1908:
428:
1174:
6326:
1048:, the charm quark received its name because of the "symmetry it brought to the subnuclear world". Glashow also justified the name as "a magical device to avert evil", because adding the charm quark would prohibit unwanted and unseen decays in the three-quark theory at the time. The charm quark is also called the "charmed quark" in both academic and non-academic contexts. The symbol of the charm quark is "c".
36:
1903:
1528:
In April 1975, E. G. Cazzoli et al., including Palmer and Samios, published their earlier ambiguous evidence for the charmed baryon. By the time of the Lepton–Photon
Symposium in August 1975, eight new heavy particles had been discovered. These particles, however, have zero total charm. Starting from
1296:
I have won already several bottles of wine by betting for the neutral currents and I am ready to bet now a whole case that if the weak interaction sessions of this
Conference were dominated by the discovery of the neutral currents, the entire next Conference will be dominated by the discovery of the
1452:
were aligned in parallel. The two called this configuration "charmonium". Charmonium would have two forms: "orthocharmonium", where the spins of the two quarks are parallel, and "paracharmonium", where the spins align oppositely. Murray Gell-Mann also believed in the idea of charmonium. Some other
1547:
according to
Glashow's prediction. On 5 May, Goldhaber and Pierre published a joint memorandum about their discovery of the "naked charm". By the time of the 18th International Conference on High Energy Physics, more charmed particles had been discovered. Riordan said "solid evidence for charm
1479:
and
Terence Goldman had predicted. This particle was called ψ′ ("psi-prime"). In late November, Appelquist and Politzer published their paper theorizing charmonium. Glashow and Alvaro De Rujula also published a paper called "Is Bound Charm Found?", in which they used the charm quark and
3161:
1382:. It took months for Palmer to be convinced the lambda baryon came from a charmed particle. When the magnet of the bubble chamber failed in October 1974, they did not encounter the same event. The two scientists published their observations in early 1975.
1745:
2990:
1919:
Charm quarks can exist in either "open charm particles", which contain one or several charm quarks, or as charmonium states, which are bound states of a charm quark and a charm antiquark. There are several charmed mesons, including
1231:—but Gell-Mann initially proposed only three quarks. Bjorken and Glashow thus hoped to establish parallels between the leptons and the quarks with their theory. According to Glashow, the conjecture came from "aesthetic arguments".
1419:. The team was eventually convinced they had observed a massive particle and named it "J". Ting considered announcing his discovery in October 1974, but postponed the announcement due to his concern about the μ/π ratio.
1510:, Glashow recalled his wager and commented, "John 's wine and my hat had been saved in the nick of time". At the next EMS conference, spectroscopists ate Mexican candy hats supplied by the organizers.
1582:. It is a three-quark particle containing two charm quarks. The team found doubly charmed baryons with an up quark are more massive and have a higher rate of production than those with a down quark.
1750:
1246:. They further predicted the existence of "charmed particles" and offered suggestions on how to experimentally produce them. They also suggested the charmed quark could provide a mechanism—the
1497:
published nine theoretical papers on the J/psi particle; according to
Michael Riordan, five of them "promoted the charm hypothesis and its variations". In 1976, Ting and Richter shared the
2182:
in particle physics is a measure of quantum mechanical probability for the interaction. It is the ratio between the interaction rate per target particle and the incident particle flux.
2052:
Particles containing charm quarks can be produced via electron–positron collisions or in hadron collisions. Using different energies, electron–positron colliders can produce psi or
4858:
3925:
3753:
3653:
1493:(PRL) published the discovery papers of J and psi, by Ting and Richter respectively. The discovery of the psi-prime was published the following week. Then, on 6 January 1975,
1261:
At the
Conference on Experimental Meson Spectroscopy (EMS) in April 1974, Glashow delivered his paper titled "Charm: An Invention Awaits Discovery". Glashow asserted because
443:
2112:
The charm quark can decay into other quarks via weak decays. The charm quark also annihilates with the charm antiquark during the decays of ground-state charmonium mesons.
881:
3960:
1520:
article titled "Iliopoulos won his bet" in the same year, saying the 18th ICHEP was "indeed dominated by that very discovery". No-one paid off their bets to
Iliopoulos.
2999:, p. 47, "With these discoveries, the interpretation ... was established beyond reasonable doubt. More important, the quark model itself was put back on its feet".
1898:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}|V_{\text{cd}}|&=0.221\pm 0.004\\|V_{\text{cs}}|&=0.975\pm 0.006\\|V_{\text{cb}}|&=(40.8\pm 1.4)\times 10^{-3}\end{aligned}}}
1005:
showed how its existence would account for experimental and theoretical discrepancies. In 1974, its existence was confirmed through the independent discoveries of the
2132:
According to
Riordan, the word "outlanders" means "other kinds of physicists who did neutrino scattering or measured electron–positron collisions in storage rings."
4248:
2978:
2611:
1440:
Theorists immediately began to analyze the new particle. It was shown to have a lifetime on the scale of 10 seconds, suggesting special characteristics.
1648:
Collaboration found evidence for the existence of intrinsic charm quarks in the proton. In the same year, physicists also conducted a direct search for
2766:
1548:
surfaced in session after session" at the conference, confirming the existence of the charm quark. The charmed strange meson was discovered in 1977.
874:
3378:
1289:
6249:
521:
2534:
Giudice, Gian
Francesco. "Naturally speaking: the naturalness criterion and physics at the LHC". Perspectives on LHC physics (2008): 155–178.
1362:
and become a charm quark. Then, the proton would be transformed into a charmed baryon before it decayed into several particles, including a
867:
5999:
5051:. XVII International Conference on High Energy Physics. Vol. III. London: Ecole Normale Superieure. pp. 89–116. PTENS-74-4.
6237:
517:
444:
3479:"Direct constraint on the Higgs–charm coupling from a search for Higgs boson decays into charm quarks with the ATLAS detector"
3170:, "This is the first evidence of direct CP violation in an individual charm–hadron decay (D → π π), with a significance of 3.8
1724:, and a charm of +1. The charm quark is more massive than the strange quark: the ratio between the masses of the two is about
5248:
5191:
5169:
5141:
1269:. He also made several predictions on the properties of charm quarks. He wagered that, by the next EMS conference in 1976:
447:
442:
5279:
1437:. They called the particle "psi". On 11 November 1974, Richter met Ting at the SLAC, and they announced their discovery.
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20:
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2930:
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2813:
2797:
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2717:
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1742:
describes the weak interaction of quarks. As of 2022, the values of the CKM matrix relating to the charm quark are:
455:
446:
6216:
2264:
1660:. They have determined that the Higgs–charm coupling is weaker than the Higgs–bottom coupling. On 7 July 2022, the
453:
438:
454:
1464:
On 15 November 1974, Ting and
Richter issued a press release about their discovery. On 21 November at the SLAC,
4405:
1405:
1379:
1010:
435:
210:
3872:
Besson, D.; et al. (CLEO Collaboration) (2003). "Observation of a narrow resonance of mass 2.46 GeV/
2105:
through the same mechanism. The decay rate of the Higgs boson into charmonium is "governed by the charm-quark
1907:
1028:
containing two charm quarks has been found. There is recent evidence that intrinsic charm quarks exist in the
432:
6355:
1677:
943:
491:
77:
843:
6232:
5078:
3416:
3362:
2041:
1032:, and the coupling of the charm quark and the Higgs boson has been studied. Recent evidence also indicates
728:
436:
4814:
3879:
3709:
2064:
can also decay into hadrons containing the charm quark or the charm antiquark. The Z boson can decay into
1430:'s team performed experiments on 9–10 November 1974. They also found a high probability of interaction at
5240:
5151:
1383:
433:
1265:
were likely to exist, a fourth quark was "sorely needed" to explain the rarity of the decays of certain
4482:
3616:
3613:
Aubert, B.; et al. (BaBar Collaboration) (2003). "Observation of a Narrow Meson State Decaying to
2162:
1529:
the fourth quarter of that year, physicists began to look for particles with a net, or "naked", charm.
