Muhammad Ali Jinnah

2565:, for which a ghost-written statement for him was released. Despite an increase in appetite (he then weighed just over 36 kilograms or 79 pounds), it was clear to his doctors that if he was to return to Karachi in life, he would have to do so very soon. Jinnah, however, was reluctant to go, not wishing his aides to see him as an invalid on a stretcher. By 9 September, Jinnah had also developed pneumonia. Doctors urged him to return to Karachi, where he could receive better care, and with his agreement, he was flown there on the morning of 11 September. Dr Ilahi Bux, his personal physician, believed that Jinnah's change of mind was caused by foreknowledge of death. The plane landed at Karachi that afternoon, to be met by Jinnah's limousine, and an ambulance into which Jinnah's stretcher was placed. The ambulance broke down on the road into town, and the Governor-General and those with him waited for another to arrive; he could not be placed in the car as he could not sit up. They waited by the roadside in oppressive heat as trucks and buses passed by, unsuitable for transporting the dying man and with their occupants not knowing of Jinnah's presence. After an hour, the replacement ambulance came, and transported Jinnah to Government House, arriving there over two hours after the landing. Jinnah died later that night at 10:20 pm at his home in Karachi on 11 September 1948 at the age of 71, just over a year after Pakistan's creation. 1816:, without consulting Indian political leaders, announced that India had entered the war along with Britain. There were widespread protests in India. After meeting with Jinnah and with Gandhi, Linlithgow announced that negotiations on self-government were suspended for the duration of the war. The Congress on 14 September demanded immediate independence with a constituent assembly to decide a constitution; when this was refused, its eight provincial governments resigned on 10 November and governors in those provinces thereafter ruled by decree for the remainder of the war. Jinnah, on the other hand, was more willing to accommodate the British, and they in turn increasingly recognised him and the League as the representatives of India's Muslims. Jinnah later stated, "after the war began, ... I was treated on the same basis as Mr Gandhi. I was wonderstruck why I was promoted and given a place side by side with Mr Gandhi." Although the League did not actively support the British war effort, neither did they try to obstruct it. 1845: 2569: 2133: 1674: 8551: 2062:

comprising substantially autonomous provinces, and called for "groups" of provinces formed on the basis of religion. Matters such as defence, external relations and communications would be handled by a central authority. Provinces would have the option of leaving the union entirely, and there would be an interim government with representation from the Congress and the League. Jinnah and his Working Committee accepted this plan in June, but it fell apart over the question of how many members of the interim government the Congress and the League would have, and over the Congress's desire to include a Muslim member in its representation. Before leaving India, the British ministers stated that they intended to inaugurate an interim government even if one of the major groups was unwilling to participate.

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noted a change in Jinnah's words: while he still advocated freedom of religion and protection of the minorities, the model he was now aspiring to was that of the Prophet Muhammad, rather than that of a secular politician. Ahmed further avers that those scholars who have painted the later Jinnah as secular have misread his speeches which, he argues, must be read in the context of Islamic history and culture. Accordingly, Jinnah's imagery of the Pakistan began to become clear that it was to have an Islamic nature. This change has been seen to last for the rest of Jinnah's life. He continued to borrow ideas "directly from Iqbal—including his thoughts on Muslim unity, on Islamic ideals of liberty, justice and equality, on economics, and even on practices such as prayers".

1483:, though with a majority of Conservatives, arrived in India in March 1928. They were met with a boycott by India's leaders, Muslim and Hindu alike, angered at the British refusal to include their representatives on the commission. A minority of Muslims, though, withdrew from the League, choosing to welcome the Simon Commission and repudiating Jinnah. Most members of the League's executive council remained loyal to Jinnah, attending the League meeting in December 1927 and January 1928 which confirmed him as the League's permanent president. At that session, Jinnah told the delegates that "A constitutional war has been declared on Great Britain. Negotiations for a settlement are not to come from our side ... By appointing an exclusively white Commission, 2002:, immediately ordered a review of the Indian situation. Jinnah had no comment on the change of government, but called a meeting of his Working Committee and issued a statement calling for new elections in India. The League held influence at the provincial level in the Muslim-majority states mostly by alliance, and Jinnah believed that, given the opportunity, the League would improve its electoral standing and lend added support to his claim to be the sole spokesman for the Muslims. Wavell returned to India in September after consultation with his new masters in London; elections, both for the centre and for the provinces, were announced soon after. The British indicated that formation of a constitution-making body would follow the votes. 1797: 1616: 2189: 1870: 2249:. Many on the "wrong side" of the lines fled or were murdered, or murdered others, hoping to make facts on the ground which would reverse the commission's verdict. Radcliffe wrote in his report that he knew that neither side would be happy with his award; he declined his fee for the work. Christopher Beaumont, Radcliffe's private secretary, later wrote that Mountbatten "must take the blame—though not the sole blame—for the massacres in the Punjab in which between 500,000 to a million men, women and children perished". Jinnah did what he could for the eight million people who migrated to Pakistan; although by now over 70 and frail from lung ailments, he travelled across 2042: 2497:; only his sister and a few others close to him were aware of his condition. Jinnah believed public knowledge of his lung ailments would hurt him politically. In a 1938 letter, he wrote to a supporter that "you must have read in the papers how during my tours ... I suffered, which was not because there was anything wrong with me, but the irregularities and over-strain told upon my health". Many years later, Mountbatten stated that if he had known Jinnah was so physically ill, he would have stalled, hoping Jinnah's death would avert partition. Fatima Jinnah later wrote, "even in his hour of triumph, the 2660: 2070:. The Congress wanted the Viceroy to immediately summon the constituent assembly and begin the work of writing a constitution and felt that the League ministers should either join in the request or resign from the government. Wavell attempted to save the situation by flying leaders such as Jinnah, Liaquat, and Jawaharlal Nehru to London in December 1946. At the end of the talks, participants issued a statement that the constitution would not be forced on any unwilling parts of India. On the way back from London, Jinnah and Liaquat stopped in Cairo for several days of pan-Islamic meetings. 2530: 1279:

India. In April 1913, he again went to Britain, with Gokhale, to meet with officials on behalf of the Congress. Gokhale, a Hindu, later stated that Jinnah "has true stuff in him, and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu–Muslim Unity". Jinnah led another delegation of the Congress to London in 1914, but due to the start of the First World War in August 1914, found officials little interested in Indian reforms. By coincidence, he was in Britain at the same time as a man who would become his great political rival,

1627:, "the events of 1937 had a tremendous, almost a traumatic effect upon Jinnah". Despite his beliefs of twenty years that Muslims could protect their rights in a united India through separate electorates, provincial boundaries drawn to preserve Muslim majorities, and by other protections of minority rights, Muslim voters had failed to unite, with the issues Jinnah hoped to bring forward lost amid factional fighting. Singh notes the effect of the 1937 elections on Muslim political opinion, "when the Congress formed a government with almost all of the Muslim 9695: 2204:, that Jinnah be appointed Pakistan's first governor-general. This request angered Mountbatten, who had hoped to have that position in both dominions—he would be India's first post-independence governor-general—but Jinnah felt that Mountbatten would be likely to favour the new Hindu-majority state because of his closeness to Nehru. In addition, the governor-general would initially be a powerful figure, and Jinnah did not trust anyone else to take that office. Although the Boundary Commission, led by British lawyer Sir 8569: 1866:

future, and that no future settlement would be imposed over the objections of a large part of the population. This was satisfactory to neither the Congress nor the League, though Jinnah was pleased that the British had moved towards recognising Jinnah as the representative of the Muslim community's interests. Jinnah was reluctant to make specific proposals as to the boundaries of Pakistan, or its relationships with Britain and with the rest of the subcontinent, fearing that any precise plan would divide the League.

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front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State." On 14 August, Pakistan became independent; Jinnah led the celebrations in Karachi. One observer wrote, "here indeed is Pakistan's King Emperor, Archbishop of Canterbury, Speaker and Prime Minister concentrated into one formidable

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after his death, the lack of consensus on the distribution of political power and economic resources often turned controversial." According to Mohiuddin, "Jinnah's death deprived Pakistan of a leader who could have enhanced stability and democratic governance ... The rocky road to democracy in Pakistan and the relatively smooth one in India can in some measure be ascribed to Pakistan's tragedy of losing an incorruptible and highly revered leader so soon after independence."

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confederation. The Muslim League was far from certain of winning the legislative votes that would be required for mixed provinces such as Bengal and Punjab to secede, and Jinnah rejected the proposals as not sufficiently recognising Pakistan's right to exist. The Congress also rejected the Cripps plan, demanding immediate concessions which Cripps was not prepared to give. Despite the rejection, Jinnah and the League saw the Cripps proposal as recognising Pakistan in principle.

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stated in 1960, "the truth is that we were tired men and we were getting on in years ... The plan for partition offered a way out and we took it." Leaders of the Congress decided that having loosely tied Muslim-majority provinces as part of a future India was not worth the loss of the powerful government at the centre which they desired. However, the Congress insisted that if Pakistan were to become independent, Bengal and Punjab would have to be divided.

8560: 2006: 1422: 8262: 2486: 11555: 424: 72: 2704: 2100: 9756: 9589: 1820: 1762: 8286: 2208:, had not yet reported, there were already massive movements of populations between the nations-to-be, as well as sectarian violence. Jinnah arranged to sell his house in Bombay and procured a new one in Karachi. On 7 August, Jinnah, with his sister and close staff, flew from Delhi to Karachi in Mountbatten's plane, and as the plane taxied, he was heard to murmur, "That's the end of that." On 11 August, he presided over the new 2439:, issued at India's request for a plebiscite in Kashmir after the withdrawal of Pakistani forces, this has never occurred. In January 1948, the Indian government finally agreed to pay Pakistan its share of British India's assets on 15 January 1948. The partition violence stopped by 18 January following the fast by Mahatma Gandhi with religious rioters promising Gandhi to frown upon the violence. Only days later, on 30 January, 1828:

in February 1940 to set out terms of reference to a constitutional sub-committee. The Working Committee asked that the sub-committee return with a proposal that would result in "independent dominions in direct relationship with Great Britain" where Muslims were dominant. On 6 February, Jinnah informed the Viceroy that the Muslim League would be demanding partition instead of the federation contemplated in the 1935 Act. The

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government sought to save abandoned crops, establish security in a chaotic situation, and provide basic services. According to economist Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin in her study of Pakistan, "although Pakistan was born in bloodshed and turmoil, it survived in the initial and difficult months after partition only because of the tremendous sacrifices made by its people and the selfless efforts of its great leader."

8274: 2304:, Jinnah represented Pakistan's interests in the Division Council to appropriately divide public assets between India and Pakistan. Pakistan was supposed to receive one-sixth of the pre-independence government's assets, carefully divided by agreement, even specifying how many sheets of paper each side would receive. The new Indian state, however, was slow to deliver, hoping for the collapse of the nascent 2593: 445: 2688: 7829: 2818:, but the issue of its ownership has been disputed by the Government of Pakistan. Jinnah had personally requested Prime Minister Nehru to preserve the house, hoping one day he could return to Bombay. There are proposals for the house to be offered to the government of Pakistan to establish a consulate in the city as a goodwill gesture, but Dina Wadia had also staked a claim on the property. 1983:. He proposed a temporary government along the lines which Liaquat and Desai had agreed. However, Wavell was unwilling to guarantee that only the League's candidates would be placed in the seats reserved for Muslims. All other invited groups submitted lists of candidates to the Viceroy. Wavell cut the conference short in mid-July without further seeking an agreement; with a 1258:. He was a compromise candidate when two older, better-known Muslims who were seeking the post deadlocked. The council, which had been expanded to 60 members as part of reforms enacted by Minto, recommended legislation to the Viceroy. Only officials could vote in the council; non-official members, such as Jinnah, had no vote. Throughout his legal career, Jinnah practised 11543: 2129:, quipped "A rose between two thorns" which the Viceroy took, perhaps gratuitously, as evidence that the Muslim leader had pre-planned his joke but had expected the vicereine to stand in the middle. Mountbatten was not favourably impressed with Jinnah, repeatedly expressing frustration to his staff about Jinnah's insistence on Pakistan in the face of all argument. 991:. Jinnah's mother and first wife both died during his absence in England. Although the apprenticeship in London was considered a great opportunity for Jinnah, one reason for sending him overseas was a legal proceeding against his father, which placed the family's property at risk of being sequestered by the court. In 1893, the Jinnahbhai family moved to Bombay. 2149:

Jinnah, and concluded, as he told Attlee and the Cabinet in May, that "it had become clear that the Muslim League would resort to arms if Pakistan in some form were not conceded." The Viceroy was also influenced by negative Muslim reaction to the constitutional report of the assembly, which envisioned broad powers for the post-independence central government.

1120:, left the post temporarily and Jinnah succeeded in getting the interim position. After his six-month appointment period, Jinnah was offered a permanent position on a 1,500 rupee per month salary. Jinnah politely declined the offer, stating that he planned to earn 1,500 rupees a day—a huge sum at that time—which he eventually did. Nevertheless, as 1774:, this began to change during Iqbal's final years prior to his death in 1938. Iqbal gradually succeeded in converting Jinnah over to his view, who eventually accepted Iqbal as his mentor. Ahmed comments that in his annotations to Iqbal's letters, Jinnah expressed solidarity with Iqbal's view: that Indian Muslims required a separate homeland. 2153:

also vote, both on the question of which assembly to join, and on the partition. A boundary commission would determine the final lines in the partitioned provinces. Plebiscites would take place in the North-West Frontier Province (which did not have a League government despite an overwhelmingly Muslim population), and in the majority-Muslim

1394:, who would be deprived of both offices following his nation's defeat in the First World War. Gandhi had achieved considerable popularity among Muslims because of his work during the war on behalf of killed or imprisoned Muslims. Unlike Jinnah and other leaders of the Congress, Gandhi did not wear western-style clothing, did his best to use 2836: 1569:, began to urge Jinnah to return and take up again his leadership of the Muslim League, an organisation which had fallen into inactivity. He remained titular president of the League, but declined to travel to India to preside over its 1933 session in April, writing that he could not possibly return there until the end of the year. 1011:. Jinnah's biographer Stanley Wolpert notes that there is no such inscription, but inside is a mural showing Muhammad and other lawgivers, and speculates that Jinnah may have edited the story in his own mind to avoid mentioning a pictorial depiction which would be offensive to many Muslims. Jinnah's legal education followed the 2740:). The former title was reportedly given to Jinnah at first by Mian Ferozuddin Ahmed. It became an official title by effect of a resolution passed on 11 August 1947 by Liaquat Ali Khan in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. Within a few days of Pakistan's creation Jinnah's name was read in the sermon at mosques as 2922:(2009) caused controversy in India. The book was based on Jinnah's ideology and alleged that Nehru's desire for a powerful centre led to Partition. Upon the book release, Singh was expelled from his membership of Bharatiya Janata Party, to which he responded that BJP is "narrow-minded" and has "limited thoughts". 2177:" (Long live Pakistan), which was not in the script. Some listeners misunderstood his Urdu as "Pakistan's in the bag!". In the weeks which followed Punjab and Bengal cast the votes which resulted in partition. Sylhet and the N.W.F.P. voted to cast their lots with Pakistan, a decision joined by the assemblies in 2553:. Jinnah had always been reluctant to undergo medical treatment but realising his condition was getting worse, the Pakistani government sent the best doctors it could find to treat him. Tests confirmed tuberculosis, and also showed evidence of advanced lung cancer. He was treated with the new "miracle drug" of 2457:

life as these were 1300 years ago. Islam and its idealism have taught us democracy. It has taught equality of man, justice and fair play to everybody. We are the inheritors of these glorious traditions and are fully alive to our responsibilities and obligations as framers of the future constitution of Pakistan.

2976:) in an unflattering light, who seems to act out of jealousy of Gandhi. Padamsee later stated that his portrayal was not historically accurate. In a journal article on Pakistan's first governor-general, historian R. J. Moore wrote that Jinnah is universally recognised as central to the creation of Pakistan. 2241:, dividing Bengal and Punjab, completed its work and reported to Mountbatten on 12 August; the last Viceroy held the maps until the 17th, not wanting to spoil the independence celebrations in both nations. There had already been ethnically charged violence and movement of populations; publication of the 1748:

smack of communalism. This is sheer propaganda. These demands relate to the defence of our national existence.... The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And the Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah. Now none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims.

1171:, being a member of Legislative Assembly, Jinnah pleaded forcefully for rights of workers and struggled for getting a "living wage and fair conditions" for them. He also played an important role in enactment of Trade Union Act of 1926 which gave trade union movement legal cover to organise themselves. 2699:

According to Jaswant Singh, "With Jinnah's death Pakistan lost its moorings. In India there will not easily arrive another Gandhi, nor in Pakistan another Jinnah." Malik writes, "As long as Jinnah was alive, he could persuade and even pressure regional leaders toward greater mutual accommodation, but

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prior to independence, which would take at least a year. Mountbatten had hoped that the post-independence arrangements would include a common defence force, but Jinnah saw it as essential that a sovereign state should have its own forces. Mountbatten met with Liaquat the day of his final session with

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met, with Jinnah's approval, and agreed that after the war, the Congress and the League should form an interim government with the members of the Executive Council of the Viceroy to be nominated by the Congress and the League in equal numbers. When the Congress leadership were released from prison in

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until they did. The British promptly arrested most major leaders of the Congress and imprisoned them for the remainder of the war. Gandhi, however, was placed on house arrest in one of the Aga Khan's palaces prior to his release for health reasons in 1944. With the Congress leaders absent from the

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Events which separated the communities included the failed attempt to form a coalition government including the Congress and the League in the United Provinces following the 1937 election. According to historian Ian Talbot, "The provincial Congress governments made no effort to understand and respect

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from a prominent business family. When Jinnah urged Dina to marry a Muslim, she reminded him that he had married a woman not raised in his faith. Jinnah continued to correspond cordially with his daughter, but their personal relationship was strained, and she did not come to Pakistan in his lifetime,

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denied that Jinnah sought to enter the British Parliament, while Jaswant Singh deems Jinnah's time in Britain as a break or sabbatical from the Indian struggle. Bolitho called this period "Jinnah's years of order and contemplation, wedged in between the time of early struggle, and the final storm of

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favoured constituencies based on geography on the ground that being dependent on each other for election would bind the communities closer together. Jinnah, though he believed separate electorates, based on religion, necessary to ensure Muslims had a voice in the government, was willing to compromise

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was definitely not a Shia", which suggested that Jinnah was Sunni. According to the journalist Khaled Ahmed, Jinnah publicly had a non-sectarian stance and "was at pains to gather the Muslims of India under the banner of a general Muslim faith and not under a divisive sectarian identity." Liaquat H.

