418:
442:
394:
48:
374:
316:, the best preserved example, features three sets of que towers arranged sequentially along the spirit way. They also remained in use in front of temples and bridges. In gateways to the imperial palaces, they remained in use down to the end of the imperial era. Ultimately, they were combined with a more conventional gateway to form a single U-shaped structure, where a conventional gate would be connected, via two "arms" extending outwards, to two
20:
393:
417:
273:
have managed to survive. The locations around the imperial capitals, where the
Eastern Han imperial mausolea were located, saw more intensive level of destruction over the almost 2000 years that have elapsed since that era, and the
165:
familiar to us are stone reproductions of the free-standing wooden and/or earthen towers which were placed in pairs in front of the entrances to the palaces, temples, and government buildings of the period (already known during the
529:
Steinhardt, Nancy N. (2005). "Pleasure tower model," in
Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines', 275–281. Edited by Naomi Noble Richard. New Haven and London: Yale University Press and
227:
from the 3rd and 4th century have been found in
Sichuan, but, as Ann Paludan notes, only in the province's more remote and presumably culturally conservative parts. Generally, after the Eastern Han era, the role of
170:). Such free-standing towers, serving as markers of the symbolic boundary of a palace's or temple's premises, had developed from gate towers that were an integral part of a building or a city wall. None of such
373:
347:
s in
Nanjing were demolished in 1924 to make way for the construction of the Ming palace airfield. The gate in Beijing survives intact. Despite being a single structure, the
400:
265:
produced in these regions in the first place, due to the ready availability of stone and the tradition of stone-working craft; meanwhile elsewhere wooden
43:(part of the walled structures around tomb entrances) lacked wooden or ceramic components (but often imitated wooden buildings with ceramic roof tiles).
441:
150:
found in front of temples. Richly decorated, they are among the most valuable surviving relics of the sculpture and architecture of that period.
212:
in front of a palace and building. Here, it would symbolize the passage of the soul into the world of the spirits. A tall vertical structure,
269:
were built, which have not survived. Second, Sichuan has more remote, hard to access areas, which is exactly where many of the Han dynasty
626:
174:
in front of buildings have survived, but images of buildings with such towers in front of them can be seen on extant brick reliefs in
304:
in tomb architecture and other contexts declined after the Han dynasty but did not disappear. For example, imperial tombs of the
661:
411:
towers are visible in the mid-distance. The stone platforms would originally have been topped with pavilion-like structures.
197:
were usually the largest and most expensive component of the spirit way; such a tower could cost 4 times as much as a
671:
600:
539:
517:
126:
towers were used to form ceremonial gateways to tombs, palaces and temples throughout pre-modern China down to the
531:
83:
75:
656:
47:
555:
Han, Zhao; Li, Ku; Zhang, Lei; Jia, Qiang (2004), "古代闕門及相關問題 (Ancient Que Gates and
Related Issues)",
138:(202 BC – 220 AD), and today they can often be seen as a component of an architectural ensemble (a
666:
448:
360:
193:
also appeared in pairs, one on each side of the road. During the time of their popularity, the
463:
60:
261:, this distribution may be explained by two reasons. First, there may have been more stone
115:
8:
313:
596:
560:
535:
513:
146:) at the graves of high officials during China's Han dynasty. There are also some
467:
286:
650:
593:
The
Chinese spirit road : the classical tradition of stone tomb statuary
564:
488:
424:
328:
404:
340:
305:
198:
183:
127:
119:
52:
35:
province, Eastern Han dynasty. Notice the stone-carved decorations of roof
512:, 33–60. Edited by Nancy S. Steinhardt. New Haven: Yale University Press.
627:"Chine. La grande statuaire", and "Les origines de la statuaire en Chine"
588:
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179:
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474:
56:
481:
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101:
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on spirit ways declined after the fall of the
Eastern Han. Some
27:, 6 m (20 ft) in total height, located at the tomb of Gao Yi in
91:
435:
wings in combination with the conventional gate in the centre.
19:
331:, the southern and main entrances to the imperial palaces of
250:
36:
285:
were first made known to the international scholarship by
379:
A mural in Prince Yide's tomb (8th century), depicting a
359:
from the rest of the gate house. Outside of China, the
51:
Eastern Han stone-carved que pillar gates of
Dingfang,
427:
in
Beijing, the sole surviving example of an imperial
245:
have survived to the present day. Most of them are in
216:
would at the same time symbolize a link with heaven.
