408:
488:
391:, Qawsun was an-Nasir Muhammad's favorite emir after Baktamur as-Saqi, a fact which infuriated Qawsun. However, despite his resentment of Baktamur, Qawsun did not likely play a role in the 1332 assassination by poison of Baktamur and his son Ahmad. They were probably killed in a conspiracy by an-Nasir Muhammad, who had become wary of Baktamur's growing strength and ambition, and Emir Bashtak, a senior emir who was trained by Qawsun, and like the latter, was also an ethnic Mongol. Qawsun was one of the 17 senior Mamluk commanders who accompanied an-Nasir Muhammad on the
35:
283:
567:. With Tashtamur outside of Syria, Qawsun's hand in Syria appeared to have been strengthened. However, Qawsun's advantage was short-lived as Qutlubugha used Altunbugha's absence from Damascus as an opportunity to occupy the city. Qutlubugha gathered whatever army defectors he could muster, proclaimed Ahmad sultan and began initiatives to set up a bureaucratic administration for Ahmad. Meanwhile, Qawsun was dealt a blow to his financial resources and morale when the
452:) of an-Nasir Muhammad. Meanwhile, the reconciliation of Qawsun and Bashtak unraveled; three weeks after Abu Bakr's accession, Qawsun had Bashtak jailed. Qawsun and the senior emirs frustrated Abu Bakr's attempts to assert his authority. To avoid his potential arrest by Abu Bakr, Qawsun had him arrested in August on concocted charges of frivolous behavior. Qawsun had Abu Bakr and six of an-Nasir Muhammad's other sons incarcerated in
620:
topple him, defecting from his camp in Cairo with large numbers of Royal
Mamluks. They also conspired with Qawsun's chief personal assistant to hide his horses to prevent their use in battle. In late December 1341, the emirs launched an uprising against Qawsun. Cairene mobs formed demanding Qawsun's ouster and Qawsun's personal
534:, an able commander of an-Nasir Muhammad and Tashtamur's closest associate. While Qutlubugha had been an early supporter of Qawsun, after twenty days of besieging al-Karak and being harried by local Bedouin tribesmen, he defected to Ahmad, whom he subsequently recognized as sultan. Shati, a Bedouin leader from central
299:
Mamluk-era sources) and inquired about him. After Qawsun informed an-Nasir
Muhammad that he was only in Egypt for travel, an-Nasir Muhammad insisted that he remain and enter his service, offering to invite Qawsun's family to immigrate to Egypt. Qawsun agreed and sold himself to an-Nasir Muhammad, thus becoming a
603:. Altunbugha managed to escape to Cairo via Gaza, but his inability to crush the mutiny in Syria significantly contributed to Qawsun's eventual downfall. Nonetheless, Altunbugha's arrival in Egypt with his remaining troops strengthened Qawsun's position in the capital. Qawsun granted them high-income
431:
In 1341, an-Nasir
Muhammad became ill and sought to arrange for a successor from among his sons. His favored son Anuk died the year prior, and in picking another of his sons he consulted with Qawsun and Bashtak for advice. Qawsun and Bashtak had been on the brink of war as they jockeyed for supremacy
619:
Despite the wealth Qawsun distributed among his supporters, Emir
Aydughmish, his chief associate in managing the state, and the emirs al-Malik and Barsbugha, feared the potential heavy-handedness they would encounter should Qawsun assume the sultanate, which he seemed poised to do. They conspired to
436:
and
Baybars al-Ahmadi, pleaded with an-Nasir Muhammad to appoint a successor to prevent a conflagration in the aftermath of his death. An-Nasir Muhammad then gathered Qawsun and Bashtak and demanded they put aside their differences and cooperate. Moreover, the two emirs were entrusted with carrying
