74:
703:
693:
49:
2396:
Bulbuls eat a wide range of foods, ranging from fruit to seeds, nectar, small insects and other arthropods and even small vertebrates. The majority of species are frugivorous and supplement their diet with some insects, although there is a significant minority of specialists, particularly in Africa.
2342:
of some species is colorful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throat or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Species with dull coloured eyes often sport contrasting eyerings. Some have very distinct crests. Bulbuls are highly
408:
The family forms two main clades. One clade contains species that are only found in Africa; many of these have greenbul in the common name. The second clade contains mostly Asian species but includes a few species that are found in Africa.
294:. The family is distributed across most of Africa and into the Middle East, tropical Asia to Indonesia, and north as far as Japan. A few insular species occur on the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. There are 166 species in 32
2338:. Overall the sexes are alike, although the females tend to be slightly smaller. In a few species the differences are so great that they have been described as functionally different species. The soft
2645:
Johansson, U.S.; Fjeldså, J.; Bowie, R.C.K. (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships within
Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes): A review and a new molecular phylogeny based on three nuclear intron markers".
2723:
Johansson, U.S.; Fjeldså, J.; Lokugalappatti, L.G.S.; Bowie, R.C.K. (2007). "A nuclear DNA phylogeny and proposed taxonomic revision of
African greenbuls (Aves, Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae)".
2380:
arrangements, where non-breeders, usually the young from earlier clutches, help raise the young of a dominant breeding pair. Up to five speckled eggs are laid in open tree nests and
336:
A few species that were previously considered to be members of the
Pycnonotidae have been moved to other families. Several Malagasy species that were formerly placed in the genus
2569:
Cibois, Alice; David, Normand; Gregory, Steven M. S.; Pasquet, Eric (2010). "Bernieridae (Aves: Passeriformes): a family-group name for the
Malagasy sylvioid radiation".
2534:
Cibois, Alice; Slikas, Beth; Shulenberg, Thomas S.; Pasquet, Eric (2001). "An endemic radiation of
Malagasy songbirds is revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data".
2796:
Cai, T.; Cibois, A.; Alström, P.; Moyle, R.G.; Kennedy, J.D.; Shao, S.; Zhang, R.; Irestedt, M.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Gelang, M.; Qu, Y.; Lei, F.; Fjeldså, J. (2019).
2448:
In general, bulbuls and greenbuls are resistant to human pressures on the environment and are tolerant of disturbed habitat. Around 13 species are considered
2283:
Phylogeny based on a study by Subir Shakya and
Frederick Shelden published in 2017 with the revised genera as defined in the list maintained on behalf of the
2837:
Fuchs, J.; Pasquet, E.; Stuart, B.L.; Woxvold, I.A.; Duckworth, J.W.; Bowie, R.C.K. (2018). "Phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic Bare-faced Bulbul
3161:
2429:
have been captured for the pet trade in great numbers and have been widely introduced to tropical and subtropical areas, for example, southern
3200:
2918:
2985:
2511:
145:
2499:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 201, 237.
3282:
2902:
2886:
3135:
3174:
2330:
is slightly elongated and slightly hooked at the end. They vary in length from 13 cm and 13.3 g (0.47 oz) for the
2284:
2960:
2877:
3179:
2326:
Bulbuls are short-necked slender passerines. The tails are long and the wings short and rounded. In almost all species the
405:
formed several deeply divergent clades. The genus was split and six genera were resurrected to accommodate these clades.
3249:
3114:
3205:
3127:
2598:"African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'"
2547:
298:. While different species are found in a wide range of habitats, the African species are predominantly found in
2331:
3187:
2347:, with the calls of most species being described as nasal or gravelly. One author described the song of the
359:
A study published in 2007 by Ulf
Johansson and colleagues using three nuclear markers found that the genus
17:
3057:
3044:
2947:
2928:
2912:
2896:
2521:
2410:
2303:) are based on a study by Jérôme Fuchs and colleagues published in 2018. As currently defined the genera
73:
3062:
399:. A study by Subir Shakya and Frederick Shelden published in 2017 found that species in the large genus
2689:
3254:
3215:
2369:
207:
736:
31:
3241:
3035:
2997:
2955:. Vol. 10: Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 124–250.