4572:
2987:, p. 319, "Solid evidence for charm surfaced in session after session. There was no longer any doubt".
440:
6308:
3401:
4329:
Glashow, S. L.; Iliopoulos, J.; Maiani, L. (1970). "Weak Interactions with Lepton–Hadron Symmetry".
4141:
3478:
3432:
431:
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5220:
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2175:
1103:
were proposed. These quarks would produce all of the particles in the Eightfold Way. Gell-Mann and
808:
738:
5210:
1215:
and Sheldon Glashow theorized "charm" as a new quantum number. At the time, there were four known
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3841:
3804:
3570:
2057:
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1449:
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509:
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317:
87:
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1408:(BNL). His team was using an electron-pair detector. By the end of August, they found a peak at
6211:
5548:
4943:
1498:
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935:
758:
643:
583:
513:
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are composed of elementary constituents, which Gell-Mann called "quarks". Initially, only the
6298:
5040:. V International Conference on Experimental Meson Spectroscopy. Boston, Mass. SLAC-PUB-1974.
5032:
1958:
1657:
633:
450:
434:
4400:
4107:"On the origin of inclusive electron events in ee annihilation between 3.6 and 5.2 GeV"
4958:
4761:
4724:
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3813:
3585:
3541:
3500:
2021:
1979:
543:
483:
451:
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announced they had found evidence of direct CP violation in the decay of the D meson into
8:
6313:
5296:
5161:
4979:
1386:
commented that this event was "ambiguous" and "encouraging but not convincing evidence".
907:
778:
593:
578:
461:
387:
367:
352:
332:
55:
48:
4962:
4765:
4728:
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4553:
4465:
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4344:
4305:
4266:
4196:
4123:
4072:
4027:
3854:
3817:
3597:
3589:
3545:
3504:
2775:, p. 300, "Murray ... thinks that the charm–anticharm vector meson is more likely".
818:
6256:
5265:
5125:
5088:
5063:
4924:
4885:
4793:
4777:
4688:
4657:
4643:
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4588:
4524:
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4233:
4208:
4092:
4058:
3971:
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3557:
3516:
3490:
3383:
1506:
1481:
1476:
1367:
1104:
753:
668:
92:
5155:
4106:
3512:
1448:
suggested that the particle was composed of a charm quark and a charm antiquark whose
6325:
6293:
6206:
5685:
5430:
5357:
5244:
5187:
5165:
5137:
5057:
4928:
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4785:
4752:
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4321:
4131:
4084:
4049:
4035:
3782:
3698:
3686:
3601:
3561:
3520:
2620:, p. 306, "It was encouraging, but not convincing, evidence this one was ambiguous".
2000:
1719:
1441:
1401:
981:
803:
733:
698:
628:
623:
588:
563:
539:
535:
277:
203:
4889:
4797:
4634:
4528:
4096:
4044:
1593:
collaborations each reported evidence for the mixing of two neutral charmed mesons,
6303:
6074:
5849:
5710:
5695:
5377:
5288:
5098:
5005:
4995:
4966:
4908:
4869:
4769:
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4675:
4648:
4614:
4606:
4557:
4512:
4508:
4469:
4432:
4387:
4348:
4309:
4270:
4229:
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4212:
4200:
4183:
4162:
4127:
4076:
4031:
4000:
3981:
3858:
3821:
3772:
3764:
3678:
3593:
3549:
3508:
3453:
1590:
1586:
1533:
1516:
1320:
1255:
1251:
1168:
1112:
1068:
788:
783:
683:
658:
618:
475:
419:
361:
100:
96:
4873:
4773:
4610:
3768:
3682:
6350:
6271:
6196:
6180:
6120:
5530:
5455:
5445:
5435:
5347:
4224:
4014:
2106:
2056:
mesons. Hadron colliders produce particles that contain charm quarks at a higher
1661:
1454:
1324:
1262:
1235:
1045:
998:
994:
833:
718:
708:
703:
693:
653:
648:
608:
495:
256:
182:
175:
4436:
4166:
3863:
3836:
3826:
3795:
1695:
957:
848:
245:
6330:
6244:
6201:
5937:
5725:
5498:
5420:
5415:
5337:
5010:
4912:
4736:
4679:
4391:
4175:
4004:
3985:
2154:
1912:
1681:
1653:
1634:
1445:
1427:
1375:
1239:
1002:
939:
927:
919:
773:
743:
688:
678:
663:
573:
479:
415:
296:
234:
216:
186:
43:
4970:
4313:
6344:
6288:
6140:
6107:
5899:
5869:
5801:
5660:
5440:
5367:
5352:
4473:
4080:
2150:
2053:
1915:
of baryons that contain the up, down, strange and charm quarks with half-spin
1371:
1363:
1247:
1212:
1178:
1164:
1137:
1100:
990:
793:
748:
713:
568:
171:
4352:
4274:
2439:
1301:
Applying an argument of naturalness to the kaon mass splitting between the K
6266:
5816:
5806:
5796:
5557:
5508:
5450:
5372:
5327:
5215:
5000:
4920:
4881:
4789:
4697:
4626:
4520:
4088:
3786:
3690:
1638:
1242:
proposed a new quark that differed from the three then-known quarks by the
1117:
1084:
1033:
853:
823:
798:
768:
638:
613:
598:
487:
326:
286:
135:
1633:. The evidence confirmed the mixing rate is small, as is predicted by the
6281:
6049:
5952:
5947:
5864:
5859:
5789:
5743:
5700:
5665:
5624:
5516:
5480:
5046:
5028:
4012:
Bjorken, B. J.; Glashow, S. L. (1964). "Elementary particles and SU(4)".
2235:
2233:
1649:
1511:
1395:
1108:
1062:
1006:
931:
915:
828:
813:
763:
723:
673:
3569:
Appelquist, Thomas; Barnett, R. Michael; Lane, Kenneth (December 1978).
3442:. Vol. 16, no. 11. Geneva, Switzerland: CERN. pp. 383–88.
1017:. In the next few years, several other charmed particles, including the
6023:
5917:
5907:
5889:
5779:
5680:
5615:
5332:
5257:
5093:
4781:
4618:
4593:
4562:
4537:
4063:
3976:
3777:
3673:
3553:
2065:
1739:
1096:
838:
603:
4746:
3605:
2230:
1561:
1501:
for their discovery "of a heavy elementary particle of the new kind".
6165:
6155:
6125:
6018:
5984:
5977:
5854:
5844:
5839:
5811:
5579:
5362:
5133:
4452:
Hara, Yasuo (11 May 1964). "Unitary Triplets and the Eightfold Way".
4204:
2068:
through charm quark fragmentation. The Higgs boson can also decay to
5102:
5062:. Flavorful Ways to New Physics. Freudenstadt - Lauterbad, Germany.
