1847:
756:, and Jerusalem itself. Melisende acquiesced, though with misgivings. This decision would prevent a civil war but also divide the kingdom's resources. Though later historians criticized Melisende for not abdicating in favor of her son, there was little impetus for her to do so. She was universally recognized as an exceptional steward for her kingdom, and her rule had been characterized as a wise one by church leaders and other contemporaries. Baldwin had not shown any interest in governance prior to 1152, and had resisted responsibility in this arena. The Church clearly supported Melisende, as did the barons of Judea and Samaria.
610:. It is expensively adorned, with a silk spine, ivory carvings, studded gemstones, a calendar, and prayers with illuminated initial letters. It is in Latin, suggesting that Melisende was literate in Latin and that some noblewomen in the Middle East were educated in this way. While there is no identification placing this book as Melisende's or made with her in mind, there are indications: the use of Latin text appropriate for a secular woman (as opposed to an abbess or such), the particular venerations of the Virgin Mary and Mary Magdalen (suggestive of
830:
606:
shared with Hugh, Count of Jaffa. Placed under scrutiny for supposed adultery with the queen, Hugh was attacked by an assassin who was most likely sent by the king himself. This greatly angered the queen. Melisende was extremely hostile after the accusations about her alleged infidelity with Hugh and refused to speak to or allow in court those who sided with her husband – deeming them "under the displeasure of the queen". Fulk likely set to appease his wife by commissioning her a book as a peace offering: the
465:
857:
of the best princes, Melisende ruled the kingdom with such ability that she was rightly considered to have equalled her predecessors in that regard". Professor
Bernard Hamilton of the University of Nottingham has written that, while William of Tyre's comments may seem rather patronizing to modern readers, they amount to a great show of respect from a society and culture in which women were regarded as having fewer rights and less authority than their brothers, their fathers or even their sons.
715:, which would aid them in retaking Edessa. The meeting ended with Damascus as their target. Damascus and Jerusalem were on very good diplomatic terms and there was a peace treaty between them. The result of this breach of treaty was that Damascus would never trust the Crusader states again, and the loss of a sympathetic Muslim state was a blow from which later monarchs of Jerusalem could not recover. After 11 months, Eleanor and Louis departed for France, ending the Second Crusade.
1868:
40:
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Melisende's relationship with her son was complex. As a mother she would know her son and his capabilities, and she is known to have been particularly close to her children. As a ruler she may have been reluctant to entrust decision-making powers to an untried youth. Either way there was no political
511:
Through what amounted to a palace coup, the queen's supporters overcame Fulk, and from 1135 onwards Fulk's influence rapidly deteriorated. One historian wrote that Fulk's supporters "went in terror of their lives" in the palace. William of Tyre wrote that Fulk "did not attempt to take the initiative,
856:
William of Tyre, writing on
Melisende's 30-year reign, wrote that "she was a very wise woman, fully experienced in almost all affairs of state business, who completely triumphed over the handicap of her sex so that she could take charge of important affairs", and that, "striving to emulate the glory
327:
in ceremonial occasions. Increasingly she was associated with her father on official documents, including in the minting of money, granting of fiefdoms and other forms of patronage, and in diplomatic correspondence. Baldwin raised his daughter as a capable successor to himself and
Melisende enjoyed
300:
than men, in part due to the constant state of war in the region. As a result, Frankish women exerted a wide degree of influence in the region and provided a strong sense of continuity to
Eastern Frankish society. Women who inherited territory usually did so because men had died in war or violence.
728:
and
Melisende were jointly crowned as co-rulers on Christmas Day, 1143. This joint crowning was similar to Melisende's own crowning with her father in 1128, and may have reflected a growing trend to crown one's heir in the present monarch's lifetime, as demonstrated in other realms of this period.