1009:
228:
2798:"Near-complete phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the world's babblers (Aves: Passeriformes)"
3277:
3236:
3166:
1500:
1026:
765:
192:
3228:
2479:
A List of the Genera of Birds : with an
Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus
3083:
2765:"The phylogeny of the world's bulbuls (Pycnonotidae) inferred using a supermatrix approach"
2422:
2296:
1568:
948:
706:
8:
2693:
2365:
2335:
881:
241:
2740:
2622:
2597:
2473:
2348:
992:
987:
893:
696:
311:
181:
160:
68:
56:
3223:
3070:
2977:
2956:
2873:
2819:
2736:
2662:
2627:
2551:
2426:
2344:
2288:
1082:
1077:
807:
467:
232:
3049:
2744:
2477:
681:
Phylogeny based on a study of the babblers by Cai and colleagues published in 2019.
2850:
2809:
2776:
2732:
2654:
2617:
2609:
2578:
2543:
2500:
2381:
795:
264:
3075:
2494:
918:
753:
723:
388:
3192:
2814:
2797:
2658:
3122:
3109:
2372:
which at least over part of its range appears to be polygamous and engage in a
1457:
1271:
867:
802:
600:
338:
2697:
2582:
2452:
by human activities, mostly specialised forest species that are threatened by
369:. In the subsequent revision, species were moved to three resurrected genera:
3271:
3020:
2377:
2373:
1816:
1382:
1178:
1051:
832:
748:
371:
272:
2823:
2666:
2631:
2613:
2555:
2453:
2405:
2384:
by the female. Incubation usually lasts between 11 and 14 days, and chicks
2312:
2081:
1972:
1696:
1525:
1414:
1196:
1038:
925:
876:
814:
781:
772:
731:
702:
561:
515:
377:
366:
3148:
3029:
2397:
Open country species in particular are generalists. Bulbuls in the genus
1766:
1714:
1021:
1004:
974:
584:
353:
343:
326:
291:
2449:
2165:
2113:
2004:
1868:
1748:
1153:
1099:
964:
943:
900:
718:
692:
538:
401:
361:
299:
135:
48:
2854:
2781:
2764:
3153:
3096:
2445:. Some species are regarded as crop pests, particularly in orchards.
2438:
1550:
1239:
823:
760:
483:
125:
85:
3140:
2991:
2504:
352:
containing three
African species is now placed in a separate family
302:, whereas Asian bulbuls are predominantly found in more open areas.
3101:
3014:
2722:
2399:
2022:
1911:
1834:
1439:
1314:
1296:
1090:
1064:
888:
854:
845:
790:
383:
315:
287:
283:
279:
275:
105:
2430:
2339:
2131:
2056:
934:
913:
348:
1103:– 34 species (substantially reduced from earlier classification)
310:
The family
Pycnonotidae was introduced by the English zoologist
2442:
2385:
95:
3088:
2596:
Beresford, P.; Barker, F.K.; Ryan, P.G.; Crowe, T.M. (2005).
2533:
1357:
295:
2548:
10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2
2434:
2351:
as "one of the most unattractive noises made by any bird".
2327:
2183:
955:
115:
712:
Currently, there are 167 recognized species in 32 genera:
2836:
2568:
1893:
314:
in 1840 as a subfamily Pycnonotinae of the thrush family
2595:
2951:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Christie, D.A. (eds.).
2795:
2644:
2688:
2496:
History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names
2946:
2334:to 29 cm and 93 g (3.3 oz) in the
3269:
2763:Shakya, Subir B.; Sheldon, Frederick H. (2017).
333:refers to the birds discussed in this article.
2944:
2924:
2908:
2892:
2517:
1275:– greenbuls, brownbuls, leaflove (20 species)
329:" as well as the bulbul, but the English word
2762:
968:– 26 species (includes 3 species formerly in
603:– laughingthrushes and allies (133 species)
325:(بلبل) is sometimes used to refer to the "
47:
2813:
2780:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2621:
2482:. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 28.
2416:
2354:
701:
691:
470:– parrotbills and myzornis (38 species)
2945:Fishpool, L.D.C.; Tobias, J.A. (2005).
2867:
14:
3270:
2751:
2285:International Ornithological Committee
871:– greenbuls and brownbuls (21 species)
836:– greenbuls (11 species) (formerly in
2996:
2995:
2802:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2704:. International Ornithologists' Union
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2647:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
858:– greenbuls (5 species) (formerly in
3216:e9953aae-a617-4148-b7fa-3f0a6421ea01
3128:9743b8cc-b269-40da-bb1a-ef8034da0183
2492:
2472:
24:
2953:Handbook of the Birds of the World
2868:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008).