278:
constructed there did not have a chance to survive.
508:Liu, Xujie (2002). "The Qin and Han Dynasties" in
289:, who described them during his 1914 expedition.
648:
59:that once belonged to a temple dedicated to the
39:eaves, despite the fact that Han dynasty stone
554:
355:pavilions with pyramidal roofs mark out the
351:is identified distinctly from the gate. Two
312:, and remnants can still be seen today. The
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201:, or 10 times as much as a memorial stele.
431:gate in China, showing the two protruding
595:, Yale University Press, pp. 31–35,
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323:The final two examples of such combined
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46:
18:
637:
614:
587:
649:
466:. This is also where the oldest known
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134:gateways reached its peak during the
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581:
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208:may have been based on that of the
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399:A view down the spirit way of the
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683:
570:
232:on the spirit way was assumed by
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416:
392:
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110:) is a freestanding, ceremonial
557:Archaeology and Cultural Relics
532:Princeton University Art Museum
204:The symbolic meaning of a tomb
620:
523:
502:
473:Mausoleum of the Shen family,
407:. Remains of the third set of
96:
87:
79:
16:Ceremonial gate tower in China
1:
662:Chinese architectural history
495:
423:A historic photograph of the
7:
456:
10:
688:
178:tombs, such as the one in
383:tower along the walls of
189:At the spirit roads, the
118:. First developed in the
672:Han dynasty architecture
367:, has a similar design.
327:gates were found as the
130:(1644–1912). The use of
161:It is thought that the
464:Lushan County, Sichuan
67:
44:
296:after the Han dynasty
61:Warring States period
50:
22:
510:Chinese Architecture
449:Meridian Gate in Huế
361:Meridian Gate in Huế
281:Many of the Sichuan
116:Chinese architecture
657:Mausoleums in China
462:Tomb of Fan Min in
84:traditional Chinese
401:Qianling mausoleum
314:Qianling Mausoleum
157:in the Han dynasty
76:simplified Chinese
68:
45:
470:stele is located.
339:built during the
308:usually featured
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641:
640:, pp. 50–51
635:
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257:. According to
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122:(1046–256 BC),
114:in traditional
23:A stone-carved
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5:
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667:Types of gates
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542:. pp. 279–280.
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468:tortoise-borne
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329:Meridian Gates
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287:Victor Segalen
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540:0-300-10797-8
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489:Zitong County
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425:Meridian Gate
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638:Paludan 1991
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622:
617:, p. 38
615:Paludan 1991
610:
592:
589:Paludan, Ann
556:
525:
509:
504:
487:Liye Tower,
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428:
408:
405:Tang dynasty
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341:Ming dynasty
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306:Tang dynasty
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184:Yinan County
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128:Qing dynasty
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120:Zhou dynasty
105:
95:
71:
69:
53:Zhong County
40:
24:
300:The use of
259:Ann Paludan
249:; a few in
219:The use of
180:Yinan tombs
176:Han dynasty
168:Qin dynasty
136:Han dynasty
651:Categories
496:References
241:Around 30
199:stone lion
140:spirit way
112:gate tower
565:1000-7830
491:, Sichuan
484:, Sichuan
477:, Sichuan
475:Qu County
451:, Vietnam
238:pillars.
57:Chongqing
591:(1991),
520:. p. 55.
457:Examples
385:Chang'an
320:towers.
255:Shandong
102:Jyutping
65:Ba Manzi
63:general
403:of the
365:Vietnam
337:Beijing
333:Nanjing
247:Sichuan
235:huabiao
144:shendao
33:Sichuan
599:
563:
538:
516:
343:. The
104::
94::
92:pinyin
86::
78::
559:(5),
482:Ya'an
363:, in
251:Henan
107:kyut3
29:Ya'an
597:ISBN
561:ISSN
536:ISBN
514:ISBN
447:The
335:and
253:and
70:The
37:tile
433:que
429:que
409:que
381:que
357:que
353:que
349:que
345:que
325:que
318:que
310:que
302:que
294:Que
283:que
276:que
271:que
267:que
263:que
243:que
230:que
225:que
221:que
214:que
210:que
206:que
195:que
191:que
182:in
172:que
163:que
155:Que
148:que
132:que
124:que
97:què
72:que
41:que
25:que
653::
572:^
547:^
534:.
142:,
100:;
90:;
82:;
55:,
31:,
387:.
88:闕
80:阙
74:(
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