624:
were attacked. Besieged in his citadel with little support, Qawsun and his last major loyalist, Altunbugha, submitted to the rebels. They were imprisoned in
Alexandria. On 21 January 1342, Ahmad was proclaimed sultan in Cairo. The new sultan arrived in Cairo in March, and a few weeks thereafter he
371:
Qawsun's status among the emirs was unique at the time because he was allowed to publicly demonstrate his status; he would often ride in Cairo backed by two columns of 300 horsemen and was accompanied by up to one-third of the Mamluk army on his hunting expeditions. While an-Nasir
Muhammad favored
298:
In the course of his leather goods trade, Qawsun encountered one of an-Nasir
Muhammad's imperial horse groomers, which ultimately led to an unplanned encounter with an-Nasir Muhammad. The latter was impressed by Qawsun's physical appearance (Qawsun was described as tall, handsome and youthful by
562:
rallied to Qawsun's defense, while
Qutlubugha, Tashtamur and a number of Damascene emirs formed the core of the opposition. Qawsun permitted Altunbugha to suppress Ahmad's supporters, and the latter launched an offensive against Aleppo in November 1341, prompting Tashtamur's flight to the
522:. Tashtamur and other Mamluk opponents of Qawsun primarily used Qawsun's maltreatment of an-Nasir Muhammad's sons as the justification for their opposition. Meanwhile, Qawsun attempted to place an-Nasir Muhammad's son Ahmad, who was based in the Syrian desert fortress of
526:, in custody like his other brothers. Ahmad refused Qawsun's invitations to Cairo to ostensibly assume the sultanate, viewing the entreaty as a ruse. Instead, he turned to the Mamluk emirs of Syria for support, many of whom were sympathetic of Ahmad's predicament.
445:. An-Nasir Muhammad ultimately chose the latter and explicitly warned against appointing Ahmad, whom he considered inept. In order to maintain the reconciliation between Qawsun and Bashtak, he appointed them as joint guardians of 20-year-old Abu Bakr.
464:(viceroy) of Egypt, theoretically the second most powerful post in the sultanate, and as Kujuk's guardian. Qawsun proceeded to lavish gifts and grants to the Royal Mamluks, the backbone of the Mamluk army who were theoretically the personal
332:
promotion set by earlier Mamluk sultans. Responsibility for Qawsun's military training was handed to an-Nasir
Muhammad's favorite emir at the time, Baktamur as-Saqi. In relatively quick succession, Qawsun was promoted to the rank of
254:. In his early career he was a merchant. In 1320, he joined an Egypt-bound naval caravan of 2,400 people, possibly led by his brother Tughay. The caravan was carrying Tulunbay, the daughter of the Golden Horde's emperor at the time,
578:
Altunbugha began his return to Damascus after plundering Tashtamur's resources in Aleppo, but upon confronting Qutlubugha's troops at Khan Lajin north of Damascus, his far larger army stood down; Qutlubugha had bribed Altunbugha's
625:
ordered the properties of Qawsun confiscated by the state. In April, Qawsun and Altunbugha were killed in prison, although it is not clear if their deaths were ordered by Ahmad. Qawsun's body was returned to Cairo for burial in
529:
In response to Ahmad's refusal to come to Cairo, Qawsun took the advice of the Mamluk governor of Damascus, Altunbugha as-Salihi, and ordered a siege of al-Karak to force Ahmad's departure. The commander of the siege was
399:
in 1340 as a result of a conflict between the two senior emirs, but there does not appear to be any mention of direct contact between Qawsun and Tankiz in Mamluk chronicles, according to Steenbergen.