2841:with description of a new genus".
2673:
2602:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
25:
3294:
2970:
2870:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
726:(formerly contained many species)
687:
587:– Alcippe fulvettas (10 species)
3283:Taxa named by George Robert Gray
2737:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00290.x
2702:IOC World Bird List Version 14.2
486:– sylviid babblers (32 species)
72:
2980:on the Internet Bird Collection
2948:"Family Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls)"
2861:
2830:
2789:
2376:system. Some species also have
2368:. One unusual exception is the
564:– ground babblers (68 species)
2716:
2638:
2589:
2562:
2527:
2486:
2466:
2403:and bristlebills in the genus
2321:
13:
1:
2459:
1663:mainly Asian clade
541:– tree babblers (58 species)
342:are now placed in the family
2411:mixed-species feeding flocks
1107:
7:
2872:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
2815:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.010
2659:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.029
2359:
1418:– yellow-throated leaflove
1361:– bristlebills (5 species)
518:– white-eyes (152 species)
305:
10:
3299:
2938:
2925:Fishpool & Tobias 2005
2909:Fishpool & Tobias 2005
2893:Fishpool & Tobias 2005
2518:Fishpool & Tobias 2005
2391:
2364:The bulbuls are generally
1200:– slender-billed greenbul
1085:(genus introduced in 2017)
776:– bristlebills (5 species)
29:
3004:
2583:10.11646/zootaxa.2554.1.6
2370:yellow-whiskered greenbul
2180:
2162:
2155:
2128:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2078:
2071:
2053:
2046:
2019:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1969:
1962:
1915:– finchbills (2 species)
1908:
1890:
1883:
1865:
1858:
1831:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1770:– black-and-white bulbul
1763:
1745:
1738:
1711:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1565:
1547:
1540:
1522:
1515:
1497:
1490:
1454:
1436:
1429:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1386:– greenbuls (12 species)
1379:
1372:
1354:
1347:
1311:
1293:
1286:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1236:
1229:
1193:
1175:
1168:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1121:
1068:– 5 species (formerly in
1055:– 3 species (formerly in
1042:– 4 species (formerly in
904:– 8 species (formerly in
598:
582:
575:
559:
552:
536:
529:
513:
506:
481:
465:
458:
451:
435:
428:
421:
346:. In addition, the genus
187:
180:
173:
168:
69:Scientific classification
67:
55:
46:
41:
2978:Bulbul photos and videos
2493:Bock, Walter J. (1994).
1718:– yellow-wattled bulbul
1554:– greenbuls (2 species)
1529:– greenbuls (5 species)
1318:– greenbuls (5 species)
1300:– greenbuls (5 species)
1243:– black-collared bulbul
1094:– finchbills (2 species)
440:– bulbuls (167 species)
2287:. The positions of the
2117:– yellow-browed bulbul
849:– greenbuls (5 species)
827:– greenbuls (2 species)
818:– greenbuls (5 species)
785:– greenbuls (2 species)
737:slender-billed greenbul
32:Bulbul (disambiguation)
2696:, eds. (August 2024).
2614:10.1098/rspb.2004.2997
2417:Relationship to humans
1976:– hairy-backed bulbul
1010:black-and-white bulbul
709:
699:
278:, which also includes
222:Bonaparte, 1854 (1831)
3237:Paleobiology Database
2423:red-whiskered bulbuls
2355:Behaviour and ecology
2026:– hook-billed bulbul
1752:– puff-backed bulbul
1501:Arizelocichla montana
1027:yellow-wattled bulbul
766:black-collared bulbul
705:
695:
393:Andropadus importunus
3123:Fauna Europaea (new)
2297:yellow-browed bulbul
1897:– bare-faced bulbul
1569:Chlorocichla simplex
1504:– Cameroon greenbul
1461:– swamp palm bulbul
978:and one formerly in
949:yellow-browed bulbul
707:Red-whiskered bulbul
61:Hypsipetes amaurotis
30:For other uses, see
2474:Gray, George Robert
2336:straw-headed bulbul
1443:– spotted greenbul
882:hairy-backed bulbul
395:), was retained in
2692:; Donsker, David;
2427:red-vented bulbuls
2388:after 12–16 days.
