114:? (No; or you wouldn't have put the question mark in.) Does This Map Provide the Key for Peace? (Probably not.) A headline with a question mark at the end means, in the vast majority of cases, that the story is tendentious or over-sold. It is often a scare story, or an attempt to elevate some run-of-the-mill piece of reporting into a national controversy and, preferably, a national panic. To a busy journalist hunting for real information a question mark means 'don't bother reading this bit'.
134:
In 2015, a study of 26,000 articles from 13 news sites on the World Wide Web, conducted by a data scientist and published on his blog, found that the majority (54 percent) were yes/no questions, which divided into 20 percent "yes" answers, 17 percent "no" answers and 16 percent whose answers he could
123:
A 2016 study of a sample of academic journals (not news publications) that set out to test
Betteridge's law and Hinchliffe's rule (see below) found that few titles were posed as questions and of those, few were yes/no questions and they were more often answered "yes" in the body of the article rather
93:
This story is a great demonstration of my maxim that any headline which ends in a question mark can be answered by the word "no." The reason why journalists use that style of headline is that they know the story is probably bullshit, and don't actually have the sources and facts to back it up, but
310:
Advertisers and marketers prefer yes/no question headlines that are answered "yes", as a reader that immediately answers "no" to a question headline on an advertisement is likely to skip over the advertisement entirely. The most famous example of such a question headline in advertising is "Do you
217:, "Was It Peppermint Mary?" The story, about a jewellery store that had tried to prevent its female employees from flirting with people outside the store, only mentioned "Peppermint" Mary at the end of the piece as an employee who might possibly have caused this and did not answer the question.
203:, that "A man cannot libel another by the publication of language the meaning and damaging effect of which is clear to all men, and where the identity of the person meant cannot be doubted, and then escape liability through the use of a question mark." The use of question headlines as a form of
322:) attempting to look at it scientifically and using ten years' worth of revenue and customer enquiry data for both it and a statement headline that Cody had also used. He noted amongst other things that working in its favour was the question addressing the reader using the
315:'s English-language course and used from 1919 to 1959, which (with readers answering "yes" they did make the mistakes that the advertisement proceeded to outline) was measured as more successful than non-yes/no-question alternatives.
1046:
Berthon, Pierre R.; Fedorenko, Ivan; Pitt, Leyland F.; Ferguson, Sarah Lord (2019). "Can Brand
Custodians Cope with Fake News? Marketing Assets in the Age of Truthiness and Post-fact". In Parvatiyar, Atul; Sisodia, Rajendra (eds.).
41:." It is named after Ian Betteridge, a British technology journalist who wrote about it in 2009, although the principle is much older. It is based on the assumption that if the publishers were confident that the answer was
60:
variants called it "Davis's law", a name that also appears online without any explanation of who Davis was. It has also been referred to as the "journalistic principle" and in 2007 was referred to in commentary as "an old
338:
increased click-through rates in comparison to statement headlines and that questions that address or reference the reader have statistically significant higher click-through rates than rhetorical or general questions.
287:
might not in fact win, persuaded
Charles M. Lincoln, the managing editor of the paper, to reset the headline in between editions, inserting a question mark. Confusingly, below the question headline the
45:, they would have presented it as an assertion; by presenting it as a question, they are not accountable for whether it is correct or not. The adage does not apply to questions that are more
1090:
127:
A 2018 study of 2,585 articles in four academic journals in the field of ecology similarly found that very few titles were posed as questions at all, with 1.82 percent being
2206:
2216:
2211:
171:
on his way out?" Because this implication is known to readers, guides giving advice to newspaper editors state that so-called "question heads" should be used sparingly.
359:, who stated that if a research paper's title is in the form of a yes–no question, the answer to that question will be "no". The adage led into a humorous attempt at a
174:
Freelance writer R. Thomas Berner calls them "gimmickry". Grant Milnor Hyde observed that they give the impression of uncertainty in a newspaper's content. When
131:
and 2.15 percent being yes/no questions. Of the yes/no questions, 44 percent were answered "yes", 34 percent "maybe", and only 22 percent were answered "no".
