4266:
455:
440:
4521:
4115:
848:
4533:
811:
20:
406:" quarksâwhich are unobserved, and possibly unobservable in a free form. Simple pairwise or triplet combinations of these three constituents and their antiparticles underlie and elegantly encode the Eightfold Way classification, in an economical, tight structure, resulting in further simplicity. Hadronic mass differences were now linked to the different masses of the constituent quarks.
1114:
569:
Figure 1 shows the application of this decomposition to the mesons. If the flavor symmetry were exact (as in the limit that only the strong interactions operate, but the electroweak interactions are notionally switched off), then all nine mesons would have the same mass. However, the physical content
998:
2105:
The group theory approach described above assumes that the quarks are eight components of a single particle, so the anti-symmetrization applies to all the quarks. A simpler approach is to consider the eight flavored quarks as eight separate, distinguishable, non-identical particles. Then the
2400:
suggested the existence of a hidden degree of freedom, they labeled as the group SU(3)' (but later called 'color). This led to three triplets of quarks whose wavefunction was anti-symmetric in the color degree of freedom. Flavor and color were intertwined in that model: they did not commute.
895:
of a baryon must be antisymmetric under the exchange of any two quarks. This antisymmetric wavefunction is obtained by making it fully antisymmetric in color, discussed below, and symmetric in flavor, spin and space put together. With three flavors, the decomposition in flavor is
332:, in 1961. The hadrons were organized into SU(3) representation multiplets, octets and decuplets, of roughly the same mass, due to the strong interactions; and smaller mass differences linked to the flavor quantum numbers, invisible to the strong interactions. The
2218:
70:
that were being discovered starting in the 1950s and continuing through the 1960s. It received experimental verification beginning in the late 1960s and is a valid and effective classification of them to date. The model was independently proposed by physicists
1015:
2317:
2336:
Color quantum numbers are the characteristic charges of the strong force, and are completely uninvolved in electroweak interactions. They were discovered as a consequence of the quark model classification, when it was appreciated that the spin
899:
1188:
564:
149:, and so on. The strong interactions binding the quarks together are insensitive to these quantum numbers, so variation of them leads to systematic mass and coupling relationships among the hadrons in the same flavor multiplet.
2098:
1000:
The decuplet is symmetric in flavor, the singlet antisymmetric and the two octets have mixed symmetry. The space and spin parts of the states are thereby fixed once the orbital angular momentum is given.
297:, who was at the forefront of many of these developments. Constructing hadrons as bound states of fewer constituents would thus organize the "zoo" at hand. Several early proposals, such as the ones by
417:), but instead always combine with other quarks to form full hadrons, which then furnish ample indirect information on the trapped quarks themselves. Conversely, the quarks serve in the definition of
570:
of the full theory includes consideration of the symmetry breaking induced by the quark mass differences, and considerations of mixing between various multiplets (such as the octet and the singlet).
2322:
If quarkâquark interactions are limited to two-body interactions, then all the successful quark model predictions, including sum rules for baryon masses and magnetic moments, can be derived.
421:, the fundamental theory fully describing the strong interactions; and the Eightfold Way is now understood to be a consequence of the flavor symmetry structure of the lightest three of them.
2115:
1194:, of the baryon. Since these states are symmetric in spin and flavor, they should also be symmetric in spaceâa condition that is easily satisfied by making the orbital angular momentum
293:: "Young man, if I could remember the names of these particles, I would have been a botanist." These new schemes earned Nobel prizes for experimental particle physicists, including
83:
also touched upon the central ideas from 1963 to 1965, without as much quantitative substantiation. Today, the model has essentially been absorbed as a component of the established
1125:
265:
are made of three quarks (thus have a baryon number of 1). This article discusses the quark model for the up, down, and strange flavors of quark (which form an approximate flavor
2229:
281:
became a timely question after new experimental techniques uncovered so many of them that it became clear that they could not all be elementary. These discoveries led
2377:, required three up quarks with parallel spins and vanishing orbital angular momentum. Therefore, it could not have an antisymmetric wavefunction, (required by the
512:
1109:{\displaystyle \mathbf {6} \otimes \mathbf {6} \otimes \mathbf {6} =\mathbf {56} _{S}\oplus \mathbf {70} _{M}\oplus \mathbf {70} _{M}\oplus \mathbf {20} _{A}~.}
1610:
2102:
Mixing of baryons, mass splittings within and between multiplets, and magnetic moments are some of the other quantities that the model predicts successfully.
2620:(1965). "Propriétés de l'étrangeté et une formule de masse pour les mésons vectoriels" [Strangeness properties and a mass formula for vector meson].