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activist, who claimed that Gandhi was pro-Muslim. After hearing about Gandhi's murder, Jinnah publicly made a brief statement of condolence, calling Gandhi "one of the greatest men produced by the Hindu community". In February 1948, in a radio talk broadcast addressed to the people of the US, Jinnah

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With the British and Muslims to some extent co-operating, the Viceroy asked Jinnah for an expression of the Muslim League's position on self-government, confident that it would differ greatly from that of the Congress. To come up with such a position, the League's Working Committee met for four days

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In a speech in 1940, two years after the death of Iqbal, Jinnah expressed his preference for implementing Iqbal's vision for an Islamic Pakistan even if it meant he himself would never lead a nation. Jinnah stated, "If I live to see the ideal of a Muslim state being achieved in India, and I was then

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Iqbal's influence also gave Jinnah a deeper appreciation for Muslim identity. The evidence of this influence began to be revealed from 1937 onwards. Jinnah not only began to echo Iqbal in his speeches, he started using Islamic symbolism and began directing his addresses to the underprivileged. Ahmed

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The well documented influence of Iqbal on Jinnah, with regard to taking the lead in creating Pakistan, has been described as "significant", "powerful" and even "unquestionable" by scholars. Iqbal has also been cited as an influential force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London

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There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They should join the Muslim League. Indian question, as is now being solved, can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English. Without it, our demands are not going to be accepted. People say our demands

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sitting on the Opposition benches, non-Congress Muslims were suddenly faced with this stark reality of near-total political powerlessness. It was brought home to them, like a bolt of lightning, that even if the Congress did not win a single Muslim seat ... as long as it won an absolute majority

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joined her brother in England. From then on, Muhammad Ali Jinnah would receive personal care and support from her as he aged and began to suffer from the lung ailments which would eventually kill him. She lived and travelled with him, and became a close advisor. Muhammad Jinnah's daughter, Dina, was

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Jinnah's moderate faction in the Congress was undermined by the deaths of Mehta and Gokhale in 1915; he was further isolated by the fact that Naoroji was in London, where he remained until his death in 1917. Nevertheless, Jinnah worked to bring the Congress and League together. In 1916, with Jinnah

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Jinnah devoted much of his time to his law practice in the early 1900s, but remained politically involved. Jinnah began political life by attending the Congress's twentieth annual meeting, in Bombay in December 1904. He was a member of the moderate group in the Congress, favouring Hindu–Muslim unity

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at the high school. In his later years and especially after his death, a large number of stories about the boyhood of Pakistan's founder were circulated: that he spent all his spare time at the police court, listening to the proceedings, and that he studied his books by the glow of street lights for

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held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula that would allow the entirety of British India to be united as a single state following independence, leading all parties to agree instead

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drinking would weaken Jinnah's Islamic identity, and by extension, Pakistan's. Some sources allege he gave up alcohol near the end of his life. The professor Maya Tudor concluded that "Jinnah could not be described as a practicing Muslim" given his consumption of pork, use of alcohol, and usage of

2854:, it is not widely read outside the country and usually avoids even the slightest criticism of Jinnah. According to Ahmed, some books published about Jinnah outside Pakistan mention that he consumed alcohol, but this is omitted from books published inside Pakistan. Ahmed suggests that depicting the 2635:

by confession, though not a religiously observant man." In a 1970 legal challenge, Hussain Ali Ganji Walji claimed Jinnah had converted to Sunni Islam. Witness Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada stated in court that Jinnah converted to Sunni Islam in 1901 when his sisters married Sunnis. In 1970, Liaquat Ali

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had chosen Pakistan, resulting in staff shortages. Partition meant that for some farmers, the markets to sell their crops were on the other side of an international border. There were shortages of machinery, not all of which was made in Pakistan. In addition to the massive refugee problem, the new

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In December 1912, Jinnah addressed the annual meeting of the Muslim League although he was not yet a member. He joined the following year, although he remained a member of the Congress as well and stressed that League membership took second priority to the "greater national cause" of an independent

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One of Jinnah's fellow barristers from the Bombay High Court remembered that "Jinnah's faith in himself was incredible"; he recalled that on being admonished by a judge with "Mr. Jinnah, remember that you are not addressing a third-class magistrate", Jinnah shot back, "My Lord, allow me to warn you

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The Western world not only inspired Jinnah in his political life, but also greatly influenced his personal preferences, particularly when it came to dress. Jinnah abandoned local garb for Western-style clothing, and throughout his life he was always impeccably dressed in public. He came to own over

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In judging Jinnah, we must remember what he was up against. He had against him not only the wealth and brains of the Hindus, but also nearly the whole of British officialdom, and most of the Home politicians, who made the great mistake of refusing to take Pakistan seriously. Never was his position

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in the Pakistani view of Jinnah, in India he is viewed negatively. Ahmed deems Jinnah "the most maligned person in recent Indian history ... In India, many see him as the demon who divided the land." Even many Indian Muslims see Jinnah negatively, blaming him for their woes as a minority in

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stated upon Jinnah's death, "How shall we judge him? I have been very angry with him often during the past years. But now there is no bitterness in my thought of him, only a great sadness for all that has been ... he succeeded in his quest and gained his objective, but at what a cost and with

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On 2 June 1947, the final plan was given by the Viceroy to Indian leaders: on 15 August, the British would turn over power to two dominions. The provinces would vote on whether to continue in the existing constituent assembly or to have a new one, that is, to join Pakistan. Bengal and Punjab would

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and called for a union of the Muslim-majority provinces in the northwest of British India, with complete autonomy. Similar rights were to be granted to the Muslim-majority areas in the east, and unspecified protections given to Muslim minorities in other provinces. The resolution was passed by the

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Although many leaders of the Congress sought a strong central government for an Indian state, some Muslim politicians, including Jinnah, were unwilling to accept this without powerful protections for their community. Other Muslims supported the Congress, which officially advocated a secular state

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Validation Act to place Muslim religious trusts on a sound legal footing under British Indian law. Two years later, the measure passed, the first act sponsored by non-officials to pass the council and be enacted by the Viceroy. Jinnah was also appointed to a committee which helped to establish the

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200 suits, which he wore with heavily starched shirts with detachable collars, and as a barrister took pride in never wearing the same silk tie twice. Even when he was dying, he insisted on being formally dressed, "I will not travel in my pyjamas." In his later years he was usually seen wearing a

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The Constitution of Pakistan is yet to be framed by the Pakistan Constituent Assembly, I do not know what the ultimate shape of the constitution is going to be, but I am sure that it will be of a democratic type, embodying the essential principles of Islam. Today these are as applicable in actual

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asserts that Jinnah hoped for a plebiscite in Junagadh, knowing Pakistan would lose, in the hope the principle would be established for Kashmir. However, when Mountbatten proposed to Jinnah that, in all the princely States where the ruler did not accede to a Dominion corresponding to the majority

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them, "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan ... You may belong to any religion or caste or creed—that has nothing to do with the business of the State ... I think we should keep that in

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On 20 February 1947, Attlee announced Mountbatten's appointment, and that Britain would transfer power in India not later than June 1948. Mountbatten took office as Viceroy on 24 March 1947, two days after his arrival in India. By then, the Congress had come around to the idea of partition. Nehru

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Following the failure of the London trip, Jinnah was in no hurry to reach an agreement, considering that time would allow him to gain the undivided provinces of Bengal and Punjab for Pakistan, but these wealthy, populous provinces had sizeable non-Muslim minorities, complicating a settlement. The

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The Congress endorsed the joint statement from the London conference over the angry dissent from some elements. The League refused to do so, and took no part in the constitutional discussions. Jinnah had been willing to consider some continued links to Hindustan (as the Hindu-majority state which

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gave considerable power to India's provinces, with a weak central parliament in New Delhi, which had no authority over such matters as foreign policy, defence, and much of the budget. Full power remained in the hands of the Viceroy, however, who could dissolve legislatures and rule by decree. The

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became the British prime minister, and in August offered both the Congress and the League a deal whereby in exchange for full support for the war, Linlithgow would allow Indian representation on his major war councils. The Viceroy promised a representative body after the war to determine India's

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suggests that Jinnah abandoned hope of reconciliation with the Congress as he "rediscover his own Islamic roots, his own sense of identity, of culture and history, which would come increasingly to the fore in the final years of his life". Jinnah also increasingly adopted Muslim dress in the late

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The Congress soon joined the new Indian ministry. The League was slower to do so, not entering until October 1946. In agreeing to have the League join the government, Jinnah abandoned his demands for parity with the Congress and a veto on matters concerning Muslims. The new ministry met amid a

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in January 1946, the League took 75% of the Muslim vote, an increase from 4.4% in 1937. According to his biographer Bolitho, "This was Jinnah's glorious hour: his arduous political campaigns, his robust beliefs and claims, were at last justified." Wolpert wrote that the League election showing

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The alliance between Gandhi and the Khilafat faction did not last long, and the campaign of resistance proved less effective than hoped, as India's institutions continued to function. Jinnah sought alternative political ideas, and contemplated organising a new political party as a rival to the

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to advocate for their community's interests, Jinnah was again opposed. The Aga Khan later wrote that it was "freakishly ironic" that Jinnah, who would lead the League to independence, "came out in bitter hostility toward all that I and my friends had done ... He said that our principle of

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At the age of 20, Jinnah began his practice in Bombay, the only Muslim barrister in the city. English had become his principal language and would remain so throughout his life. His first three years in the law, from 1897 to 1900, brought him few briefs. His first step towards a brighter career

987:, offered young Jinnah a London apprenticeship with his firm, Graham's Shipping and Trading Company. He accepted the position despite the opposition of his mother, who before he left, had him enter an arranged marriage with his cousin, two years his junior from the ancestral village of Paneli, 2879:

assert that Jinnah never wanted the partition of India—it was the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. They contend that Jinnah only used the Pakistan demand in an attempt to mobilise support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims.

1950:

in Bombay. Two weeks of talks between them followed, which resulted in no agreement. Jinnah insisted on Pakistan being conceded prior to the British departure and to come into being immediately, while Gandhi proposed that plebiscites on partition occur sometime after a united India gained its

1893:

to try to conciliate the Indians and cause them to fully back the war. Cripps proposed giving some provinces what was dubbed the "local option" to remain outside of an Indian central government either for a period of time or permanently, to become dominions on their own or be part of another

6180:

Speaking at a Students Brotherhood event, which he presided over in July in 1922, Jinnah spoke of direct action, something that would become synonymous with him in the Indian mind, owing to his famous direct action day call in 1946 - direct action meant bloodshed and independence would mean

2061:

included Cripps and Pethick-Lawrence. The highest-level delegation to try to break the deadlock, it arrived in New Delhi in late March. Little negotiation had been done since the previous October because of the elections in India. The British in May released a plan for a united Indian state

1580:. At Jinnah's request, Liaquat discussed the return with a large number of Muslim politicians and confirmed his recommendation to Jinnah. In early 1934, Jinnah relocated to the subcontinent, though he shuttled between London and India on business for the next few years, selling his house in 2124:

Mountbatten had been warned in his briefing papers that Jinnah would be his "toughest customer" who had proved a chronic nuisance because "no one in this country had so far gotten into Jinnah's mind". The men met over six days beginning on 5 April. The sessions began lightly when Jinnah,

855: 1726:

their Muslim populations' cultural and religious sensibilities. The Muslim League's claims that it alone could safeguard Muslim interests thus received a major boost. Significantly it was only after this period of Congress rule that it took up the demand for a Pakistan state ..."

2324:

were advised by the departing British to choose whether to join Pakistan or India. Most did so prior to independence, but the holdouts contributed to what have become lasting divisions between the two nations. Indian leaders were angered at Jinnah's attempts to convince the princes of

1412:

until India was independent. Jinnah did not attend the subsequent League meeting, held in the same city, which passed a similar resolution. Because of the action of the Congress in endorsing Gandhi's campaign, Jinnah resigned from it, leaving all positions except in the Muslim League.

3054:

is celebrated as 25 December 1876, there is reason to doubt that date. Karachi did not then issue birth certificates, no record was kept by his family (birth dates being of little importance to Muslims of the time), and his school records reflect a birth date of 20 October 1875. See

1965: 1398:

instead of English, and was deeply rooted in Indian culture. Gandhi's local style of leadership gained great popularity with the Indian people. Jinnah criticised Gandhi's Khilafat advocacy, which he saw as an endorsement of religious zealotry. Jinnah regarded Gandhi's proposed

1681:

Until the late 1930s, most Muslims of the British Raj expected, upon independence, to be part of a unitary state encompassing all of British India, as did the Hindus and others who advocated self-government. Despite this, other nationalist proposals were being made. In a

2421:

Some historians allege that Jinnah's courting the rulers of Hindu-majority states and his gambit with Junagadh are evidence of ill-intent towards India, as Jinnah had promoted separation by religion, yet tried to gain the accession of Hindu-majority states. In his book

764:

By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that the Muslims of the subcontinent should have their own state to avoid the possible marginalised status they may might be reduced to in an independent Hindu–Muslim state. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the

1653:

of a rupee), half of what it cost to join the Congress. He restructured the League along the lines of the Congress, putting most power in a Working Committee, which he appointed. By December 1939, Liaquat estimated that the League had three million two-anna members.

1156:

He was what God made him, a great pleader. He had a sixth sense: he could see around corners. That is where his talents lay ... he was a very clear thinker ... But he drove his points home—points chosen with exquisite selection—slow delivery, word by word.

1139:

out of the council. Jinnah gained great esteem from leading the case for Sir Pherozeshah, himself a noted barrister. It was after his case that Jinnah posted a successful record, becoming well known for his advocacy and legal logic. In 1908, his factional foe in the

7454: 2636:

Khan and Fatima Jinnah's joint affidavit that Jinnah was Shia was rejected. But in 1976 the court rejected Walji's claim that Jinnah was Sunni; effectively implying that he was a Shia. In 1984 a high court bench reversed the 1976 verdict and maintained that "the

1499:

on this point, but talks between the two parties failed. He put forth proposals that he hoped might satisfy a broad range of Muslims and reunite the League, calling for mandatory representation for Muslims in legislatures and cabinets. These became known as his

2414:, refused the order, stating that he would not move into what he considered the territory of another nation without approval from higher authority, which was not forthcoming. Jinnah withdrew the order. This did not stop the violence there, which broke into the 2641:

Merchant, Jinnah's grandnephew, writes that "the Quaid was not a Shia; he was also not a Sunni, he was simply a Muslim". An eminent lawyer who practised in the Bombay High Court until 1940 testified that Jinnah used to pray as an orthodox Sunni. According to

1148:, was arrested for sedition. Before Tilak unsuccessfully represented himself at trial, he engaged Jinnah in an attempt to secure his release on bail. Jinnah did not succeed, but obtained an acquittal for Tilak when he was charged with sedition again in 1916. 1522:

followed over as many years, none of which resulted in a settlement. Jinnah was a delegate to the first two conferences, but was not invited to the last. He remained in Britain for most of the period 1930 through 1934, practising as a barrister before the

1247:

separate electorates was dividing the nation against itself." In its earliest years, however, the League was not influential; Minto refused to consider it as the Muslim community's representative, and it was ineffective in preventing the 1911 repeal of the

936:. Jinnah was not fluent in Gujarati, his mother-tongue, nor in Urdu; he was more fluent in English. Except for Fatima, little is known of his siblings, where they settled or if they met with their brother as he advanced in his legal and political careers. 1906:

political scene, Jinnah warned against the threat of Hindu domination and maintained his Pakistan demand without going into great detail about what that would entail. Jinnah also worked to increase the League's political control at the provincial level.

2143:

Jinnah feared that at the end of the British presence in the subcontinent, they would turn control over to the Congress-dominated constituent assembly, putting Muslims at a disadvantage in attempting to win autonomy. He demanded that Mountbatten divide

1364:

Relations between Indians and British were strained in 1919 when the Imperial Legislative Council extended emergency wartime restrictions on civil liberties; Jinnah resigned from it when it did. There was unrest across India, which worsened after the

960:, writing in 1954, interviewed surviving boyhood associates, and obtained a tale that the young Jinnah discouraged other children from playing marbles in the dust, urging them to rise up, keep their hands and clothes clean, and play cricket instead. 2273:. The referendum there in July 1947 had been tainted by low turnout as less than 10 per cent of the population were allowed to vote. On 22 August 1947, just after a week of becoming governor general, Jinnah dissolved the elected government of 2568: 801:, personally supervising the establishment of refugee camps. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan. Several 1166:

Jinnah was also a supporter of working class causes and an active trade unionist. He was elected President of All India Postal Staff Union in 1925 whose membership was 70,000. According to All Pakistan Labour Federation's publication

1852:

Gandhi's reaction to the Lahore Resolution was muted; he called it "baffling", but told his disciples that Muslims, in common with other people of India, had the right to self-determination. Leaders of the Congress were more vocal;

2253:

and personally supervised the provision of aid. According to Ahmed, "What Pakistan needed desperately in those early months was a symbol of the state, one that would unify people and give them the courage and resolve to succeed."

1702:, with other names given to Muslim-majority areas elsewhere in India. Jinnah and Iqbal corresponded in 1936 and 1937; in subsequent years, Jinnah credited Iqbal as his mentor and used Iqbal's imagery and rhetoric in his speeches. 1289:, non-violent non-co-operation, while in South Africa. Jinnah attended a reception for Gandhi where the two men met and talked with each other for the first time. Shortly afterwards, Jinnah returned home to India in January 1915. 2082:

desired a rapid British departure from the subcontinent, but had little confidence in Wavell to achieve that end. Beginning in December 1946, British officials began looking for a viceregal successor to Wavell, and soon fixed on

1737:

1930s. In the wake of the 1937 balloting, Jinnah demanded that the question of power sharing be settled on an all-India basis, and that he, as president of the League, be accepted as the sole spokesman for the Muslim community.