2349:brown-eared bulbul
2060:– striated bulbul
1572:– simple greenbul
1182:– golden greenbul
1157:– sombre greenbul
1134:Africa clade
993:puff-backed bulbul
972:, one formerly in
894:hook-billed bulbul
710:
700:
697:Collared finchbill
312:George Robert Gray
271:, of medium-sized
57:Brown-eared bulbul
3265:
3264:
3224:Open Tree of Life
2998:Taxon identifiers
2986:Family characters
2962:978-84-87334-72-6
2879:978-1-4200-6444-5
2855:10.1111/ibi.12580
2839:Pycnonotus hualon
2782:10.1111/ibi.12464
2725:Zoologica Scripta
2694:Rasmussen, Pamela
2608:(1565): 849–858.
2319:
2318:
2301:Acritillas indica
2289:bare-faced bulbul
2277:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2144:
2143:
2035:
2034:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1847:
1846:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1727:
1726:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1083:bare-faced bulbul
808:swamp palm bulbul
685:
684:
675:
674:
666:
665:
657:
656:
648:
647:
639:
638:
630:
629:
621:
620:
612:
611:
495:
494:
468:Paradoxornithidae
263:are members of a
257:
256:
251:
245:
236:
226:Phyllastrephidae
223:
217:
211:
202:
196:
164:
16:(Redirected from
3290:
3258:
3257:
3245:
3244:
3232:
3231:
3219:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3193:NBNSYS0000164604
3183:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3104:
3092:
3091:
3079:
3078:
3066:
3065:
3053:
3052:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3025:
3024:
3023:
2993:
2992:
2966:
2950:
2932:
2922:
2916:
2906:
2900:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2760:
2749:
2748:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2686:
2671:
2670:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2542:(6): 1198–1206.
2531:
2525:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2470:
2158:
2157:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2074:
2073:
2049:
2048:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1965:
1964:
1886:
1885:
1861:
1860:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1741:
1740:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1543:
1542:
1518:
1517:
1493:
1492:
1432:
1431:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1375:
1374:
1350:
1349:
1289:
1288:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1232:
1231:
1171:
1170:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
796:spotted greenbul
578:
577:
555:
554:
532:
531:
509:
508:
461:
460:
454:
453:
431:
430:
424:
423:
417:
416:
412:
411:
367:non-monophyletic
321:The Arabic word
250:Oberholser, 1919
249:
240:
227:
221:
215:
206:
200:
191:
159:
77:
76:
51:
39:
38:
21:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3253:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3227:
3222:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3000:
2973:
2963:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2923:
2919:
2907:
2903:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2866:
2862:
2835:
2831:
2794:
2790:
2761:
2752:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2687:
2674:
2643:
2639:
2594:
2590:
2567:
2563:
2532:
2528:
2516:
2512:
2491:
2487:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2419:
2394:
2362:
2357:
2324:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2169:– (25 species)
2145:
2036:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1872:– (34 species)
1848:
1789:
1780:
1728:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1480:
1471:
1337:
1328:
1219:
1210:
1110:
919:striated bulbul
754:golden greenbul
724:sombre greenbul
690:
676:
667:
658:
649:
640:
631:
622:
613:
496:
389:sombre greenbul
308:
216:Bonaparte, 1854
199:Trichophoridae
158:
71:
35:
28:
27:Family of birds
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3296:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3246:
3233:
3220:
3210:
3197:
3184:
3171:
3158:
3145:
3132:
3119:
3110:Fauna Europaea
3106:
3093:
3080:
3067:
3054:
3041:
3026:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2972:
2971:External links
2969:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2917:
2901:
2885:
2878:
2860:
2849:(3): 659–665.
2829:
2788:
2775:(3): 498–509.
2750:
2731:(5): 417–427.
2715:
2672:
2653:(3): 858–876.