605:
Melisende's love for books and her religious piety were very well known. She was recognized as a patroness of books, a fact her husband knew how to exploit following the incident that greatly injured their relationship and the monarchy's stability. King Fulk was jealous of the friendship
Melisende
507:
negotiated lenient terms for peace, and Hugh was exiled for three years. Soon thereafter an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Hugh was attributed to Fulk or his supporters. This was reason enough for the queen's party to challenge Fulk openly, as Fulk's unfounded assertions of infidelity
443:
wrote of
Melisende's right to rule following the death of her father that "the rule of the kingdom remained in the power of the lady queen Melisende, a queen beloved by God, to whom it passed by hereditary right". However, with the aid of his knights, Fulk excluded Melisende from granting titles,
732:
Baldwin grew up to be a capable, if not brilliant, military commander. By age 22 however, Baldwin felt he could take some responsibility in governance. Melisende had hitherto only partially associated
Baldwin in her rule. Tension between mother and son mounted between 1150 and 1152, with Baldwin
637:
There is no account of how
Melisende received this gift but shortly after its creation, the royal union appeared stronger than ever. Two things prove the couple's reconciliation: 1) almost every single charter after this was issued by Fulk but labeled "with the consent and the approval of Queen
496:, discount the alleged infidelity of Melisende and instead point out that Fulk overly favoured newly arrived Frankish crusaders from Anjou over the native nobility of the kingdom. Had Melisende been guilty, the Church and nobility likely would not have supported her later.
456:, Fulk had quashed any attempts by local towns to administer themselves and strong-armed his vassals into submission. Fulk's autocratic style contrasted with the somewhat collegial association with their monarch that native Eastern Franks had come to enjoy.
763:, Baldwin was not happy with the partition any more than Melisende. But instead of reaching further compromise, within weeks of the decision he launched an invasion of his mother's realms. Baldwin showed that he was Fulk's son by quickly taking the field;
901:
had promised sole rulership of
Jerusalem after his death to Fulk, however historian Bernard Hamilton points out that there is no evidence to support Mayer's conclusion that Baldwin ever intended to prevent Melisende from ruling, rather the opposite, that
841:, she could no longer participate in government. Her surviving sisters – the countess of Tripoli and abbess of Bethany – came to nurse her before she died on 11 September 1161. Melisende was buried next to her mother, Morphia, in the shrine at the
519:
Melisende's victory was complete. Again, she is seen in the historical record granting titles of nobility, fiefdoms, appointments and offices, granting royal favours and pardons and holding court. Melisende was no mere regent-queen for her son
1339:
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for his daughter's hand. The Frankish connection remained an important consideration for Crusader Jerusalem, as the nascent kingdom depended heavily on manpower and connections from France, Germany, and Italy. By deferring to France,
794:
was often on military campaigns, he realized he had few reliable advisers. From 1154 onwards, Melisende is again associated with her son in many of his official public acts. In 1156, she concluded a treaty with the merchants of
400:. Fulk's wealth, connections, and influence made him as powerful as the King of France, according to historian Zoe Oldenbourg. Throughout the negotiations, Fulk insisted on being the sole ruler of Jerusalem. Hesitant,
583:
She also appreciated a variety of literary and visual arts due to the artistic exposures she received as a result of her parents' mixed Frankish-Armenian union. She created a school of bookmakers and a school of
416:
suspected that once he had died, Fulk would repudiate Melisende and set her and her children aside in favor of Elias, Fulk's younger but full-grown son from his first marriage as an heir to Jerusalem.
775:
not to disturb her peace. This peace settlement demonstrated that though Melisende lost the "civil war" to her son, she still maintained great influence and avoided total obscurity in a convent.
737:
crown him in the Holy Sepulchre, without Melisende present. The Patriarch refused. Baldwin, in protest, staged a procession in the city streets wearing laurel wreaths, a kind of self-crowning.
638:
Melisende", and 2) the birth of the royal pair's second son, Amalric, in 1136. It is also reported that Queen Melisende mourned greatly after her husband fell off a horse and died in 1143.
617:
Though influenced by Byzantine and Italian traditions in the illuminations, the artists who contributed to the Melisende Psalter had a unique and decidedly 'Jerusalem style'. The historian
473:
783:
By 1153, mother and son had been reconciled. Since the civil war, Baldwin had shown his mother great respect. Melisende's connections, especially to her sister Hodierna, and to her niece
556:. Additionally, the queen supplied rich furnishings and liturgical vessels, so that it would not be inferior to religious houses for men. Melisende also gave endowments to the
1695:
1892:
341:
also thought that he would have to marry Melisende to a powerful ally who would protect and safeguard Melisende's inheritance and future heirs. Baldwin deferred to King
503:, and was able to hold off the army set against him. He could not maintain his position indefinitely, however. His alliance with Ascalon cost him support at court. The
1061:
Oldenbourg wrote that Fulk had "broken the resistance of his principal vassals on his own domains and paralyzed all attempts at emancipation by the townspeople. p. 264
599:
771:. Church mediation between mother and son resulted in the grant of the city of Nablus and adjacent lands to Melisende to rule for life, and a solemn oath by
1361:
811:
in 1157. In 1160, she gave her assent to a grant made by her son Amalric to the Holy Sepulchre, perhaps on the occasion of the birth of her granddaughter
602:) was the central and most famous market of Crusader Jerusalem, where merchants and cooks supplied the numerous pilgrims who visited the city with food.