1234:, to assure him of their loyalty and to ask for assurances that in any political reforms they would be protected from the "unsympathetic majority". Dissatisfied with this, Jinnah wrote a letter to the editor of the newspaper 1085:

Dissatisfied with the law, Jinnah briefly embarked on a stage career with a Shakespearean company, but resigned after receiving a stern letter from his father. In 1895, at age 19, he became the youngest British Indian to be

2901:, which resulted in bloodshed and communal violence that culminated in the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan. This incident and Jinnah's role, according to these authors, is viewed with contempt in India. 1403:

campaign as political anarchy, and believed that self-government should be secured through constitutional means. He opposed Gandhi, but the tide of Indian opinion was against him. At the 1920 session of the Congress in

1770:

and re-enter the politics of India. Initially, however, Iqbal and Jinnah were opponents, as Iqbal believed Jinnah did not care about the crises confronting the Muslim community during the British Raj. According to

2753:

includes an 'Order of Quaid-i-Azam'. The Jinnah Society also confers the 'Jinnah Award' annually to a person that renders outstanding and meritorious services to Pakistan and its people. Jinnah is depicted on all

2679:

is in the United States ... Pakistan owes its very existence to his drive, tenacity, and judgment ... Jinnah's importance in the creation of Pakistan was monumental and immeasurable." American historian

1205:

in 1885. Most founding members had been educated in Britain, and were content with the minimal reform efforts being made by the government. Muslims were not enthusiastic about calls for democratic institutions in

994:

Soon after his arrival in London, Jinnah gave up the business apprenticeship in order to study law, enraging his father, who had, before his departure, given him enough money to live for three years. The aspiring

2505:

cigarettes at his desk, of which he had smoked 50 or more a day for the previous 30 years, as well as a box of Cuban cigars. As his health got worse, he took longer and longer rest breaks in the private wing of

1302:, setting quotas for Muslim and Hindu representation in the various provinces. Although the pact was never fully implemented, its signing ushered in a period of co-operation between the Congress and the League. 1305:

During the war, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British war effort, hoping that Indians would be rewarded with political freedoms. Jinnah played an important role in the founding of the

7643: 1377:

troops fired upon a protest meeting, killing hundreds. In the wake of Amritsar, Gandhi, who had returned to India and become a widely respected leader and highly influential in the Congress, called for

2038:"appeared to prove the universal appeal of Pakistan among Muslims of the subcontinent". The Congress dominated the central assembly nevertheless, though it lost four seats from its previous strength. 6300: 1345:

family of Bombay. There was great opposition to the marriage from Rattanbai's family and the Parsi community, as well as from some Muslim religious leaders. Rattanbai defied her family and nominally

2518:

saying, "you, along with the other Forces of Pakistan, are the custodians of the life, property and honour of the people of Pakistan." He returned to Karachi for the 1 July opening ceremony for the

924:

of Gondal; his mother was from the nearby village of Dhaffa. They had moved to Karachi in 1875, having married before their departure. Karachi was then enjoying an economic boom: the opening of the

1201:

against British rule. In the aftermath of the conflict, some Anglo-Indians, as well as Indians in Britain, called for greater self-government for the subcontinent, resulting in the founding of the

1322:

in the Empire similar to Canada, New Zealand and Australia, although, with the war, Britain's politicians were not interested in considering Indian constitutional reform. British Cabinet minister

2984:

Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Mohammad Ali Jinnah did all three.

2074:

would be formed on partition was sometimes referred to), such as a joint military or communications. However, by December 1946, he insisted on a fully sovereign Pakistan with dominion status.

2341:

to accede to Pakistan—the latter three princely states did not border Pakistan. Jodhpur bordered it and had both a Hindu majority population and a Hindu ruler. The coastal princely state of

1469:, who strongly opposed self-government for India, and members hoped that by having the commission appointed early, the policies for India which they favoured would survive their government. 8550: 1015:(legal apprenticeship) system, which had been in force there for centuries. To gain knowledge of the law, he followed an established barrister and learned from what he did, as well as from 3068:

Jinnah was permanent president of the League from 1919 to 1930, when the position was abolished. He was also sessional president in 1916, 1920, and from 1924 until his death in 1948. See

2501:

was gravely ill ... He worked in a frenzy to consolidate Pakistan. And, of course, he totally neglected his health ..." Jinnah was a heavy smoker who worked with a tin of

1600:, and the League failed to win a majority even of the Muslim seats in any of the provinces where members of that faith held a majority. It did win a majority of the Muslim seats in 1490:

Birkenhead in 1928 challenged Indians to come up with their own proposal for constitutional change for India; in response, the Congress convened a committee under the leadership of

7665: 1927:

in the early 1940s in Delhi; it helped to spread the League's message and eventually became the major English-language newspaper of Pakistan. He also started living in Delhi on

1210:, as they constituted a quarter to a third of the population, outnumbered by the Hindus. Early meetings of the Congress contained a minority of Muslims, mostly from the elite. 11699: 11684: 11649: 9736: 1254:

Although Jinnah initially opposed separate electorates for Muslims, he used this means to gain his first elective office in 1909, as Bombay's Muslim representative on the

8069: 1518:

became prime minister. MacDonald desired a conference of Indian and British leaders in London to discuss India's future, a course of action supported by Jinnah. Three

1732:

in his journal article about Jinnah suggests that the Muslim League president, after the 1937 vote, turned to the idea of partition in "sheer desperation". Historian

9537: 1527:, where he dealt with a number of India-related cases. His biographers disagree over why he remained so long in Britain—Wolpert asserts that had Jinnah been made a 1238:, asking what right the members of the delegation had to speak for Indian Muslims, as they were unelected and self-appointed. When many of the same leaders met in 2863:. On the other hand, Yahya Bakhtiar, who observed Jinnah at close quarters, concluded that Jinnah was a "very sincere, deeply committed and dedicated Mussalman." 11704: 9492: 6405: 1844: 1503:. He could not secure adoption of the Fourteen Points, as the League meeting in Delhi at which he hoped to gain a vote instead dissolved into chaotic argument. 10104: 9890: 2050: 1054:. Naoroji had become the first British Member of Parliament of Indian extraction shortly before Jinnah's arrival, triumphing with a majority of three votes in 652: 2436: 2469:

alone should be the national language, believing a single language was needed for a nation to remain united. The Bengali-speaking people of East Pakistan

11413: 1231: 6273: 1885:

in December 1941 brought the United States into the war. In the following months, the Japanese advanced in Southeast Asia, and the British Cabinet sent

11759: 11629: 1349:, adopting (though never using) the name Maryam Jinnah, resulting in a permanent estrangement from her family and Parsi society. The couple resided at 1465:. The review began two years early as Baldwin feared he would lose the next election (which he did, in 1929). The Cabinet was influenced by minister 2107: 1639:

provincial governments in the central government in New Delhi ("the centre"). He worked to expand the League, reducing the cost of membership to two

920:

Jinnah was from a wealthy merchant background. His father was a merchant and was born to a family of textile weavers in the village of Paneli in the

7524: 2949:(1987), as she thought that Bolitho's book had failed to express the political aspects of Jinnah. The book received positive reception in Pakistan. 2514:, in the mountains of Balochistan, where the weather was cooler than in Karachi. He could not completely rest there, addressing the officers at the 11644: 11634: 9729: 9569: 9257: 8359: 7695: 6330: 2103: 2084: 1695: 11403: 6476: 1635:

In the next two years, Jinnah worked to build support among Muslims for the League. He secured the right to speak for the Muslim-led Bengali and

2371:

occupied the principality in November, forcing its former leaders, including Bhutto, to flee to Pakistan, beginning the politically influential

939:

As a boy, Jinnah lived for a time in Bombay with an aunt and may have attended the Gokal Das Tej Primary School there, later on studying at the

11614: 10354: 7891: 6217: 2654: 2182: 802: 612: 11734: 11659: 11624: 11418: 7776: 5976: 5935: 1055: 2435:

and Kashmir), the accession should be decided by an 'impartial reference to the will of the people', Jinnah rejected the offer. Despite the

1596:

League reluctantly accepted the scheme, though expressing reservations about the weak parliament. The Congress was much better prepared for

11619: 9745: 7736: 1609: 1442:, and continued to press demands for full responsible government. In 1925, as recognition for his legislative activities, he was offered a 789:

As the first governor-general of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and to aid the millions of

152: 7018: 11669: 11388: 9787: 9722: 9485: 8337: 7813: 2440: 2403: 1042:. This political education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation, and progressive politics. He became an admirer of the 770: 11398: 10612: 10097: 9883: 2826: 2355:, personally delivering the accession papers to Jinnah. But two of three vassal states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh— 1628: 1222:, who sought quick action towards independence. In 1906, a delegation of Muslim leaders, known as the Simla Delegation, headed by the 1832:(sometimes called the "Pakistan Resolution", although it does not contain that name), based on the sub-committee's work, embraced the 1135:". This controversy arose out of Bombay municipal elections, which Indians alleged were rigged by a "caucus" of Europeans to keep Sir 11433: 8888: 8667: 8540: 8247: 8079: 7670: 2968:. The film was dedicated to Nehru and Mountbatten and was given considerable support by Nehru's daughter, the Indian prime minister, 2213: 645: 567: 516: 2132: 11764: 11438: 10416: 735:

between the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, in which Jinnah had also become prominent. Jinnah became a key leader in the

2229: 11458: 10617: 10556: 7161: 6501: 1813: 1524: 11719: 11694: 11654: 11408: 11361: 9478: 9222: 8241: 6824: 2918: 1063: 3810: 1673: 11729: 11724: 11709: 11639: 10663: 10090: 9876: 8225: 8044: 7648: 7615: 7595: 7575: 7555: 7534: 7513: 7468: 7370: 7346: 7325: 7286: 7267: 7222: 7202: 7171: 7150: 7082: 7064: 6998: 6953: 6932: 6887: 6863: 6800: 6779: 6755: 6734: 6642: 6531: 6173: 6027: 5887: 5871: 1447: 11689: 10121: 2603:

Jinnah was buried on 12 September 1948 amid official mourning in Pakistan; a million people gathered for his funeral led by

2406:; Indian troops were airlifted in. Jinnah objected to this action, and ordered that Pakistani troops move into Kashmir. The 723:, and took an interest in national politics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. Jinnah rose to prominence in the 11769: 9562: 9229: 9196: 8899: 8608: 8278: 6586: 1984: 1507: 638: 625: 258: 3565: 11489: 10134: 8089: 7043: 1861:

deemed Jinnah's views on partition "a sign of a diseased mentality". Linlithgow met with Jinnah in June 1940, soon after

1484: 1454: 673: 7419: 1975:

succeeded Linlithgow as Viceroy in 1943. In June 1945, following the release of the Congress leaders, Wavell called for

11664: 8215: 8099: 8004: 6911: 2515: 2387: 1782:

offered to make a choice between the works of Iqbal and the rulership of the Muslim state, I would prefer the former."

1722:

worried Congress-supporting Muslims. Nevertheless, the Congress enjoyed considerable Muslim support up to about 1937.

1632:

in the House, on the strength of the general seats, it could and would form a government entirely on its own ..."

944: 909:

Shi'a teachings. After his death, his relatives and other witnesses claimed that he had converted in later life to the

6652: 11749: 11383: 11378: 8618: 7974: 7769: 7408: 1972: 1597: 1566: 1357:, was born on 15 August 1919. The couple separated prior to Ruttie's death in 1929, and subsequently Jinnah's sister 1338: 11739: 11393: 10306: 8470: 2675:

Jinnah's legacy is Pakistan. According to Mohiuddin, "He was and continues to be as highly honored in Pakistan as

2473:

this policy, and in 1971 the official language issue was a factor in the region's secession to form the country of

2262: 2209: 2057:

In February 1946, the British Cabinet resolved to send a delegation to India to negotiate with leaders there. This

2034: 940: 778: 17: 7684: 1382:

against the British. Gandhi's proposal gained broad Hindu support, and was also attractive to many Muslims of the

11754: 10546: 10536: 10501: 9555: 8596: 8455: 8330: 8064: 8009: 7899: 5798: 2201: 2188: 1796: 1615: 1519: 996: 607: 5303: 2762:

of many Pakistani public institutions. The former Quaid-i-Azam International Airport in Karachi, now called the

11509: 9079: 8628: 8084: 8054: 1480: 1474: 980: 423: 6308: 1531:, he would have stayed for life, and that Jinnah alternatively sought a parliamentary seat. Early biographer 11714: 11679: 11479: 11448: 9777: 9207: 9190: 9084: 8702: 8475: 8205: 7919: 6277: 2771: 2750: 2623:

Islamic law. This subsequently became part of the argument in Pakistan about Jinnah's religious affiliation.

2507: 2058: 2030: 1619:

Jinnah (front, left) with the Working Committee of the Muslim League after a meeting in Lucknow, October 1937

1515: 1152:

that you are not addressing a third-class pleader." Another of his fellow barristers described him, saying:

727:

in the first two decades of the 20th century. In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated

8568: 1897:

The Congress followed the failed Cripps mission by demanding, in August 1942, that the British immediately "

11779: 11599: 11499: 11155: 10506: 10113: 9899: 9501: 9319: 9276: 9236: 8977: 8535: 8525: 8480: 8266: 8109: 7999: 7964: 7924: 7762: 7712: 2763: 2415: 2270: 2026: 2010: 1592: 1588: 1462: 1435: 1255: 1180: 1121: 1116:

of Bombay, John Molesworth MacPherson, invited Jinnah to work from his chambers. In 1900, P. H. Dastoor, a

689: 499: 87: 6413: 1869: 1090:

in England. Although he returned to Karachi, he remained there only a short time before moving to Bombay.

1007:

was that over the main entrance to Lincoln's Inn were the names of the world's great lawgivers, including

11784: 11744: 11345: 10732: 10381: 9394: 9366: 9344: 9038: 8505: 8034: 2897:

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, according to Yasser Latif Hamdani and Eamon Murphy, is associated with his call for

2562: 2305: 2178: 1858: 1026:, like many other future Indian independence leaders. His main intellectual references were peoples like 828: 10541: 6877: 6671: 6334: 2041: 1326:

recalled Jinnah in his memoirs, "young, perfectly mannered, impressive-looking, armed to the teeth with

11533: 11080: 10632: 10349: 10344: 9175: 9140: 9135: 9023: 8867: 8822: 8405: 8323: 8139: 8119: 8019: 7460: 7317: 2522:, at which he spoke. A reception by the Canadian trade commissioner that evening in honour of Canada's 1999: 1577: 1528: 1307: 1248: 8290: 7679: 6484: 1714:) believed that an independent India should enact laws such as banning the killing of cows and making 11055: 10752: 10627: 10466: 10406: 9170: 9120: 8827: 8430: 8114: 7801: 7703: 2806:

government of Iran also released a stamp commemorating the centennial of Jinnah's birth in 1976. The

2510:

in Karachi, where only he, Fatima and the servants were allowed. In June 1948, he and Fatima flew to

2470: 1500: 1366: 932:. Jinnah was the second child; he had three brothers and three sisters, including his younger sister 740: 736: 521: 7434: 3153:"Mohammed Ali Jinnah | Biography, Accomplishments, Religion, Significance, & Facts | Britannica" 2345:, which had a majority-Hindu population, did accede to Pakistan in September 1947, with its ruler's 1544:

educated in England and India. Jinnah later became estranged from Dina after she decided to marry a

1117: 11340: 11315: 10852: 10551: 10531: 10391: 10251: 10209: 9931: 9921: 8857: 8852: 8762: 8530: 8380: 8094: 8059: 7949: 7944: 7929: 2321: 1719: 1202: 1141: 724: 554: 544: 526: 295: 282: 6225: 5986: 1612:(N.W.F.P.), where the League won no seats despite the fact that almost all residents were Muslim. 11774: 11060: 11030: 10767: 10747: 10582: 10491: 10214: 10204: 10194: 10184: 9160: 9068: 8937: 8586: 8515: 8149: 8129: 8024: 7959: 6922: 6383: 3017: 1956:

June 1945, they repudiated the agreement and censured Desai for acting without proper authority.

