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between the temples to the important Kʼicheʼ deities Tohil and Awilix, slightly north of the central axis of the temple of Tohil and slightly south of the axis of the temple of Awilix, replicating the role of Qʼuqʼumatz as mediator between the two deities. From the traces left in the plaza it is evident that the temple consisted of a circular wall measuring 6 metres (20 ft) across, running around a circular platform, with a 1-metre (3.3 ft) wide circular passage between the two. The whole structure probably once supported a roof and there were small stone platforms on the east and west sides of the temple, each about 1 metre (3.3 ft) wide. The temple of Qʼuqʼumatz must have been completely dismantled very soon after the
Spanish Conquest since it is not mentioned by any of the Colonial era visitors, and early drawings of the site show only vegetation where the temple once stood. The tradition of circular temples dedicated to the Feathered Serpent deity was an ancient one in the Mesoamerican cultural region.
573:" and the earth was formed as if from a mist. They then called forth the mountains from the water and the mountains rose at their command. Forests of pine and cypress then sprung up among the newly formed mountains and valleys. Qʼuqʼumatz was pleased with their collaborative creation of the earth and thanked the other gods that were present. The gods created animals such as the deer, the birds, pumas, jaguars and different types of snakes. They instructed each animal where it should live. The gods then commanded that the animals should give them praise and worship them. However, the animals could not speak and simply squawked, chattered and roared in their own manner. Qʼuqʼumatz soon realized that their first attempt at the creation of beings was a failure as they could not give them praise and so they condemned the animals to live in the forests and ravines. Their animals were ordered to live in the wild and to let their flesh be eaten by the ones who will keep the days of the gods and show them praise.
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633:), also served as stewards in Qʼumarkaj and were responsible for receiving and guarding any tribute payments and plunder that were returned to the city. Although Kʼicheʼ priests were generally of lower rank than secular officials, the priests of the Kaweq lineages were an exception, and this included the priests of Qʼuqʼumatz, Tepeu and Tohil.
523:
avatar of the sun god Tohil, across the sky. After midday, Qʼuqʼumatz continued into the west and descended towards the underworld bearing an older sun. Such sculptures were used as markers for the
Mesoamerican ballgame. Since Qʼuqʼumatz acted as a mediator between Tohil and Awilix and their incarnations as the
522:
and was a two headed serpentine sky monster that carried the sun across the sky. Sculptures of a human face emerging between the jaws of a serpent were common from the end of the
Classic Period through to the Late Postclassic and may represent Qʼuqʼumatz in the act of carrying Hunahpu, the youthful
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of the Kʼicheʼ who bore the name or title of the deity, probably because he drew some of his power from the god. This title of "Feathered
Serpent", was an important title used for historical figures in other parts of Mesoamerica, the personal name of this king was likely to have been Kotujaʼ. This
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The various feathered serpent deities remained popular in
Mesoamerican folk traditions after the Spanish conquest but by the 20th century Qʼuqʼumatz appeared only rarely among the Kʼicheʼ. A tradition was recorded by Juan de León that Qʼuqʼumatz assisted the sun god Tohil in his daily climb to the
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its skin to reveal a fresher one underneath. Qʼuqʼumatz thus combined the celestial characteristics of the quetzal with the serpentine underworld powers of the snake, giving him power over all levels of the Maya universe. These characteristics also indicated a sexual duality between his masculine
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The male resplendent quetzal boasts iridescent blue-green tail feathers measuring up to 1 metre (3.3 ft) long that were prized by the Maya elite. The blue-green feathers symbolized vegetation and the sky, both symbols of life for the ancient Maya, while the bright red feathers of the bird's
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the temple of Qʼuqʼumatz consisted of a circular temple in honor of the deity together with a palace in honor of the Kawek lineage, the ruling dynasty of the city. The only trace of the temple now is a circular impression in the surface of the city's main plaza. The temple was located directly
576:
They first formed men of mud, but in this form man could neither move nor speak and quickly dissolved into nothingness. Later, they created men of sculpted wood, which
Huracan destroyed as the wooden manikins were imperfect, emotionless and showed no praise to the gods. The survivors were then
535:
No ballgame markers are known from the heart of the Kʼicheʼ kingdom and investigators such as Fox consider it significant that these images of Q'uq'umatz carrying the sun are found in the eastern periphery facing the underworld due to the use of the ballgame in mediating political conflict.