1688:
323:
During her father's reign, Melisende was styled "daughter of the king and heir of the kingdom of Jerusalem" and took precedence above other nobles and
452:, whose own positions would be eroded if Fulk continued to dominate the realm. Fulk's behavior was in keeping with his ruling philosophy, as in the
1383:
787:, meant that she had direct influence in northern Syria, a priceless connection since Baldwin had himself broken the treaty with Damascus in 1147.
592:. She also commissioned the construction of a vaulted complex of shops, including the Street of Bad Cooking. The street (Malquisinat, now the
1681:
842:
824:
444:
offering patronage, and of issuing grants, diplomas, and charters. Fulk openly and publicly dismissed her hereditary authority. The fears of
305:
rarely exercised their authority directly. Instead, their husband exercised authority through the rights of their wives, a practice called
1860:
1419:
1924:
1506:, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 143–174; Nurith Kenaan-Kedar, "Armenian Architecture in Twelfth-Century Crusader Jerusalem",
614:
Melisende patronized), the only two royal mentions/inclusions being of Melisende's parents, and a possible bird pun on the king's name.
1934:
488:
of having an affair with Melisende. Hugh was the most powerful baron in the kingdom, and devotedly loyal to the memory of his cousin
468:
The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states, with Muslim states (in shades of green) in 1135 during the reign of Melisende
733:
blaming Manasses for alienating his mother from him. The crisis reached a boiling point early 1152 when Baldwin demanded that the
1939:
1944:
807:
had Amalric of Nesle appointed as patriarch of Jerusalem. Additionally, Melisende was witness to her son Amalric's marriage to
669:
ignored the call for help, as his army was already occupied against the Byzantine Empire in Cilicia. Despite Melisende's army,
214:
from 1131 to 1153, and regent for her son between 1153 and 1161, while he was on campaign. She was the eldest daughter of King
799:. In 1157, with Baldwin on campaign in Antioch, Melisende saw an opportunity to take el-Hablis, which controlled the lands of
261:, in a diplomatic marriage to fortify alliances in the region. Melisende, named after her paternal grandmother, Melisende of
1572:
1373:
1190:
1127:
1100:
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beyond the Jordan. Also in 1157, on the death of patriarch Fulcher, Melisende, her sister Ioveta the Abbess of Bethany, and
1949:
1929:
655:
1964:
577:
1954:
585:
1433:
1397:
1351:
419:
Fulk and Melisende were married on 2 June 1129 in Jerusalem. When Melisende bore a son and heir in 1130, the future
358:
of France; rather, he was placing the moral guardianship of the Outremer with the West for its survival, reminding
1119:
Knighthoods of Christ: Essays on the History of the Crusades and the Knights Templar, Presented to Malcolm Barber
917:
reseditque reginam regni potestas penes dominam Melisendem, Deo amabilem reginam, cui jure hereditario competebat
484:
The estrangement between husband and wife was a convenient political tool that Fulk used in 1134 when he accused
17:
654:
was besieged in a border war that threatened its survival. Queen Melisende responded by sending an army led by
1565:
La Contea Franca di Edessa. Fondazione e Profilo Storico del Primo Principato Crociato nel Levante (1098–1150)
724:
or social pressure to grant Baldwin any authority before 1152, even though Baldwin reached majority in 1145.
1163:
1791:
1724:
427:
held a coronation ceremony investing the kingship of Jerusalem jointly between his daughter, his grandson
1771:
734:
625:"Jerusalem during the second quarter of the twelfth century possessed a flourishing and well-established
552:
would rule as abbess. In keeping with a royal abbey, Melisende granted the convent the fertile plains of
516:. When Fulk was killed in a hunting accident in 1143, Melisende publicly and privately mourned for him.
512:
even in trivial matters, without knowledge". Husband and wife reconciled by 1136 and had a second son,
169:
1116:
Phillips, Jonathan (15 May 2017). "Armenia, Edessa and the Second Crusade". In Housley, Norman (ed.).