1928: 1268: 1243: 681: 549: 300: 31: 2850:

There is a considerable amount of scholarship on Jinnah which stems from Pakistan; according to

2659: 11674: 11285: 11195: 11190: 10431: 10370: 10262: 10189: 10179: 9772: 9714: 9309: 9180: 9115: 9048: 8777: 8603: 8182: 8124: 7984: 7979: 7954: 7904: 7881: 7851: 7746: 7026: 2909: 2546: 2534: 2519: 2274: 2200:

On 4 July 1947, Liaquat asked Mountbatten on Jinnah's behalf to recommend to the British king,

1882: 1636: 1587:

Muslims of Bombay elected Jinnah, though then absent in London, as their representative to the

1353:

in Bombay, and frequently travelled across India and Europe. The couple's only child, daughter

728: 197: 173: 7605: 6853: 5861: 2786:, New York was also named 'Muhammad Ali Jinnah Way' in honour of the founder of Pakistan. The 11484: 11423: 11250: 11035: 10980: 10812: 10772: 10577: 10496: 10441: 10426: 10376: 10364: 10241: 9837: 9782: 9578: 9522: 9053: 9018: 9002: 8972: 8732: 8500: 8154: 8014: 7909: 7585: 7212: 6582: 6521: 2399: 2313: 2021:

The Muslim League declared that they would campaign on a single issue: Pakistan. Speaking in

1943:. His house is now the Embassy of Netherlands in India and is known as Jinnah House by most. 1940: 1914: 1561:

The early 1930s saw a resurgence in Indian Muslim nationalism, which came to a head with the

1438:. He showed much skill as a parliamentarian, organising many Indian members to work with the 1215: 1051: 948: 751:. In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of 8559: 1946:

In September 1944, Jinnah hosted Gandhi, recently released from confinement, at his home on

672:; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a barrister, politician, and the 11609: 11604: 11335: 11290: 11225: 11170: 11115: 11000: 10905: 10862: 10817: 10737: 10637: 10481: 10386: 10236: 9802: 9797: 9663: 9652: 9618: 9110: 8877: 8832: 8782: 8655: 8623: 8591: 8440: 8235: 8220: 8134: 8104: 8039: 7483: 6873: 6165: 3152: 3051: 2959: 2737: 2715: 2604: 2545:

On 6 July 1948, Jinnah returned to Quetta, but at the advice of doctors, soon journeyed to

2309: 2238: 1707: 1691: 1562: 1477: 1023: 902: 865:

Jinnah's given name at birth was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai, and he likely was born in 1876, to

824: 820: 685: 577: 220: 44: 2529: 1604:, but could not form a government anywhere, though it was part of the ruling coalition in 8: 11320: 11265: 11145: 11040: 11020: 10945: 10742: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10687: 10526: 10009: 9857: 9827: 9817: 9792: 9623: 9613: 9243: 9155: 9028: 8982: 8932: 8812: 8737: 8697: 8367: 8355: 8144: 5940: 2815: 2779: 2461:

In March, Jinnah, despite his declining health, made his only post-independence visit to

2145: 1805: 1374: 1145: 748: 1576:, who would be a major political associate of Jinnah in the years to come and the first 11504: 11350: 11270: 11200: 11185: 11095: 11085: 10995: 10985: 10970: 10955: 10935: 10910: 10782: 10727: 10451: 10421: 10316: 10296: 10246: 10144: 9807: 9598: 9527: 9517: 9165: 9125: 9105: 9033: 9008: 8987: 8967: 8942: 8842: 8802: 8510: 8485: 8375: 8210: 8074: 7722: 7503: 7241: 7125: 7117: 6563: 6357: 2955:(1984) by Stanley Wolpert is regarded as one of the best biographical books on Jinnah. 2951: 2905: 2137: 2126: 2115: 1886: 1450:, who was retiring from the Viceroyalty. He replied: "I prefer to be plain Mr Jinnah." 1395: 1346: 798: 790: 777:, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the 582: 144: 6509: 2958:

The view of Jinnah in the West has been shaped to some extent by his portrayal in Sir

2684:, giving a speech in honour of Jinnah in 1998, deemed him Pakistan's greatest leader. 1337:("Ruttie"), 24 years his junior. She was the fashionable young daughter of his friend 11494: 11325: 11310: 11210: 11105: 11065: 10990: 10895: 10867: 10827: 10652: 10436: 10396: 10359: 10321: 10301: 10291: 10174: 10164: 10068: 9847: 9628: 9324: 9294: 9150: 9100: 8872: 8862: 8807: 8772: 8767: 8742: 8686: 8465: 8460: 8450: 8435: 8415: 8346: 8176: 7989: 7818: 7793: 7611: 7591: 7571: 7551: 7530: 7509: 7464: 7404: 7376: 7366: 7342: 7321: 7282: 7263: 7257: 7218: 7198: 7167: 7146: 7129: 7109: 7078: 7060: 6994: 6949: 6943: 6928: 6907: 6883: 6859: 6812: 6796: 6775: 6751: 6730: 6711: 6638: 6570: 6527: 6169: 5867: 5746: 3038: 3029: 2945: 2898: 2885: 2676: 2668: 2561:

of his people. He was moved to the lower altitude of Quetta on 13 August, the eve of

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After Jinnah died, his sister Fatima asked the court to execute Jinnah's will under

2257: 11547: 11514: 11428: 11305: 11275: 11255: 11230: 11220: 11160: 11070: 11015: 11010: 10900: 10822: 10647: 10602: 10587: 10511: 10486: 10456: 10219: 10159: 10060: 10001: 9926: 9832: 9684: 9669: 9657: 9422: 9304: 9284: 9215: 9145: 9130: 8952: 8947: 8787: 8757: 8727: 8707: 8633: 8520: 8420: 8395: 7861: 7479: 7101: 6993:. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 6657: 6631: 5913: 3814: 2766:, is Pakistan's busiest. One of the largest streets in the Turkish capital Ankara, 2719: 2664: 2624: 2585: 2465:. In a speech before a crowd estimated at 300,000, Jinnah stated (in English) that 2356: 2246: 1979:, and invited the leading figures from the various communities to meet with him at 1976: 1923: 1854: 1573: 1511: 1470: 1408:, Jinnah was shouted down by the delegates, who passed Gandhi's proposal, pledging 1227: 1113: 1047: 1031: 1022:

During his student years in England, Jinnah was influenced by 19th-century British

1000: 972: 708: 395: 120: 2931:, which was based on Jinnah's life and his struggle for the creation of Pakistan. 2452:

expressed his views regarding Pakistan's constitution to be in the following way:

2363:—declared their independence from Junagadh and acceded to India. In response, the 11583: 11559: 11463: 11453: 11355: 11260: 11205: 11120: 11100: 10920: 10890: 10885: 10842: 10832: 10797: 10792: 10757: 10682: 10607: 10446: 10169: 9822: 9674: 9334: 9264: 9185: 9089: 8912: 8792: 8676: 7660: 7565: 7545: 7499: 7456:

The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan

7398: 7336: 7192: 6901: 6790: 6769: 6745: 6724: 6699: 6542: 5304:"This too was Pakistan (1947–71): A response to Nadeem Paracha's "Also Pakistan"" 2977: 2973: 2932: 2803: 2755: 2692: 2681: 2432: 2427: 2410:

was still commanded by British officers, and the commanding officer, General Sir

2378: 2286: 2205: 2193: 2154: 2079: 2046: 1995: 1952: 1890: 1706:

upon independence, though the traditionalist wing (including politicians such as

1458: 1391: 1334: 1280: 1219: 1125: 1087: 1035: 1016: 832: 343: 9470: 2935:, who portrayed Jinnah, called his performance the best of his career. The 1954 2835: 1214:

in achieving self-government, and following such leaders as Mehta, Naoroji, and

11295: 11245: 11235: 11215: 11180: 11140: 11125: 10847: 10777: 10762: 10702: 10692: 10521: 10411: 10281: 10256: 10231: 10129: 10082: 9993: 9966: 9868: 9640: 9289: 9095: 8997: 8922: 8882: 8837: 8752: 8712: 8692: 8490: 8195: 7969: 7934: 7914: 7876: 2936: 2851: 2807: 2767: 2557:, but it did not help. Jinnah's condition continued to deteriorate despite the 2444: 2411: 2407: 2342: 2242: 2158: 2088: 1991: 1939:

stayed and Jinnah was neighbours with the wealthiest man in Delhi at the time,

1936: 1874: 1771: 1753: 1733: 1687: 1532: 1350: 1027: 957: 921: 572: 7105: 6574: 6379: 1823:

Jinnah and Gandhi arguing after a meeting between them in Dehli, November 1939

1718:

a national language. The failure of the Congress leadership to disavow Hindu

1069: 11593: 11240: 11165: 11130: 11090: 11005: 10975: 10965: 10950: 10837: 10807: 10787: 10516: 10052: 10044: 9974: 9913: 9842: 9380: 9314: 9299: 9250: 8992: 8962: 8957: 8847: 8817: 8747: 8722: 8400: 8302: 8230: 8200: 8187: 8049: 7939: 7871: 7856: 7846: 7837: 7655: 7380: 7356: 7188: 7139:

The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism

7113: 6897: 5936:"'Muhammad Ali Jinnah Way' unveiled in New York to honour Pakistan's founder" 3006: 2969: 2964: 2927: 2913: 2881: 2876: 2787: 2608: 2596: 2462: 2386:

The most contentious of the disputes was, and continues to be, that over the

2372: 2330: 2250: 2025:, Jinnah echoed this, "Pakistan is a matter of life or death for us." In the 1932: 1624: 1549: 1540: 1491: 1358: 1323: 1207: 1079: 1059: 1039: 1004: 988: 933: 870: 849: 696: 684:

from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, and then as the

602: 587: 476: 371: 318: 269: 7644:

Correspondence with the Muslim League – 1946 – UK Parliament Living Heritage

1189: 11571: 11443: 11330: 10960: 10925: 10915: 10857: 10657: 10561: 10471: 10461: 10226: 10154: 10139: 10025: 9646: 9634: 9352: 9329: 9058: 9043: 8927: 8917: 8907: 8681: 8445: 8425: 8410: 8029: 7807: 7253: 6765: 6662: 4753: 2904:

Jinnah has gained the admiration of Indian nationalist politicians such as

2867: 2811: 2795: 2775: 2632: 2554: 2494: 2338: 2334: 2166: 1947: 1809: 1699: 1495: 1439: 1342: 1311: 1299: 1223: 1198: 928:

in 1869 meant it was 200 nautical miles closer to Europe for shipping than

886: 774: 732: 620: 7360: 7338:

The Ardent Pilgrim: An Introduction to the Life and Work of Mohammed Iqbal

6879:

Pakistan at the crossroads : domestic dynamics and external pressures

6747:

Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States

2169:

made the formal announcement by radio. Jinnah concluded his address with "

1390:, which supplied spiritual leadership to many Muslims. The caliph was the 11050: 10930: 10622: 10401: 10149: 9852: 9812: 9547: 9408: 8495: 8170: 7994: 6964: 6771:

The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan

6517: 2871: 2707: 2642: 2368: 1909: 1729: 1640: 1259: 1132: 910: 882: 716: 486: 239: 11578: 7245: 6006: 6004: 2285:-dominated province despite him being a Kashmiri. On 12 August 1948 the 2161:, adjacent to eastern Bengal. On 3 June, Mountbatten, Nehru, Jinnah and 2005: 1421: 11300: 11075: 11025: 10940: 10592: 10476: 10311: 9608: 9073: 9013: 8797: 8640: 7866: 7685:

Address to the First Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11 August 1947

6715: 3651: 3649: 2558: 2523: 2474: 2395: 2360: 1898: 1443: 1354: 1285: 925: 753: 390: 382: 7754: 7121: 5802: 2485: 1262:(with many clients from India's nobility), and in 1911 introduced the 1131:

As a lawyer, Jinnah gained fame for his skilled handling of the 1908 "

11280: 11175: 11135: 11110: 11045: 10707: 10697: 10597: 9679: 9603: 9436: 9063: 8648: 7142: 6707: 6001: 5981: 5668: 5311: 2791: 2703: 2628: 2577: 2290: 2099: 2022: 2014: 1581: 1430:

Congress. In September 1923, Jinnah was elected as Muslim member for

1386:

faction. These Muslims, supported by Gandhi, sought retention of the

1327: 1315: 1298:

now president of the Muslim League, the two organisations signed the

1272: 1019:. During this period, he shortened his name to Muhammad Ali Jinnah. 1012: 890: 758: 704: 108: 8315: 7624: 7567:

BJP and the Evolution of Hindu Nationalism: From Periphery to Centre

7297: 3646: 2087:, a war leader popular among Conservatives as the great-grandson of 1819: 1761: 869:

and his wife Mithibai, in a rented apartment on the second floor of

10642: 10286: 9755: 9588: 9450: 8613: 8554:

The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.

8385: 6609: 2860: 2783: 2759: 2502: 2448: 2391: 2282: 1800:

The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.

1370: 1319: 1008: 786:-majority India, and for a predominantly Muslim state of Pakistan. 677: 7298:< "From Dawn's Archives: The Father of the Nation laid to rest" 7163:

The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future

6406:"Book Review: The nation was orphaned, forever —by Dr Irfan Zafar" 1103: 1003:, later stating that the reason he chose Lincoln's over the other 905:

Shia Muslim background from Gujarat, though he later followed the

805:

in Pakistan bear Jinnah's name. He is revered in Pakistan as the

10802: 10017: 8390: 7314:

Evacuee Cinema: Bombay and Lahore in Partition Transit, 1940–1960

6218:"Pakistan expresses shock over Advani's resignation as BJP chief" 2573: 1998:

later in July. Attlee and his Secretary of State for India, Lord

968: 906: 894: 854: 744: 700: 231: 9744: 7828: 5163: 2572:

Special services and prayers were held in the Kwitang mosque of

2382:

Jinnah's arrival at Lahore to discuss the Kashmir crisis in 1948

1987:

imminent, Churchill's government did not feel it could proceed.

1608:. The Congress and its allies formed the government even in the 1461:, undertook a decennial review of Indian policy mandated by the 10326: 7674: 6948:(paperback ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. 2799: 2550: 2538: 2511: 2293:

occurred resulting in the death of 400 people aligned with the

1980: 1838: 1431: 1405: 929: 712: 7232:

Puri, Balraj (7 March 2008). "Clues to understanding Jinnah".

6523:

Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin

2802:, Andhra Pradesh, India, was built to commemorate Jinnah. The 2592: 2136:

Mountbatten meets Jinnah, Nehru and other leaders to plan the

1964: 444: 71: 6774:(paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6301:"BJP expels Jaswant Singh over praise for Jinnah in his book" 2980:

summarises the profound effect that Jinnah had on the world:

2687: 2402:

in October 1947, aided by Pakistani irregulars, the maharaja

2398:, who stalled his decision on which nation to join. With the 2347: 2245:

dividing the new nations sparked mass migration, murder, and

1951:

independence. In early 1945, Liaquat and the Congress leader

1715: 1601: 1545: 1239: 1043: 914: 898: 874: 783: 5536: 2645:, Jinnah became a firm Sunni Muslim by the end of his life. 9939: 8070:

Quaid-e-Azam College of Engineering and Technology, Sahiwal

7424: 6792:

Secular Jinnah & Pakistan: What the Nation Doesn't Know

6692:

They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities

5283: 4458: 3223: 2620: 2466: 2162: 1857:

referred to Lahore as "Jinnah's fantastic proposals" while

1263: 1124:, he would refuse to accept a large salary, fixing it at 1 5430: 5428: 4890: 2233:

Jinnah during the oath taking ceremony as Governor General

1283:, a Hindu lawyer who had become well known for advocating 6251: 5464: 5401: 4398: 3431: 3429: 3427: 2908:, whose comments praising Jinnah caused an uproar in his 2844:

Jinnah's portraits on the stamps of Turkmenistan and Iran

2033:, the League won every seat reserved for Muslims. In the 2009:

Jinnah with Muslim League leaders in the corridor of the

1785: 1677:

Jinnah addresses the Muslim League session at Patna, 1938

1416: 1082:

which subsequently came to be known as the "Jinnah cap".

5584: 5476: 5379: 5377: 5141: 5139: 4931: 4929: 4710: 4026: 4024: 3961: 3853: 1169:

Productive Role of Trade Unions and Industrial Relations

27:

Founder and 1st Governor-General of Pakistan (1876–1948)

7420:"Karachi: Restoration of Church Mission School ordered" 7092:

Moore, R. J. (1983). "Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand".

6198: 6117: 5956: 5888:"Was Quaid-e Azam Jinnah the only founder of Pakistan?" 5841: 5778: 5644: 5620: 5608: 5500: 5452: 5425: 5389: 5362: 5223: 5211: 5199: 5124: 5076: 5064: 4674: 4388: 4386: 3811:"The Statesman: Jinnah's differences with the Congress" 3509: 3507: 3494: 3492: 3412: 3134: 3132: 1572:

Among those who met with Jinnah to seek his return was

5734: 5488: 4946: 4944: 4880: 4878: 4482: 4311: 4120: 4084: 4072: 4036: 3636: 3634: 3424: 3400: 2367:

militarily occupied the two states. Subsequently, the

1917:

at a party at Jinnah House, Aurangzeb Road, New Delhi.

1765:

Jinnah seated with Iqbal at the round table conference

11531: 7570:, Manohar Publishers & Distributors, p. 60, 6945:

The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan

6672:"'Pakistan's founder worked as a trade union leader'" 6440: 6186: 5724: 5722: 5683: 5632: 5374: 5187: 5175: 5136: 5100: 5088: 4968: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4851: 4815: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4734: 4590: 4554: 4446: 4422: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4021: 3997: 3720: 3718: 956:

lack of other illumination. His official biographer,

11700:

Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India

11685:

Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India

11650:

Expatriates from British India in the United Kingdom

7477: 6069: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5752: 5235: 4506: 4494: 4410: 4383: 3985: 3973: 3949: 3937: 3901: 3865: 3841: 3829: 3754: 3742: 3524: 3522: 3504: 3489: 3441: 3376: 3129: 2269:

Among the restive regions of the new nation was the

1968:

Nehru (left) and Jinnah walk together at Simla, 1946

7625:"Special report: The Legacy of Mr Jinnah 1876–1948" 7259:

The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence

6452: 6428: 6129: 6028:"Muslim law doesn't apply to Jinnah, says daughter" 5695: 5596: 5572: 5524: 5512: 5440: 5413: 5350: 5326: 5247: 5151: 5052: 5028: 4941: 4875: 4863: 4839: 4698: 4662: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4578: 4542: 4518: 4470: 4434: 4371: 4277: 4275: 4214: 4212: 3913: 3693: 3691: 3676: 3631: 3364: 2631:claimed that Jinnah "was an Ismaili by birth and a 2607:. Today, Jinnah rests in a large marble mausoleum, 1093: 6811: 6630: 6562: 5719: 5338: 5016: 5004: 4323: 4248: 4197: 4180: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4108: 4060: 3889: 3877: 3715: 3352: 3328: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3291: 3289: 3194: 3182: 2778:was named "Mohammed Ali Jinnah Way". A section of 2741: 2731: 2724: 2533:Jinnah spent many of the last days of his life at 2390:. It had a Muslim-majority population and a Hindu 2170: 814: 807: 9500: 6965:"South Asia | Partitioning India over lunch" 6637:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 6554:Two Nations: The Philosophy of Muslim Nationalism 6355: 6141: 6081: 6057: 5829: 5817: 5761: 5707: 5656: 5271: 5259: 5040: 4980: 4956: 4827: 4803: 4722: 4686: 4650: 4566: 4530: 4359: 4096: 3778: 3730: 3703: 3664: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3583: 3519: 3340: 3276: 3274: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3213: 3211: 3209: 2943:prompted Fatima Jinnah to release a book, titled 2663:Jinnah and his sister Fatima. Wax statues in the 1690:called for a state for Muslims in British India. 1487:has declared our unfitness for self-government." 1218:. They were opposed by leaders such as Tilak and 11591: 10112: 9898: 6581: 6105: 6093: 6045: 5560: 5169: 5112: 4287: 4272: 4260: 4236: 4209: 4132: 4048: 4009: 3688: 3546: 3534: 3465: 3170: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3100: 2431:population (which would have included Junagadh, 2192:Jinnah announcing the creation of Pakistan over 1565:. In 1933, Indian Muslims, especially from the 1251:, an action seen as a blow to Muslim interests. 9259:Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever? 6398: 6380:"Christopher Lee talks about his favorite role" 5548: 4992: 4347: 4335: 4299: 4224: 3790: 3766: 3477: 3453: 3388: 3301: 3286: 2925:Jinnah was the central figure of the 1998 film 2094: 11705:Members of the Pakistan Philosophical Congress 8307: 7550:, HarperCollins Publishers India, p. 71, 6019: 3925: 3271: 3206: 2875:that state. Some historians such as Jalal and 2655:List of things named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah 2589:what a difference from what he had imagined." 1740: 10098: 9884: 9730: 9563: 9486: 8331: 7770: 7526:Pakistan: The Enigma of Political Development 6750:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3112: 2794:, is among Karachi's notable landmarks. The " 2730:(meaning "Great Leader"). His other title is 2437:United Nations Security Council Resolution 47 1698:in 1933 advocating a state "Pakistan" in the 1668: 1330:, and insistent on the whole of his scheme". 835:, Jinnah remains Pakistan's greatest leader. 831:in the country. According to his biographer, 646: 30:"Jinnah" redirects here. For other uses, see 9746:Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan 7737:Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan 6331:"Jaswant Singh expelled over Jinnah remarks" 6274:"Nehru not Jinnah's polity led to partition" 6153: 3808: 1804:On 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister 7396: 6333:. Jai Bihar. 19 August 2009. Archived from 5968: 4464: 3094:Rare speeches and documents of Quaid-e-Azam 1584:and closing his legal practice in Britain. 1318:" for India—the status of a self-governing 165:11 August 1947 – 11 September 1948 100:14 August 1947 – 11 September 1948 10613:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 10105: 10091: 9891: 9877: 9737: 9723: 9577: 9570: 9556: 9493: 9479: 8338: 8324: 7777: 7763: 7590:, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 61, 6896: 6729:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. 6358:"Christopher Lee on the making of legends" 3809:Official website, Government of Pakistan. 3229: 3011: 2774:in Tehran, Iran. In Chicago, a portion of 2091:and among Labour for his political views. 1591:in October 1934. The British Parliament's 653: 639: 491: 70: 59: 57: 11760:Sindh Madressatul Islam University alumni 11630:Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law 8248:List of properties of Muhammad Ali Jinnah 8080:Quaid-e-Azam Inter Provincial Youth Games 7610:, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 231, 7400:Global Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophy 6872: 6845:The Frontier Gandhi: His Place in History 6809: 6292: 5790: 5301: 4404: 3802: 885:. Jinnah's paternal grandfather lived in 741:fourteen-point constitutional reform plan 7664:) is being considered for deletion. See 7362:Jinnah: India-Partition and Independence 7311: 7054: 6689: 6551: 6204: 6025: 5482: 3418: 3406: 2746:, a traditional title of Muslim rulers. 2702: 2686: 2658: 2591: 2567: 2528: 2484: 2377: 2256: 2228: 2187: 2131: 2098: 2040: 2004: 1963: 1931:(now Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Road), near 1908: 1868: 1848:Jinnah makes a speech in New Delhi, 1943 1843: 1818: 1795: 1760: 1672: 1657: 1614: 1420: 1333:In 1918, Jinnah married his second wife 1188: 1102: 1068: 967: 949:Christian Missionary Society High School 853: 11645:Converts to Sunni Islam from Shia Islam 11635:Cathedral and John Connon School alumni 7784: 7564:Partha Sarathy Ghosh (1 January 1999), 7397:Singh, Nagendra; Mishra, A. P. (2010). 7276: 7210: 7187: 7077:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 7007: 6851: 6669: 6210: 6159: 6123: 5962: 5796: 5470: 5289: 3640: 3435: 3138: 2988: 2722:, in Pakistan. Jinnah earned the title 2526:was the last public event he attended. 1808:announced the commencement of war with 1453:In 1927, the British Government, under 1292: 963: 843: 358: 1918; died 1929) 333: 1892; died 1893) 14: 11592: 9224:Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence 8285: 8242:Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence 7603: 7522: 7432: 7418:Sharif, Azizullah (20 February 2010). 7417: 7279:Partition of India: Legend and Reality 7136: 7042:Navid, Nurul Bashar (15 August 2013). 6962: 6920: 6855:The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan 6842: 6825:"Iqbal and Quaid's Vision of Pakistan" 6653:"Dina seeks Jinnah House's possession" 6192: 6160:Hamdani, Yasser Latif (23 June 2020). 5974: 5518: 5332: 5253: 4488: 4428: 4191: 3322: 3091: 2919:Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence 2814:, Bombay, is in the possession of the 1786:Second World War and Lahore Resolution 1417:Wilderness years; interlude in England 1310:in 1916. Along with political leaders 11615:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis 10086: 9872: 9718: 9551: 9474: 8345: 8319: 8306: 7758: 7604:Ludwig W. Adamec (14 December 2016), 7583: 7563: 7543: 7508:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7452: 7387: 7334: 7240:(9). Bombay: Sameeksha Trust: 33–35. 7072: 7041: 7016: 6979: 6788: 6722: 6499: 6474: 6386:from the original on 14 November 2021 6356:Lindrea, Victoria (11 October 2004). 6075: 5859: 5847: 5784: 5728: 5494: 5407: 5368: 5344: 4740: 4500: 4452: 4416: 4377: 3919: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3176: 3106: 3037: 3016: 2648: 2493:From the 1930s, Jinnah suffered from 1556: 1242:in December of that year to form the 743:to safeguard the political rights of 680:. Jinnah served as the leader of the 11735:Pakistani people of Gujarati descent 11660:Indian National Congress politicians 11625:Alumni of City, University of London 9231:Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan 8273: 7312:Siddique, Salma (16 February 2023). 7295: 7159: 6822: 6651: 6608: 6540: 6240: 6010: 5975:Sekhar, A. Saye (7 September 2003). 5880: 5866:. Penguin Books India. p. 240. 5853: 5740: 5674: 4512: 4440: 4392: 3655: 2993: 2870:, while there is a tendency towards 2480: 793:who had emigrated from neighbouring 11620:All-India Muslim League politicians 8090:Quaid-e-Azam International Hospital 7547:Mughals, maharajas, and the Mahatma 7498: 7478:United News of India (9 May 1998). 7435:"Jinnah and the Making of Pakistan" 7365:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7166:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 7075:Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook 7059:, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 111, 6963:Lawson, Alastair (10 August 2007). 6847:. Karachi: Oxford University Press. 6743: 6698: 6560: 6458: 6298: 6135: 6026:Sitapati, Vinay (13 October 2008). 5701: 5650: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5590: 5578: 5542: 5530: 5506: 5458: 5446: 5434: 5419: 5395: 5356: 5229: 5217: 5205: 5157: 5130: 5082: 5070: 5058: 5034: 4950: 4884: 4869: 4845: 4716: 4680: 4632: 4620: 4524: 4329: 4317: 4174: 4162: 4150: 4126: 4114: 4090: 4078: 4066: 4042: 4030: 4003: 3991: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3907: 3871: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3784: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3709: 3670: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3528: 3513: 3498: 3471: 3447: 3382: 3370: 3358: 3334: 3200: 3056: 3010: 2308:, and reunion. Few members of the 2224: 1508:1929 British parliamentary election 951:. He gained his matriculation from 504:14 August 1947 – 11 September 1948 153:Speaker of the Constituent Assembly 24: 11670:Infectious disease deaths in Sindh 9754: 8567: 8558: 8549: 8216:Sindh Madressatul Islam University 8100:Quaid-e-Azam Law College Nawabshah 8005:Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre 7544:K. R. N. Swamy (1 December 1997), 7403:. Global Vision Publishing House. 7262:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 6670:Eleazar, Sarah (4 November 2017). 6500:Ahmed, Khaled (24 December 2010). 5799:"Lecture by Prof. Stanley Wolpert" 5797:Wolpert, Stanley (22 March 1998). 3150: 2281:was put in place by Jinnah in the 1901:", proclaiming a mass campaign of 1812:. The following day, the Viceroy, 1506:After Baldwin was defeated at the 769:, demanding a separate nation for 25: 11796: 7975:Jinnah Medical and Dental College 7668:to help reach a consensus. › 7637: 7390:Encyclopaedia on Jinnah: Volume 5 7355: 7091: 6988: 6764: 6628: 6516: 6446: 6434: 6248:"India state bans book on Jinnah" 6147: 6111: 6099: 6087: 6063: 6051: 5835: 5823: 5772: 5713: 5689: 5662: 5638: 5566: 5554: 5383: 5302:Nishapuri, Abdul (29 July 2012). 5277: 5265: 5193: 5181: 5145: 5106: 5094: 5046: 4986: 4974: 4962: 4935: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4857: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4728: 4704: 4692: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4476: 4365: 4353: 4305: 4293: 4281: 4266: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4203: 4138: 4102: 4054: 4015: 3979: 3931: 3895: 3883: 3796: 3772: 3724: 3697: 3682: 3552: 3540: 3483: 3459: 3394: 3310: 3295: 3217: 3188: 3123: 3069: 2085:Admiral Lord Mountbatten of Burma 1921:He helped to found the newspaper 1686:to a League session in 1930, Sir 1161: 1046:British Indian political leaders 803:universities and public buildings 613:List of things named after Jinnah 11577: 11565: 11553: 11541: 10307:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 9693: 9587: 9536: 8471:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 8284: 8272: 8261: 8260: 7827: 7252: 7231: 7073:Mohiuddin, Yasmeen Niaz (2007). 6941: 6372: 6349: 6323: 6266: 5928: 5914:"Projects of The Jinnah Society" 5906: 5295: 5241: 5118: 5022: 5010: 4998: 4746: 4341: 3346: 3280: 3018:[mʊɦəmːəd̪əlid͡ʒɪnɑː(ɦ)] 2972:. It portrays Jinnah (played by 2888:, in Jinnah's honour once said: 2834: 2825: 2770:, is named after him, as is the 2263:Constituent Assembly of Pakistan 2066:backdrop of rioting, especially 1598:the provincial elections in 1937 1361:looked after him and his child. 1197:In 1857, many Indians had risen 1174: 1094:Legal and early political career 941:Cathedral and John Connon School 877:, Pakistan, but then within the 619: 481: 443: 422: 11765:Tuberculosis deaths in Pakistan 10547:Provisional Government of India 9266:Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857 8226:Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall 8045:Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall 8010:Jinnah Sindh Medical University 7900:Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-i-Azam 7587:Culture and Customs of Pakistan 6818:. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday. 6552:Banerjee, Anil Chandra (1981). 6502:"Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?" 6467: 6299:Joy, Santosh (19 August 2009). 5801:. humsafar.info. Archived from 3558: 3062: 2125:photographed between Louis and 1058:. Jinnah listened to Naoroji's 608:Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-i-Azam 355: 330: 9080:Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi 8085:Quaid-e-Azam International Cup 8055:Mohammad Ali Jinnah University 7680:Government of Pakistan Website 7607:Historical Dictionary of Islam 7584:Iftikhar Haider Malik (2006), 7217:. Cambridge University Press. 7194:The Kashmir Dispute, 1947–2012 7017:Moini, Qasim Abdallah (2003). 6982:The Transfer of Power in India 6858:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 6726:Concise Encyclopaedia of India 6629:Cohen, Stephen Philip (2004). 6610:"Quaid backed labour struggle" 3144: 3085: 3044: 3023: 3000: 2714:His birthday is observed as a 943:. In Karachi, he attended the 838: 715:, England. Upon his return to 13: 1: 11720:Pakistani former Shia Muslims 11695:Members of the Fabian Society 11655:Governors-general of Pakistan 9502:Governors-general of Pakistan 9191:Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti 9085:Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari 8206:Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway 7920:Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway 7696:The Earl Mountbatten of Burma 7653: 7649:Mohammad Ali Jinnah Biography 7480:"Was Jinnah a Shia or Sunni?" 7453:Tudor, Maya (14 March 2013). 7433:Talbot, Ian (February 1984). 7234:Economic and Political Weekly 7057:War and Peace in Modern India 6924:M.A. Jinnah Views and Reviews 6882:. Columbia University Press. 6690:Engineer, Asghar Ali (2006). 6661:. 25 May 2005. Archived from 6556:. Concept Publishing Company. 6475:Ahmed, Khaled (23 May 1998). 4754:"Nidhi Dalmia | Jinnah House" 3096:. Arif Mukati. p. 39-40. 3092:Bawany, Yahya Hashim (1987). 2772:Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway 2710:in London dedicated to Jinnah 2212:for Pakistan at Karachi, and 2031:Constituent Assembly of India 1973:Field Marshal Viscount Wavell 858:Portrait of Jinnah's father, 11730:Pakistani newspaper founders 11710:National symbols of Pakistan 11640:Church Mission School alumni 11156:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 10432:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 10114:Indian independence movement 9900:National symbols of Pakistan 9238:Pakistan: A Personal History 8978:Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot 8763:Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq 8110:Quaid-e-Azam Medical College 8000:Jinnah Polytechnic Institute 7965:Jinnah International Airport 7713:Governor-General of Pakistan 7008:Mehmood, Syed Qasim (1998). 6852:Roberts, Jeffrey J. (2003). 6823:Khan, Zamir (30 June 2010). 5977:"Tower of harmony in Guntur" 3079: 2764:Jinnah International Airport 2614: 2580:) after the death of Jinnah. 2271:North-West Frontier Province 2095:Mountbatten and independence 2011:Central Legislative Assembly 1610:North-West Frontier Province 1593:Government of India Act 1935 1589:Central Legislative Assembly 1463:Government of India Act 1919 1436:Central Legislative Assembly 1314:and Tilak, Jinnah demanded " 1256:Imperial Legislative Council 1181:Indian independence movement 1122:Governor-General of Pakistan 1118:Bombay presidency magistrate 1098: 1066:from the visitor's gallery. 731:, helping to shape the 1916 500:Governor-General of Pakistan 88:Governor-General of Pakistan 7: 11770:University of Mumbai alumni 11346:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 10733:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 8035:Jinnah University for Women 7341:. Oxford University Press. 7281:. Oxford University Press. 7197:, Oxford University Press, 6927:. Oxford University Press. 6810:Kenworthy, Leonard (1968). 6723:Gupta, K. R. G. A. (2006). 6565:Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan 6276:. Jai Bihar. Archived from 2941:Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan 2742: 2732: 2725: 2597:Tomb of Muhammad Ali Jinnah 2171: 1859:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari 1741:Iqbal's influence on Jinnah 1341:, and was part of an elite 897:, India). He himself was a 815: 808: 10: 11801: 11081:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 10633:Indian Independence League 10350:Partition of Bengal (1947) 10345:Partition of Bengal (1905) 9707:indicate acting Presidents 9176:Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni 9141:Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi 9024:Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan 8823:Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan 8748:Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh 8308:Articles related to Jinnah 8140:Quaid-e-Azam Tourist Lodge 8120:Quaid-e-Azam Public School 8065:Pakistan Muslim League (J) 8020:Jinnah Stadium, Gujranwala 7461:Cambridge University Press 7388:Singh, Prakash K. (2009). 7318:Cambridge University Press 7296:Dawn (11 September 2017). 7055:Raghavan, Srinath (2010), 7012:. Karachi: Qadir Printers. 6989:Malik, Iftikar H. (2008). 6694:. Hope India Publications. 3039:[mɑɦməd̪əlidʒʱiɳɑ] 2652: 2489:Jinnah smoking a cigarette 2113: 2000:Frederick Pethick-Lawrence 1959: 1789: 1669:Background to independence 1661: 1578:prime minister of Pakistan 1553:but only for his funeral. 1308:All India Home Rule League 1178: 983:, a business associate of 847: 737:All-India Home Rule League 703:, Jinnah was trained as a 29: 11665:Indian newspaper founders 11472: 11371: 11256:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 11056:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 10876: 10753:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 10673: 10628:Indian Home Rule movement 10570: 10467:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 10407:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 10335: 10272: 10120: 10037: 9986: 9951: 9906: 9763: 9752: 9702: 9691: 9594: 9585: 9534: 9508: 9343: 9275: 9206: 9171:Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri 8898: 8828:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy 8666: 8579: 8547: 8431:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 8366: 8353: 8313: 8256: 8163: 8115:Quaid-e-Azam Police Medal 7925:Governor's House, Karachi 7890: 7836: 7825: 7802:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 7792: 7743: 7734: 7729: 7719: 7710: 7692: 7523:Ziring, Lawrence (1980). 7211:Pirbhai, M. Reza (2017). 7106:10.1017/S0026749X00011069 6541:Aziz, Qutubuddin (2001). 