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markers on the east and west sides of north-south oriented ballcourts would represent Qʼuqʼumatz carrying the sun to the zenith with the east marker carrying
Hunahpu/Tohil in its jaws, while the west marker would represent the descent of the sun into the underworld and would be carrying
262:, he was also known to transform himself into a pool of blood. The deity was sometimes represented by a snail or conch shell and was associated with a flute made from bones. As well as being associated with water, Qʼuqʼumatz was also associated with clouds and the wind.
569:, wrapped in quetzal feathers. Nothing yet existed, only the sea at rest under the sky. Soon Qʼuqʼumatz and Tepeu discussed the creation of man and it was decided between them to raise the earth and create mankind. The gods spoke the word "
234:
In ancient Maya highland texts Qʼuqʼumatz is strongly associated with water, which in turn is associated with the underworld. The Kʼicheʼ are reported to have believed that Qʼuqʼumatz was a feathered serpent that moved in the water. In the
116:, bore the name of the deity as a title and was likely to have been a former priest of the god. The priests of Qʼuqʼumatz at Qʼumarkaj, the Kʼicheʼ capital, were drawn from the dominant Kaweq dynasty and acted as stewards in the city.
173:"snake". It is likely that the feathered serpent deity was borrowed from the Aztecs or the Maya and blended with other deities to provide the god Qʼuqʼumatz that the Kʼicheʼ worshipped. Qʼuqʼumatz may have had his origin in the
1712:
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Qʼuqʼumatz was also associated with water, clouds, and the sky. Together with Tepeu, god of lightning and fire, it was considered to be the mythical ancestor of the Kʼicheʼ nobility by direct male line.
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The priests of Qʼuqʼumatz were drawn from an important lineage among the ruling Kaweq dynasty and this was likely to have been a source of power and prestige for the Kaweq. The priests were known as
1589:
609:
The ruins of Qʼumarkaj. The temple of Qʼuqʼumatz once stood between the Temple of Tohil (tower at middle left) and the Temple of Awilix (at back). The ballcourt is in the foreground.
89:. It carried the sun across the sky and down into the underworld and acted as a mediator between the various powers in the Maya cosmos. It is considered to be the equivalent of the
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chest symbolized fire. Together, this combination gave a profound religious symbolism to the bird. The snake was a Maya symbol of rebirth due to its habit of
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feathered serpent aspect and his feminine association with water and wind. This duality enabled the god to serve as a mediator between the masculine sun god
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transformed into monkeys, and sentenced to live in the wild. Qʼuqʼumatz and Tepeu were finally successful in their creation by constructing men out of
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147:) translates literally as "quetzal serpent" although it is often rendered less accurately as "feathered serpent". The name derives from the
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581:. Here the first men were formed: Bʼalam Agab, Bʼalam Quitzé, Iqi Bʼalam, Mahucatah. Their sight was far and they understood all.
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who also had attributes of the feathered serpent, but they later diverged and each deity came to have a separate priesthood.
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1596:(in Spanish) (8). Torino, Italy: Università degli Studi di Torino: Dipartimento di Scienze Letterarie e Filologiche.