372:
Qawsun for his company and physical attributes, his principal motivation in elevating Qawsun was to establish an outsider power base to balance the ambitions and power of his own Nasiri
359:. That year, an-Nasir Muhammad also gave Qawsun his daughter's hand in marriage, while an-Nasir Muhammad married Qawsun's sister. Qawsun often boasted of his circumstances, stating
395:
of 1332, at around the same time when Baktamur's assassination took place. As-Safadi related that Qawsun had a hand in the arrest of Damascus's longtime viceroy Emir
588:
305:. The latter act was key to entry into the Mamluk hierarchy and to develop good standing with the Mamluk elite. Qawsun was made part of the sultan's
1161:
Steenbergen, Jo Van (2001). "The Amir Qawsun: Statesman or Courtier? (720–741 AH/1320–1341 AD)". In Vermeulen, Urbain; Steenbergen, Jo Van (eds.).
367:, awarded me commander of one thousand and gave me the hand of his daughter, while others went from the traders directly to the military schools.
502:
However, Qawsun's elimination of Abu Bakr, and his imprisonment of Bashtak and several of an-Nasir Muhammad's sons raised the ire of some
432:
when it became clear that their master's illness was poised to be fatal. They reconciled after other senior Mamluk emirs, including
448:
Abu Bakr became sultan after an-Nasir Muhammad's death in June 1341, but actual power was held by Qawsun and the leading emirs (
1251:
313:(personal retinue), whose members held prominent positions in the sultanate. By 1323, he had grown powerful enough to have the
266:
on 5 May 1320. Qawsun had joined Tulunbay's retinue as a traveling merchant, and once he arrived in Egypt, he moved to the
345:. The latter rank was held by 24 select emirs in the sultanate. Concurrent with his promotion, Qawsun was transferred the
506:
factions. The staunchest early opponent of Qawsun to emerge was Tashtamur as-Saqi (known as Hummus Ahdar), the Mamluk
1191:
1172:
1132:
1111:
1090:
496:
1221:
538:, communicated Qutlubugha's defection to Qawsun. In the aftermath of Qutlubugha's mutiny, Altunbugha, Aslam, the
438:
328:
training and education process and his lack of military service were an exception to the standard practice of
1226:
583:
before the battle. This was followed by a mass defection of his officers, including the Bedouin chief of the
680:
460:, an infant son of an-Nasir Muhammad, to replace Abu Bakr as sultan. In this arrangement, Qawsun served as
1154:
572:
407:
45:
of Amir Qawsun, probably intended for one of his two architectural commissions in Cairo —the mosque or a
480:
power base, apparent army support, and personal sources of wealth independent of the government-related
50:
487:
1241:
1064:
MIFAO 43 Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Part 2 Syrie du Sud T.1 Jérusalem "Ville"
626:
416:
412:
267:
207:
46:
1246:
1039:
1231:
1124:
A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310–1341)
437:
out the sultan's orders regarding the selection of his successor. While Bashtak suggested that
423:. One of the mausoleum chambers is seen in the foreground on the right, while the still-intact
1122:
1101:
1236:
1078:
441:
should succeed his father, Qawsun lobbied for the accession of an-Nasir Muhammad's other son
1216:
1211:
535:
531:
1079:"The Prince who Favored the Desert: Fragmentary Biography of al-Nasir Ahmad (d. 745/1344)"
8:
1070:
388:
1146:
442:
215:
102:
1187:
1168:
1128:
1107:
1086:
571:
of Gaza, a supporter of Ahmad, appropriated Qawsun's sugar-production factory in the
287:
259:
211:
81:
1067:(in French and Arabic). Cairo: Impr. de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale.
1040:"The Sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and the Politics of Puppets: Where Did It All Start?"
564:
559:
318:
1142:
1058:
518:. He proceeded to rally opposition against Qawsun from among the Mamluk emirs of
433:
250:
empire. An alternative location of his birthplace was the village of Barqa, near
235:
39:
519:
363:
I was bought by the sultan and became one of those closest to him; he made me
255:
1205:
291:
247:
34:
380:
and outsiders was a means by the sultan to avoid being toppled by powerful
243:
165:
591:, to Qutlubugha. In the following days, Ahmad gained recognition from the
456:, where Abu Bakr was executed in November. Afterward, Qawsun arranged for
282:
42:
1103:
The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 151
263:
161:
1062:
492:
239:
1162:
523:
495:
manuscript endowed by Qawsun upon mosque in his mausoleum complex.