3033: 2912:(BJP). Indian politician 2516:Command and Staff College 2388:princely state of Kashmir 1877:in Bombay, September 1944 1684:speech given at Allahabad 1367:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1112:occurred when the acting 782:to the independence of a 522:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 430: 418: 401: 389: 377: 366: 307: 289: 278: 265: 259:Federal Capital Territory 245: 212: 207: 203: 191: 179: 169: 158: 150: 138: 126: 114: 104: 93: 85: 81: 69: 58: 41: 11750:Politicians from Karachi 11725:Pakistani MNAs 1947–1954 11690:Members of Lincoln's Inn 11495:Indian annexation of Goa 11341:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 10853:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 10618:Indian National Congress 10417:Non-cooperation movement 9932:Faith, Unity, Discipline 9922:State emblem of Pakistan 9252:Pakistan: A Hard Country 9245:The Myth of Independence 8858:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 8853:Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan 8572:State emblem of Pakistan 8531:Constitution of Pakistan 8381:Indian Rebellion of 1857 8095:Quaid-e-Azam Law College 8060:Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road 7950:Jinnah Convention Centre 7945:Jinnah College for Women 7930:Jinnah Antarctic Station 7666:templates for discussion 7010:Encyclopedia Pakistanica 6906:. Quaid-i-Azam Academy. 6594:Mission With Mountbatten 5863:The Rediscovery of India 5545:, pp. 158–159, 343. 4899:, pp. 302, 303–308. 3566:"THE CAUCUS CASE – 1908" 2751:civil awards of Pakistan 2416:First India–Pakistan War 2322:princely states of India 1990:British voters returned 1985:British general election 1471:The resulting commission 1203:Indian National Congress 1142:Indian National Congress 799:two states' independence 725:Indian National Congress 545:Indian National Congress 527:Unity, Faith, Discipline 452:This article is part of 296:Indian National Congress 11740:Pakistani Sunni Muslims 11500:Indian Independence Act 11086:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 11061:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 11031:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 10768:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 10748:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 10583:All-India Muslim League 10537:Royal Air Force strikes 10502:Round table conferences 10492:Chittagong armoury raid 10382:Hindu–German Conspiracy 10365:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 10135:Porto Grande de Bengala 9161:Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi 9069:Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi 8938:Muhammad Shafi Deobandi 8868:Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan 8803:Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan 8481:Indian Independence Act 8456:Round Table Conferences 8360:timeline: 1947–present) 8150:Quaid-i-Azam University 8130:Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park 8025:Jinnah Stadium, Sialkot 7960:Jinnah Hospital, Lahore 7277:Seervai, H. M. (2005). 7019:"Remembering the Quaid" 6991:The History of Pakistan 6789:Karim, Saleena (2010). 6744:Hibbard, Scott (1994). 6596:. Aico Publishing House 6569:. London: John Murray. 6561:Bolith, Hector (1954). 6477:"The secular Mussalman" 5860:Desai, Meghnad (2009). 4465:Singh & Mishra 2010 2866:According to historian 2441:Gandhi was assassinated 2300:Along with Liaquat and 2261:Jinnah speaking at the 2027:December 1945 elections 1520:Round Table Conferences 1269:Indian Military Academy 1244:All-India Muslim League 945:Sindh Madressatul Islam 757:, which he regarded as 682:All-India Muslim League 629:: Picture, Sound, Video 550:All-India Muslim League 301:All-India Muslim League 32:Jinnah (disambiguation) 11755:Presidents of Pakistan 11286:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 11191:Purushottam Das Tandon 10557:Praja Mandala movement 10371:The Indian Sociologist 9978:(Mother of the Nation) 9962:(Father of the Nation) 9773:Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan 9759: 9579:Presidents of Pakistan 9181:Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan 9116:Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh 9049:Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum 9039:Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir 8778:Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman 8624:Philosophical Congress 8573: 8564: 8555: 8236:Governor General House 8125:Quaid-e-Azam Residency 7985:Jinnah Memorial Mosque 7980:Jinnah Medical College 7955:Jinnah Hospital, Kabul 7905:Bagh-e-Jinnah, Karachi 7882:Quaid-e-Azam Residency 7747:Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan 7137:Murphy, Eamon (2013). 6980:Lumby, Esmond (1954). 6942:Khan, Yasmin (2008) . 6814:Leaders of New Nations 6587:"The Great Acceptance" 6583:Campbell-Johnson, Alan 5916:. jinnahsociety.org.pk 3570:bombayhighcourt.nic.in 2986: 2910:Bharatiya Janata Party 2895: 2711: 2696: 2672: 2600: 2584:Indian prime minister 2581: 2547:an even higher retreat 2542: 2535:Quaid-e-Azam Residency 2520:State Bank of Pakistan 2490: 2459: 2383: 2275:Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan 2266: 2234: 2197: 2140: 2111: 2104:Lord Louis Mountbatten 2054: 2018: 1969: 1918: 1883:attack on Pearl Harbor 1878: 1849: 1824: 1801: 1766: 1750: 1678: 1620: 1426: 1194: 1159: 1108: 1074: 976: 862: 827:is also observed as a 797:to Pakistan after the 573:Jinnah Mansion, Mumbai 555:Pakistan Muslim League 198:Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan 174:Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan 11510:Political integration 11251:Shyamji Krishna Varma 11036:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 10981:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 10813:Rettamalai Srinivasan 10773:Mahadev Govind Ranade 10578:All India Kisan Sabha 10542:Coup d'état of Yanaon 10442:Qissa Khwani massacre 10427:Coolie-Begar movement 10242:Second Anglo-Sikh War 9838:Chaudhry Amir Hussain 9783:Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry 9758: 9092:(Pir of Manki Sharif) 9054:Jalaludin Abdur Rahim 9019:Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas 9014:Hakeem Mohammad Saeed 9003:Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem 8973:Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot 8733:Sadeq Mohammad Khan V 8571: 8562: 8553: 8501:Objectives Resolution 8441:Now or Never pamphlet 8155:Tamgha-e-Quaid-e-Azam 8015:Jinnah Sports Stadium 7910:Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore 7392:. Indiana University. 7335:Singh, Iqbal (1951). 6984:. G. Allen and Unwin. 6874:Jaffrelot, Christophe 6526:. London: Routledge. 5308:Let Us Build Pakistan 5170:Campbell-Johnson 1951 3970:, pp. 74–76, 87. 3862:, pp. 38, 46–49. 2982: 2890: 2758:currency, and is the 2706: 2690: 2662: 2595: 2571: 2532: 2488: 2454: 2381: 2314:Indian Police Service 2260: 2232: 2191: 2135: 2102: 2044: 2008: 1994:and his Labour Party 1967: 1912: 1872: 1847: 1822: 1799: 1764: 1745: 1676: 1658:Struggle for Pakistan 1618: 1424: 1216:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1192: 1179:Further information: 1154: 1107:Jinnah as a barrister 1106: 1073:Jinnah wearing a suit 1072: 1052:Sir Pherozeshah Mehta 981:Frederick Leigh Croft 971: 873:near Karachi, now in 857: 813:("Great Leader") and 719:, he enrolled at the 670:Mahomedali Jinnahbhai 217:Mahomedali Jinnahbhai 11715:Pakistani barristers 11680:Lawyers from Karachi 11336:Veeran Sundaralingam 11291:Tara Rani Srivastava 11226:Sahajanand Saraswati 11116:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 11001:Chandra Shekhar Azad 10906:Alluri Sitarama Raju 10863:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 10818:Sahajanand Saraswati 10738:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 10638:Indian National Army 10482:Dharasana Satyagraha 10387:Champaran Satyagraha 10237:First Anglo-Sikh War 9803:Sahibzada Farooq Ali 9798:Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry 9111:Lady Abdullah Haroon 8878:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani 8833:Jogendra Nath Mandal 8783:Choudhary Rahmat Ali 8221:Quaid-i-Azam Academy 8135:Quaid-e-Azam Stadium 8105:Quaid-e-Azam Library 8040:Jinnah-class frigate 7484:United News of India 7094:Modern Asian Studies 6843:Korejo, M.S (1993). 6795:. Checkpoint Press. 6633:The Idea of Pakistan 6512:on 17 November 2011. 6394:– via YouTube. 6166:Macmillan Publishers 5805:on 29 September 2018 5754:United News of India 5593:, pp. 343, 367. 4719:, pp. 208, 229. 2989:References and notes 2960:Richard Attenborough 2738:Father of the Nation 2691:Statue of Jinnah at 2605:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani 2400:population in revolt 2310:Indian Civil Service 2306:Pakistani government 2239:Radcliffe Commission 2210:constituent assembly 2035:provincial elections 1708:Madan Mohan Malaviya 1692:Choudhary Rahmat Ali 1563:Pakistan Declaration 1293:Farewell to Congress 964:Education in England 844:Family and childhood 821:Father of the Nation 779:provincial elections 773:Muslims. During the 686:Republic of Pakistan 578:Jinnah House, Lahore 186:Position established 133:Position established 11780:People from Karachi 11600:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 11321:V. K. Krishna Menon 11266:Subhas Chandra Bose 11151:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 11146:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 11041:Govind Ballabh Pant 11021:Dayananda Saraswati 10946:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10743:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 10723:Dhondo Keshav Karve 10718:Dayananda Saraswati 10713:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10688:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 10201:Anglo-Maratha Wars 10010:Jasminum officinale 9959:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 9943:(national language) 9858:Raja Pervaiz Ashraf 9828:Yousaf Raza Gillani 9818:Hamid Nasir Chattha 9793:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 9768:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 9156:Fatima Sughra Begum 9029:Sardar Ibrahim Khan 8983:Sikandar Hayat Khan 8933:Adamjee Haji Dawood 8813:Ghulam Bhik Nairang 8738:Mian Muhammad Shafi 8718:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 8703:Maulana Shaukat Ali 8698:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 8619:Renaissance Society 8609:Student Federations 8406:Partition of Bengal 8356:History of Pakistan 8145:Quaid-e-Azam Trophy 7786:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 7671:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 7160:Nasr, Vali (2006). 7044:"پښتونخوا کالم: زه 6921:Kazimi, M. (2005). 6665:on 29 October 2010. 6544:Jinnah and Pakistan 6449:, pp. 529–569. 6311:on 15 December 2018 5941:The Express Tribune 5692:, pp. 406–407. 5653:, pp. 369–370. 5641:, pp. 402–405. 5629:, pp. 366–368. 5617:, pp. 361–362. 5509:, pp. 357–358. 5461:, pp. 435–436. 5437:, pp. 347–351. 5410:, pp. 237–238. 5398:, pp. 407–408. 5386:, pp. 131–132. 5292:, pp. 108–109. 5244:, pp. 124–127. 5232:, pp. 341–342. 5220:, pp. 337–339. 5208:, pp. 333–336. 5196:, pp. 290–293. 5184:, pp. 393–396. 5148:, pp. 287–290. 5133:, pp. 327–329. 5109:, pp. 261–262. 5097:, pp. 249–259. 5085:, pp. 319–325. 5073:, pp. 318–319. 4977:, pp. 246–256. 4938:, pp. 229–231. 4923:, pp. 221–225. 4911:, pp. 308–322. 4860:, pp. 171–172. 4824:, pp. 301–302. 4800:, pp. 289–297. 4788:, pp. 280–283. 4776:, pp. 266–280. 4683:, pp. 196–201. 4599:, pp. 232–233. 4563:, pp. 225–226. 4320:, pp. 121–124. 4129:, pp. 104–106. 4093:, pp. 370–371. 4081:, pp. 101–102. 4045:, pp. 119–130. 3982:, pp. 130–131. 2884:, the last British 2816:Government of India 2780:Coney Island Avenue 2110:with Jinnah in 1947 1806:Neville Chamberlain 1375:British Indian Army 1351:South Court Mansion 1249:partition of Bengal 1146:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 749:Indian subcontinent 666:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 461:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 54:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 11785:People from Mumbai 11745:Partition of India 11505:Partition of India 11351:Yashwantrao Holkar 11316:V. O. Chidamabaram 11271:Subramania Bharati 11201:Rahul Sankrityayan 11186:Pritilata Waddedar 11096:Shri Krishna Singh 10996:C. Rajagopalachari 10986:Bidhan Chandra Roy 10971:Bhavabhushan Mitra 10956:Begum Hazrat Mahal 10911:Annapurna Maharana 10783:Muthulakshmi Reddy 10728:G. Subramania Iyer 10422:Christmas Day Plot 10297:Indian nationalism 10247:Sannyasi rebellion 10145:East India Company 9808:Malik Meraj Khalid 9760: 9166:Viqar-un-Nisa Noon 9126:Naseer Ahmad Malhi 9106:Jahanara Shahnawaz 9034:Fida Mohammad Khan 9009:Ghulam Rasool Mehr 8988:Shaukat Hayat Khan 8968:Mian Iftikharuddin 8943:Zafar Ahmad Usmani 8843:Khawaja Nazimuddin 8689:(Nawab Salimullah) 8574: 8565: 8556: 8511:Pakistani monarchy 8486:Partition of India 8376:East India Company 8211:Quaid-i-Azam House 8075:Quaid-e-Azam House 7814:11th August Speech 7723:Khawaja Nazimuddin 7505:Jinnah of Pakistan 6481:The Indian Express 6416:on 18 October 2013 6032:The Indian Express 4033:, pp. 99–100. 4006:, pp. 96–105. 3817:on 27 January 2006 3685:, pp. 18, 24. 3157:www.britannica.com 2952:Jinnah of Pakistan 2906:Lal Krishna Advani 2712: 2697: 2673: 2649:Legacy and honours 2601: 2582: 2543: 2491: 2384: 2267: 2235: 2198: 2141: 2138:Partition of India 2127:Edwina Mountbatten 2116:Partition of India 2112: 2108:Edwina Mountbatten 2055: 2019: 1970: 1919: 1879: 1850: 1841:on 23 March 1940. 1837:League session in 1825: 1802: 1767: 1679: 1621: 1557:Return to politics 1427: 1396:an Indian language 1347:converted to Islam 1226:called on the new 1195: 1109: 1075: 977: 893:peninsula (now in 863: 729:Hindu–Muslim unity 583:Quaid-e-Azam House 145:Khawaja Nazimuddin 11529: 11528: 11523: 11522: 11490:Republic of India 11326:Vallabhbhai Patel 11311:Ubaidullah Sindhi 11211:Ram Prasad Bismil 11106:M. Bhaktavatsalam 11066:Jatindra Nath Das 10991:Bipin Chandra Pal 10926:Babu Kunwar Singh 10896:Achyut Patwardhan 10653:Khudai Khidmatgar 10497:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 10437:Kakori conspiracy 10397:Rowlatt Committee 10360:Direct Action Day 10322:Swadeshi movement 10302:Khilafat Movement 10292:Hindu nationalism 10252:Rebellion of 1857 10175:Anglo-Mysore Wars 10165:Battle of Plassey 10080: 10079: 10069:Pakistan Monument 10029:(national animal) 10021:(national animal) 10013:(national flower) 9917:(national anthem) 9866: 9865: 9848:Sardar Ayaz Sadiq 9788:Abdul Jabbar Khan 9712: 9711: 9629:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 9545: 9544: 9468: 9467: 9460: 9446: 9432: 9418: 9404: 9390: 9376: 9362: 9325:Deena Public Hall 9295:Pakistan Monument 9151:Sharif al Mujahid 9101:Hafeez Jalandhari 8873:Ashraf Ali Thanwi 8863:Qazi Mohammad Isa 8808:Jafar Khan Jamali 8773:Abdur Rab Nishtar 8768:Abdul Qayyum Khan 8743:Mian Abdul Rashid 8687:Khwaja Salimullah 8466:Direct Action Day 8461:Lahore Resolution 8451:Two nation theory 8436:Allahabad Address 8416:Khilafat Movement 8386:Deobandi Movement 8347:Pakistan Movement 8300: 8299: 7990:Jinnah Naval Base 7840:and personal life 7819:Two nation theory 7794:Pakistan Movement 7753: 7752: 7744:Succeeded by 7720:Succeeded by 7708: 7617:978-1-4422-7724-3 7597:978-0-313-33126-8 7577:978-8-17-304253-9 7557:978-8-17-223280-1 7536:978-0-7129-0954-9 7515:978-0-19-503412-7 7470:978-1-107-32873-0 7372:978-0-19-547927-0 7348:978-0-19-563979-7 7327:978-1-009-15120-7 7288:978-0-19-597719-6 7269:978-0-393-04594-9 7224:978-1-107-19276-8 7204:978-0-19-940018-8 7173:978-0-393-32968-1 7152:978-0-415-56526-4 7084:978-1-85109-801-9 7066:978-1-137-00737-7 7029:on 7 October 2008 7000:978-0-313-34137-3 6955:978-0-300-12078-3 6934:978-0-19-597979-4 6889:978-0-231-54025-4 6865:978-0-275-97878-5 6802:978-1-906628-22-2 6781:978-0-521-45850-4 6757:978-0-8018-9669-9 6736:978-81-269-0639-0 6644:978-0-8157-1503-0 6616:. 27 October 2003 6533:978-1-134-75022-1 6437:, pp. 28–29. 6382:. 21 March 2002. 6337:on 21 August 2009 6280:on 22 August 2009 6175:978-93-89109-64-1 5944:. 9 February 2019 5892:The Milli Gazette 5873:978-0-670-08300-8 5850:, pp. 81–82. 5787:, pp. 74–75. 5743:, pp. 88–90. 5473:, pp. 13–14. 5371:, pp. 78–79. 5025:, pp. 85–86. 5013:, pp. 85–87. 4707:, pp. 82–84. 4671:, pp. 71–81. 4647:, pp. 62–63. 4611:, pp. 54–58. 4587:, pp. 51–55. 4551:, pp. 47–49. 4479:, pp. 62–73. 4257:, pp. 39–41. 4206:, pp. 15–34. 3994:, pp. 89–90. 3958:, pp. 71–72. 3946:, pp. 84–85. 3910:, pp. 61–71. 3898:, pp. 90–93. 3886:, pp. 11–15. 3874:, pp. 61–70. 3850:, pp. 35–37. 3838:, pp. 34–35. 3763:, pp. 24–26. 3751:, pp. 20–23. 3727:, pp. 41–42. 3516:, pp. 14–17. 3501:, pp. 14–15. 3450:, pp. 10–12. 3385:, pp. 12–13. 3349:, pp. 95–96. 3232:, pp. 48–49. 3191:, pp. 30–33. 3052:Jinnah's birthday 2994:Explanatory notes 2899:Direct Action Day 2886:governor of Sindh 2677:George Washington 2669:Pakistan Monument 2481:Illness and death 2365:Nawab of Junagarh 2353:Shah Nawaz Bhutto 2302:Abdur Rab Nishtar 2295:Khudai Khidmatgar 2279:Abdul Qayyum Khan 2265:on 14 August 1947 2173:Pakistan Zindabad 1863:Winston Churchill 1834:two-nation theory 1830:Lahore Resolution 1792:Lahore Resolution 1712:Vallabhbhai Patel 1664:Pakistan Movement 1467:Winston Churchill 1425:Jinnah's passport 1388:Ottoman caliphate 1339:Sir Dinshaw Petit 1185:Pakistan movement 1137:Pherozeshah Mehta 1088:called to the bar 1017:studying lawbooks 985:Jinnahbhai Poonja 953:Bombay University 879:Bombay Presidency 867:Jinnahbhai Poonja 860:Jinnahbhai Poonja 767:Lahore Resolution 759:political anarchy 739:, and proposed a 721:Bombay High Court 692:until his death. 663: 662: 532:Two nation theory 469: 468: 434: 433: 250:11 September 1948 236:Bombay Presidency 16:(Redirected from 11792: 11582: 11581: 11570: 11569: 11568: 11558: 11557: 11556: 11546: 11545: 11544: 11537: 11515:Simla Conference 11306:Tiruppur Kumaran 11276:Subramaniya Siva 11231:Sangolli Rayanna 11221:Rash Behari Bose 11161:Nagnath Naikwadi 11071:Jawaharlal Nehru 11016:Dadabhai Naoroji 11011:Chittaranjan Das 10901:A. K. Fazlul Huq 10823:Savitribai Phule 10648:Khaksar movement 10603:Berlin Committee 10588:Anushilan Samiti 10552:Independence Day 10512:Aundh Experiment 10487:Vedaranyam March 10392:Kheda Satyagraha 10377:Singapore Mutiny 10160:Portuguese India 10107: 10100: 10093: 10084: 10083: 10073: 10065: 10061:Minar-e-Pakistan 10057: 10049: 10030: 10022: 10014: 10006: 10002:Chukar partridge 9998: 9979: 9971: 9963: 9944: 9936: 9927:Flag of Pakistan 9918: 9893: 9886: 9879: 9870: 9869: 9833:Elahi Bux Soomro 9778:Abdul Wahab Khan 9739: 9732: 9725: 9716: 9715: 9697: 9591: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9549: 9548: 9540: 9523:Ghulam Muhammad 9495: 9488: 9481: 9472: 9471: 9454: 9440: 9426: 9412: 9398: 9384: 9370: 9356: 9320:National Library 9305:Ziarat Residency 9285:Minar-e-Pakistan 9217:Idea of Pakistan 9146:Habib Rahimtoola 9131:Ahmed Saeed Nagi 8953:Malik Barkat Ali 8948:Ahmed Ali Lahori 8788:A. K. Fazlul Huq 8758:Bahadur Yar Jung 8728:Liaquat Ali Khan 8708:Hakim Ajmal Khan 8563:Flag of Pakistan 8541:Protestant Islam 8536:British heritage 8526:National symbols 8521:Kashmir conflict 8421:Shuddhi movement 8396:Aligarh Movement 8391:Barelvi Movement 8340: 8333: 8326: 8317: 8316: 8304: 8303: 8288: 8287: 8276: 8275: 8264: 8263: 7831: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7756: 7755: 7704:Viceroy of India 7699: 7693:Preceded by 7690: 7689: 7632: 7620: 7600: 7580: 7560: 7540: 7519: 7500:Wolpert, Stanley 7495: 7493: 7491: 7474: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7429: 7414: 7393: 7384: 7352: 7331: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7292: 7273: 7249: 7228: 7207: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7156: 7133: 7088: 7069: 7051: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7025:. Archived from 7013: 7004: 6985: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6959: 6938: 6917: 6893: 6869: 6848: 6839: 6829: 6819: 6817: 6806: 6785: 6761: 6740: 6719: 6700:Gandhi, Rajmohan 6695: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6666: 6648: 6636: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6591: 6578: 6568: 6557: 6548: 6537: 6513: 6508:. Archived from 6506:The Friday Times 6496: 6494: 6492: 6483:. Archived from 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6412:. Archived from 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6307:. Archived from 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6254:. 