4811:
Starič, M.; et al. (Belle Collaboration) (2007). "Evidence for
3706:
Aubert, B.; et al. (BaBar Collaboration) (2007). "Evidence for
3177:
2427:
1173:
6261:
6089:
6044:
6028:
5989:
5962:
5675:
5670:
5650:
5620:
5610:
5605:
5425:
5400:
5395:
5322:
5068:
4662:
4419:
3529:
3495:
3113:
1557:
1458:
1228:
1220:
1092:
4503:
4296:
1036:
in the decay of the D meson, which contains the charm quark.
6170:
6160:
6130:
6084:
6079:
6054:
5972:
5957:
5884:
5879:
5784:
5769:
5715:
5690:
5655:
5584:
5566:
5305:
4571:
Mattson, M.; et al. (SELEX Collaboration) (September 2002).
3213:
2194:
2061:
1594:
1544:
1344:
1342:
Glashow predicted that the down quark of a proton could absorb a
1018:
104:
60:
6150:
6145:
5774:
5761:
5752:
5574:
5488:
5387:
3237:
3225:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
1216:
1088:
1076:
1029:
1025:
911:
4363:"Observation in ee Annihilation of a Narrow State at 1865 MeV/
3528:
Amati, D.; Bacry, H.; Nuyts, J.; Prentki, J. (December 1964).
2161:
also notes this mass corresponds to the "running" mass in the
35:
6175:
6115:
5967:
5826:
5705:
5645:
5600:
5493:
5471:
5314:
5087:. Vol. 459, no. 1 (published 1999). pp. 9–27.
3333:
3321:
2690:
2582:
2580:
2403:
1645:
1560:
published the first observation of the doubly charmed baryon
1465:
1080:
947:
923:
70:
4900:"Do protons have intrinsic charm? New evidence suggests yes"
3149:
3070:
3068:
3055:
3053:
3002:
2680:
2678:
2322:
1111:, a quantum number, in 1953 to describe processes involving
5942:
5874:
5834:
5410:
5405:
4487:
and Observation of a Charged Charmoniumlike State at Belle"
2846:
1665:
1266:
1224:
1204:
1183:
223:
4944:"The discovery of the J particle: A personal recollection"
4401:"Higgs boson decay to charmonia via c-quark fragmentation"
4282:
Gersabeck, Marco (2012). "Brief Review of Charm Physics".
3101:
3026:
2577:
2415:
1280:
Charm is found by hadron spectroscopers, and we celebrate.
4043:
Braaten, Eric; Cheung, Kingman; Yuan, Tzu Chiang (1993).
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3065:
3050:
2858:
2834:
2675:
2516:
5157:
The Hunting of the Quark: A True Story of Modern Physics
4708:"Observation of a Narrow Charged State at 1876 MeV/
4104:
Brandelik, R.; et al. (DASP Collaboration) (1977).
3249:
3125:
1543:
peak, which suggested the presence of a neutral charmed
989:
The existence of the charm quark was first predicted by
4641:
4328:
4045:"Z decay into charmonium via charm quark fragmentation"
3119:
3014:
2707:
2705:
2537:
2490:
2488:
2456:
2454:
2445:
2391:
2379:
2367:
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2343:
2239:
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3309:
3297:
3261:
3201:
3137:
3080:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2783:
2781:
2738:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2597:
2595:
2565:
2471:
2469:
2298:
2200:
1523:
934:, can decay into charm quarks. All charm quarks carry
19:"Charm (physics)" redirects here. For other uses, see
4817:
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3183:
2433:
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1748:
1457:, initially thought the new particle consisted of an
1319:
states, the mass of the charm quark was estimated by
4897:
Thompson, Benjamin; Howe, Nick Petrić (2022-08-17).
3837:"Discovery of a Narrow Resonance in ee Annihilation"
2886:
2702:
2485:
2451:
1283:
Charm is found by outlanders, and you eat your hats.
922:
created in particle accelerator collisions. Several
21:
Charm (disambiguation) § Science and technology
4644:"Evidence for intrinsic charm quarks in the proton"
4481:Liu, Z.; et al. (Belle Collaboration) (2013).
4150:
Currents or Charmed-Baryon Production by Neutrinos"
3477:Aad, G.; et al. (ATLAS Collaboration) (2022).
2663:
2651:
2639:
4898:
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4745:
4706:
4361:
4242:
4228:
4140:
4105:
3954:
3919:
3747:
3647:
2283:
2245:
1897:
4573:"First Observation of the Doubly Charmed Baryon Ξ
4398:
4042:
3339:
3327:
2310:
1641:between the decays of the two charmed particles.
6342:
4988:Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics
4359:
4103:
3360:
3155:
3008:
1207:by involving the charm quark (c) in the process.
3834:
3417:"LHCb digs deeper in CP-violating charm decays"
3414:
3363:"Higgs-boson charm coupling weaker than bottom"
3167:
3038:
2852:
2218:
1290:International Conference on High Energy Physics
430:
4977:
4704:
4570:
4138:
4011:
3796:"Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle
3243:
3231:
3219:
3032:
2586:
2409:
2337:
1484:to explain the properties of the J/psi meson.
910:found in composite subatomic particles called
5273:
4810:
3871:
3793:
3705:
3612:
3578:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
3107:
3074:
3059:
2840:
1551:
875:
5234:
4896:
3131:
1021:and the charmed strange mesons, were found.
4219:
2543:
1468:found a resonance of the J/psi particle at
964:as measured in 2022, and a charge of +
5280:
5266:
5044:
4535:
4480:
3476:
3430:
3143:
2864:
2696:
2684:
2522:
2212:
882:
868:
5124:
5092:
5067:
5055:
5009:
4999:
4712:Decaying to an Exotic Combination of Kππ"
4687:
4661:
4592:
4561:
4538:"Quartet Scheme for Elementary Particles"
4502:
4418:
4295:
4281:
4062:
3975:
3862:
3825:
3776:
3672:
3494:
3303:
3267:
3255:
3095:
3020:
2996:
2421:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
1158:
5287:
3431:Southworth, Brian, ed. (November 1976).
2149:. This is because particle physics uses
1906:
1172:
5178:
5150:
5056:Gersabeck, Marco (28–31 October 2014).
5034:Three Generations of Quarks and Leptons
4743:
3376:
3315:
3291:
3279:
3207:
3195:
2984:
2968:
2952:
2936:
2920:
2904:
2876:
2824:
2803:
2787:
2772:
2756:
2744:
2728:
2629:
2617:
2601:
2571:
2555:
2506:
2475:
2304:
2273:
2258:
2047:
1404:was searching for charmed particles at
6343:
5751:
5076:
5027:
3391:
2892:
2711:
2494:
2316:
2292:
1366:. In late May 1974, Robert Palmer and
1250:—to facilitate the unification of the
1181:explains the rarity of the decay of a
5261:
5223:, Department of Physics and Astronomy
4399:Han, Tao; et al. (August 2022).
4173:
3835:Augustin, J.-E.; et al. (1974).
3377:Glashow, Sheldon L. (July 18, 1976).
2460:
2446:Glashow, Iliopoulos & Maiani 1970
2240:Glashow, Iliopoulos & Maiani 1970
1637:. Neither studies found evidence for
1415:and the signal's width was less than
1389:
1277:Charm is not found, and I eat my hat.