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625:, meaning "he of Qʼuqʼumatz". The priests of Qʼuqʼumatz and of Tepeu, his partner in the Kʼicheʼ creation myth (the
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Qʼuqʼumatz was not directly equivalent to the
Mexican Quetzalcoatl, he combined his attributes with those of the
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Among the Kʼicheʼ Qʼuqʼumatz not only appeared as a feathered serpent, he was also embodied as an eagle and a
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were closely linked to the Kʼicheʼ and one of their ancestors, Gagavitz, was said to have thrown himself into
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1431:. Ancient peoples and places series (6th edition, fully revised and expanded ed.). London and New York:
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Popol Vuh: The
Definitive Edition of the Maya Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings
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An
Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador
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This article is about the Kʼiche Maya deity. For the Kʼiche Maya ruler of the same name, see
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and transformed himself into the deity, thus raising a storm upon the water known today as
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1707:[Xocomil, the Lake Atitlan phenomenon that made a boat with 17 people flip].
1705:"Xocomil, el fenómeno del Lago de Atitlán que hizo volcar una lancha con 17 personas"
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1491:"The Lords of Light Versus the Lords of Dark: The Postclassic Highland Maya Ballgame"
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Memorial de Solalá, Anales de los Kaqchikeles; Título de los Señores de Totonicapán
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zenith. According to De León, who may have gathered the information from elders in
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An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya
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Orellana, Sandra L. (Spring 1981). "Idols and Idolatry in Highland Guatemala".
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597:(king). This king was said to have refounded the Kʼicheʼ capital at Qʼumarkaj.
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209:"resplendent quetzal" was strongly associated with Qʼuqʼumatz in Kʼicheʼ belief
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Kʼicheʼ Kingdom of Qʼumarkaj § Quqʼkumatz and Kʼiqʼab (c. 1400–1475)
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Recinos, Adrian; Goetz, Delia; Morley, Sylvanus Griswold (1954).
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because their only salvation was said to be in the water. The
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Gods of the Popol Vuh: Xmucane, Kucumatz, Tojil, and Jurakan
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Kikʼaslemaal le Kʼicheʼaabʼ: Historia Social de los Kʼicheʼs
177:; some scholars have equated the deity with the Aztec deity
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Kikʼulmatajem le Kʼicheʼaabʼ: Evolución del Reino Kʼicheʼ
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1590:"Orden y caos en la literatura indígena mesoamericana"
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Luhrmann, T. M. (Winter 1984). "Popul Vuh and Lacan".
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185:. Qʼuqʼumatz may originally have been the same god as
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created the world and humanity, together with the god
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1405:. Mesoweb: An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures.
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1493:. In Scarborough, Vernon; Wilcox, David R. (eds.).
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1392:"Popul Vuh: Sacred Book of the Quiché Maya People"
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112:Kotujaʼ, the Kʼicheʼ king who founded the city of
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1732:. Culver City, California: Labyrinthos.
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1785:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Piedra Santa.
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1715:from the original on 16 November 2018
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1573:American Anthropological Association
65:) was a god of wind and rain of the
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1462:. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA:
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1367:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Iximulew.
1337:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Iximulew.
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1812:. Los Angeles, USA: Plantin Press.
1749:Handbook of Mesoamerican Mythology
601:Temple and priesthood at Qʼumarkaj
161:, a brightly coloured bird of the
25:
2907:
1817:Tedlock, Dennis (trans.) (1985).
1810:Popul Vuh, the Book of the People
1703:Pérez, César (14 November 2018).
169:. This is combined with the word
27:Maya creator god of wind and rain
2107:
1460:Maya Postclassic state formation
1170:Recinos, Goetz & Morley 1954
729:Recinos, Goetz & Morley 1954
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1412:from the original on 2022-10-09
1390:Christenson, Allen J. (2007) .
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532:Ixbalanque/Awilix in its jaws.
1581:10.1525/eth.1984.12.4.02a00030
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584:The Popol Vuh also mentions a
223:and the feminine moon goddess
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2846:Characters from the Popol Vuh
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1534:University of Oklahoma Press
663:
613:In the Kʼicheʼ capital city
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430:Spanish conquest of the Maya
196:
119:
7:
1499:University of Arizona Press
636:
10:
2912:
2760:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
1588:McCallister, Rick (2008).