993:{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} \otimes \mathbf {3} \otimes \mathbf {3} =\mathbf {10} _{S}\oplus \mathbf {8} _{M}\oplus \mathbf {8} _{M}\oplus \mathbf {1} _{A}~.}
4151:
30:
nonet. Members of the original meson "octet" are shown in green, the singlet in magenta. Although these mesons are now grouped into a nonet, the
4295:
4038:
4403:
2404:
The modern concept of color completely commuting with all other charges and providing the strong force charge was articulated in 1973, by
94:
Hadrons are not really "elementary", and can be regarded as bound states of their "valence quarks" and antiquarks, which give rise to the
379:, a member of the ground-state decuplet, was a crucial prediction of that classification. After it was discovered in an experiment at
4537:
3788:
4280:
4026:
469:
The
Eightfold Way classification is named after the following fact: If we take three flavors of quarks, then the quarks lie in the
4144:
409:
It would take about a decade for the unexpected natureâand physical realityâof these quarks to be appreciated more fully (See
4398:
499:
255:. Each quark or antiquark obeys the Gell-MannâNishijima formula individually, so any additive assembly of them will as well.
394:, discerned independently what the Eightfold Way picture encodes: They posited three elementary fermionic constituentsâthe "
309:(1956), ended up satisfactorily covering the mesons, but failed with baryons, and so were unable to explain all the data.
4481:
3068:
336:
systematized the quantification of these small mass differences among members of a hadronic multiplet, controlled by the
2213:{\displaystyle {\text{p}}\left({\frac {1}{2}},{\frac {1}{2}}\right)={\frac {{\text{u}}{\text{u}}{\text{d}}}{\sqrt {6}}}}
98:
of the hadrons. These quantum numbers are labels identifying the hadrons, and are of two kinds. One set comes from the
4137:
3006:
1008:
of quarks as the six states of three flavors and two spins per flavor. This approximate symmetry is called spin-flavor
4305:
3924:
3016:
2867:
4486:
4005:
2439:, and allows for a variety of mixings. There may be hadrons which lie outside the quark model. Among these are the
333:
1005:
313:
4446:
380:
4337:
4285:
743:
4496:
4021:
2737:
Greenberg, O.W. (1964). "Spin and unitary-spin independence in a paraquark model of baryons and mesons".
888:
34:
name derives from the patterns of eight for the mesons and baryons in the original classification scheme.
2511:
720:
478:
470:
337:
59:
2312:{\displaystyle \Delta ^{+}\left({\frac {3}{3}},{\frac {3}{2}}\right)={\text{u}}{\text{u}}{\text{d}}~.}
4451:
4097:
2622:
2378:
660:
2907:
4456:
3509:
2883:
Fritzsch, H.; Gell-Mann, M.; Leutwyler, H. (1973). "Advantages of the color octet gluon picture".
4525:
4370:
4238:
4228:
4065:
3700:
3327:
3061:
2739:
325:
134:
63:
31:
2841:
2817:
4243:
4216:
4000:
3337:
2902:
2507:
2425:
491:
418:
384:
146:
119:
1183:{\displaystyle \mathbf {56} =\mathbf {10} ^{\frac {3}{2}}\oplus \mathbf {8} ^{\frac {1}{2}}~,}
559:{\displaystyle \mathbf {3} \otimes \mathbf {\overline {3}} =\mathbf {8} \oplus \mathbf {1} ~.}
4491:
4365:
4332:
4087:
2775:
4441:
4380:
4375:
4349:
4196:
2969:
2894:
2855:
2837:
2789:
2748:
2711:
2641:
2549:
84:
2600:
2579:
99:
8:
4408:
4102:
3085:
2938:
2472:
648:" has its origin in topological peculiarities of the strong interaction vacuum, such as
294:
2973:
2898:
2859:
2793:
2752:
2715:
2645:
2553:
4436:
4206:
4045:
3054:
2985:
2959:
2845:
2680:
2631:
2409:
2405:
610:
447:
321:
27:
2617:
2561:
80:
4322:
4114:
4082:
3995:
3474:
3219:
3146:
3035:
3002:
2989:
2950:
2916:
2885:
2863:
2780:
2653:
2429:
414:
328:
classification, invented by Gell-Mann, with important independent contributions from
1118:
The 56 states with symmetric combination of spin and flavour decompose under flavor
4559:
4501:
4248:
4233:
4174:
4092:
3863:
3638:
3499:
3484:
3166:
3077:
2981:
2977:
2912:
2797:
2756:
2719:
2649:
2557:
2535:
2413:
710:
329:
317:
261:
are made of a valence quarkâantiquark pair (thus have a baryon number of 0), while
72:
39:
2942:
2106:
anti-symmetrization applies only to two identical quarks (like uu, for instance).