5130:Introduction to Elementary Particles
4941:
4853:{\displaystyle D^{o}-{\bar {D}}^{0}}
4536:Maki, Z.; Ohnuki, Y. (1 July 1964).
4451:
4139:Cazzoli, E. G.; et al. (1975).
3920:{\displaystyle D_{(s)}^{*+}\pi ^{0}}
3748:{\displaystyle D^{o}-{\bar {D}}^{0}}
2669:
2657:
2645:
2224:
1556:In 2002, the SELEX Collaboration at
1273:There are just three possibilities:
5208:
4360:Goldhaber, G.; et al. (1976).
3794:Aubert, J. J.; et al. (1974).
3598:10.1146/annurev.ns.28.120178.002131
3469:
3449:"Hunting the Doubly Charmed Baryon"
3446:
3392:Levine, Alaina G. (November 2017).
3184:Appelquist, Barnett & Lane 1978
3044:
2434:Appelquist, Barnett & Lane 1978
1680:up-type quark. It carries charm, a
1652:decays into charm quarks using the
1524:Other charmed particles (1975–1977)
946:particle is the third-most-massive
13:
5202:
5045:Iliopoulos, J. (July 1–10, 1974).
1688:, the charmed quark has a mass of
1671:
1424:Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
1015:Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
426:
14:
6367:
5083:. Heavy Quarks at Fixed Targets.
4942:Ting, Samuel C. C. (April 1977).
4705:Peruzzi, I.; et al. (1976).
3648:{\displaystyle D_{s}^{+}\pi ^{0}}
3447:Yap, Diana Michele (2002-06-10).
2145:uses the unit GeV instead of GeV/
1536:and François Pierre identified a
548:Physics beyond the Standard Model
6324:
6217:Timeline of particle discoveries
4642:The NNPDF Collaboration (2022).
3353:
1487:Eventually, on 2 December 1974,
1087:independently proposed that all
34:
4542:Progress of Theoretical Physics
3513:10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10588-3
3483:The European Physical Journal C
3415:LHCb experiment (7 July 2022).
3394:"This Month in Physics History"
3361:ATLAS experiment (2 May 2022).
3348:
3328:Braaten, Cheung & Yuan 1993
2528:
2168:
2135:
2126:
997:in 1964, and in 1970, Glashow,
5186:. Cambridge University Press.
5020:
4838:
4513:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.252002
4406:Journal of High Energy Physics
3894:
3888:
3733:
3530:"SU 4 and strong interactions"
3433:"1976 Nobel Prize for Physics"
1872:
1860:
1849:
1834:
1809:
1794:
1769:
1754:
1406:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1380:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1011:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1:
5059:Introduction to Charm Physics
4978:Workman, R. L.; et al. (
4874:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.211803
4774:10.1126/science.256.5061.1287
4611:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.112001
3769:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.211802
3683:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.242001
3400:. Vol. 26, no. 10.
2115:
1056:
492:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
6233:History of subatomic physics
5077:Rosner, Jonathan L. (1998).
4984:"Review of Particle Physics"
4132:10.1016/0370-2693(77)90360-4
4036:10.1016/0031-9163(64)90433-0
3655:at a Mass of 2.32 GeV/
3120:The NNPDF Collaboration 2022
2188:
1370:found an event generating a
1337:
7:
5241:University of Chicago Press
4167:10.1103/PhysRevLett.34.1125
3864:10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1406
3827:10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1404
2040:, with various charges and
10:
6372:
5085:AIP Conference Proceedings
5048:Progress in Gauge Theories
4913:10.1038/d41586-022-02237-2
4737:10.1103/PhysRevLett.37.569
4680:10.1038/s41586-022-04998-2
4392:10.1103/PhysRevLett.37.255
4005:10.1103/PhysRevD.75.119908
3986:10.1103/PhysRevD.68.032002
3955:{\displaystyle D_{sJ}^{*}}
3379:"The hunting of the quark"
2410:Bjorken & Glashow 1964
2163:minimal subtraction scheme
1956:. Charmed baryons include
1552:Later and current research
1393:
1292:(ICHEP), Iliopoulos said:
1288:In July 1974, at the 17th
1162:
1060:
1051:
522:Standard Model mathematics
18:
6322:
6225:
6189:
6106:
6067:
6037:
6011:
6007:
5998:
5930:
5898:
5825:
5760:
5742:
5638:
5593:
5565:
5556:
5547:
5529:
5507:
5479:
5470:
5386:
5313:
5304:
5295:
4971:10.1103/RevModPhys.49.235
4951:Reviews of Modern Physics
4747:"The Discovery of Quarks"
4744:Riordan, Michael (1992).
4314:10.1142/S0217732312300261
4250:mesons in gauge theories"
4230:"Rare decay modes of the
4176:"Iliopoulos wins his bet"
3402:American Physical Society
1083:. In 1964, Gell-Mann and
1039:
360:
325:
295:
285:
255:
233:
196:
164:
134:
110:
86:
76:
66:
54:
42:
33:
6250:mathematical formulation
5845:Eta and eta prime mesons
5221:Georgia State University
5117:
4474:10.1103/PhysRev.134.B701
4367:Decaying to Kπ and Kπππ"
4284:Modern Physics Letters A
4081:10.1103/PhysRevD.48.4230
3927:and confirmation of the
3132:Thompson & Howe 2022
2120:
1684:. According to the 2022
1461:with a charm antiquark.
1327:in 1974 to be less than
5912:Double-charm tetraquark
5184:Modern Particle Physics
4862:Physical Review Letters
4717:Physical Review Letters
4581:Physical Review Letters
4491:Physical Review Letters
4437:10.1007/JHEP08(2022)073
4372:Physical Review Letters
4353:10.1103/PhysRevD.2.1285
4275:10.1103/PhysRevD.10.897
4155:Physical Review Letters
3842:Physical Review Letters
3805:Physical Review Letters
3757:Physical Review Letters
3661:Physical Review Letters
2544:Gaillard & Lee 1974
2143:Particle Physics Review
1686:Particle Physics Review
1532:On 3 May 1976 at SLAC,
1490:Physical Review Letters
1024:In the 21st century, a
510:Electroweak interaction
4854:
4244:
3956:
3921:
3749:
3649:
2213:Maki & Ohnuki 1964
2157:is set to be one. The
1916:
1899:
1580:("double charmed xi+")
1499:Nobel Prize in Physics
1299:
1286:
1208:
1159:Theoretical prediction
1075:as a pattern to group
514:Quantum chromodynamics
458:
6309:Wave–particle duality
6299:Relativistic particle
5436:Electron antineutrino
5235:A. Pickering (1984).
5031:(April 29–30, 1977).
4855:
4245:
4174:Close, F. E. (1976).
3957:
3922:
3750:
3650:
3156:ATLAS experiment 2022
3009:Brandelik et al. 1977
1910:
1900:
1676:The charm quark is a
1658:Large Hadron Collider
1294:
1271:
1176:
544:Neutrino oscillations
464:of the Standard Model
457:
362:Weak hypercharge
6356:Elementary particles
5539:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
5289:Particles in physics
5243:. pp. 114–125.
5162:Simon & Schuster
5080:The Arrival of Charm
5001:10.1093/ptep/ptac097
4815:
4234:
3931:
3880:
3710:
3617:
3168:LHCb experiment 2022
2853:Augustin et al. 1974
2448:, p. 1290–1291.