2637:
2588:
2561:
2526:
2510:
2485:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2418:
2415:
2393:
2390:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:– (5 species)
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:– (4 species)
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:– (7 species)
2077:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:– (8 species)
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:– (5 species)
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:– (3 species)
1812:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:– (4 species)
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1458:Thescelocichla
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1272:Phyllastrephus
1267:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1073:
1060:
1047:
1034:
1017:
1000:
983:
960:
951:
939:
930:
921:
909:
896:
884:
872:
868:Phyllastrephus
863:
850:
841:
828:
819:
810:
803:Thescelocichla
798:
786:
777:
768:
756:
744:
727:
689:
688:List of genera
686:
683:
682:
678:
677:
673:
672:
669:
668:
664:
663:
660:
659:
655:
654:
651:
650:
646:
645:
642:
641:
637:
636:
633:
632:
628:
627:
624:
623:
619:
618:
615:
614:
610:
609:
606:
605:
601:Leiothrichidae
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
581:
576:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
558:
553:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
535:
530:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
512:
507:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
493:
492:
489:
488:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
464:
459:
457:
452:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
434:
429:
427:
422:
420:
415:
339:Phyllastrephus
307:
304:
255:
254:
253:
252:
246:
237:
224:
218:
212:
203:
201:Swainson, 1831
197:
190:Brachypodidae
185:
184:
178:
177:
171:
170:
166:
165:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3295:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:alloparenting
2375:
2371:
2367:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:tiny greenbul
2329:
2314:
2310:
2309:Arizelocichla
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1383:Arizelocichla
1377:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1179:Calyptocichla
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1029:(formerly in
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1012:(formerly in
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
998:
995:(formerly in
994:
990:
989:
984:
981:
977:
976:
971:
967:
966:
961:
958:
957:
952:
950:
946:
945:
940:
937:
936:
931:
928:
927:
922:
920:
916:
915:
910:
907:
903:
902:
897:
895:
891:
890:
885:
883:
879:
878:
873:
870:
869:
864:
861:
857:
856:
851:
848:
847:
842:
839:
835:
834:
833:Arizelocichla
829:
826:
825:
820:
817:
816:
811:
809:
805:
804:
799:
797:
793:
792:
787:
784:
783:
778:
775:
774:
769:
767:
763:
762:
757:
755:
751:
750:
749:Calyptocichla
745:
742:
739:(formerly in
738:
734:
733:
728:
725:
721:
720:
715:
714:
713:
708:
704:
698:
694:
680:
679:
671:
670:
662:
661:
653:
652:
644:
643:
635:
634:
626:
625:
617:
616:
608:
607:
604:
602:
596:
595:
592:
591:
588:
586:
580:
579:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
563:
557:
556:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
540:
534:
533:
527:
526:
523:
522:
519:
517:
511:
510:
504:
503:
500:
499:
491:
490:
487:
485:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
469:
463:
462:
456:
455:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
439:
433:
432:
426:
425:
419:
418:
414:
413:
410:
406:
404:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:
380:
379:
374:
373:
372:Arizelocichla
368:
364:
363:
357:
355:
351:
350:
345:
341:
340:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
247:
243:
238:
234:
230:
229:Milne-Edwards
225:
220:Crinigeridae
219:
214:Hypsipetidae
213:
209:
204:
198:
194:
189:
188:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
167:
162:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:Passeriformes
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3278:Pycnonotidae
3050:Pycnonotidae
3036:Pycnonotidae
3006:Pycnonotidae
3005:
2984:
2976:
2952:
2920:
2904:
2888:
2869:
2863:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2772:
2768:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2706:. Retrieved
2701:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2513:
2495:
2488:
2478:
2468:
2454:habitat loss
2447:
2420:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2363:
2325:
2313:monophyletic
2308:
2305:Chlorocichla
2304:
2300:
2292:
2182:
2181:
2164:
2163:
2130:
2129:
2112:
2111:
2080:
2079:
2055:
2054:
2021:
2020:
2003:
2002:
1973:Tricholestes
1971:
1970:
1910:
1909:
1892:
1891:
1867:
1866:
1833:
1832:
1815:
1814:
1765:
1764:
1747:
1746:
1713:
1712:
1697:Brachypodius
1695:
1694:
1567:
1566:
1549:
1548:
1526:Chlorocichla
1524:
1523:
1499:
1498:
1456:
1455:
1438:
1437:
1415:Atimastillas
1413:
1412:
1381:
1380:
1356:
1355:
1313:
1312:
1295:
1294:
1270:
1269:
1238:
1237:
1197:Stelgidillas
1195:
1194:
1177:
1176:
1152:
1151:
1098:
1089:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1043:
1039:Brachypodius
1037:
1030:
1022:Poliolophus
1020:
1013:
1003:
996:
986:
979:
973:
970:Thapsinillas
969:
963:
954:
942:
933:
924:
912:
905:
899:
887:
877:Tricholestes
875:
866:
859:
853:
844:
837:
831:
822:
815:Chlorocichla
813:
801:
789:
782:Atimastillas
780:
771:
759:
747:
740:
732:Stelgidillas
730:
717:
711:
599:
583:
562:Pellorneidae
560:
537:
516:Zosteropidae
514:
482:
466:
438:Pycnonotidae
437:
436:
407:
400:
396:
392:
382:
378:Stelgidillas
376:
370:
360:
358:
347:
337:
335:
330:
322:
320:
309:
292:bristlebills
269:Pycnonotidae
268:
260:
258:
174:
156:Pycnonotidae
155:
132:Infraorder:
60:
36:
18:Pycnonotidae
3149:iNaturalist
3030:Wikispecies
2927:, pp.