4564:
4423:
4290:
4060:
3985:
3969:
3909:
3319:
3244:
3234:
3224:
3136:
3024:
2702:
2540:
2382:
805:
185:
2428:, the structure of hadrons is more complicated than this model allows. The full
4461:
4160:
4119:
4033:
3990:
3726:
3514:
3287:
3209:
3204:
3126:
3031:
2760:
2397:
1583:
667:
434:
302:
282:
95:
88:
55:
2801:
66:, the successful classification scheme organizing the large number of lighter
4553:
4431:
4390:
4077:
3929:
3896:
3688:
3658:
3590:
3449:
3229:
3156:
3141:
2723:
2676:
2502:
2494:
2451:
2393:
1365:
656:
462:
403:
290:
209:
153:
4413:
4344:
4253:
4211:
4201:
4055:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3346:
3297:
3239:
3161:
3116:
2700:
Franklin, J. (1968). "A Model of
Baryons Made of Quarks with Hidden Spin".
2596:
2575:
2498:
2432:
2386:
2331:
1485:
1409:
1267:
892:
391:
359:
306:
298:
286:
213:
76:
4327:
4189:
4184:
3838:
3741:
3736:
3653:
3648:
3578:
3532:
3489:
3454:
3413:
3305:
3269:
3131:
2964:
2093:{\displaystyle |{\text{p}}_{\uparrow }\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {18}}}~.}
1607:
For example, the constituent quark model wavefunction for the proton is
177:
142:
490:. The nine states (nonet) made out of a pair can be decomposed into the
3812:
3706:
3696:
3678:
3568:
3469:
3404:
3121:
3046:
3039:
2850:
2515:
2460:
2456:
454:
439:
399:
205:
127:
123:
2933:
3954:
3944:
3914:
3807:
3773:
3766:
3643:
3633:
3628:
3600:
3368:
3151:
1543:
1325:
649:
285:
to exclaim "Had I foreseen that, I would have gone into botany." and
181:
2814:
4506:
4050:
3878:
3833:
3817:
3778:
3751:
3464:
3459:
3439:
3409:
3399:
3394:
3214:
3189:
3184:
3111:
2672:
2601:
An SU(3) Model for Strong
Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking: II
2441:
748:
724:
413:). Counter-intuitively, they cannot ever be observed in isolation (
395:
233:
173:
2685:
2636:
2435:
of any hadron must include virtual quark pairs as well as virtual
847:
4179:
4129:
3959:
3949:
3919:
3873:
3868:
3843:
3761:
3746:
3673:
3668:
3573:
3558:
3504:
3479:
3444:
3373:
3355:
3094:
1227:
884:
733:
252:
138:
2109:
Then, the proton wavefunction can be written in a simpler form:
3939:
3934:
3563:
3550:
3541:
3363:
3277:
3176:
2580:
An SU(3) Model for Strong
Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking
2481:
2477:
876:
840:
810:
799:
410:
278:
262:
67:
47:
3964:
3904:
3756:
3615:
3494:
3434:
3389:
3282:
3260:
3103:
2538:(4 January 1964). "A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons".
2489:
2485:
2436:
2385:
noted this problem in 1964, suggesting that quarks should be
1119:
1009:
484:. The antiquarks lie in the complex conjugate representation
481:
430:
266:
258:
51:
87:
of strong and electroweak particle interactions, dubbed the
3731:
3663:
3623:
3199:
3194:
609:
is larger than the quark model can accommodate, and this "
506:(called the octet). The notation for this decomposition is
232:. Antiquarks have the opposite quantum numbers. Quarks are
19:
2882:
269:). There are generalizations to larger number of flavors.
2671:. XXX-th International Workshop on High Energy Physics.
2424:
While the quark model is derivable from the theory of
2449:(which contain valence quarks as well as gluons) and
2232:
2118:
1613:
1128:
1018:
902:
515:
709:= (â1), where the 1 in the exponent arises from the
75:, who dubbed them "quarks" in a concise paper, and
3023:
2816:
2773:
2311:
2212:
2092:
1182:
1108:
992:
779:; while all other quantum numbers are thus called
775:= 1. States with these quantum numbers are called
573:N.B. Nevertheless, the mass splitting between the
558:
2815:Bardeen, W.; Fritzsch, H.; Gell-Mann, M. (1973).