2048:Production and decay
1746:
1244:charm quantum number
1227:, and each of their
484:Quantum field theory
462:Elementary particles
257:Electric charge
6314:Particle chauvinism
6257:Subatomic particles
5237:Constructing Quarks
5011:20.500.11850/571164
4980:Particle Data Group
4963:1977RvMP...49..235T
4766:1992Sci...256.1287R
4729:1976PhRvL..37..569P
4672:2022Natur.608..483N
4603:2002PhRvL..89k2001M
4554:1964PThPh..32..144M
4466:1964PhRv..134..701H
4429:2022JHEP...08..073H
4384:1976PhRvL..37..255G
4345:1970PhRvD...2.1285G
4306:2012MPLA...2730026G
4267:1974PhRvD..10..897G
4197:1976Natur.262..537C
4124:1977PhLB...70..125B
4073:1993PhRvD..48.4230B
4028:1964PhL....11..255B
3997:2007PhRvD..75k9908B
3951:
3906:
3855:1974PhRvL..33.1406A
3818:1974PhRvL..33.1404A
3634:
3590:1978ARNPS..28..387A
3546:1964NCim...34.1732A
3505:2022EPJC...82..717A
3244:Workman et al. 2022
3232:Workman et al. 2022
3222:, pp. 262–263.
3220:Workman et al. 2022
3033:Mattson et al. 2002
2699:, pp. 385–386.
2587:Cazzoli et al. 1975
2338:Workman et al. 2022
1504:In August 1976, in
1453:theorists, such as
908:elementary particle
49:Elementary particle
30:
4850:
4563:10.1143/PTP.32.144
4240:
3952:
3934:
3917:
3883:
3745:
3645:
3620:
3571:"Charm and Beyond"
3554:10.1007/BF02750568
3384:The New York Times
3108:Aubert et al. 2007
3075:Starič et al. 2007
3060:Aubert et al. 2007
2841:Aubert et al. 1974
1917:
1895:
1893:
1507:The New York Times
1482:asymptotic freedom
1477:Martin Breidenbach
1390:J/psi meson (1974)
1368:Nicholas P. Samios
1297:charmed particles.
1234:In 1970, Glashow,
1209:
1105:Kazuhiko Nishijima
459:
28:
6338:
6337:
6294:Massless particle
6102:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6063:
6062:
5926:
5925:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5686:Magnetic monopole
5634:
5633:
5525:
5524:
5466:
5465:
5446:Muon antineutrino
5431:Electron neutrino
5250:978-0-226-66799-7
5193:978-1-107-03426-6
5171:978-0-671-50466-3
5143:978-3-527-40601-2
4841:
4760:(5061): 1287–93.
4656:(7923): 483–487.
4460:(3B): B701–B704.
4332:Physical Review D
4243:{\displaystyle K}
4112:Physics Letters B
4050:Physical Review D
3964:Physical Review D
3736:
3246:, pp. 100–4.
3234:, pp. 43–45.
2424:, pp. 44–45.
2201:Amati et al. 1964
1845:
1805:
1765:
1678:second-generation
1442:Thomas Appelquist
1402:Samuel C. C. Ting
1113:strange particles
950:, with a mass of
892:
891:
540:Hierarchy problem
536:Strong CP problem
410:
409:
327:Weak isospin
204:Samuel C. C. Ting
181:Sheldon Glashow,
140:Charm antiquark (
6363:
6328:
6304:Virtual particle
6075:Mesonic molecule
6009:
6008:
6005:
6004:
5850:Bottom eta meson
5758:
5757:
5749:
5748:
5721:W′ and Z′ bosons
5711:Sterile neutrino
5696:Majorana fermion
5563:
5562:
5554:
5553:
5477:
5476:
5456:Tau antineutrino
5311:
5310:
5302:
5301:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5197:
5175:
5152:Riordan, Michael
5147:
5126:Griffiths, David
5112:
5110:
5109:
5096:
5073:
5071:
5052:
5041:
5039:
5015:
5013:
5003:
4974:
4948:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4902:
4893:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4842:
4834:
4827:
4826:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4749:
4740:
4714:
4701:
4691:
4665:
4638:
4596:
4567:
4565:
4532:
4506:
4486:
4477:
4448:
4422:
4395:
4369:
4356:
4339:(7): 1285–1292.
4325:
4299:
4278:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4216:
4205:10.1038/262537a0
4191:(5569): 537–38.
4180:
4170:
4152:
4135:
4109:
4100:
4066:
4057:(9): 4230–4235.
4039:
4008:
3989:
3979:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3897:
3868:
3866:
3831:
3829:
3790:
3780:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3729:
3722:
3721:
3702:
3676:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3628:
3609:
3575:
3565:
3540:(6): 1732–1750.
3534:Il Nuovo Cimento
3524:
3498:
3470:Journal articles
3464:
3462:
3461:
3443:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3388:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3063:
3057:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2966:
2960:
2950:
2944:
2934:
2928:
2918:
2912:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2822:
2811:
2801:
2795:
2785:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2726:
2715:
2709:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2483:
2473:
2464:
2458:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2281:
2271:
2262:
2256:
2243:
2237:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2183:
2172:
2166:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1542:
1534:Gerson Goldhaber
1474:
1436:
1418:
1414:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1333:
1321:Mary K. Gaillard
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1263:neutral currents
1202:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1169:Scientific wager
1154:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1123:
1107:had established
1069:Murray Gell-Mann
979:
977:
976:
973:
970:
963:
955:
926:, including the
884:
877:
870:
476:Particle physics
429:
420:particle physics
412:
411:
406:
405:
403:
402:
399:
396:
385:
383:
382:
379:
376:
356:
350:
348:
347:
344:
341:
315:
313:
312:
309:
306:
276:
274:
273:
270:
267:
251:
243:
159:
158:
157:
151:
148:
147:
130:
129:
128:
121:
120:
38:
31:
27:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6318:
6272:Nuclear physics
6221:
6185:
6121:Davydov soliton
6094:
6059:
6033:
5994:
5922:
5894:
5821:
5730:
5630:
5589:
5543:
5521:
5503:
5462:
5382:
5291:
5286:
5251:
5226:
5224:
5205:
5203:Further reading
5200:
5194:
5172:
5144:
5120:
5115:
5107:
5105:
5103:10.1063/1.57782
5037:
5023:
5018:
4946:
4933:
4931:
4844:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4802:
4800:
4576:
4484:
4454:Physical Review
4235:
4232:
4231:
4178:
4161:(17): 1125–28.
4142:"Evidence for Δ
4015:Physics Letters
3991:(Erratum:
3990:
3962:(2317) state".
3946:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3911:
3907:
3898:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3739:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3573:
3472:
3467:
3459:
3457:
3435:
3422:
3420:
3406:
3404:
3368:
3366:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:Han et al. 2022
3338:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3258:, pp. 3–4.
3254:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3144:Aad et al. 2022
3142:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3081:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2967:
2963:
2951:
2947:
2935:
2931:
2919:
2915:
2903:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2875:
2871:
2865:Southworth 1976
2863:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2823:
2814:
2802:
2798:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2727:
2718:
2710:
2703:
2697:Southworth 1976
2695:
2691:
2685:Southworth 1976
2683:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2578:
2574:, pp. 296.
2570:
2566:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2523:Iliopoulos 1974
2521:
2517:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2486:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2307:, p. 1292.
2303:
2299:
2291:
2284:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2246:
2242:, p. 1287.