20 August 2009 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6224:. Archived from 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6023: 6017: 6008: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5985:. Archived from 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5759: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5314:on 14 April 2015 5310:. Archived from 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4939: 4933: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4105:, pp. 9–13. 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3813:. Archived from 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3638: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3517: 3511: 3502: 3496: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3373:, pp. 9–10. 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3299: 3293: 3284: 3278: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3151:Husain, Mahmud. 3148: 3142: 3136: 3127: 3121: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3089: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3035: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3004: 2893:really examined. 2838: 2829: 2745: 2735: 2728: 2720:Quaid-e-Azam Day 2716:national holiday 2665:Lok Virsa Museum 2625:Iranian-American 2586:Jawaharlal Nehru 2563:Independence Day 2508:Government House 2471:strongly opposed 2404:acceded to India 2247:ethnic cleansing 2225:Governor-General 2176: 2051:Pethick-Lawrence 1855:Jawaharlal Nehru 1757: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1574:Liaquat Ali Khan 1567:United Provinces 1512:Ramsay MacDonald 1228:Viceroy of India 1114:Advocate General 1064:House of Commons 1056:Finsbury Central 1048:Dadabhai Naoroji 829:national holiday 818: 811: 775:Second World War 690:governor-general 655: 648: 641: 623: 517:11 August Speech 492:Political career 465: 464: 462: 455: 447: 440: 439: 436: 435: 426: 359: 357: 334: 332: 255: 253: 228:25 December 1876 227: 225: 208:Personal details 194: 182: 163: 141: 129: 121:Liaquat Ali Khan 117: 98: 74: 64: 63: 62: 61: 39: 38: 21: 18:Quaid-i-Azam Day 11800: 11799: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11790: 11789: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11576: 11566: 11564: 11554: 11552: 11542: 11540: 11532: 11530: 11525: 11524: 11519: 11480:Cabinet Mission 11468: 11372:British leaders 11367: 11356:Yogendra Shukla 11261:Siraj ud-Daulah 11216:Rani Lakshmibai 11206:Rajendra Prasad 11196:R. Venkataraman 11141:Mithuben Petit‎ 11121:Mahadaji Shinde 11101:Lala Lajpat Rai 10936:Bahadur Shah II 10921:Ashfaqulla Khan 10891:Accamma Cherian 10886:Abul Kalam Azad 10878: 10872: 10843:Syed Ahmad Khan 10833:Sister Nivedita 10798:Pandita Ramabai 10793:Niralamba Swami 10758:J. B. Kripalani 10683:Ashfaqulla Khan 10675: 10669: 10608:Ghadar Movement 10566: 10447:Flag Satyagraha 10355:Revolutionaries 10337: 10331: 10274: 10268: 10170:Battle of Buxar 10116: 10111: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10063: 10055: 10047: 10033: 10028: 10020: 10012: 10005:(national bird) 10004: 9997:(national tree) 9996: 9982: 9977: 9970:(National poet) 9969: 9961: 9947: 9942: 9934: 9916: 9902: 9897: 9867: 9862: 9823:Gohar Ayub Khan 9761: 9748: 9743: 9713: 9708: 9698: 9689: 9592: 9581: 9576: 9546: 9541: 9532: 9504: 9499: 9469: 9464: 9354:Youm-e-Pakistan 9339: 9335:Jinnah Terminal 9271: 9202: 9186:Abdullah Ropari 9090:Amin ul-Hasanat 8913:Abdullah Haroon 8894: 8793:Jamaat Ali Shah 8677:Syed Ahmad Khan 8662: 8575: 8566: 8557: 8545: 8476:Cabinet Mission 8362: 8349: 8344: 8309: 8301: 8296: 8252: 8159: 7886: 7832: 7823: 7788: 7783: 7749: 7740: 7725: 7716: 7698: 7669: 7640: 7635: 7623: 7618: 7598: 7578: 7558: 7537: 7516: 7489: 7487: 7471: 7443: 7441: 7411: 7373: 7349: 7328: 7302: 7300: 7289: 7270: 7225: 7205: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7153: 7085: 7067: 7032: 7030: 7001: 6970: 6968: 6956: 6935: 6914: 6890: 6866: 6827: 6803: 6782: 6758: 6737: 6680: 6678: 6645: 6619: 6617: 6599: 6597: 6589: 6534: 6518:Ahmed, Akbar S. 6490: 6488: 6470: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6419: 6417: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6378: 6377: 6373: 6363: 6361: 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6312: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6255: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6222:Hindustan Times 6216: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6176: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6024: 6020: 6009: 6002: 5992: 5990: 5973: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5947: 5945: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5895: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5858: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5762: 5751: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5497:, p. 1035. 5493: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5121:, pp. 2–4. 5117: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4949: 4942: 4934: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3543:, pp. 4–5. 3539: 3535: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3505: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3361:, pp. 8–9. 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3337:, pp. 5–7. 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3302: 3294: 3287: 3279: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3207: 3203:, pp. 3–5. 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3130: 3122: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3067: 3063: 3049: 3045: 3028: 3024: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2978:Stanley Wolpert 2974:Alyque Padamsee 2933:Christopher Lee 2848: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2831: 2830: 2756:Pakistani rupee 2693:York University 2682:Stanley Wolpert 2657: 2651: 2617: 2483: 2428:Rajmohan Gandhi 2287:Babrra massacre 2227: 2206:Cyril Radcliffe 2194:All India Radio 2155:Sylhet district 2118: 2097: 2080:Attlee ministry 2059:Cabinet Mission 2047:Stafford Cripps 1962: 1953:Bhulabhai Desai 1941:Sir Sobha Singh 1915:Sir Sobha Singh 1891:Stafford Cripps 1814:Lord Linlithgow 1794: 1788: 1759: 1752: 1743: 1671: 1666: 1660: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1559: 1501:Fourteen Points 1485:Lord Birkenhead 1459:Stanley Baldwin 1457:Prime Minister 1419: 1392:Ottoman Emperor 1335:Rattanbai Petit 1295: 1281:Mohandas Gandhi 1220:Lala Lajpat Rai 1187: 1177: 1164: 1101: 1096: 966: 903:Nizari Isma'ili 852: 846: 841: 833:Stanley Wolpert 791:Muslim migrants 659: 617: 594: 559: 536: 510:Political views 506: 503: 496: 460: 458: 457: 456: 453: 451: 414: 362: 361: 353: 349: 346: 344:Rattanbai Petit 336: 328: 324: 321: 299: 291: 290:Other political 279:Political party 274:Sindh, Pakistan 273: 256: 251: 249: 230: 223: 221: 219: 218: 192: 180: 164: 159: 139: 127: 115: 99: 94: 77: 65: 56: 55: 52: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11798: 11788: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11775:Muhajir people 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11587: 11586: 11574: 11562: 11550: 11527: 11526: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11476: 11474: 11470: 11469: 11467: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11365: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11296:Tarak Nath Das 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11246:Shuja-ud-Daula 11243: 11238: 11236:Sarojini Naidu 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11181:Prafulla Chaki 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11126:Mahatma Gandhi 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10882: 10880: 10874: 10873: 10871: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10848:Vakkom Moulavi 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10778:Mahatma Gandhi 10775: 10770: 10765: 10763:Jyotirao Phule 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10703:B. R. Ambedkar 10700: 10695: 10693:Ayya Vaikundar 10690: 10685: 10679: 10677: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10667: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10574: 10572: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10522:Cripps Mission 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10412:Noakhali riots 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10341: 10339: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10278: 10276: 10275:and ideologies 10270: 10269: 10267: 10266: 10259: 10257:Radcliffe Line 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10232:Vellore Mutiny 10229: 10224: 10223: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10199: 10198: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10126: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10110: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10087: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10074: 10066: 10058: 10050: 10041: 10039: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10031: 10023: 10015: 10007: 9999: 9994:Cedrus deodara 9990: 9988: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9980: 9972: 9967:Muhammad Iqbal 9964: 9955: 9953: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9945: 9937: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9910: 9908: 9904: 9903: 9896: 9895: 9888: 9881: 9873: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9764: 9762: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9742: 9741: 9734: 9727: 9719: 9710: 9709: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9643: 9638: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9595: 9593: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9575: 9574: 9567: 9560: 9552: 9543: 9542: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9498: 9497: 9490: 9483: 9475: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9452:Youm-e-Viladat 9448: 9434: 9420: 9406: 9392: 9378: 9364: 9349: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9290:Bab-e-Pakistan 9287: 9281: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9269: 9262: 9255: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9227: 9220: 9212: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9200: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9096:Syed Wajid Ali 9093: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9005: 9000: 8998:Ziauddin Ahmad 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8923:Mahmoud Haroon 8920: 8915: 8910: 8904: 8902: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8892: 8885: 8883:Zafar Ali Khan 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8838:K. H. Khurshid 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8753:Mohsin-ul-Mulk 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8713:Muhammad Iqbal 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8693:Syed Ameer Ali 8690: 8684: 8679: 8672: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8638: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8491:Radcliffe Line 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8372: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8343: 8342: 8335: 8328: 8320: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8282: 8270: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8196:Cinnah Caddesi 8193: 8185: 8180: 8173: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7970:Jinnah Mansion 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7935:Jinnah Barrage 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7915:Cinnah Caddesi 7912: 7907: 7902: 7896: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7852:Shireen Jinnah 7849: 7843: 7841: 7834: 7833: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7804: 7798: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7782: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7759: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7742: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7718: 7709: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7651: 7646: 7639: 7638:External links 7636: 7634: 7633: 7621: 7616: 7601: 7596: 7581: 7576: 7561: 7556: 7541: 7535: 7520: 7514: 7496: 7486:via rediff.com 7475: 7469: 7450: 7430: 7415: 7409: 7394: 7385: 7371: 7357:Singh, Jaswant 7353: 7347: 7332: 7326: 7309: 7293: 7287: 7274: 7268: 7250: 7229: 7223: 7208: 7203: 7189:Noorani, A. G. 7185: 7172: 7157: 7151: 7134: 7100:(4): 529–561. 7089: 7083: 7070: 7065: 7052: 7039: 7014: 7005: 6999: 6986: 6977: 6960: 6954: 6939: 6933: 6918: 6913:978-9694130361 6912: 6898:Jinnah, Fatima 6894: 6888: 6870: 6864: 6849: 6840: 6820: 6807: 6801: 6786: 6780: 6762: 6756: 6741: 6735: 6720: 6696: 6687: 6667: 6649: 6643: 6626: 6606: 6579: 6558: 6549: 6538: 6532: 6514: 6497: 6487:on 15 May 2013 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6461:, p. vii. 6451: 6439: 6427: 6397: 6371: 6348: 6322: 6291: 6265: 6239: 6228:on 9 June 2005 6209: 6197: 6185: 6174: 6162:Jinnah: A Life 6152: 6150:, p. 126. 6140: 6138:, p. 208. 6128: 6126:, p. 127. 6116: 6104: 6092: 6090:, p. 221. 6080: 6068: 6066:, p. 200. 6056: 6044: 6018: 6000: 5967: 5965:, p. 869. 5955: 5927: 5905: 5879: 5872: 5852: 5840: 5838:, p. 134. 5828: 5826:, p. 406. 5816: 5789: 5777: 5775:, p. 195. 5760: 5745: 5733: 5718: 5716:, p. 205. 5706: 5704:, p. 370. 5694: 5682: 5667: 5665:, p. 407. 5655: 5643: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5605:, p. 361. 5595: 5583: 5581:, p. 343. 5571: 5559: 5547: 5535: 5533:, p. 359. 5523: 5511: 5499: 5487: 5485:, p. 111. 5475: 5463: 5451: 5449:, p. 435. 5439: 5424: 5422:, p. 347. 5412: 5400: 5388: 5373: 5361: 5359:, p. 416. 5349: 5337: 5325: 5294: 5282: 5280:, p. 145. 5270: 5268:, p. 131. 5258: 5246: 5234: 5222: 5210: 5198: 5186: 5174: 5172:, p. 125. 5162: 5160:, p. 187. 5150: 5135: 5123: 5111: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5061:, p. 317. 5051: 5049:, p. 250. 5039: 5037:, p. 312. 5027: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4989:, p. 237. 4979: 4967: 4965:, p. 557. 4955: 4953:, p. 305. 4940: 4925: 4913: 4901: 4889: 4887:, p. 254. 4874: 4872:, p. 158. 4862: 4850: 4848:, p. 251. 4838: 4836:, p. 302. 4826: 4814: 4812:, p. 132. 4802: 4790: 4778: 4766: 4745: 4743:, p. 316. 4733: 4731:, p. 107. 4721: 4709: 4697: 4695:, p. 553. 4685: 4673: 4661: 4659:, p. 551. 4649: 4637: 4635:, p. 189. 4625: 4623:, p. 185. 4613: 4601: 4589: 4577: 4575:, p. 225. 4565: 4553: 4541: 4539:, p. 223. 4529: 4527:, p. 123. 4517: 4515:, p. 152. 4505: 4493: 4491:, p. 114. 4481: 4469: 4467:, p. 342. 4457: 4455:, p. 153. 4445: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4407:, p. 230. 4405:Kenworthy 1968 4397: 4395:, p. 151. 4382: 4370: 4368:, p. 200. 4358: 4346: 4334: 4332:, p. 124. 4322: 4310: 4298: 4296:, p. 121. 4286: 4284:, p. 532. 4271: 4269:, p. 548. 4259: 4247: 4245:, p. 198. 4235: 4223: 4221:, p. 188. 4208: 4196: 4179: 4177:, p. 136. 4167: 4165:, p. 134. 4155: 4153:, p. 106. 4143: 4141:, p. 130. 4131: 4119: 4117:, p. 133. 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4069:, p. 102. 4059: 4057:, p. 172. 4047: 4035: 4020: 4018:, p. 170. 4008: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3729: 3714: 3702: 3700:, p. 120. 3687: 3675: 3663: 3645: 3630: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3582: 3557: 3555:, p. 212. 3545: 3533: 3518: 3503: 3488: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3440: 3438:, p. 725. 3423: 3421:, p. 219. 3411: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3300: 3285: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3230:Jinnah, Fatima 3222: 3205: 3193: 3181: 3169: 3143: 3128: 3111: 3099: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3061: 3043: 3034:માહમદ અલી ઝીણા 3022: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2962:'s 1982 film, 2937:Hector Bolitho 2852:Akbar S. Ahmed 2843: 2842: 2833: 2832: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2808:Jinnah Mansion 2768:Cinnah Caddesi 2743:Amir ul-Millat 2650: 2647: 2616: 2613: 2611:, in Karachi. 