2419:
54:âthe quarks and antiquarks that give rise to the
4551:
2776:"Three-triplet model with double SU(3) symmetry"
3021:
2736:
79:, who suggested "aces" in a longer manuscript.
4296:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
2834:Scale and conformal symmetry in hadron physics
4145:
3062:
2078:
2031:
1984:
1937:
1890:
1843:
1796:
1746:
1696:
1631:
387:for his work on the Eightfold Way, in 1969.
2996:
2528:
723:. Flavored mesons have indefinite value of
58:of the hadrons. The quark model underlies
4152:
4138:
3069:
3055:
2999:Unitary Symmetry and Elementary Particles
2963:
2906:
2849:
2684:
2635:
2616:
2589:
2568:
2534:
1012:. In terms of this, the decomposition is
3076:
2699:
2667:Petrov, Vladimir A. (June 23â27, 2014).
1190:where the superscript denotes the spin,
846:
809:
659:. If the quarkâantiquark pair are in an
453:
438:
18:
1004:It is sometimes useful to think of the
4552:
3540:
2666:
1201:. These are the ground-state baryons.
277:Developing classification schemes for
4133:
3050:
2693:
2606:(Report). CERN Report No.8419/TH.412.
2595:
2585:(Report). CERN Report No.8182/TH.401.
2574:
2445:(which contain only valence gluons),
2325:
4532:
742:and 0 states, one can define a new
13:
4159:
2234:
14:
4576:
4531:
4520:
4519:
4264:
4113:
4006:Timeline of particle discoveries
1159:
1139:
1130:
1090:
1075:
1060:
1045:
1036:
1028:
1020:
974:
959:
944:
929:
920:
912:
904:
719:= (â1) for mesons which have no
546:
538:
526:
517:
390:Finally, in 1964, Gell-Mann and
16:Classification scheme of hadrons
2876:
46:is a classification scheme for
4447:Causal dynamical triangulation
2982:10.1016/j.physletb.2004.06.001
2808:
2767:
2730:
2660:
2610:
2420:States outside the quark model
2300:
2297:
2294:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2081:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1756:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1706:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1656:
1649:
1626:
1615:
1408:decuplet baryons are the four
498:(called the singlet), and the
381:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1:
4286:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
2927:
2818:"Light cone current algebra,
2774:Han, M.Y.; Nambu, Y. (1965).
2562:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3
767:= (â1), then it follows that
744:multiplicative quantum number
655:Mesons are hadrons with zero
4022:History of subatomic physics
2943:"Review of Particle Physics"
2917:10.1016/0370-2693(73)90625-4
2654:10.1016/0029-5582(65)90348-2
713:of the quarkâantiquark pair.
529:
334:Gell-MannâOkubo mass formula
216:have an electric charge of â
7:
2466:
2392:Instead, six months later,
2298:↑ ↑ ↑
2205:↓ ↑ ↑
2199:↑ ↓ ↑
2193:↑ ↑ ↓
314:Gell-MannâNishijima formula
10:
4581:
2761:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.598
2669:Half a Century with QUARKS
2329:
1226:octet baryons are the two
803:
797:
793:
471:fundamental representation
428:
338:explicit symmetry breaking
272:
152:All quarks are assigned a
50:in terms of their valence
4515:
4474:
4452:Canonical quantum gravity
4422:
4389:
4358:
4315:
4304:
4273:
4262:
4167:
4111:
4014:
3978:
3895:
3856:
3826:
3800:
3796:
3787:
3719:
3687:
3614:
3549:
3531:
3427:
3382:
3354:
3345:
3336:
3318:
3296:
3268:
3259:
3175:
3102:
3093:
3084:
2997:Lichtenberg, D B (1970).
2802:10.1103/PhysRev.139.B1006
2379:Pauli exclusion principle
424:
4457:Superfluid vacuum theory
4039:mathematical formulation
3634:Eta and eta prime mesons
3022:J.J.J. Kokkedee (1969).
2724:10.1103/PhysRev.172.1807
2521:
783:(for example, the state
661:orbital angular momentum
477:(called the triplet) of
4239:Quantum electrodynamics
4229:Electroweak interaction
3701:Double-charm tetraquark
2740:Physical Review Letters
889:spinâstatistics theorem
450:of spin-0 form a nonet
383:, Gell-Mann received a
4217:Quantum chromodynamics
2832:. In Gatto, R. (ed.).