273:. By the time of his election as king, Baldwin II and Morphia already had three daughters: Melisende,
1550:
Defending the City of God: a Medieval Queen, the First Crusades, and the Quest for Peace in Jerusalem
1286:
Defending the City of God: a Medieval Queen, the First Crusades, and the Quest for Peace in Jerusalem
1271:
Defending the City of God: a Medieval Queen, the First Crusades, and the Quest for Peace in Jerusalem
1256:
Defending the City of God: a Medieval Queen, the First Crusades, and the Quest for Peace in Jerusalem
1209:
1811:
1751:
1665:
1654:
767:
and Jerusalem fell swiftly. Melisende with her younger son Amalric and others sought refuge in the
545:
448:
seemed to be justified, and the continued mistreatment of their queen irritated the members of the
420:
153:
90:
75:
396:
could be a potential grandfather to a future ruler of England, a relationship that would outflank
1846:
1781:
1761:
1746:
1736:
1629:
1197:
Street of Bad Cooking/Street of Cooks (Malquisinat/Vicus Coquinatus/Vicus Coquinatorum/Kocatrice)
423:, her father took steps to ensure Melisende would rule after him as reigning Queen of Jerusalem.
330:
215:
179:
141:
130:
86:
65:
1524:
Lambert, Sarah (1997), "Queen or Consort: Rulership and Politics in the Latin East, 1118–1228",
1480:
Gerish, Deborah (2006), "Holy War, Royal Wives, and Equivocation in Twelfth-Century Jerusalem",
696:, to succeed him in her own right, just as Melisende had been designated to succeed her father.
1872:
1766:
1731:
1168:. Translated by Stewart, Aubrey. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. 1897. p. 11.
906:
purposefully associated Melisende, and then Fulk, with his rule up until the time of his death.
693:
670:
589:
513:
270:
157:
1513:
Kühnel, Bianca (1991), "The Kingly Statement of the Bookcovers of Queen Melisende’s Psalter",
1180:
439:
died the next year in 1131, Melisende and Fulk ascended to the throne as joint rulers. Later,
1469:
Gaudette, Helen A. (2010), "The Spending Power of a Crusader Queen: Melisende of Jerusalem",
1090:
685:
565:
278:
199:
372:, a renownedly rich crusader and military commander, and to some extent a growing threat to
1919:
1914:
1816:
1786:
1756:
1708:
1535:
812:
784:
689:
611:
573:
317:
211:
119:
8:
1801:
1719:
681:
666:
658:
258:
223:
189:
1836:
1826:
1673:
1636:
877:
808:
692:, with her own vassal lords in tow. Eleanor had herself been designated by her father,
569:
504:
385:
342:
47:
833:
Chapel of Saints Joachim and Anne, originally the tomb of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem
1704:
1645:
1568:
1451:
1429:
1423:
1393:
1387:
1369:
1347:
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1123:
1096:
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607:
549:
477:
408:
perceived that Fulk, an ambitious man with grown sons to spare, was also a threat to
377:
369:
313:
266:
148:
1491:
Gerish, Deborah (2012), "Royal Daughters of Jerusalem and the Demands of Holy War",
1443:
829:
1831:
1796:
1498:
Hamilton, Bernard (1978), "Women in the Crusader States: the Queens of Jerusalem",
881:
804:
651:
485:
324:
289:
274:
254:
107:
748:
decided that Baldwin would rule the north of the kingdom and Melisende the richer
435:
designated Melisende as sole guardian for the young Baldwin, excluding Fulk. When
1959:
1806:
1776:
1117:
700:
662:
647:
533:
493:
453:
440:
381:
297:
576:. It is also probable that she was the patron of the rebuilding of the Armenian
1545:
768:
703:
in 1148, the battle strategy was planned. Conrad and Louis advised 18-year-old
677:
629:
which could, without difficulty, undertake a commission for a royal manuscript
561:
557:
250:
1613:
464:
1908:
1407:
894:
389:
302:
242:
1609:
837:
In 1161, Melisende fell ill. She likely had a stroke. Suffering from severe
334:, a kind of royal council composed of the nobility and clergy of the realm.
618:
404:
initially acquiesced to these demands, though he would come to reconsider.
412:
family and interest, and specifically a threat to his daughter Melisende.
262:
626:
472:
307:
265:, grew up in Edessa until she was 13, when her father was elected as the
492:. This loyalty now extended to Melisende. Contemporary sources, such as
508:
were a public affront that would severely damage Melisende's position.
355:
249:
in France. Her father Baldwin was a crusader knight who carved out the
524:, but a queen regnant, reigning by right of hereditary and civil law.