2238:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2173:
2169:
2153:, in which the
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2107:Yukawa coupling
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2050:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:, a charge of +
1691:
1689:
1674:
1672:Characteristics
1662:LHCb experiment
1628:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1537:
1526:
1469:
1455:Richard Feynman
1431:
1416:
1409:
1398:
1392:
1384:Michael Riordan
1357:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1328:
1325:Benjamin W. Lee
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1256:electromagnetic
1236:John Iliopoulos
1198:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1171:
1161:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1071:introduced the
1065:
1059:
1054:
1046:Sheldon Glashow
1042:
999:John Iliopoulos
995:Sheldon Glashow
974:
971:
968:
967:
965:
953:
951:
920:charmed baryons
888:
859:
858:
559:
551:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
525:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
499:
498:
496:Higgs mechanism
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
465:
456:
427:
400:
397:
394:
393:
391:
380:
377:
374:
373:
371:
366:
345:
342:
339:
338:
336:
331:
310:
307:
304:
303:
301:
271:
268:
265:
264:
262:
241:
239:
229:
192:
183:John Iliopoulos
176:Sheldon Glashow
156:
154:
153:
152:
149:
146:
144:
143:
142:
141:
127:
125:
124:
123:
119:
117:
116:
115:
114:
97:electromagnetic
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6369:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6336:
6335:
6331:Physics portal
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6245:Standard Model
6242:
6241:
6240:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6212:Quasiparticles
6209:
6204:
6199:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6108:Quasiparticles
6104:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5945:
5940:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5904:
5902:
5900:Exotic hadrons
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5766:
5764:
5755:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5726:X and Y bosons
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5571:
5569:
5560:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5499:W and Z bosons
5496:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5353:Strange (quark
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5308:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5285:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5249:
5232:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5192:
5176:
5170:
5148:
5142:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5094:hep-ph/9811359
5074:
5053:
5042:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:
4975:
4939:
4894:
4868:(21): 211803.
4847:
4840:
4837:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4808:
4741:
4723:(10): 569–71.
4702:
4639:
4594:hep-ex/0208014
4587:(11): 112001.
4574:
4568:
4548:(1): 144–158.
4533:
4497:(25): 252002.
4478:
4449:
4396:
4357:
4326:
4279:
4261:(3): 897–916.
4239:
4221:Gaillard, M.K.
4217:
4171:
4136:
4101:
4064:hep-ph/9302307
4040:
4022:(3): 255–257.
4009:
3977:hep-ex/0305100
3949:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3876:, decaying to
3869:
3832:
3791:
3763:(21): 211802.
3742:
3735:
3732:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3703:
3674:hep-ex/0304021
3667:(24): 242001.
3642:
3638:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3610:
3566:
3525:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3444:
3428:
3419:. CERN Courier
3412:
3389:
3374:
3365:. CERN Courier
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3318:, p. 412.
3308:
3304:Gersabeck 2014
3296:
3284:
3272:
3268:Gersabeck 2014
3260:
3256:Gersabeck 2014
3248:
3236:
3224:
3212:
3210:, p. 368.
3200:
3188:
3186:, p. 388.
3176:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3096:Gersabeck 2014
3079:
3064:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3021:Griffiths 2008
3013:
3001:
2997:Griffiths 2008
2989:
2977:
2961:
2945:
2929:
2913:
2897:
2885:
2869:
2867:, p. 383.
2857:
2845:
2833:
2812:
2796:
2777:
2765:
2749:
2747:, p. 300.
2737:
2716:
2701:
2689:
2687:, p. 385.
2674:
2672:, p. 244.
2662:
2660:, p. 243.
2650:
2648:, p. 239.
2638:
2622:
2610:
2591:
2576:
2564:
2548:
2536:
2527:
2525:, p. 100.
2515:
2499:
2484:
2465:
2463:, p. 537.
2450:
2438:
2436:, p. 390.
2426:
2422:Griffiths 2008
2414:
2412:, p. 255.
2402:
2398:Griffiths 2008
2390:
2386:Griffiths 2008
2378:
2374:Griffiths 2008
2366:
2362:Griffiths 2008
2354:
2350:Griffiths 2008
2342:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2282:
2263:
2244:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2167:
2155:speed of light
2134:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2099:
2091:
2081:
2073:
2049:
2046:
2033:
2025:
2012:
2004:
1991:
1983:
1970:
1962:
1951:
1943:
1933:
1925:
1913:supermultiplet
1888:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1682:quantum number
1673:
1670:
1654:ATLAS detector
1635:standard model
1627:
1617:
1607:
1599:
1574:
1566:
1553:
1550:
1538:1.87 GeV/
1525:
1522:
1446:David Politzer
1428:Burton Richter
1394:Main article:
1391:
1388:
1376:bubble chamber
1356:
1348:
1339:
1336:
1314:
1305:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1240:Luciano Maiani
1197:
1187:
1160:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1129:
1121:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1003:Luciano Maiani
942:. This second-
940:quantum number
928:W and Z bosons
890:
889:
887:
886:
879:
872:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
480:Standard Model
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
460:
423:
422:
416:Standard Model
408:
407:
364:
358:
357:
329:
323:
322:
299:
293:
292:
289:
283:
282:
259:
253:
252:
237:
231:
230:
228:
227:
217:Burton Richter
214:
200:
198:
194:
193:
191:
190:
187:Luciano Maiani
179:
168:
166:
162:
161:
155:
145:
138:
132:
131:
126:
118:
112:
108:
107:
90:
84:
83:
80:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
46:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6368:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6289:Exotic matter
6287:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6277:Eightfold way
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6267:Antiparticles
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5938:Atomic nuclei
5936:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5870:Upsilon meson
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5802:Lambda baryon
5800:
5798:
5795:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5661:Dual graviton
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:Superpartners
5555:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5441:Muon neutrino
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5373:Bottom (quark
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5278:
5276:
5271:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5252:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5206:
5195:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5180:Thomson, Mark
5177:
5173:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5043:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4957:(2): 235–49.
4956:
4952:
4945:
4940:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4845:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4809:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4378:(5): 255–59.
4377:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4237:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4118:(1): 125–31.
4117:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3970:(3): 032002.
3969:
3965:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3891:
3884:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3740:
3730:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3429:
3418:
3413:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3354:News articles
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3294:, p. 69.
3293:
3288:
3282:, p. 26.
3281:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3198:, p. 31.
3197:
3192:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3023:, p. 47.
3022:
3017:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2895:, p. 18.
2894:
2889:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2714:, p. 16.
2713:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2497:, p. 14.
2496:
2491:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2400:, p. 34.
2399:
2394:
2388:, p. 41.
2387:
2382:
2376:, p. 39.
2375:
2370:
2364:, p. 37.
2363:
2358:
2352:, p. 35.
2351:
2346:
2340:, p. 32.