2482: 2479: 2445:Nathuram Godse 2412:Douglas Gracey 2408:Pakistani Army 2243:Radcliffe Line 2226: 2223: 2196:on 3 June 1947 2114:Main article: 2096: 2093: 2089:Queen Victoria 1992:Clement Attlee 1961: 1958: 1937:Mahatma Gandhi 1929:Aurangzeb Road 1875:Mahatma Gandhi 1790:Main article: 1787: 1784: 1772:Akbar S. Ahmed 1754:Muhammad Iqbal 1744: 1742: 1739: 1734:Akbar S. Ahmed 1688:Muhammad Iqbal 1670: 1667: 1662:Main article: 1659: 1656: 1558: 1555: 1533:Hector Bolitho 1418: 1415: 1294: 1291: 1193:Jinnah in 1910 1176: 1173: 1163: 1162:Trade unionist 1160: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 975:, seen in 2006 965: 962: 958:Hector Bolitho 922:princely state 845: 842: 840: 837: 661: 660: 658: 657: 650: 643: 635: 632: 631: 616: 615: 610: 605: 593: 592: 591: 590: 585: 580: 575: 558: 557: 552: 547: 535: 534: 529: 524: 519: 513: 512: 495: 494: 489: 484: 479: 471: 470: 467: 466: 454:a series about 450: 448: 432: 431: 428: 427: 420: 416: 415: 413: 412: 409: 405: 403: 399: 398: 393: 387: 386: 379: 375: 374: 368: 364: 363: 351: 347: 342: 341: 340: 339: 326: 322: 317: 316: 315: 314: 311: 309: 305: 304: 293: 287: 286: 280: 276: 275: 267: 263: 262: 254:(aged 71) 247: 243: 242: 216: 214: 210: 209: 205: 204: 201: 200: 195: 189: 188: 183: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 156: 155: 148: 147: 142: 136: 135: 130: 124: 123: 118: 116:Prime Minister 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 91: 90: 83: 82: 79: 78: 76:Jinnah in 1945 75: 67: 66: 53: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11797: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11675:Jinnah family 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11573: 11563: 11561: 11551: 11549: 11539: 11538: 11535: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11471: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11370: 11364: 11363: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11241:Satyapal Dang 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11166:Nana Fadnavis 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11131:Mangal Pandey 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11091:Khudiram Bose 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11006:Chetram Jatav 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10976:Bhikaiji Cama 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10966:Bharathidasan 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10951:Basawon Singh 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10875: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10838:Sri Aurobindo 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10808:Ram Mohan Roy 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10788:Narayana Guru 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10672: 10666: 10665: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10571:Organisations 10569: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10532:Bombay Mutiny 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10517:Indian Legion 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10457:1928 Protests 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10402:Rowlatt Bills 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10372: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10334: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10271: 10265: 10264: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10108: 10103: 10101: 10096: 10094: 10089: 10088: 10085: 10070: 10067: 10062: 10059: 10054: 10053:Mazar-e-Quaid 10051: 10046: 10045:Faisal Mosque 10043: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10027: 10024: 10019: 10016: 10011: 10008: 10003: 10000: 9995: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9987:Other symbols 9985: 9976: 9975:Fatima Jinnah 9973: 9968: 9965: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9950: 9941: 9938: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9915: 9914:Qaumi Taranah 9912: 9911: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9894: 9889: 9887: 9882: 9880: 9875: 9874: 9871: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9843:Fahmida Mirza 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9757: 9751: 9747: 9740: 9735: 9733: 9728: 9726: 9721: 9720: 9717: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9648: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9636: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9580: 9573: 9568: 9566: 9561: 9559: 9554: 9553: 9550: 9539: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9507: 9503: 9496: 9491: 9489: 9484: 9482: 9477: 9476: 9473: 9461: 9458: 9453: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9439: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9425: 9424:Youm-e-Tasees 9421: 9419: 9416: 9411: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9397: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9383: 9382:Youm-e-Takbir 9379: 9377: 9374: 9369: 9368:Youm-e-Dastur 9365: 9363: 9360: 9355: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9315:Wazir Mansion 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9300:Mazar-e-Quaid 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9256: 9254: 9253: 9249: 9247: 9246: 9242: 9240: 9239: 9235: 9233: 9232: 9228: 9226: 9225: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9199: 9198: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9136:Niaz Ali Khan 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8993:Muhammad Asad 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8963:Yusuf Khattak 8961: 8959: 8958:Aslam Khattak 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8897: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8848:Mahmud Husain 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8818:Hasrat Mohani 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8723:Fatima Jinnah 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8598: 8597:Bengal Branch 8595: 8593: 8592:Punjab Branch 8590: 8589: 8588: 8587:Muslim League 8585: 8584: 8582: 8580:Organisations 8578: 8570: 8561: 8552: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8401:Urdu movement 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8341: 8336: 8334: 8329: 8327: 8322: 8321: 8318: 8312: 8305: 8293: 8292: 8283: 8281: 8280: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8259: 8258: 8255: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8201:Mazar-e-Quaid 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8184: 8183:Bagh-e-Jinnah 8181: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8050:Mazar-e-Quaid 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7940:Jinnah Bridge 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7872:Wazir Mansion 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7862:Maryam Jinnah 7860: 7858: 7857:Emibai Jinnah 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7847:Fatima Jinnah 7845: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7830: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7780: 7775: 7773: 7768: 7766: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7715: 7714: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7697: 7691: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7667: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7613: 7609: 7608: 7602: 7599: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7582: 7579: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7562: 7559: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7451: 7440: 7439:History Today 7436: 7431: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7412: 7410:9788182202948 7406: 7402: 7401: 7395: 7391: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7340: 7339: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7299: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7280: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7254:Read, Anthony 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7214:Fatima Jinnah 7209: 7206: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7186: 7175: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7090: 7086: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7068: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7050:. BBC Pashto. 7049: 7047: 7040: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6983: 6978: 6966: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6815: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6766:Jalal, Ayesha 6763: 6759: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6710:: Navajivan. 6709: 6705: 6704:Patel: A Life 6701: 6697: 6693: 6688: 6677: 6673: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6627: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6595: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6566: 6559: 6555: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6472: 6460: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6436: 6431: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6359: 6352: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6207:, p. 88. 6206: 6205:Siddique 2023 6201: 6195:, p. 37. 6194: 6189: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6114:, p. 28. 6113: 6108: 6102:, p. 27. 6101: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6078:, p. 95. 6077: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6054:, p. 31. 6053: 6048: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6005: 5989:on 3 May 2009 5988: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5959: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5931: 5915: 5909: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5837: 5832: 5825: 5820: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5757: 5755: 5749: 5742: 5737: 5730: 5725: 5723: 5715: 5710: 5703: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5679: 5677: 5671: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5575: 5569:, p. 10. 5568: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5544: 5539: 5532: 5527: 5520: 5515: 5508: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5484: 5483:Raghavan 2010 5479: 5472: 5467: 5460: 5455: 5448: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5385: 5380: 5378: 5370: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5334: 5329: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5255: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5207: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5171: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5001:, p. 87. 5000: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4959: 4952: 4947: 4945: 4937: 4932: 4930: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4794: 4787: 4782: 4775: 4770: 4755: 4749: 4742: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4718: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4658: 4653: 4646: 4641: 4634: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4610: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4550: 4545: 4538: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4503:, p. 26. 4502: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4478: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4443:, p. 98. 4442: 4437: 4431:, p. 67. 4430: 4425: 4419:, p. 25. 4418: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4387: 4379: 4374: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4344:, p. 35. 4343: 4338: 4331: 4326: 4319: 4314: 4308:, p. 80. 4307: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4239: 4233:, p. 35. 4232: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4140: 4135: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4017: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3922:, p. 61. 3921: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3799:, p. 75. 3798: 3793: 3787:, p. 33. 3786: 3781: 3775:, p. 47. 3774: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3745: 3739:, p. 28. 3738: 3733: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3712:, p. 20. 3711: 3706: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3684: 3679: 3673:, p. 23. 3672: 3667: 3660: 3658: 3652: 3650: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3628:, p. 19. 3627: 3622: 3616:, p. 17. 3615: 3610: 3604:, p. 29. 3603: 3598: 3592:, p. 20. 3591: 3586: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3542: 3537: 3531:, p. 17. 3530: 3525: 3523: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3486:, p. 85. 3485: 3480: 3473: 3468: 3462:, p. 55. 3461: 3456: 3449: 3444: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3420: 3419:Banerjee 1981 3415: 3409:, p. 72. 3408: 3407:Engineer 2006 3403: 3397:, p. 56. 3396: 3391: 3384: 3379: 3372: 3367: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3313:, p. 26. 3312: 3307: 3305: 3298:, p. 54. 3297: 3292: 3290: 3283:, p. 34. 3282: 3277: 3275: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3197: 3190: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3141:, p. 25. 3140: 3135: 3133: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3103: 3095: 3088: 3084: 3072:, p. 36. 3071: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3040: 3031: 3026: 3019: 3012:محمد علی جناح 3008: 3003: 2999: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970:Indira Gandhi 2967: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2923: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2914:Jaswant Singh 2911: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2882:Francis Mudie 2878: 2877:H. M. Seervai 2873: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788:Mazar-e-Quaid 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2609:Mazar-e-Quaid 2606: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463:East Pakistan 2458: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2424:Patel: A Life 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2373:Bhutto family 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2251:West Pakistan 2248: 2244: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2128: 2122: 2117: 2109: 2106:and his wife 2105: 2101: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1996:to government 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1881:The Japanese 1876: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1798: 1793: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1675: 1665: 1655: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1625:Jaswant Singh 1623:According to 1617: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1554: 1551: 1550:Neville Wadia 1547: 1542: 1541:Fatima Jinnah 1537: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525:Privy Council 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1492:Motilal Nehru 1488: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1423: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1324:Edwin Montagu 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1208:British India 1204: 1200: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1175:Rising leader 1172: 1170: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1105: 1091: 1089: 1083: 1081: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1060:maiden speech 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005:Inns of Court 1002: 1001:Lincoln's Inn 998: 992: 990: 989:Emibai Jinnah 986: 982: 979:In 1892, Sir 974: 973:Lincoln's Inn 970: 961: 959: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 934:Fatima Jinnah 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 883:British India 880: 876: 872: 871:Wazir Mansion 868: 861: 856: 851: 850:Jinnah family 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 812: 810: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 780: 776: 772: 768: 762: 760: 756: 755: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 709:Lincoln's Inn 706: 702: 698: 697:Wazir Mansion 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 656: 651: 649: 644: 642: 637: 636: 634: 633: 630: 628: 624: 622: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 603:Mazar-e-Quaid 601: 600: 599: 598: 589: 588:Wazir Mansion 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 569: 566: 565: 564: 563: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 541: 540: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 511: 508: 507: 505: 502: 501: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 477:Jinnah family 475: 474: 473: 472: 463: 449: 446: 442: 441: 438: 437: 429: 425: 421: 417: 410: 407: 406: 404: 400: 397: 396:Lincoln's Inn 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 373: 372:Jinnah family 369: 365: 345: 338: 337: 320: 319:Emibai Jinnah 313: 312: 310: 306: 302: 297: 294: 288: 284: 283:Muslim League 281: 277: 271: 270:Mazar-e-Quaid 268: 266:Resting place 264: 260: 248: 244: 241: 240:British India 237: 233: 229: 215: 211: 206: 202: 199: 196: 190: 187: 184: 178: 175: 172: 168: 162: 157: 154: 149: 146: 143: 137: 134: 131: 125: 122: 119: 113: 110: 107: 103: 97: 92: 89: 84: 80: 73: 68: 60:محمد علی جناح 51: 47: 46: 40: 37: 33: 19: 11485:Constitution 11473:Independence 11360: 11331:Vanchinathan 11150: 10961:Bhagat Singh 10916:Annie Besant 10877:Independence 10858:Vinoba Bhave 10662: 10658:Swaraj Party 10562:Lucknow Pact 10472:Purna Swaraj 10462:Nehru Report 10369: 10273:Philosophies 10261: 10227:Polygar Wars 10155:French India 10140:Dutch Bengal 10130:Colonisation 10026:Snow leopard 9958: 9907:Main symbols 9767: 9704: 9662: 9645: 9633: 9512: 9456: 9451: 9442: 9438:Youm-e-Iqbal 9437: 9428: 9423: 9414: 9410:Youm-e-Difah 9409: 9400: 9396:Youm-e-Azadi 9395: 9386: 9381: 9372: 9367: 9358: 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A. Suleri 9044:M. M. Sharif 8928:Altaf Husain 8918:Yusuf Haroon 8908:Hamid Nizami 8887: 8717: 8682:Aga Khan III 8656: 8649: 8642: 8634: 8516:Republic Day 8506:Independence 8446:World War II 8426:Nehru Report 8411:Lucknow Pact 8289: 8277: 8265: 8240: 8188: 8175: 8030:Jinnah Tower 7808:Lucknow Pact 7806: 7785: 7735: 7730: 7711: 7701: 7700: 7659: 7628: 7606: 7586: 7566: 7546: 7525: 7504: 7488:. Retrieved 7455: 7442:. Retrieved 7438: 7423: 7399: 7389: 7361: 7337: 7313: 7301:. Retrieved 7278: 7258: 7237: 7233: 7213: 7193: 7177:. Retrieved 7162: 7138: 7097: 7093: 7074: 7056: 7045: 7031:. Retrieved 7027:the original 7022: 7009: 6990: 6981: 6969:. Retrieved 6944: 6923: 6902: 6878: 6854: 6844: 6835: 6832:The Dialogue 6831: 6813: 6791: 6770: 6746: 6725: 6703: 6691: 6681:10 September 6679:. Retrieved 6675: 6663:the original 6656: 6632: 6620:10 September 6618:. Retrieved 6613: 6598:. Retrieved 6593: 6564: 6553: 6543: 6522: 6510:the original 6505: 6489:. 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Later on, 2268: 2236: 2219:Quaid-e-Azam 2218: 2199: 2167:Baldev Singh 2151: 2142: 2123: 2119: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2056: 2049:(right) and 2045:Jinnah with 2020: 1989: 1977:a conference 1971: 1948:Malabar Hill 1945: 1922: 1920: 1902: 1896: 1880: 1873:Jinnah with 1851: 1826: 1810:Nazi Germany 1803: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1751: 1746: 1728: 1724: 1720:communalists 1704: 1700:Indus Valley 1680: 1634: 1622: 1586: 1571: 1560: 1538: 1516:Labour Party 1505: 1496:Nehru Report 1489: 1455:Conservative 1452: 1448:Lord Reading 1440:Swaraj Party 1428: 1409: 1400: 1379: 1363: 1332: 1312:Annie Besant 1304: 1300:Lucknow Pact 1296: 1284: 1277: 1253: 1235: 1212: 1196: 1168: 1165: 1155: 1150: 1130: 1110: 1084: 1076: 1021: 993: 978: 938: 919: 887:Gondal state 864: 825:His birthday 809:Quaid-e-Azam 806: 788: 763: 752: 733:Lucknow Pact 694: 669: 665: 664: 626: 618: 596: 595: 561: 560: 538: 537: 509: 498: 497: 459: 292:affiliations 252:(1948-09-11) 193:Succeeded by 185: 160: 140:Succeeded by 132: 95: 50:Quaid-e-Azam 49: 43: 36: 11610:1948 deaths 11605:1876 births 11429:Mountbatten 11051:Hemu Kalani 10931:Bagha Jatin 10868:Vivekananda 10623:India House 10507:Act of 1935 10282:Ambedkarism 10150:British Raj 10056:(mausoleum) 9853:Asad Qaiser 9813:Fakhar Imam 9457:25 December 9415:6 September 8650:Nawa-i-Waqt 8629:Print media 8496:Durand Line 8171:Caucus Case 7995:Jinnah Park 7877:South Court 7654:‹ The 7490:15 November 7179:15 November 6410:Daily Times 6193:Murphy 2013 5920:7 September 5519:Adamec 2016 5333:Korejo 1993 5254:Lawson 2007 4489:Kazimi 2005 4429:Ziring 1980 4192:Talbot 1984 3323:Sharif 2010 2872:hagiography 2790:, Jinnah's 2733:Baba-e-Qawm 2708:Blue Plaque 2643:Akbar Ahmed 2559:Eid prayers 2541:, Pakistan. 2369:Indian Army 2183:Baluchistan 2068:in Calcutta 1933:Birla House 1913:Jinnah and 1889:led by Sir 1730:Balraj Puri 1536:conquest". 1434:in the new 1373:, in which 1260:probate law 1133:Caucus Case 1128:per month. 1080:Karakul hat 839:Early years 816:Baba-e-Qaum 487:Caucus Case 303:(1913–1947) 298:(1906–1920) 285:(1947–1948) 181:Preceded by 128:Preceded by 45:Baba-e-Qaum 11594:Categories 11459:Linlithgow 11399:Chelmsford 11389:Cornwallis 11301:Tatya Tope 11171:Nana Saheb 11076:K. Kamaraj 11026:Dhan Singh 10941:Bakht Khan 10593:Arya Samaj 10527:Quit India 10477:Salt March 10336:Events and 10312:Satyagraha 10072:(monument) 10064:(monument) 10038:Structures 9624:Zia-ul-Haq 9609:Yahya Khan 9518:Nazimuddin 9443:9 November 9429:24 October 9208:Literature 9074:Jalal Baba 8798:G. M. Syed 8657:Contractor 8291:Wikiquotes 8231:Jinnah Cap 8177:My Brother 7867:Dina Wadia 7731:New office 7529:. Dawson. 7444:26 October 6967:. BBC News 6903:My Brother 6716:B0006EYQ0A 6600:12 January 6575:1001456192 6420:8 February 6364:5 November 6181:bloodshed. 6076:Tudor 2013 5993:28 October 5948:9 February 5898:3 February 5729:Ahmed 1998 5495:Gupta 2006 5408:Lumby 1954 5345:Navid 2013 5318:28 October 4741:Singh 2009 4501:Karim 2010 4453:Singh 1951 4417:Karim 2010 4378:Singh 2009 3575:13 January 3266:Malik 2006 3254:Ghosh 1999 3242:Swamy 1997 3177:Ahmed 2010 3107:Moini 2003 2946:My Brother 2695:in Toronto 2653:See also: 2599:in Karachi 2503:Craven "A" 2475:Bangladesh 2396:Hari Singh 2361:Babariawad 2297:movement. 1903:satyagraha 1899:Quit India 1696:a pamphlet 1694:published 1481:John Simon 1444:knighthood 1410:satyagraha 1401:satyagraha 1380:satyagraha 1328:dialectics 1286:satyagraha 1232:Lord Minto 1024:liberalism 926:Suez Canal 848:See also: 754:satyagraha 562:Properties 482:Early life 411:politician 402:Profession 391:Alma mater 383:Dina Wadia 272:, Karachi, 261:, Pakistan 224:1876-12-25 11548:Biography 11434:Wellesley 11419:Dalhousie 11281:Surya Sen 11176:P. 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Muhammad Ali Jinnah

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