2508:Quantum chromodynamics
2426:quantum chromodynamics
2313:
2214:
2094:
1184:
1110:
994:
880:
844:
560:
500:adjoint representation
492:trivial representation
466:
465:of spin-1 form a nonet
451:
419:quantum chromodynamics
385:Nobel prize in physics
289:to advise his student
135:flavor quantum numbers
120:total angular momentum
35:
4333:Cosmological constant
4098:Waveâparticle duality
4088:Relativistic particle
3225:Electron antineutrino
3015:Thomson, M A (2011),
2838:John Wiley & Sons
2314:
2215:
2095:
1185:
1111:
995:
850:
813:
777:natural parity states
561:
457:
442:
133:The other set is the
22:
4442:Loop quantum gravity
4381:Theory of everything
4376:Grand Unified Theory
4350:Neutrino oscillation
4197:Quantum field theory
3328:FaddeevâPopov ghosts
3078:Particles in physics
2230:
2116:
1611:
1126:
1016:
900:
513:
251:particles, and thus
85:quantum field theory
4409:Split supersymmetry
4371:KaluzaâKlein theory
4244:Fermi's interaction
4103:Particle chauvinism
4046:Subatomic particles
2974:2004PhLB..592....1P
2939:Particle Data Group
2899:1973PhLB...47..365F
2860:2002hep.ph...11388B
2794:1965PhRv..139.1006H
2753:1964PhRvL..13..598G
2716:1968PhRv..172.1807F
2646:1965NucPh..63..349P
2578:(17 January 1964).
2554:1964PhL.....8..214G
2473:Subatomic particles
448:Pseudoscalar mesons
4437:Superstring theory
4207:Strong interaction
3001:. Academic Press.
2430:quantum mechanical
2326:Discovery of color
2309:
2210:
2090:
1180:
1106:
990:
881:
845:
556:
467:
452:
322:Kazuhiko Nishijima
36:
28:pseudoscalar meson
4547:
4546:
4470:
4469:
4345:Strong CP problem
4323:Hierarchy problem
4127:
4126:
4083:Massless particle
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3852:
3851:
3715:
3714:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3475:Magnetic monopole
3423:
3422:
3314:
3313:
3255:
3254:
3235:Muon antineutrino
3220:Electron neutrino
2951:Physics Letters B
2886:Physics Letters B
2781:Physical Review B
2305:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2269:
2256:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2150:
2137:
2122:
2086:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1647:
1646:
1623:
1176:
1171:
1151:
1102:
986:
891:implies that the
883:Since quarks are
552:
532:
415:color confinement
100:Poincaré symmetry
4572:
4535:
4534:
4523:
4522:
4313:
4312:
4268:
4267:
4249:Weak hypercharge
4234:Weak interaction
4175:Particle physics
4154:
4147:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4117:
4093:Virtual particle
3864:Mesonic molecule
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3639:Bottom eta meson
3547:
3546:
3538:
3537:
3510:WâČ and ZâČ bosons
3500:Sterile neutrino
3485:Majorana fermion
3352:
3351:
3343:
3342:
3266:
3265:
3245:Tau antineutrino
3100:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3029:
3012:
2993:
2967:
2965:astro-ph/0406663
2947:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2853:
2831:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2710:(3): 1807â1817.
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2639:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2532:
2414:Murray Gell-Mann
2376:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1200:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1039:
1031:
1023:
999:
997:
996:
991:
984:
983:
982:
977:
968:
967:
962:
953:
952:
947:
938:
937:
932:
923:
915:
907:
875:
874:
872:
871:
868:
865:
838:
837:
835:
834:
831:
828:
789:
758:
741:
711:intrinsic parity
686:
672:
666:state, and have
665:
652:configurations.
645:
644:
643:
636:
635:
627:
626:
625:
618:
617:
608:
607:
606:
599:
598:
590:
589:
588:
581:
580:
565:
563:
562:
557:
550:
549:
541:
533:
525:
520:
489:
376:
375:
374:
367:
366:
358:
356:
355:
352:
349:
318:Murray Gell-Mann
305:(1949), and the
249:
247:
246:
243:
240:
231:
229:
228:
225:
222:
203:
201:
200:
197:
194:
171:
169:
168:
165:
162:
130:, respectively.
73:Murray Gell-Mann
40:particle physics
4580:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4511:
4466:
4424:Quantum gravity
4418:
4385:
4354:
4307:
4300:
4291:Higgs mechanism
4269:
4265:
4260:
4163:
4158:
4128:
4123:
4107:
4061:Nuclear physics
4010:
3974:
3910:Davydov soliton
3883:
3848:
3822:
3783:
3711:
3683:
3610:
3519:
3419:
3378:
3332:
3310:
3292:
3251:
3171:
3080:
3075:
3026:The quark model
3009:
2945:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2908:10.1.1.453.4712
2881:
2877:
2870:
2813:
2809:
2772:
2768:
2747:(20): 598â602.