1464:Cambridge University Press
29:
2861:Feathered serpent deities
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2415:Annals of the Cakchiquels
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1495:The Mesoamerican Ballgame
694:, pp. 60, 121, 249;
237:Annals of the Cakchiquels
1728:Preuss, Mary H. (1988).
1194:Read & González 2000
1038:Read & González 2000
943:Read & González 2000
785:Read & González 2000
698:, pp. 220–221, 235.
559:In the beginning of the
273:This article is part of
2775:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
2735:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
1182:Miller & Taube 2003
58:[qʼuːqʼuːˈmats]
1458:Fox, John W. (2008) .
1291:, p. 254, n. 742.
610:
473:Mesoamerica portal
210:
79:that according to the
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2866:Legendary progenitors
2750:Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ
2740:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
2499:Título de Totonicapán
2072:Classic Maya collapse
1899:Título de Totonicapán
1680:Duke University Press
1528:Kelly, Joyce (1996).
1489:Fox, John W. (1991).
914:, p. 59, n. 54;
898:, p. 59, n. 54;
870:, p. 59, n. 54;
608:
547:Santa Cruz del Quiché
421:Classic Maya collapse
229:Mesoamerican ballgame
204:
40:
2881:Sky and weather gods
2755:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
2478:Ritual of the Bacabs
2139:Twin-pyramid complex
1823:Simon & Schuster
1569:Blackwell Publishing
1303:, pp. 208, 311.
1239:, pp. 181, 183.
1024:, pp. 248–249;
969:, pp. 60, 121;
957:, pp. 260, 279.
886:, p. 59, n. 54.
874:, p. 51, n. 62.
266:Sun and the ballgame
179:Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl
159:Pharomachrus mocinno
154:, referring to the
41:Ballcourt marker at
18:Q'uq'umatz
2720:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
2690:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
2485:Songs of Dzitbalché
1948:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
1645:Thames & Hudson
1433:Thames & Hudson
1399:online publication)
1028:, pp. 234–235.
988:, pp. 60, 249.
973:, pp. 220–221.
945:, pp. 190–191.
156:Resplendent quetzal
2745:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
2553:Howler monkey gods
1361:Carmack, Robert M.
1331:Carmack, Robert M.
611:
211:
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2770:Yuknoom Chʼeen II
2730:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
2048:Maya civilization
2013:
2012:
1871:Kʼicheʼ mythology
1473:978-0-521-10195-0
1148:, pp. 64–65.
838:, pp. 52–53.
731:, pp. 45–36.
509:
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284:Maya civilization
181:, who was also a
77:Feathered Serpent
16:(Redirected from
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470:
469:
295:
285:
270:
269:
175:Valley of Mexico
61:; alternatively
60:
55:
21:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2886:Underworld gods
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2820:Wak Chanil Ajaw
2785:
2779:
2710:
2704:
2510:
2504:
2402:
2353:
2347:
2319:Human sacrifice
2277:
2271:
2134:Triadic pyramid
2112:
2103:
2067:Preclassic Maya
2057:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2014:
2009:
1993:
1974:Maya Hero Twins
1952:
1906:
1872:
1869:
1839:
1833:
1793:
1779:Recinos, Adrian
1763:
1740:
1718:
1716:
1655:
1616:
1544:
1513:
1474:
1443:
1425:Coe, Michael D.
1415:
1413:
1409:
1394:
1375:
1345:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:, p. 190;
1247:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1204:
1196:, p. 191;
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
977:
965:
961:
953:
949:
941:
934:
926:
922:
910:
906:
894:
890:
882:
878:
866:
862:
854:, p. 249;
850:, p. 279;
846:
842:
834:
827:
819:
815:
807:
803:
797:Carmack (2001a)
795:
791:
783:
779:
771:
764:
756:
752:
744:
735:
727:
723:
715:
702:
690:
686:
682:, pp. 1–2.