245:, and Melisende's paternal family originally came from the County of
234:
1867:
1821:
1346:. Oxford: The Ecclesiastical Historical Society. pp. 143–174.
992:
Offers patronage and issues diplomas, Marriage with Fulk, Birth of
850:
708:
676:
Melisende sent word to the Pope in Rome, and the west called for a
293:
238:
1538:(1972), "Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem",
1389:
Damsels Not in Distress: the True Story of Women in Medieval Times
753:
553:
500:
219:
164:
1521:, Münster, Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, pp. 340–357
1455:
1464:
Melisende of Jerusalem: The World of a Forgotten Crusader Queen
1304:
Melisende of Jerusalem: the World of a Forgotten Crusader Queen
800:
764:
712:
346:
282:
246:
846:
845:. Melisende, like her mother, bequeathed the property to the
749:
540:
successor, throughout the conflict with Fulk, and later when
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
312:
Contemporaries of Melisende who did rule, however, included
39:
796:
1366:
Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative
1078:. Oxford: The Ecclesiastical History Society. p. 150.
1001:
711:, though Melisende, Manasses, and Eleanor wanted to take
1703:
1450:. New York: Pantheon Books, A Division of Random House.
970:
968:
740:
Baldwin and Melisende agreed to put the decision to the
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
362:
that the Outremer was, to some extent, Frankish lands.
1893:
Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem
1412:
Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem
257:
and married Morphia, daughter of the Armenian prince
945:
593:
1477:, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 135–148
1360:
527:
1466:(Sawbridgeworth, East and West Publishing, 2011).
536:throughout her lifetime; from her appointment as
1906:
1338:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1031:feudal relationship between France and Jerusalem
285:, was born after the royal couple's coronation.
1557:Holy Warriors: a Modern History of the Crusades
1442:
1382:
1368:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell Press.
1322:Holy Warriors: a Modern History of the Crusades
1241:Holy Warriors: a Modern History of the Crusades
1150:Holy Warriors: a Modern History of the Crusades
876:embassy to France was headed by his constable,
1406:
376:himself. Fulk's son from a previous marriage,
1689:
1532:, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, pp. 153–169
1315:
1313:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1136:
1074:Bernard Hamilton (1978). Baker, Derek (ed.).
1064:
996:Second Crowing with father, husband, and son,
843:Abbey of St. Mary of the Valley of Jehosaphat
825:Abbey of St. Mary of the Valley of Jehosaphat
288:As the eldest child, Melisende was raised as
1593:
1297:
1295:
680:. The crusader expedition was led by French
499:Hugh allied himself with the Muslim city of
1502:Derek Baker and Rosalind M. T. Hill (ed.),
1418:
915:
544:would come of age. In 1138 she founded the
1696:
1682:
1567:. Rome: Pontificia Università Antonianum.
1562:
1310:
1227:
935:filia regis et regni Jerosolimitani haeres
1519:Tesserae: Festschrift für Joseph Engemann
1392:. New York: Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
1301:
1292:
117:11 September 1161 (aged 55–56)
1517:Ernst Dassmann and Klaus Thraede (ed.),
1475:Women and Wealth in Late Medieval Europe
1115:
1088:
978:, Ecclesiastical History Society, 1978,
828:
471:
463:
431:, and Fulk. Strengthening her position,
1530:Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe
1484:Naill Christie and Maya Yazigis (ed.),
1319:
1238:
1147:
480:, commissioned during the Queen's reign
14:
1907:
1283:
1268:
1253:
1092:Crusaders, Cathars and the Holy Places
759:Despite putting the matter before the
580:which was built in an Armenian style.
1677:
1182:Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades
578:Cathedral of Saint James in Jerusalem
568:, St Lazarus leper hospital, and the
548:in Bethany, where her younger sister
532:Melisende enjoyed the support of the
388:'s designated heir as England's next
1488:, Leiden, J. Brill, pp. 119–144
1178:
1027:searches for a husband for Melisende
370:Fulk V, Count of Anjou and Main
354:was not submitting Jerusalem to the
27:Queen of Jerusalem from 1131 to 1153
1050:Medieval Women; Queens of Jerusalem
707:to attack the Muslim city-state of
24:
1925:12th-century monarchs of Jerusalem
1845:
1582:
1493:Leidschrift Historisch Tijdschrift
1425:Uppity Women of the Medieval Times
1288:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 156.
1273:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 155.
1258:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 152.