2735:
2731:
2703:Physical Review
2698:
2694:
2665:
2661:
2623:Nuclear Physics
2615:
2611:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2573:
2569:
2541:Physics Letters
2533:
2529:
2524:
2469:
2422:
2410:Harald Fritzsch
2406:William Bardeen
2383:Oscar Greenberg
2373:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2261:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1637:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
978:
973:
972:
963:
958:
957:
948:
943:
942:
933:
928:
927:
919:
911:
903:
901:
898:
897:
869:
866:
863:
862:
860:
855:
832:
829:
826:
825:
823:
818:
808:
806:List of baryons
802:
796:
784:
753:
736:
678:
670:
663:
642:
640:
639:
638:
634:
632:
631:
630:
629:
624:
622:
621:
620:
616:
614:
613:
612:
611:
605:
603:
602:
601:
597:
595:
594:
593:
592:
587:
585:
584:
583:
579:
577:
576:
575:
574:
545:
537:
524:
516:
514:
511:
510:
485:
437:
427:
373:
371:
370:
369:
365:
363:
362:
361:
360:
353:
350:
347:
346:
344:
316:, developed by
275:
244:
241:
238:
237:
235:
226:
223:
220:
219:
217:
198:
195:
192:
191:
189:
186:electric charge
166:
163:
160:
159:
157:
96:quantum numbers
81:André Petermann
56:quantum numbers
17:
12:
11:
5:
4578:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4529:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4462:Twistor theory
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4310:
4308:Standard Model
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4161:Standard Model
4157:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4134:
4125:
4124:
4120:Physics portal
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4034:Standard Model
4031:
4030:
4029:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4001:Quasiparticles
3998:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3897:Quasiparticles
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3693:
3691:
3689:Exotic hadrons
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3555:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3515:X and Y bosons
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3288:W and Z bosons
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Strange (quark
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3032:W. A. Benjamin
3019:
3013:
3008:978-1483242729
3007:
2994:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2875:
2868:
2851:hep-ph/0211388
2807:
2766:
2729:
2692:
2659:
2630:(2): 349â352.
2609:
2588:
2567:
2548:(3): 214â215.
2526:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2505:
2503:exotic baryons
2495:Exotic hadrons
2492:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2452:exotic hadrons
2421:
2418:
2398:Yoichiro Nambu
2372:
2364:
2330:Main article:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2221:
2220:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1617:
1599:
1591:
1577:
1569:
1559:
1551:
1537:
1529:
1519:
1511:
1501:
1493:
1479:
1471:
1461:
1453:
1443:
1435:
1425:
1417:
1381:
1373:
1359:
1351:
1341:
1333:
1319:
1311:
1301:
1293:
1283:
1275:
1261:
1253:
1243:
1235:
1179:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
989:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
798:Main article:
795:
792:
761:
760:
730:
714:
704:
641:
633:
623:
615:
604:
596:
586:
578:
567:
566:
555:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
528:
523:
519:
435:List of mesons
426:
423:
372:
364:
303:Chen-Ning Yang
283:Wolfgang Pauli
274:
271:
267:SU(3) symmetry
118:stand for the
89:Standard Model
60:"flavor SU(3)"
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4577:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4540:
4539:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:String theory
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4391:Supersymmetry
4388:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:Exotic matter
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4066:Eightfold way
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4056:Antiparticles
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:Atomic nuclei
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Upsilon meson
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Lambda baryon
3589:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3450:Dual graviton
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Superpartners
3344:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Muon neutrino
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Bottom (quark
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3018:
3017:Lecture notes
3014:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2869:0-471-29292-3
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2829:annihilation"
2828:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2677:Moscow Oblast
2674:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2618:Petermann, A.
2613:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2536:Gell-Mann, M.