163:
to
Endorse Gay Marriage Between Corporations?" as hypothetical examples of such a practice. Many question headlines were used, for example, in reporting of
1290:
Lai, Linda; Farbrot, Audun (25 October 2013). "What makes you click? The effect of question headlines on readership in computer-mediated communication".
1026:
1700:
1100:
110:
If the headline asks a question, try answering 'no'. Is This the True Face of
Britain's Young? (Sensible reader: No.) Have We Found the Cure for
968:
1234:
2249:
2196:
189:
1658: (1991-08-26) ("Nor is it determinative here that the sting of the headline concludes with a question mark — 'Is it Mafia?'").
82:
1546:
225:
318:
Victor Schwab, a partner in the advertising agency that worked for Cody, published an analysis of the aspects of the headline (as
2174:
73:
Betteridge's name became associated with the concept after he discussed it in a
February 2009 article, which examined a previous
1460:
224:
also famously used a question headline for hedging when editors were unsure of their facts, when it reported the outcome of the
1522:
2291:
1693:
293:
2266:
143:
Phrasing headlines as questions is a tactic employed by newspapers that do not "have the facts required to buttress the
1380:
538:
17:
2271:
1970:
1626:
1511:
1449:
1426:
1369:
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1079:
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996:
2364:
1965:
1686:
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1204:
327:
297:
1030:
427:
2301:
2201:
2007:
1846:
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1807:
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1668:
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196:
560:
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2311:
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2114:
1582:
148:
1323:
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1734:
252:
240:
234:
167:
in-fighting in 2004, because no politicians went on record to confirm or deny facts, such as "Is
1049:
Handbook of
Advances in Marketing in an Era of Disruptions: Essays in Honour of Jagdish N. Sheth
2276:
2139:
2067:
2032:
1744:
386:
164:
151:
characterized the practice as justifying "virtually anything, no matter how unlikely", giving "
1345:
2239:
2119:
2002:
1992:
1975:
1931:
1829:
1749:
1709:
2369:
2256:
2159:
2062:
1997:
1906:
1901:
1797:
1739:
1724:
493:
284:
280:
989:
Do You Make These
Mistakes in English?: The Story of Sherwin Cody's Famous Language School
8:
2374:
2169:
2099:
1591:
1226:
Newspaper
Editing: A Manual for Editors, Copyreaders, and Students of Newspaper Desk Work
246:
50:
192:
was to avoid question headlines, unless the question itself reflected a national issue.
2244:
1982:
1960:
1955:
1873:
1868:
1824:
1655:
1438:
1307:
1250:
1150:
1117:
367:
under the pseudonym "Boris Peon", which bore the title: "Is
Hinchliffe's Rule True?" (
2164:
2124:
2077:
1896:
1878:
1766:
1622:
1507:
1464:
1445:
1422:
1365:
1267:
1189:
1182:
1142:
1118:"Do scholars follow Betteridge's Law? The use of questions in journal article titles"
1095:
1075:
1068:
1052:
1011:
992:
264:
1311:
1254:
1154:
56:
The maxim has been cited by other names since 1991, when a published compilation of
37:
that states: "Any headline that ends in a question mark can be answered by the word
2186:
2082:
2072:
1839:
1756:
1401:
1299:
1242:
1134:
348:
323:
258:
195:
Question headlines are not legally sound when it comes to avoiding defamation. The
232:
newspapers ran statement headlines on 8 November 1916 saying "Hughes Is Elected" (
2359:
2104:
2012:
1926:
1672:
1641:
1303:
1246:
392:
208:
152:
106:, among Marr's suggestions for how a reader should interpret newspaper articles:
57:
2134:
2049:
2039:
2027:
1938:
1911:
1856:
1802:
1490:
1125:
955:
356:
300:
213:
204:
175:
168:
1536:
Schwab, Victor O. (September 1939). "An Advertisement That Is Never Changed".