678:
671:
666:
661:
648:Aztec mythology
639:
603:
557:
542:
525:Maya Hero Twins
505:
467:
465:
458:
416:Preclassic Maya
283:
268:
199:
127:(alternatively
122:
53:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2909:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2851:Creation myths
2848:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2765:Yoʼnal Ahk III
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2331:Social classes
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2193:Maritime trade
2190:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1814:
1805:
1791:
1775:
1761:
1744:
1738:
1725:
1700:
1688:10.2307/481116
1667:
1653:
1625:
1623:on 2011-07-22.
1585:
1556:
1542:
1525:
1511:
1486:
1472:
1455:
1441:
1421:
1387:
1373:
1357:
1343:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:, p. 208.
1305:
1293:
1281:
1279:, p. 366.
1269:
1267:, p. 364.
1257:
1255:, p. 200.
1241:
1229:
1227:, p. 183.
1217:
1215:, p. 178.
1202:
1200:, p. 181.
1186:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1123:
1108:
1093:
1091:, p. 336.
1078:
1076:, p. 365.
1063:
1061:, p. 364.
1042:
1040:, p. 182.
1030:
1014:
1012:, p. 249.
1002:
1000:, p. 235.
990:
975:
959:
947:
932:
920:
904:
888:
876:
860:
858:, p. 221.
840:
825:
823:, p. 159.
813:
801:
789:
787:, p. 191.
777:
762:
750:
748:, p. 279.
733:
721:
700:
684:
668:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
650:
645:
638:
635:
602:
599:
586:historic ruler
556:
551:
541:
538:
513:Classic Period
507:
506:
504:
503:
496:
489:
481:
478:
477:
476:
475:
460:
459:
457:
456:
451:
446:
441:
433:
432:
426:
425:
424:
423:
418:
410:
409:
403:
402:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
297:
296:
288:
287:
279:
278:
267:
264:
245:Kaqchikel Maya
198:
195:
189:, the Kʼicheʼ
121:
118:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2908:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Water deities
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Lady of Tikal
2803:
2801:
2800:Lady of Itzan
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2492:Título Cʼoyoi
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2324:Death rituals
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1892:Título Cʼoyoi
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1834:
1832:0-671-45241-X
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1792:84-8377-006-7
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1762:1-85109-340-0
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1739:0-911437-25-8
1735:
1731:
1726:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1654:0-500-27928-4
1650:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1543:0-8061-2858-5
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1512:0-8165-1360-0
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1442:0-500-28066-5
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1374:99922-56-19-2
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:99922-56-22-2
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1314:
1313:Carmack 2001a
1309:
1302:
1301:Carmack 2001a
1297:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1277:Carmack 2001a
1273:
1266:
1265:Carmack 2001a
1261:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1237:Carmack 2001b
1233:
1226:
1225:Carmack 2001b
1221:
1214:
1213:Carmack 2001b
1209:
1207:
1199:
1198:Carmack 2001b
1195:
1190:
1184:, p. 69.
1183:
1178:
1172:, p. 41.
1171:
1166:
1160:, p. 65.
1159:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1136:, p. 63.
1135:
1130:
1128:
1121:, p. 62.
1120:
1115:
1113:
1106:, p. 61.
1105:
1100:
1098:
1090:
1089:Luhrmann 1984
1085:
1083:
1075:
1074:Carmack 2001a
1070:
1068:
1060:
1059:Carmack 2001a
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1006:
999:
994:
987:
982:
980:
972:
968:
963:
956:
955:Carmack 2001a
951:
944:
939:
937:
929:
924:
918:, p. 64.
917:
913:
908:
902:, p. 51.
901:
897:
892:
885:
880:
873:
869:
864:
857:
853:
849:
848:Carmack 2001a
844:
837:
832:
830:
822:
821:Orellana 1981
817:
811:, p. 60.
810:
805:
799:, p. 55.
798:
793:
786:
781:
775:, p. 52.
774:
769:
767:
760:, p. 76.