2531:
2527:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:exotic mesons
2496:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:Moo-Young Han
2390:
2388:
2387:para-fermions
2384:
2380:
2341:
2333:
2323:
2306:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2180:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2087:
2034:
1987:
1940:
1893:
1846:
1799:
1752:
1749:
1702:
1699:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1605:
1585:
1545:
1487:
1411:
1390:
1367:
1327:
1269:
1266:), the three
1229:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1177:
1168:
1165:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1134:
1121:
1116:
1103:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1065:
1055:
1050:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1011:
1007:
1002:
987:
979:
969:
964:
954:
949:
939:
934:
924:
916:
908:
894:
890:
886:
878:
858:
853:
849:
842:
839:ground state
821:
816:
812:
807:
801:
791:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
756:
751:
750:
745:
739:
735:
731:
728:
727:
722:
718:
715:
712:
708:
705:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
681:
676:
675:
674:
669:
662:
658:
657:baryon number
653:
651:
647:
637:η′
600:η′
571:
553:
542:
534:
521:
509:
508:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
483:
480:
476:
472:
464:
463:Vector mesons
460:
456:
449:
445:
441:
436:
432:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
341:
339:
335:
331:
330:Yuval Ne'eman
327:
326:Eightfold Way
324:, led to the
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:Leon Lederman
288:
284:
280:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
254:
250:
215:
214:bottom quarks
211:
207:
187:
183:
179:
175:
155:
154:baryon number
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
65:
64:Eightfold Way
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
33:
32:Eightfold Way
29:
25:
21:
4536:
4524:
4414:Supergravity
4274:Constituents
4254:Weak isospin
4221:
4212:Color charge
4202:Gauge theory
4118:
4070:
3789:Hypothetical
3737:Exotic atoms
3606:Omega baryon
3596:Sigma baryon
3586:Delta baryon
3338:Hypothetical
3320:Ghost fields
3306:Higgs boson
3240:Tau neutrino
3132:Charm (quark
3025:
2998:
2955:
2949:
2935:
2934:S. Eidelman
2890:
2884:
2878:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2810:
2788:(4B): 1006.
2785:
2779:
2769:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2668:
2662:
2627:
2621:
2612:
2591:
2570:
2545:
2539:
2530:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2433:wavefunction
2423:
2403:
2391:
2359:baryon, the
2339:
2335:
2332:Color charge
2321:
2222:
2108:
2104:
2101:
1606:
1388:
1206:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1117:
1006:basis states
1003:
893:wavefunction
882:
856:
851:
819:
814:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
762:
754:
747:
737:
725:
716:
706:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
679:
654:
572:
568:
503:
495:
486:
474:
468:
458:
443:
408:
392:George Zweig
389:
342:
311:
307:Sakata model
299:Enrico Fermi
295:Luis Alvarez
287:Enrico Fermi
276:
257:
204:, while the
151:
137:such as the
132:
115:
111:
107:
103:
93:
77:George Zweig
43:
37:
23:
4475:Experiments
4366:Technicolor
4328:Dark matter
4222:Quark model
4190:Higgs boson
4185:Gauge boson
4071:Quark model
3839:Theta meson
3742:Positronium
3654:Omega meson
3649:J/psi meson
3579:Antineutron
3490:Dark photon
3455:Graviphoton
3414:Stop squark
3122:Down (quark
2822:decay, and
2461:pentaquarks
2457:tetraquarks
1582:), and the
1364:), and the
1324:), the two
746:called the
143:strangeness
44:quark model
4554:Categories
4482:Gran Sasso
4306:Beyond the
4281:CKM matrix
4168:Background
3813:Heptaquark
3774:Superatoms
3707:Pentaquark
3697:Tetraquark
3679:Quarkonium
3569:Antiproton
3470:Leptoquark
3405:Neutralino
3167:antiquark)
3157:antiquark)
3152:Top (quark
3147:antiquark)
3137:antiquark)
3127:antiquark)
3117:antiquark)
3086:Elementary
3040:B001RAVDIA
2958:(1â4): 1.
2928:References
2893:(4): 365.
2840:. p.
2679:, Russia.
2516:QCD vacuum
804:See also:
771:= 1, thus
752:such that
429:See also:
340:of SU(3).
182:top quarks
128:C-symmetry
124:P-symmetry
4051:Particles
3996:Particles
3955:Polariton
3945:Plasmaron
3915:Dropleton
3808:Hexaquark
3779:Molecules
3767:Protonium
3644:Phi meson
3629:Rho meson
3601:Xi baryon
3533:Composite
3369:Gravitino
3112:Up (quark
2990:118588567
2903:CiteSeerX
2686:1412.8681
2637:1412.8681
2597:Zweig, G.
2576:Zweig, G.