1053:(1). Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago.
600:
584:
424:
251:
231:
1186:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
515:
472:
in a bid to gain their loyalty. Qawsun also had 700 of his own
396:
352:
301:
179:
175:
484:
system, Qawsun became the effective leader of the sultanate.
543:
457:
420:
271:
219:
128:
1164:
Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk Eras III
596:
551:
392:
376:. The establishment of a counterbalance between the Nasiri
347:
1083:
Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in Honour of Michael Winter
453:
1015:
277:
324:Qawsun's adulthood, his bypassing of the rigorous
801:
799:
797:
778:
776:
774:
192:Sayf ad-Din Qawsun ibn Abdullah an-Nasiri as-Saqi
1203:
1081:. In Wasserstein, David J.; Ayalon, Ami (eds.).
746:
744:
742:
740:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
663:
661:
659:
657:
647:
645:
643:
641:
355:, which, unprecedentedly was added to his older
1184:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide
845:
794:
785:
771:
978:
976:
974:
972:
962:
960:
958:
737:
695:
654:
638:
1057:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
1160:
258:, who was heading to Egypt to marry Sultan
1008:
1006:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
969:
955:
948:
946:
944:
942:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
872:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
33:
762:
713:
675:
673:
427:is visible on the left. (Photo from 1867)
1181:
1120:
1021:
486:
406:
281:
120:5 August 1341 – 21 January 1342
1003:
985:
939:
919:
899:
881:
854:
817:
194:(1302 – April 1342), commonly known as
1204:
1037:
670:
384:factions as he had been twice before.
309:(royal cup-bearers) and his 40-strong
286:The monumental entrance portal of the
1141:
1076:
614:
402:
1099:
341:and in May 1326 the highest rank of
94:7 June 1341 – 5 August 1341
13:
1151:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1106:. Addison Wesley Longman Limited.
387:According to the Mamluk historian
317:, Emir Sunqur al-Sa'di, exiled to
234:, Qawsun was born in 1302, in the
210:emir during the reigns of sultans
14:
1263:
497:Khalili Collection of Islamic Art
468:of the sultan, and lower-ranking
278:Senior emir of an-Nasir Muhammad
262:. The caravan arrived by sea to
242:during the region's rule by the
1030:
890:
863:
808:
753:
686:
476:. With his formal position, a
1:
1252:Prisoners murdered in custody
632:
274:, to sell his leather wares.
1148:Saracenic Heraldry: A Survey
1100:Holt, Peter Malcolm (1986).
73:1330s – 7 June 1341
7:
1182:Williams, Caroline (2018).
413:mausoleum complex of Qawsun
321:because he angered Qawsun.
10:
1268:
290:, built in the 1330s near
51:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1121:Levanoni, Amalia (1995).
1038:Bauden, Frédéric (2009).
851:Steenbergen 2001, p. 463.
805:Steenbergen 2001, p. 457.
791:Steenbergen 2001, p. 456.
782:Steenbergen 2001, p. 454.
759:Levanoni 1995, pp. 35–36.
750:Steenbergen 2001, p. 452.
710:Steenbergen 2001, p. 451.
667:Steenbergen 2001, p. 450.
651:Steenbergen 2001, p. 462.
225:
185:
171:
151:
143:
138:
134:
124:
113:
109:Regent of Mamluk Saltanat
108:
98:
87:
77:
66:
61:
57:
32:
25:
18:
294:, and semi-ruined today.
62:Emir of Mamluk Sultanate
26:
679:Karim, ed. Edwards, p.
1222:14th-century merchants
1167:. Peeters Publishers.
1077:Drory, Joseph (2006).
896:Drory 2006, pp. 20–21.