1419:
A Thousand Deadlines: The New York City Press and American Neutrality, 1914–17
1138:
2348:
2234:
2181:
2109:
1950:
1761:
1393:
1319:
1146:
229:
296:" but the question headline did indeed turn out to have the answer "no", as
2328:
2316:
2017:
1792:
1328:
623:
364:
360:
312:
1678:
2092:
2022:
1851:
1729:
1357:
238:, final edition the night before), "Hughes Is Elected by Narrow Margin" (
185:
160:
99:
1235:"Are you more likely to click headlines that are phrased as a question?"
330:
came to a similar conclusion, finding that question headlines posted to
2306:
2296:
2054:
1834:
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1812:
1713:
1527:
180:
74:
46:
1987:
1921:
1888:
1208:
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380:
272:
ran one with a question headline, "Hughes Elected in Close Contest?"
156:
144:
2321:
1943:
1861:
1440:
We Could Not Fail: The First African Americans in the Space Program
1417:
O'Keefe, Kevin (2013). "The press and the politics of neutrality".
432:
859:
857:
2281:
2087:
1916:
331:
128:
78:
1074:(revised ed.). Los Angeles, California: Price Stern Sloan.
1173:
Echoes of distant thunder: life in the United States, 1914–1918
854:
383: – Web content intended to entice users to click on a link
62:
1523:"Did Last.fm Just Hand Over User Listening Data To the RIAA?"
844:
842:
793:
791:
34:
1045:
751:
749:
629:
335:
207:
has a long history, including the 9 June 1883, headline in
111:
98:
A similar observation was made by British newspaper editor
1008:
Fundamentals of Journalism: Reporting, Writing and Editing
839:
788:
275:
This was the result of a last-minute intervention by then
869:
746:
1495:
Sack on defamation: libel, slander, and related problems
410:
408:
283:, who, having received a tip from gambling friends that
1497:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Practising Law Institute.
803:
724:
722:
659:
635:
587:
311:
make these mistakes in English?", written to advertise
922:
920:
893:
766:
764:
707:
1091:"Guest Blogger: Joe Polchinski on the String Debates"
827:
683:
405:
395: – Question containing an unjustified assumption
1547:"Is This Article Consistent with Hinchliffe's Rule?"
1402:"Can You Really Tell an Entire Story in a Headline?"
815:
734:
719:
671:
611:
453:
451:
917:
905:
881:
761:
695:
575:
507:
463:
1437:
1181:
1070:The Complete Murphy's Law: A Definitive Collection
1067:
776:
599:
647:
448:
2346:
1390:. Vol. 4. Ecology Graduate Group, UC Davis.
932:
307:finally announced in a headline two days later.
1619:Skyscrapers, Hemlines and the Eddie Murphy Rule
1362:My Trade: a short history of British journalism
1224:Hyde, Grant Milnor (1931). "Headline Writing".
389: – Adages and sayings named after a person
1116:Cook, James M.; Plourde, Dawn (25 June 2016).
1694:
292:still had a picture of Hughes captioned "The
1645:. Vol. 69, no. 5. 4 February 1957.
1502:Saxena, Sunil (2006). "Question Headlines".
27:Journalistic adage on questions in headlines
2197:Political polarization in the United States
1708:
1482:Spencer v. Minnick Okla. opinion 613, P.130
1416:
1346:"is betteridge's law of headlines correct?"
1262:Juergens, George (2015). "Sensationalism".
1115:
986:
875:
863:
797:
593:
539:""It's an old truism among journalists...""
1701:
1687:
1289:
1024:
899:
428:"The Macalope Weekly: Pointless Exercises"
414:
244:), "Hughes Is Elected by Majority of 40" (
81:Just Hand Over User Listening Data to the
2250:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal
1520:
1324:"Rhetorical questions: threat or menace?"