2455:(such as
2442:glueballs
2235:Δ
2223:and the
2202:−
2196:−
2079:⟩
2074:↑
2062:↑
2050:↓
2035:−
2032:⟩
2027:↓
2015:↑
2003:↑
1988:−
1985:⟩
1980:↑
1968:↓
1956:↑
1941:−
1938:⟩
1933:↑
1921:↑
1909:↓
1894:−
1891:⟩
1886:↓
1874:↑
1862:↑
1847:−
1844:⟩
1839:↑
1827:↓
1815:↑
1800:−
1797:⟩
1792:↑
1780:↑
1768:↓
1747:⟩
1742:↓
1730:↑
1718:↑
1697:⟩
1692:↑
1680:↓
1668:↑
1632:⟩
1627:↑
1484:), three
1155:⊕
1086:⊕
1071:⊕
1056:⊕
1033:⊗
1025:⊗
970:⊕
955:⊕
940:⊕
917:⊗
909:⊗
703:= 0 or 1,
687:| â€
650:instanton
543:⊕
530:¯
522:⊗
343:The spin-
62:, or the
4526:Category
4507:Tevatron
4359:Theories
4316:Evidence
4180:Fermions
4027:timeline
3879:R-hadron
3834:Glueball
3818:Skyrmion
3752:Tauonium
3465:Inflaton
3460:Graviton
3440:Curvaton
3410:Sfermion
3400:Higgsino
3395:Chargino
3356:Gauginos
3215:Neutrino
3200:Antimuon
3190:Positron
3185:Electron
3095:Fermions
2941:(2004).
2673:Protvino
2599:(1964).
2467:See also
1228:nucleons
885:fermions
879:decuplet
852:Figure 5
815:Figure 4
749:G-parity
699:, where
591:and the
459:Figure 3
444:Figure 2
402:", and "
253:fermions
184:have an
106:, where
24:Figure 1
4560:Hadrons
4538:Commons
4502:Super-K
4338:problem
4015:Related
3986:Baryons
3960:Polaron
3950:Plasmon
3925:Fracton
3920:Exciton
3874:Diquark
3869:Pomeron
3844:T meson
3801:Baryons
3762:Pionium
3747:Muonium
3674:D meson
3669:B meson
3574:Neutron
3559:Nucleon
3551:Baryons
3542:Hadrons
3505:Tachyon
3480:Majoron
3445:Dilaton
3374:Photino
3210:Antitau
3177:Leptons
2970:Bibcode
2895:Bibcode
2856:Bibcode
2790:Bibcode
2749:Bibcode
2712:Bibcode
2642:Bibcode
2550:Bibcode
2482:baryons
2478:Hadrons
2447:hybrids
2356:
2344:
1542:), two
1405:
1393:
1386:). The
1223:
1211:
873:
861:
836:
824:
794:Baryons
734:isospin
673:, then
404:strange
357:
345:
279:hadrons
273:History
263:baryons
248:
236:
230:
218:
210:strange
202:
190:
170:
158:
139:isospin
68:hadrons
48:hadrons
4565:Quarks
3991:Mesons
3940:Phonon
3935:Magnon
3857:Others
3827:Mesons
3720:Others
3616:Mesons
3564:Proton
3428:Others
3383:Others
3364:Gluino
3298:Scalar
3278:Photon
3261:Bosons
3104:Quarks
3038:
3005:
2988:
2936:et al.
2905:
2866:
2514:, the
2512:flavor
2490:quarks
2486:mesons
2437:gluons
2412:, and
2368:Δ
2304:
2085:
1595:Ω
1573:Ξ
1555:Ξ
1533:Σ
1515:Σ
1497:Σ
1486:Sigmas
1475:Δ
1457:Δ
1439:Δ
1421:Δ
1410:Deltas
1377:Λ
1366:Lambda
1355:Ξ
1337:Ξ
1315:Σ
1297:Σ
1279:Σ
1268:Sigmas
1175:
1101:
985:
887:, the
877:baryon
854:. The
841:baryon
817:. The
800:Baryon
781:exotic
757:= (â1)
721:flavor
677:|
646:puzzle
619:η
582:η
551:
479:flavor
425:Mesons
411:Quarks
377:baryon
368:Ω
259:Mesons
212:, and
126:, and
52:quarks
42:, the
26:: The
4404:NMSSM
3979:Lists
3970:Trion
3965:Roton
3905:Anyon
3732:Atoms
3495:Preon
3435:Axion
3390:Axino
3283:Gluon
3270:Gauge
2986:S2CID
2960:arXiv
2946:(PDF)
2846:arXiv
2681:arXiv
2632:arXiv
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1120:SU(3)
1010:SU(6)
843:octet
482:SU(3)
431:Meson
234:spin-
178:charm
147:charm
4399:MSSM
3930:Hole
3757:Onia
3664:Kaon
3624:Pion
3195:Muon
3036:ASIN
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