759:
758:Carmack 2001b
754:
747:
746:Carmack 2001a
742:
740:
738:
730:
725:
719:, p. 53.
718:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
697:
693:
688:
681:
676:
674:
669:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
634:
632:
628:
627:Aj Qʼuqʼumatz
624:
623:Aj Qʼuqʼumatz
619:
616:
607:
598:
596:
592:
591:Aj Qʼuqʼumatz
587:
582:
580:
574:
572:
568:
564:
563:
555:
550:
548:
540:Modern belief
537:
533:
530:
526:
521:
517:
514:
502:
497:
495:
490:
488:
483:
482:
480:
479:
474:
464:
463:
462:
461:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
435:
434:
431:
428:
427:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
411:
408:
405:
404:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
299:
298:
294:
290:
289:
286:
281:
280:
276:
272:
271:
263:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
232:
230:
226:
222:
217:
208:
203:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:cloud forests
160:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
117:
115:
110:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:
78:
75:. It was the
74:
71:
68:
64:
59:
51:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2896:Wind deities
2876:Rain deities
2856:Creator gods
2685:Vucub Caquix
2674:
2644:
2613:Ah-Muzen-Cab
2604:Post-Classic
2593:Moon goddess
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2471:Rabinal Achí
2469:
2462:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2422:Chilam Balam
2420:
2413:
2124:Architecture
1979:Vucub Caquix
1937:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1821:. New York:
1818:
1809:
1782:
1748:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1709:Prensa Libre
1708:
1675:
1672:Ethnohistory
1671:
1638:
1629:Miller, Mary
1614:the original
1593:
1564:
1560:
1529:
1494:
1459:
1428:
1414:. Retrieved
1402:
1364:
1334:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1033:
1017:
1005:
993:
962:
950:
923:
916:Recinos 1998
907:
900:Recinos 1998
891:
879:
872:Recinos 1998
863:
843:
816:
804:
792:
780:
753:
724:
687:
630:
626:
622:
620:
612:
594:
590:
583:
575:
570:
560:
558:
553:
543:
534:
518:creator god
516:Chontal Maya
510:
343:Architecture
257:
249:Lake Atitlán
240:
236:
233:
212:
206:
170:
165:of southern
158:
151:
149:Kʼicheʼ word
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
111:
107:
103:Yucatec Maya
95:Quetzalcoatl
80:
62:
49:
48:
2825:Yohl Ikʼnal
2660:Hun Hunahpu
2578:Kinich Ahau
2568:Jaguar gods
1969:Hun Hunahpu
1933:Kinich Ahau
1682:: 157–177.
1633:Taube, Karl
1575:: 335–362.
1501:. pp.
1323:Works cited
183:creator god
167:Mesoamerica
67:Postclassic
43:Mixco Viejo
2840:Categories
2675:Qʼuqʼumatz
2548:Hero Twins
2533:Death gods
2407:Literature
2343:Households
2309:Priesthood
1938:Qʼuqʼumatz
1751:. Oxford:
1643:. London:
1532:. Norman:
1497:. Tucson:
1416:2010-01-23
1253:Kelly 1996
928:Pérez 2018
659:References
643:Cosmic Man
631:Tepew Yaki
125:Qʼuqʼumatz
50:Qʼuqʼumatz
2871:Maya gods
2815:Sak Kʼukʼ
2645:Popol Vuh
2583:Maize god
2543:Goddess I
2464:Popol Vuh
2314:Sacrifice
2297:Midwifery
2287:Childhood
2237:Mythology
2200:Languages
2087:Guatemala
1957:Popul Vuh
1885:Popol Vuh
1635:(2003) .
1610:489051220
1602:1594-378X
1482:297146853
1363:(2001b).
1353:253481949
1333:(2001a).