499:
428:
369:
343:amir mi'a muqaddam alf
295:
1047:Mamluk Studies Review
982:Levanoni 1995, p. 85.
966:Levanoni 1995, p. 84.
878:Levanoni 1995, p. 82.
869:Levanoni 1995, p. 81.
768:Levanoni 1995, p. 36.
734:Levanoni 1995, p. 35.
692:Levanoni 1995, p. 34.
491:Double-page from the
490:
410:
361:
285:
1227:14th-century regents
627:his funerary complex
589:Sulayman ibn Muhanna
532:Qutlubugha al-Fakhri
47:tomb-hospice complex
814:Bauden 2009, p. 67.
565:Seljuqs of Anatolia
411:The remains of the
389:Ibn Aybak as-Safadi
1012:Drory 2006, p. 25.
1000:Drory 2006, p. 24.
952:Drory 2006, p. 23.
936:Drory 2006, p. 22.
916:Drory 2006, p. 21.
887:Holt 1986, p. 122.
860:Holt 1986, p. 121.
842:Drory 2006, p. 20.
615:Downfall and death
500:
429:
403:Strongman of Egypt
296:
216:al-Mansur Abu Bakr
206:) was a prominent
103:al-Mansur Abu Bakr
20:Sayf ad-Din Qawsun
554:and Aruqtay, the
417:Southern Cemetery
260:an-Nasir Muhammad
212:an-Nasir Muhammad
189:
188:
159:(aged 39–40)
82:an-Nasir Muhammad
1259:
1242:Regents of Egypt
1197:
1178:
1152:
1138:
1117:
1096:
1068:
1059:Berchem, van, M.
1054:
1044:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1001:
998:
983:
980:
967:
964:
953:
950:
937:
934:
917:
914:
897:
894:
888:
885:
879:
876:
870:
867:
861:
858:
852:
849:
843:
840:
815:
812:
806:
803:
792:
789:
783:
780:
769:
766:
760:
757:
751:
748:
735:
732:
711:
708:
693:
690:
684:
677:
668:
665:
652:
649:
595:of Gaza, Safad,
462:na'ib as-saltana
397:Tankiz al-Husami
288:Palace of Qawsun
268:Mamluk Sultanate
158:
139:Personal details
118:
92:
71:
37:
16:
15:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1175:
1135:
1114:
1093:
1042:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1004:
999:
986:
981:
970:
965:
956:
951:
940:
935:
920:
915:
900:
895:
891:
886:
882:
877:
873:
868:
864:
859:
855:
850:
846:
841:
818:
813:
809:
804:
795:
790:
786:
781:
772:
767:
763:
758:
754:
749:
738:
733:
714:
709:
696:
691:
687:
678:
671:
666:
655:
650:
639:
635:
617:
510:(governor, pl.
450:umara al-akabir
434:Sanjar al-Jawli
405:
351:(fief) of Emir
292:Cairo's Citadel
280:
228:
220:al-Ashraf Kujuk
160:
156:
129:al-Ashraf Kujuk
119:
114:
93:
88:
72:
67:
53:
40:Enamelled glass
28:
27:سيف الدين قوصون
21:
12:
11:
5:
1265:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1247:Mongol Mamluks
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1179:
1173:
1158:
1139:
1133:
1118:
1112:
1097:
1091:
1074:
1055:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1024:, p. 160.
1014:
1002:
984:
968:
954:
938:
918:
898:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
816:
807:
793:
784:
770:
761:
752:
736:
712:
694:
685:
669:
653:
636:
634:
631:
616:
613:
404:
401:
315:naqib al-jaysh
279:
276:
236:Kipchak steppe
227:
224:
222:(r. 1341–42).
218:(r. 1341) and
214:(r. 1310–41),
198:(also spelled
187:
186:
183:
182:
173:
169:
168:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
111:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
54:
38:
30:
29:
23:
22:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1264:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:Bahri dynasty
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1195:
1193:9789774168550
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1174:9789042909700
1170:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1134:9789004101821
1130:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1113:9781317871521
1109:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1092:9781136579172
1088:
1085:. Routledge.
