymology
3102:Authority
3083:Tu quoque
3067:Bulverism
2837:Gambler's
2806:Animistic
2750:Ambiguity
2716:Base rate
2459:Necessity
2331:fallacies
2259:NewsGuard
2254:Logically
2249:Full Fact
2146:Venezuela
2080:Fake news
1968:AK Trolls
1659:Funkspiel
1181:Infodemic
1097:Fake news
1072:Denialism
1067:Deception
870:Sri Lanka
824:The Times
800:207358177
490:144496678
482:0163-4437
335:Prooftext
275:recounts
245:The Times
51:politics.
48:straw man
3325:Category
2957:Ridicule
2942:Flattery
2932:Children
2829:Post hoc
2709:McNamara
2671:Accident
2646:Division
2493:Informal
2284:USAFacts
2274:StopFake
2170:Force 47
2075:COVID-19
1999:Euromyth
1750:Peñabots
1624:COVID-19
1529:COVID-19
1514:Vaccines
1379:Examples
1265:Smearing
868:, Priu,
862:Archived
746:Archived
681:(2004).
552:Repo Men
393:Archived
309:See also
256:Travel:
249:wizardry
30:) is an
3144:Novelty
3119:Poverty
2981:Loyalty
2947:Novelty
2924:Emotion
2873:Appeals
2842:Inverse
2822:Cum hoc
2811:Furtive
2329:Common
2158:Vietnam
1829:Seat 12
1700:OpIndia
1652:Germany
1119:Fallacy
1092:Factoid
1030:Big lie
792:4444260
536:, p. 8.
528:Hoodlum
203:by the
149:Hoodlum
140:Hoodlum
3229:Cliché
3164:Other
3135:Nature
3123:Wealth
2758:Accent
2344:Formal
2269:Snopes
2085:online
2005:Lancet
1951:Turkey
1789:Russia
1745:Mexico
1733:Kuwait
1709:Israel
1568:Canada
1524:autism
1470:Health
1102:online
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2991:Spite
2885:Stone
2063:QAnon
1721:Korea
1678:India
1580:China
1494:Ebola
1010:Types
796:S2CID
788:JSTOR
733:p. 14
621:Slate
511:Se7en
486:S2CID
346:Notes
126:Se7en
115:Se7en
107:blurb
46:As a
3077:Tone
2952:Pity
2937:Fear
2335:list
1904:2020
1899:2018
1894:2016
1275:Spin
1176:Hoax
1061:list
996:and
929:ISBN
727:ISBN
697:ISBN
628:2013
599:2013
573:2013
478:ISSN
364:ISBN
216:The
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