86:
1621:(1st ed.). Bloomsbury Information.
1479:
1435:
1343:
1318:
1261:
755:
740:
641:
617:
513:
226:1916 United States presidential election
1575:"comment on 'A Second Higgs Particle?'"
1544:
1400:Murtha, Jack (September–October 2015).
1232:
1205:"The Complete Edition of Murphy's Laws"
1088:
954:
926:
911:
887:
713:
561:"The Vitamin B scam. Don't trust Boots"
77:article that carried the headline "Did
14:
2347:
1651:Locricchio v. Evening News Association
1616:
1599:
1535:
1501:
1399:
1264:Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World
1233:Jarrett, Christian (4 November 2013).
1161:
1027:"TechCrunch: Irresponsible journalism"
1005:
966:
848:
833:
689:
677:
665:
481:
457:
363:by a 1988 paper, written by physicist
319:
2292:Psychological effects of Internet use
1682:
1602:Advertising Techniques and Management
1581:
1521:Schonfeld, Erick (20 February 2009).
1170:
1065:
821:
653:
469:
138:
1637:"The Press: Question Mark Magazines"
1572:
1545:Shieber, Stuart M. (May–June 2015).
1489:
1458:
1436:Paul, Richard; Moss, Steven (2015).
1378:
1356:
1280:
1223:
1202:
1179:
1025:Betteridge, Ian (23 February 2009).
938:
809:
782:
770:
728:
701:
605:
581:
525:
368:
342:
2267:Digital media use and mental health
541:. MeatRobot.org.uk. 4 December 2007
24:
1610:
1298:(4). Taylor and Francis: 289–299.
1175:. Coward, McCann, & Geoghegan.
494:"List of variants of Murphy's Law"
25:
2386:
2272:Effects of violence in mass media
1971:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
1662:
1485:. Vol. 41. 20 December 1913.
1241:. British Psychological Society.
1207:. MurphysLaws.net. Archived from
1089:Carroll, Sean (7 December 2006).
1029:. Technovia.co.uk. Archived from
960:The Autobiography of a Journalist
262:) and "Nation Swept by Hughes!" (
199:held in 1913, in its decision in
2245:2021 Facebook company files leak
1966:Mobile phones and driving safety
1344:Linander, Mats (19 March 2015).
250:), "Hughes the Next President" (
2217:2020 U.S. presidential election
2212:2016 U.S. presidential election
1617:Gooden, Philip (2015). "Arts".
1600:Zacher, Robert Vincent (1961).
1493:(1999). "The Cause of Action".
1285:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
553:
328:computer-mediated communication
1266:. Princeton University Press.
531:
486:
475:
420:
13:
1:
1783:Betteridge's law of headlines
1554:Annals of Improbable Research
1459:Peon, Boris (4 August 1988).
1444:. University of Texas Press.
1381:"Betteridge's Law in Ecology"
987:Battistella, Edwin L (2009).
399:
31:Betteridge's law of headlines
2302:Social aspects of television
2202:Social media use in politics
1847:Missing white woman syndrome
1461:"Is Hinchliffe's Rule True?"
1304:10.1080/15534510.2013.847859
1247:10.1080/15534510.2013.847859
1228:(2nd ed.). D. Appleton.
7:
1808:Least objectionable program
1379:Mola, John (4 April 2017).
1171:Ellis, Edward Robb (1975).
1051:. SAGE Publications India.
991:. Oxford University Press.
374:
10:
2391:
2148:Algorithmic radicalization
1675: (archived 2016-01-10)
1573:Sher, Marc (4 July 2013).
1406:Columbia Journalism Review
1281:Kahn, Ely Jacques (1965).
1164:Effective advertising copy
1006:Berner, R. Thomas (2007).