2339:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2181:
2180:cross section
2177:
2174:According to
2171:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:natural units
2148:
2144:
2138:
2129:
2125:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:cross section
2055:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2017:
1996:
1975:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1839:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1799:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1759:
1741:
1736:
1723:
1722:
1700:
1699:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:In 2022, the
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1592:
1588:
1585:In 2007, the
1583:
1581:
1559:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1470:3.7 GeV/
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1432:3.1 GeV/
1429:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1410:3.1 GeV/
1407:
1403:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:lambda baryon
1369:
1365:
1364:lambda baryon
1360:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:GIM mechanism
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:James Bjorken
1206:
1201:
1180:
1179:GIM mechanism
1175:
1170:
1166:
1165:GIM mechanism
1156:
1153:
1133:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:strange quark
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:Eightfold Way
1070:
1064:
1049:
1047:
1044:According to
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:James Bjorken
987:
985:
984:
962:
961:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:charmed quark
897:
885:
880:
878:
873:
871:
866:
865:
863:
862:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
555:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
529:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
503:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
469:
468:
463:
425:
424:
421:
417:
414:
413:
389:
369:
365:
363:
359:
354:
334:
330:
328:
324:
321:
320:
300:
298:
294:
290:
288:
284:
281:
280:
260:
258:
254:
250:
249:
238:
236:
232:
225:
221:
218:
215:
212:
208:
205:
202:
201:
199:
195:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
172:James Bjorken
170:
169:
167:
163:
139:
137:
133:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
89:
85:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
59:
57:
53:
50:
47:
45:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
16:Type of quark
6329:
6000:Hypothetical
5948:Exotic atoms
5817:Omega baryon
5807:Sigma baryon
5797:Delta baryon
5549:Hypothetical
5531:Ghost fields
5517:Higgs boson
5451:Tau neutrino
5343:Charm (quark
5342:
5236:
5225:. Retrieved
5216:HyperPhysics
5214:
5183:
5156:
5129:
5106:. Retrieved
5084:
5079:
5058:
5047:
5033:
5029:Harari, Haim
4991:
4987:
4954:
4950:
4932:. Retrieved
4904:
4865:
4861:
4801:. Retrieved
4757:
4751:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4653:
4647:
4584:
4580:
4545:
4541:
4494:
4490:
4457:
4453:
4410:
4404:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4336:
4330:
4287:
4283:
4258:
4255:Phys. Rev. D
4254:
4188:
4182:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4143:
4115:
4111:
4054:
4048:
4019:
4013:
3967:
3963:
3873:
3849:(23): 1406.
3846:
3840:
3812:(23): 1404.
3809:
3803:
3797:
3760:
3756:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3581:
3577:
3537:
3533:
3489:(717): 717.
3486:
3482:
3458:. Retrieved
3452:
3440:CERN Courier
3439:
3421:. Retrieved
3405:. Retrieved
3397:
3382:
3367:. Retrieved
3349:Bibliography
3335:
3323:
3316:Thomson 2013
3311:
3306:, p. 4.
3299:
3292:Thomson 2013
3287:
3280:Thomson 2013
3275:
3270:, p. 3.
3263:
3251:
3239:
3227:
3215:
3208:Thomson 2013
3203:
3196:Thomson 2013
3191:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3127:
3115:
3110:, p. 4.
3103:
3098:, p. 2.
3040:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2985:Riordan 1987
2980:
2969:Riordan 1987
2964:
2953:Riordan 1987
2948:
2937:Riordan 1987
2932:
2921:Riordan 1987
2916:
2905:Riordan 1987
2900:
2888:
2877:Riordan 1987
2872:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2825:Riordan 1987
2804:Riordan 1987
2799:
2788:Riordan 1987
2773:Riordan 1987
2768:
2757:Riordan 1987
2752:
2745:Riordan 1987
2740:
2729:Riordan 1987
2692:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2630:Riordan 1987
2625:
2618:Riordan 1987
2613:
2602:Riordan 1987
2572:Riordan 1987
2567:
2556:Riordan 1987
2551:
2539:
2530:
2518:
2507:Riordan 1987
2502:
2476:Riordan 1987
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2312:
2305:Riordan 1992
2300:
2295:, p. 6.
2274:Riordan 1987
2259:Glashow 1976
2220:
2208:
2196:
2179:
2176:Mark Thomson
2170:
2165:(MS scheme).
2158:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2128:
2111:
2051:
1918:
1737:
1720:
1697:
1685:
1675:
1643:
1639:CP violation
1584:
1555:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1471:
1463:
1439:
1433:
1421:
1411:
1399:
1341:
1330:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1272:
1260:
1233:
1210:
1085:George Zweig
1066:
1043:
1034:CP violation
1023:
988:
982:
959:
914:such as the
903:
899:
895:
893:
506:Constituents
488:Gauge theory
318:
287:Color charge
278:
247:
219:
206:
136:Antiparticle
88:Interactions
25:
6282:Quark model
6050:Theta meson
5953:Positronium
5865:Omega meson
5860:J/psi meson
5790:Antineutron
5701:Dark photon
5666:Graviphoton
5625:Stop squark
5333:Down (quark
5021:Conferences
4619:11449/66973
3778:2445/140150
3584:: 387–499.
2923:, pp.
2907:, pp.
2893:Rosner 1998
2712:Rosner 1998
2632:, pp.
2558:, pp.
2495:Rosner 1998
2317:Levine 2017
2293:Harari 1977
1650:Higgs boson
1512:Frank Close
1396:J/psi meson
1374:from their
1329:5 GeV/
1109:strangeness
1063:Quark model
1007:J/psi meson
932:Higgs boson
916:J/psi meson
896:charm quark
684:Chamberlain
532:Limitations
44:Composition
29:Charm quark
6345:Categories
6024:Heptaquark
5985:Superatoms
5918:Pentaquark
5908:Tetraquark
5890:Quarkonium
5780:Antiproton
5681:Leptoquark
5616:Neutralino
5378:antiquark)
5368:antiquark)
5363:Top (quark
5358:antiquark)
5348:antiquark)
5338:antiquark)
5328:antiquark)
5297:Elementary
5227:2008-06-29
5108:2023-06-02
5069:1503.00032
4982:) (2022).
4934:2022-06-03
4803:2023-06-01
4663:2208.08372
4485:ee → ππJ/ψ
4483:"Study of
4420:2202.08273
4413:(73): 73.
4324:. 1230026.
3496:2201.11428
3460:2023-06-06
3423:2023-07-27
3407:2023-06-01
3369:2023-06-03
2971:, p.
2955:, p.
2939:, p.
2879:, p.
2827:, p.
2806:, p.
2790:, p.
2759:, p.
2731:, p.
2604:, p.
2509:, p.
2478:, p.
2461:Close 1976
2276:, p.
2116:References
2066:charmonium
2042:resonances
1740:CKM matrix
1694:0.02
1417:5 MeV
1163:See also:
1099:, and the
1097:down quark
1061:See also:
1057:Background
956:0.02
944:generation
654:Iliopoulos
564:Rutherford
558:Scientists
518:CKM matrix
472:Background
244:0.02
197:Discovered
78:Generation
56:Statistics
6262:Particles
6207:Particles
6166:Polariton
6156:Plasmaron
6126:Dropleton
6019:Hexaquark
5990:Molecules
5978:Protonium
5855:Phi meson
5840:Rho meson
5812:Xi baryon
5744:Composite
5580:Gravitino
5323:Up (quark
5209:R. Nave.
5134:Wiley-VCH
5014:. 083C01.
4929:251645562
4892:. 211803.
4860:Mixing".
4839:¯
4829:−
4531:. 252002.
4504:1304.0121
4445:246904813
4322:119284941
4297:1207.2195
4225:Lee, B.W.
3948:∗
3909:π
3900:∗
3789:. 211802.
3755:Mixing".
3734:¯
3724:−
3701:. 242001.