688:. Accompanying Louis was his wife
459:
25:
1976:
1603:
1486:Noble Ideals and Bloody Realities
718:
641:
229:
1935:Christians of the Second Crusade
1866:
528:Patroness of the church and arts
38:
1899:, Volume 26 (1972), pp. 93–182.
1885:
1495:, vol. 27, n 3, pp. 89–112
1277:
1262:
1247:
1202:
1172:
1156:
1109:
1082:
210:(1105 – 11 September 1161) was
1940:Women from the Crusader states
1725:Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre
1428:. Berkeley, CA: Conari Books.
1055:
1043:
980:Frankish women in the Outremer
928:
909:
887:
867:
301:However, women recognized as
131:Shrine of Our Lady of Josaphat
13:
1:
1945:Women in 12th-century warfare
1610:Melisende: Queen of Jerusalem
1508:Assaph Studies in Art History
778:
1342:(1978). Baker, Derek (ed.).
1324:. Vintage Books. p. 71.
1302:Tranovich, Margaret (2011).
1243:. Vintage Books. p. 70.
1216:. Hebrew School of Jerusalem
1152:. Vintage Books. p. 72.
560:, Our Lady of Josaphat, the
269:as successor of his kinsman
216:Baldwin II of Jerusalem
7:
1950:12th-century queens regnant
1930:Queens regnant of Jerusalem
1563:Ferdinandi, Sergio (2017).
1542:, vol. 26, pp. 93–182.
1414:. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 26.
594:
10:
1981:
1965:Queen mothers of Jerusalem
1552:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014
1473:Theresa Earenfight (ed.),
1332:
1320:Philips, Jonathan (2010).
1239:Philips, Jonathan (2010).
1165:Anonymous Pilgrims, I–VIII
1148:Philips, Jonathan (2010).
1089:Hamilton, Bernard (2018).
822:
241:forces in 1099 during the
1955:Women in war in West Asia
1856:
1843:
1715:
1662:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1614:Medieval Archives Podcast
1122:. Routledge. p. 45.
476:An illustration from the
195:
185:
175:
163:
147:
137:
125:
113:
101:
97:
82:
71:
61:
53:
46:
37:
32:
1306:. Melisende. p. 23.
1179:Boas, Adrian J. (2001).
1022:, Pantheon Books, 1966,
860:
849:(Orthodox monastery) of
818:
682:Louis VII of France
665:, and Elinand of Bures.
546:Convent of Saint Lazarus
345:to recommend a Frankish
292:. Frankish women in the
154:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
1891:Mayer, Hans Eberhard. “
1284:Newman, Sharan (2014).
1269:Newman, Sharan (2014).
1254:Newman, Sharan (2014).
988:Recognized as successor
684:and the German Emperor
590:illuminated manuscripts
386:Henry I of England
343:Louis VI of France
180:Baldwin II of Jerusalem
142:Fulk, King of Jerusalem
1850:
1528:Anne J. Duggan (ed.),
916:
834:
815:to Agnes and Amalric.
481:
469:
237:had been conquered by
158:Amalric I of Jerusalem
1897:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1849:
1594:Tarr, Judith (1997).
1559:, Vintage Books, 2010
1540:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1510:, n 3, pp. 77–91
1462:Tranovich, Margaret,
832:
566:Order of the Hospital
475:
467:
281:. A fourth daughter,
1709:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1536:Mayer, Hans Eberhard
785:Constance of Antioch
699:During the Crusader
690:Eleanor of Aquitaine
318:Eleanor of Aquitaine
1555:Philips, Jonathan.
1362:Hodgson, Natasha R.
976:Queens of Jerusalem
974:Hamilton, Bernard,
805:Sibylla of Flanders
659:Manasses of Hierges
328:the support of the
259:Gabriel of Melitene
224:Morphia of Melitene
190:Morphia of Melitene
1851:
1637:Queen of Jerusalem
1598:. Tom Doherty LLC.