947:
351:, the concept is known as
303:was re-elected, which the
256:), "Hughes Sweeps State" (
188:, one of the rules set by
118:
68:
2262:Cultural impact of TikTok
2227:
2133:
2048:
1887:
1775:
1720:
1587:"Empty seats haunt Obama"
1139:10.1007/s11192-016-2030-2
528:, Journalistic Principle.
197:Supreme Court of Oklahoma
2334:Violence and video games
2312:Social impact of YouTube
2192:Knowledge gap hypothesis
2115:Social-desirability bias
2008:Information–action ratio
1162:De Voe, Merrill (1956).
2365:Criticism of journalism
2287:Mass shooting contagion
1735:Evolutionary psychology
594:Cook & Plourde 2016
253:The Journal of Commerce
2277:Fascination with death
2140:Political polarization
2068:Availability heuristic
2033:Television consumption
1203:Götz, Andreas (1997).
1184:The Colonel of Chicago
1066:Bloch, Arthur (1991).
967:Anvari, Ahmad (2006).
900:Lai & Farbrot 2013
387:List of eponymous laws
165:Bharatiya Janata Party
116:
96:
2240:Criticism of Facebook
2120:Social influence bias
2003:Information pollution
1993:Information explosion
1976:Texting while driving
1932:Low information voter
1830:Pink-slime journalism
1538:Printers' Ink Monthly
1364:. London: Macmillan.
1322:(17 September 2006).
1180:Gies, Joseph (1979).
108:
94:still want to run it.
91:
2257:Criticism of Netflix
2063:Availability cascade
1998:Information overload
1907:Attention management
1902:Attention inequality
1798:Human-interest story
1740:Behavioral modernity
1725:Cognitive psychology
1656:438 Mich. 84
866:, pp. 6, 39–40.
851:, pp. 198, 262.
642:Paul & Moss 2015
326:. A 2013 study into
285:Charles Evans Hughes
281:Herbert Bayard Swope
65:among journalists".
2170:Post-truth politics
2100:Mean world syndrome
1388:The Aggie Brickyard
1350:calmer than you are
1033:on 26 February 2009
1010:. Marquette Books.
812:, pp. 52, 181.
630:Berthon et al. 2019
247:The New York Herald
2355:2009 introductions
1983:Influence-for-hire
1961:Media multitasking
1956:Human multitasking
1874:Tabloid television
1825:Media manipulation
1283:The world of Swope
1211:on 17 October 2018
563:. 22 November 2007
355:, after physicist
201:Spencer v. Minnick
139:Question headlines
18:Question headlines
2342:
2341:
2165:Fake news website
2125:Spiral of silence
2078:Confirmation bias
1897:Attention economy
1879:Yellow journalism
1767:Social psychology
1096:Discover Magazine
758:, pp. 63–64.
668:, pp. 95–96.
353:Hinchliffe's rule
343:Hinchliffe's rule
265:New York American
159:on Ticket?" and "
102:in his 2004 book
16:(Redirected from
2382:
2187:Knowledge divide
2083:Crowd psychology
2073:Bandwagon effect
1840:Public relations
1757:Media psychology
1703:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1653:
1646:
1632:
1605:
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1569:
1567:
1565:
1551:
1541:
1532:
1517:
1504:Headline Writing
1498:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1467:on 10 April 2016
1463:. Archived from
1455:
1443:
1432:
1413:
1394:archived by Mola
1391:
1385:
1375:
1353:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1315:
1292:Social Influence
1286:
1277:
1258:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1199:
1187:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1133:(3): 1119–1128.
1122:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1099:. Archived from
1085:
1073:
1062:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1021:
1002:
983:
981:
979:
963:
942:
936:
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876:Battistella 2009
873:
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864:Battistella 2009
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819:
813:
807:
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731:, pp. 2–48.