3699:248411543
3637:π
3562:118803104
3521:251688816
2670:Ting 1977
2658:Ting 1977
2646:Ting 1977
2225:Hara 1964
2189:Citations
1884:−
1876:×
1867:±
1824:±
1784:±
1400:In 1974,
1338:Discovery
1229:neutrinos
1211:In 1964,
1203:into two
1135:and
1067:In 1961,
844:de Mayolo
789:Schwinger
729:Kobayashi
619:Gell-Mann
584:Sudarshan
165:Theorized
6238:timeline
6090:R-hadron
6045:Glueball
6029:Skyrmion
5963:Tauonium
5676:Inflaton
5671:Graviton
5651:Curvaton
5621:Sfermion
5611:Higgsino
5606:Chargino
5567:Gauginos
5426:Neutrino
5411:Antimuon
5401:Positron
5396:Electron
5306:Fermions
5211:"Quarks"
5182:(2013).
5154:(1987).
5128:(2008).
4921:35978168
4890:30918611
4882:17677765
4798:34363851
4790:17736758
4698:35978125
4635:16737596
4627:12225136
4529:28918792
4521:23829730
4227:(1974).
4097:14348242
4089:10016703
3787:17677764
3691:12857188
3398:APS News
3045:Yap 2002
2077:J/ψ
1558:Fermilab
1514:wrote a
1459:up quark
1426:(SLAC),
1258:forces.
1221:electron
1115:such as
1093:up quark
1013:and the
930:and the
918:and the
834:Guralnik
779:Politzer
754:'t Hooft
709:Weinberg
704:Majorana
694:Schwartz
659:Lederman
644:Anderson
634:Friedman
594:Anderson
589:Davis Jr
574:Chadwick
6226:Related
6197:Baryons
6171:Polaron
6161:Plasmon
6136:Fracton
6131:Exciton
6085:Diquark
6080:Pomeron
6055:T meson
6012:Baryons
5973:Pionium
5958:Muonium
5885:D meson
5880:B meson
5785:Neutron
5770:Nucleon
5762:Baryons
5753:Hadrons
5716:Tachyon
5691:Majoron
5656:Dilaton
5585:Photino
5421:Antitau
5388:Leptons
4959:Bibcode
4782:2877300
4762:Bibcode
4753:Science
4725:Bibcode
4689:9385499
4668:Bibcode
4599:Bibcode
4550:Bibcode
4462:Bibcode
4425:Bibcode
4380:Bibcode
4341:Bibcode
4302:Bibcode
4263:Bibcode
4213:8569677
4193:Bibcode
4120:Bibcode
4069:Bibcode
4024:Bibcode
3993:Bibcode
3851:Bibcode
3814:Bibcode
3606:1446842
3586:Bibcode
3542:Bibcode
3501:Bibcode
2925:310–311
2909:319–320
2634:297–298
2560:295–297
2062:W boson
2054:upsilon
1716:
1704:
1656:of the
1545:D meson
1422:At the
1217:leptons
1089:hadrons
1077:baryons
1052:History
1019:D meson
978:
966:
912:hadrons
904:c quark
819:Englert
794:Wilczek
759:Veltman
734:Maskawa
689:Cabibbo
649:Glashow
624:Kendall
609:Feynman
569:Thomson
404:
392:
384:
372:
349:
337:
314:
302:
275:
263:
226:, 1974)
213:, 1974)
105:gravity
61:Fermion
6351:Quarks
6202:Mesons
6151:Phonon
6146:Magnon
6068:Others
6038:Mesons
5931:Others
5827:Mesons
5775:Proton
5639:Others
5594:Others
5575:Gluino
5509:Scalar
5489:Photon
5472:Bosons
5315:Quarks
5247:
5190:
5168:
5140:
4927:
4919:
4905:Nature
4888:
4880:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4696:
4686:
4649:Nature
4633:
4625:
4527:
4519:
4443:
4320:
4290:(26).
4211:
4184:Nature
4095:
4087:
3999:,
3785:
3697:
3689:
3604:
3560:
3519:
2159:Review
2095:η
2060:. The
2029:Ω
2008:Ξ
1987:Σ
1966:Λ
1718:
1570:Ξ
1517:Nature
1238:, and
1223:, the
1145:Λ
1125:Σ
1095:, the
1081:mesons
1040:Naming
1030:proton
1026:baryon
1001:, and
980:
924:bosons
906:is an
849:Lattes
839:Kibble
799:Cronin
784:Reines
749:Yukawa
664:Maiani
639:Powell
629:Taylor
614:Rubbia
316:
220:et al.
207:et al.
189:(1970)
178:(1964)
111:Symbol
93:strong
82:Second
67:Family
6190:Lists
6181:Trion
6176:Roton
6116:Anyon
5943:Atoms
5706:Preon
5646:Axion
5601:Axino
5494:Gluon
5481:Gauge
5118:Books
5089:arXiv
5064:arXiv
5038:(PDF)
4994:(8).
4947:(PDF)
4925:S2CID
4886:S2CID
4794:S2CID
4778:JSTOR
4658:arXiv
4631:S2CID
4589:arXiv
4525:S2CID
4499:arXiv
4441:S2CID
4415:arXiv
4318:S2CID
4292:arXiv
4209:S2CID
4179:(PDF)
4093:S2CID
4059:arXiv
3972:arXiv
3695:S2CID
3669:arXiv
3574:(PDF)
3558:S2CID
3517:S2CID
3491:arXiv
3454:Wired
3436:(PDF)
2121:Notes
1827:0.006
1821:0.975
1787:0.004
1781:0.221
1731:−0.10
1729:+0.05
1726:11.76
1666:pions
1646:NNPDF
1591:Belle
1587:BaBar
1466:SPEAR
1450:spins
1310:and K
1267:kaons
1219:—the
1205:muons
948:quark
936:charm
902:, or
854:Zweig
829:Hagen
824:Brout
814:Higgs
809:Vleck
804:Fitch
774:Pauli
764:Gross
739:Mills
724:Salam
679:Nambu
674:Cowan
604:Dirac
599:Fermi
71:Quark
6141:Hole
5968:Onia
5875:Kaon
5835:Pion
5406:Muon
5245:ISBN
5188:ISBN
5166:ISBN
5138:ISBN
4992:2022
4917:PMID
4878:PMID
4786:PMID
4694:PMID
4623:PMID
4517:PMID
4411:2022
4146:= −Δ
4085:PMID
3783:PMID
3687:PMID
3602:OSTI
2178:, a
2141:The
1938:and
1864:40.8
1738:The
1696:GeV/
1690:1.27
1612:and
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1177:The
1167:and
1079:and
993:and
958:GeV/
952:1.27
938:, a
894:The
769:Pais
744:Yang
719:Ward
699:Perl
669:Meer
579:Bose
297:Spin
246:GeV/
240:1.27
235:Mass
224:SLAC
101:weak
5416:Tau
5099:doi
5006:hdl
4996:doi
4967:doi
4909:doi
4870:doi
4770:doi
4758:256
4733:doi
4684:PMC
4676:doi
4654:608
4615:hdl
4607:doi
4558:doi
4509:doi
4495:110
4470:doi
4458:134
4433:doi
4388:doi
4349:doi
4310:doi
4271:doi
4201:doi
4189:262
4163:doi
4128:doi
4077:doi
4032:doi
4001:doi
3982:doi
3859:doi
3822:doi
3773:hdl
3765:doi
3679:doi
3659:".
3594:doi
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2973:318
2957:317
2941:312
2881:321
2829:305
2808:303
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