1588:Historical fiction
878:William I of Bures
835:
809:Agnes of Courtenay
667:Raymond of Antioch
570:Praemonstratensian
482:
470:
380:, was married to
212:Queen of Jerusalem
48:Queen of Jerusalem
1881:
1880:
1807:John I of Brienne
1672:
1671:
1663:Succeeded by
1574:978-88-7257-103-3
1375:978-1-84383-332-1
1214:The Jewish Mosaic
1192:978-1-134-58272-3
1129:978-1-351-92392-7
1102:978-0-429-81278-1
1018:Oldenbourg, Zoe,
984:Melisende's youth
839:memory impairment
735:patriarch Fulcher
608:Melisende Psalter
478:Melisende Psalter
316:(1080–1129), and
314:Urraca of Castile
267:King of Jerusalem
205:
204:
200:Roman Catholicism
78:(as sole monarch)
16:(Redirected from
1972:
1900:
1889:
1871:
1870:
1832:John I of Cyprus
1698:
1691:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1627:Preceded by
1619:
1618:
1599:
1578:
1459:
1439:
1415:
1403:
1379:
1357:
1340:Bernard Hamilton
1326:
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1026:
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999:
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900:
891:
885:
882:Hugues de Payens
875:
871:
793:
774:
727:
706:
612:the nearby abbey
597:
543:
539:
523:
491:
486:Hugh II of Jaffa
447:
438:
434:
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426:
421:Baldwin III
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
375:
367:
361:
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340:
290:heir presumptive
255:County of Edessa
108:County of Edessa
89:(1131–1143) and
42:
30:
29:
21:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1905:
1904:
1903:
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1852:
1841:
1711:
1702:
1668:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1606:
1596:Queen of Swords
1585:
1583:Further reading
1575:
1444:Oldenbourg, Zoé
1436:
1400:
1384:Hopkins, Andrea
1376:
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873:
872:
868:
863:
827:
821:
791:
781:
772:
725:
721:
704:
701:meeting in Acre
686:Conrad III
663:Philip of Milly
644:
595:Sūq al-ʿAṭṭārīn
572:St Samuel's in
541:
537:
530:
521:
494:William of Tyre
489:
462:
460:Palace intrigue
454:County of Anjou
445:
441:William of Tyre
436:
432:
428:
424:
413:
409:
405:
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397:
393:
382:Empress Matilda
373:
365:
359:
351:
338:
298:life expectancy
232:
170:House of Rethel
156:
133:
118:
106:
28:
23:
22:
18:Queen Melisende
15:
12:
11:
5:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
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1922:
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1716:
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1678:
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1669:
1664:
1661:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1622:Regnal titles
1617:
1616:
1605:
1604:External links
1602:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1560:
1553:
1546:Newman, Sharan
1543:
1533:
1522:
1511:
1504:Medieval Women
1496:
1489:
1478:
1467:
1460:
1440:
1434:
1416:
1408:Mayer, Hans E.
1404:
1398:
1380:
1374:
1358:
1352:
1344:Medieval Women
1334:
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1327:
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1076:Medieval Women
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990:pp. 148, 149,
986:pp. 147, 148,
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939:
938:
926:
925:
922:
921:
908:
886:
865:
864:
862:
859:
853:in Jerusalem.
823:Main article:
820:
817:
780:
777:
769:Tower of David
720:
719:Mother and son
717:
694:William X
678:Second Crusade
648:Crusader state
643:
642:Second Crusade
640:
635:
634:
562:Templum Domini
558:Holy Sepulchre
529:
526:
461:
458:
271:Baldwin I
251:Crusader state
231:
230:Heir Patronage
228:
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1435:1-57324-010-9
1431:
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1417:
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1409:
1405:
1401:
1399:0-8239-3992-8
1395:
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1371:
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1359:
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1353:0-631-12539-6
1349:
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1215:
1211:
1210:"Jewish Food"
1205:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:. Routledge.
1184:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1121:
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1112:
1104:
1098:
1095:. Routledge.
1094:
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1085:
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1032:
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1021:
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936:
931:
927:
918:
912:
896:
895:Hans E. Mayer
890:
883:
879:
870:
866:
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854:
852:
848:
844:
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831:
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691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
649:
639:
632:
631:de grand luxe
628:
624:
623:
622:
620:
615:
613:
609:
603:
601:
596:
591:
587:
581:
579:
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571:
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563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
535:
525:
517:
515:
509:
506:
502:
497:
495:
487:
479:
474:
466:
457:
455:
451:
442:
422:
417:
391:
390:queen regnant
387:
383:
379:
371:
363:
357:
348:
344:
335:
333:
332:
326:
321:
320:(1122–1204).