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441:
436:. 11 August 2012
424:
418:
412:
349:particle physics
347:In the field of
259:New York Tribune
190:Lord Northcliffe
51:yes–no questions
21:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2223:
2138:
2129:
2105:Negativity bias
2053:
2044:
2013:One weird trick
1927:Cognitive miser
1883:
1776:Media practices
1771:
1716:
1707:
1673:Wayback Machine
1665:
1649:
1635:
1629:
1613:
1611:Further reading
1608:
1563:
1561:
1549:
1540:: 10–11, 64–65.
1514:
1491:Sack, Robert D.
1470:
1468:
1452:
1429:
1383:
1372:
1334:
1332:
1274:
1239:Research Digest
1214:
1212:
1196:
1120:
1106:
1104:
1103:on 10 July 2014
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956:Andrews, Linton
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449:
439:
437:
426:
425:
421:
415:Betteridge 2009
413:
406:
402:
393:Loaded question
377:
345:
294:President-Elect
235:The Evening Sun
209:Joseph Pulitzer
186:First World War
141:
135:not determine.
121:
71:
28:
23:
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12:
11:
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205:sensationalism
178:worked at the
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169:Venkaiah Naidu
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741:Oklahoma 1913
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679:
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2329:Technophobia
2317:Technophilia
2160:Echo chamber
2018:Rage farming
1793:Infotainment
1782:
1650:
1640:
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1601:
1590:
1583:Simon, Roger
1562:. Retrieved
1557:
1553:
1537:
1526:
1503:
1494:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:the original
1439:
1421:. Springer.
1418:
1409:
1405:
1387:
1361:
1358:Marr, Andrew
1349:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:Language Log
1327:
1295:
1291:
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1238:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:the original
1183:
1172:
1166:. Macmillan.
1163:
1130:
1124:
1105:. Retrieved
1101:the original
1094:
1069:
1048:
1035:. Retrieved
1031:the original
1007:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:
959:
934:
927:Shieber 2015
912:Carroll 2006
907:
895:
888:Jarrett 2013
883:
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798:O'Keefe 2013
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555:
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488:
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438:. Retrieved
431:
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365:Boris Kayser
361:liar paradox
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313:Sherwin Cody
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58:Murphy's law
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49:than strict
42:
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30:
29:
2370:Paremiology
2093:Moral panic
2023:Screen time
1852:News values
1788:Gatekeeping
1730:Externality
1352:. New York.
849:De Voe 1956
834:Zacher 1961
690:Berner 2007
678:Saxena 2006
666:Saxena 2006
482:Anvari 2006
458:Murtha 2015
320:Schwab 1939
279:journalist
155:to Replace
149:Roger Simon
124:than "no".
100:Andrew Marr
2375:Skepticism
2349:Categories
2307:Social bot
2297:Sealioning
2055:Conformity
1835:Propaganda
1820:Media bias
1813:Soft media
1528:TechCrunch
1188:. Dutton.
973:anvari.org
962:. E. Benn.
822:Ellis 1975
654:Simon 2012
470:Bloch 1991
400:References
184:after the
181:Daily Mail
75:TechCrunch
47:open-ended
1988:Infodemic
1922:Clickbait
1889:Attention
1745:Cognition
1147:0138-9130
939:Sher 2013
810:Kahn 1965
783:Gies 1979
771:Kahn 1965
729:Sack 1999
702:Hyde 1931
606:Mola 2017
582:Marr 2004
526:Götz 1997
381:Clickbait
369:Peon 1988
298:President
145:nut graph
2322:Neophile
1944:Phubbing
1862:Hot take
1750:Mismatch
1592:Politico
1506:. SAGE.
1360:(2004).
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958:(1964).
433:Macworld
375:See also
104:My Trade
2282:Griefer
2088:Mobbing
1917:Chumbox
1869:Spiking
1671:at the
948:Sources
332:Twitter
268:), the
241:The Sun
153:Hillary
119:Studies
79:Last.fm
69:History
2360:Adages
1654:,
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1510:
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