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1023:
1022:Williams 2018
1018:
1009:
1007:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
979:
977:
975:
973:
963:
961:
959:
949:
947:
945:
943:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
893:
884:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
811:
802:
800:
798:
788:
779:
777:
775:
765:
756:
747:
745:
743:
741:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
689:
682:
676:
674:
664:
662:
660:
658:
648:
646:
644:
642:
637:
630:
628:
623:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
576:
574:
573:Jordan Valley
570:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
498:
494:
489:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
435:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
400:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
368:
366:
360:
358:
354:
350:
349:
344:
340:
336:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:
293:
289:
284:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:north of the
237:
233:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
117:
112:
107:
104:
101:
97:
91:
86:
83:
80:
76:
70:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
36:
31:
24:
17:
1237:Mamluk emirs
1183:
1163:
1147:
1123:
1102:
1082:
1063:
1050:
1046:
1031:Bibliography
1017:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
847:
810:
787:
764:
755:
688:
621:
618:
608:
604:
592:
580:
577:
568:
555:
547:
539:
528:
511:
507:
503:
501:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
449:
447:
430:
386:
381:
377:
373:
370:
364:
362:
356:
346:
342:
339:amir arba'in
338:
334:
329:
325:
323:
314:
310:
306:
300:
297:
270:'s capital,
244:Golden Horde
229:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:
166:Mamluk Egypt
157:(1342-04-00)
115:
89:
68:
1217:1341 deaths
1212:1302 births
1143:Mayer, L.A.
536:Transjordan
335:amir ashara
172:Nationality
43:mosque lamp
1206:Categories
633:References
311:khassakiya
264:Alexandria
256:Özbeg Khan
230:An ethnic
162:Alexandria
155:April 1342
1127:. Brill.
1073:, note 4)
240:Black Sea
116:In office
90:In office
69:In office
1145:(1933).
1061:(1922).
607:(pl. of
524:al-Karak
443:Abu Bakr
622:mamluks
605:iqta'at
601:Baalbek
587:tribe,
585:Al Fadl
581:mamluks
560:Tripoli
474:mamluks
470:mamluks
466:mamluks
425:minaret
415:in the
378:mamluks
374:mamluks
319:Tripoli
252:Bukhara
178:, then
125:Monarch
99:Monarch
78:Monarch
1190:
1171:
1131:
1110:
1089:
593:nuwwab
546:, the
516:Aleppo
512:nuwwab
504:mamluk
493:Qur'an
478:mamluk
382:mamluk
353:Taynal
330:mamluk
326:mamluk
302:mamluk
248:Mongol
232:Mongol
226:Origin
208:Mamluk
200:Qausun
196:Qawsun
180:Mamluk
176:Mongol
1157:-188)
1153:(pp.
1043:(PDF)
569:na'ib
556:na'ib
548:na'ib
544:Safad
540:na'ib
520:Syria
514:) of
508:na'ib
458:Kujuk
439:Ahmad
421:Cairo
307:saqut
272:Cairo
204:Qusun
1188:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1069:(p.
609:iqta
599:and
597:Hama
552:Homs
482:iqta
393:Hajj
365:amir
357:iqta
348:iqta
246:, a
152:Died
147:1302
144:Born
1155:186
1071:289
629:.
611:).
558:of
550:of
542:of
454:Qus
419:of
202:or
49:.
1208::
1051:13
1049:.
1045:.
1005:^
987:^
971:^
957:^
941:^
921:^
901:^
819:^
796:^
773:^
739:^
715:^
697:^
681:29
672:^
656:^
640:^
575:.
337:,
164:,
1196:.
1177:.
1137:.
1116:.
1095:.
683:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