319:
315:
311:
309:
304:
303:queen regnant
299:
296:had a higher
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:First Crusade
240:
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227:
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221:
217:
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209:
201:
198:
194:
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188:
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100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1896:
1887:
1741:
1722:
1659:(1143–1153))
1658:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1595:
1564:
1556:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1448:The Crusades
1447:
1424:
1411:
1388:
1365:
1343:
1321:
1303:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1218:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1196:
1181:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1118:
1111:
1091:
1084:
1075:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:The Crusades
1019:
994:Baldwin III,
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
934:
930:
911:
897:argued that
889:
874:Baldwin II's
869:
855:
836:
789:
782:
760:
758:
745:
741:
739:
731:
722:
698:
675:
646:In 1144 the
645:
636:
630:
619:Hugo Buchtal
616:
604:
600:Spice Market
588:painters of
582:
538:Baldwin II's
531:
518:
510:
498:
483:
449:
418:
410:Baldwin II's
364:
336:
329:
322:
306:
287:
233:
207:
206:
83:Co-sovereign
1920:1161 deaths
1915:1105 births
1873:Catholicism
1861:Family tree
1812:Isabella II
1752:Baldwin III
1666:Baldwin III
1655:Baldwin III
1650:(1131–1143)
1420:Leon, Vicki
792:Baldwin III
773:Baldwin III
726:Baldwin III
705:Baldwin III
671:Edessa fell
627:scriptorium
621:wrote that
542:Baldwin III
522:Baldwin III
429:Baldwin III
308:jure uxoris
93:(1143–1153)
91:Baldwin III
76:Baldwin III
62:Predecessor
1909:Categories
1822:Conrad III
1782:Isabella I
1762:Baldwin IV
1737:Baldwin II
1630:Baldwin II
1220:2018-04-26
1025:Baldwin II
982:, p. 143,
904:Baldwin II
899:Baldwin II
893:Historian
779:Retirement
761:Haute Cour
746:Haute Cour
742:Haute Cour
490:Baldwin II
450:Haute Cour
446:Baldwin II
437:Baldwin II
433:Baldwin II
425:Baldwin II
414:Baldwin II
406:Baldwin II
402:Baldwin II
356:suzerainty
352:Baldwin II
339:Baldwin II
331:Haute Cour
218:, and the
66:Baldwin II
1817:Conrad II
1767:Baldwin V
1742:Melisende
1732:Baldwin I
1641:1131–1153
1040:, p. 264,
880:and with
656:constable
586:miniature
505:Patriarch
337:However,
263:Montlhéry
235:Jerusalem
222:princess
208:Melisende
120:Jerusalem
72:Successor
57:1131–1153
33:Melisende
1837:Henry II
1787:Conrad I
1705:Monarchs
1456:65010013
1446:(1965).
1422:(1997).
1410:(1974).
1386:(2004).
1364:(2007).
1052:, p. 151
1038:of Anjou
851:Mar Saba
709:Damascus
574:Mountjoy
398:Louis VI
378:Geoffrey
374:Louis VI
366:Louis VI
360:Louis VI
294:Outremer
279:Hodierna
239:Crusader
220:Armenian
196:Religion
1792:Henry I
1772:Sibylla
1757:Amalric
1720:Godfrey
1707:of the
1333:Sources
998:p. 149,
813:Sibylla
754:Samaria
554:Jericho
514:Amalric
501:Ascalon
253:of the
1960:Gilead
1827:Hugh I
1797:Aimery
1571:
1454:
1432:
1396:
1372:
1350:
1189:
1126:
1099:
1036:Fulk V
801:Gilead
765:Nablus
744:. The
713:Aleppo
652:Edessa
564:, the
550:Ioveta
534:Church
394:Fulk V
368:chose
347:vassal
325:clergy
283:Ioveta
277:, and
247:Rethel
186:Mother
176:Father
138:Spouse
126:Burial
1644:with
861:Notes
847:laura
819:Death
750:Judea
275:Alice
165:House
149:Issue
54:Reign
1802:Mary
1747:Fulk
1723:(as
1646:Fulk
1569:ISBN
1452:LCCN
1430:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1097:ISBN
797:Pisa
752:and
114:Died
105:1105
102:Born
87:Fulk
1895:.”
1777:Guy
1612:on
790:As
650:of
1911::
1548:,
1526:in
1515:in
1500:in
1482:in
1471:in
1312:^
1294:^
1229:^
1212:.
1195:.
1138:^
1066:^
1033:,
1029:,
1003:^
947:^
884:.
673:.
661:,
633:".
392:.
384:,
226:.
1727:)
1697:e
1690:t
1683:v
1577:.
1458:.
1438:.
1402:.
1378:.
1356:.
1223:.
1132:.
1105:.
598:/
310:.
20:)
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