664:Citations
615:Qʼumarkaj
562:Popol Vuh
554:Popol Vuh
529:ballcourt
449:Guatemala
348:Astronomy
333:Sacrifice
328:Mythology
313:Languages
197:Symbolism
120:Etymology
114:Qʼumarkaj
101:, of the
82:Popol Vuh
2810:Lady Xoc
2670:Jacawitz
2655:Camazotz
2638:Yum Kaax
2633:Kukulkan
2393:Tzolkʼin
2354:Calendar
2304:Religion
2262:Textiles
2242:Numerals
2227:Medicine
2222:Mayanist
2163:Ceramics
2156:Graffiti
1964:Camazotz
1928:Jacawitz
1801:25476196
1781:(1998).
1771:43879188
1753:ABC-CLIO
1713:Archived
1663:28801551
1571:and the
1552:34658843
1521:51873028
1451:59432778
1429:The Maya
1427:(1999).
1407:Archived
1383:47220876
1249:Coe 1999
1026:Fox 1991
1022:Fox 2008
1010:Fox 2008
998:Fox 1991
986:Fox 2008
971:Fox 1991
967:Fox 2008
856:Fox 1991
852:Fox 2008
809:Fox 2008
696:Fox 1991
692:Fox 2008
653:Jacawitz
637:See also
629:and the
388:Medicine
368:Textiles
353:Calendar
323:Religion
275:a series
241:Gucumatz
216:shedding
145:Kucumatz
141:Gugumatz
137:Gucumatz
133:Gukumatz
129:Qucumatz
99:Kukulkan
63:Gukumatz
2700:Zipacna
2665:Huracan
2573:Kʼawiil
2558:Itzamna
2519:Classic
2511:Deities
2441:Grolier
2434:Dresden
2428:Codices
2278:Society
2267:Warfare
2205:Classic
2183:Economy
2173:Cuisine
2144:Revival
2129:E-Group
2097:Yucatán
2082:Chiapas
2058:History
2005:Xibalba
1989:Zipacna
1923:Huracan
1911:Deities
1503:213–238
520:Itzamna
444:Chiapas
439:Yucatán
407:History
398:Warfare
393:Cuisine
318:Writing
308:Society
253:Xocomil
191:sun god
97:and of
70:Kʼicheʼ
2786:Queens
2650:Awilix
2598:Yopaat
2563:Ixchel
2448:Madrid
2378:Kʼatun
2368:Baktun
2257:Stelae
2247:People
2210:Script
2168:Cities
2117:Topics
1998:Places
1918:Awilix
1829:
1799:
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1719:16 Nov
1696:481116
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595:Aj pop
358:Stelae
338:Cities
303:People
277:on the
260:jaguar
225:Awilix
171:kumatz
54:Mayan:
2711:Kings
2695:Xquic
2680:Tohil
2628:Ixtab
2538:God L
2528:Chaac
2523:Bacab
2455:Paris
2398:Winal
2373:Haabʼ
2292:Women
2252:Sites
2232:Music
2188:Trade
2178:Dance
2092:Petén
1984:Xquic
1943:Tohil
1877:Texts
1692:JSTOR
1678:(2).
1567:(4).
1561:Ethos
1410:(PDF)
579:maize
571:Earth
567:Tepeu
454:Petén
383:Dance
378:Music
373:Trade
221:Tohil
187:Tohil
91:Aztec
87:Tepeu
2623:Chin
2618:Akna
2608:Acat
2383:Kʼin
2363:Ajaw
2336:Ajaw
2215:List
1827:ISBN
1797:OCLC
1787:ISBN
1767:OCLC
1757:ISBN
1734:ISBN
1721:2018
1659:OCLC
1649:ISBN
1606:OCLC
1598:ISSN
1548:OCLC
1538:ISBN
1517:OCLC
1507:ISBN
1478:OCLC
1468:ISBN
1447:OCLC
1437:ISBN
1379:OCLC
1369:ISBN
1349:OCLC
1339:ISBN
207:qʼuq
205:The
152:qʼuq
93:god
73:Maya
2588:Mam
2388:Tun
2151:Art
1684:doi
1619:RTF
1577:doi
1397:PDF
363:Art
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