2808:: 346–356.
2708:6 September
2690:Gill, Frank
2520:, pp.
2322:Description
1767:Microtarsus
1715:Poliolophus
1005:Microtarsus
980:Microscelis
975:Cerasophila
959:– 5 species
938:– 4 species
929:– 7 species
585:Alcippeidae
387:. Only the
354:Nicatoridae
344:Bernieridae
327:nightingale
248:Spizixidae
142:Parvorder:
3272:Categories
2911:, p.
2895:, p.
2460:References
2450:threatened
2409:will join
2366:monogamous
2295:) and the
2293:Nok hualon
2166:Hypsipetes
2114:Acritillas
2005:Alophoixus
1869:Pycnonotus
1749:Euptilotus
1154:Andropadus
1100:Pycnonotus
1070:Pycnonotus
1057:Pycnonotus
1044:Pycnonotus
1031:Pycnonotus
1014:Pycnonotus
997:Pycnonotus
988:Euptilotus
965:Hypsipetes
944:Acritillas
901:Alophoixus
860:Andropadus
838:Andropadus
741:Andropadus
719:Andropadus
539:Timaliidae
402:Pycnonotus
397:Andropadus
362:Andropadus
300:rainforest
242:Oberholser
239:Tyladidae
233:Grandidier
136:Passerides
2698:"Bulbuls"
2577:: 65–68.
2536:Evolution
2439:Australia
2382:incubated
1551:Baeopogon
1240:Neolestes
1108:Cladogram
824:Baeopogon
761:Neolestes
484:Sylviidae
288:leafloves
284:brownbuls
280:greenbuls
276:songbirds
273:passerine
208:Bonaparte
205:Ixosidae
175:See text
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
3015:Wikidata
2824:30321696
2745:84799480
2667:18619860
2632:15888418
2556:11475055
2505:2246/830
2476:(1840).
2400:Criniger
2360:Breeding
2311:are not
2023:Setornis
1912:Spizixos
1835:Rubigula
1440:Ixonotus
1315:Eurillas
1297:Criniger
1091:Spizixos
1065:Rubigula
906:Criniger
889:Setornis
855:Eurillas
846:Criniger
791:Ixonotus
384:Eurillas
316:Turdidae
306:Taxonomy
193:Swainson
182:Synonyms
161:Gray, GR
152:Family:
146:Sylviida
106:Chordata
102:Phylum:
96:Animalia
82:Domain:
3021:Q188854
2939:Sources
2929:154–155
2623:1599865
2571:Zootaxa
2522:161–162
2431:Florida
2392:Feeding
2374:lekking
2340:plumage
2132:Hemixos
2057:Alcurus
935:Hemixos
914:Alcurus
349:Nicator
261:bulbuls
169:Genera
122:Order:
112:Class:
42:Bulbul
3255:196047
3242:370651
3229:132000
3213:NZOR:
3180:178504
3167:105004
3102:1PYCNF
2959:
2876:
2822:
2743:
2665:
2630:
2620:
2554:
2443:Hawaii
2386:fledge
1817:Ixodia
1097:Genus
1088:Genus
1075:Genus
1062:Genus
1052:Ixodia
1049:Genus
1036:Genus
1019:Genus
1002:Genus
985:Genus
962:Genus
953:Genus
941:Genus
932:Genus
923:Genus
911:Genus
898:Genus
886:Genus
874:Genus
865:Genus
852:Genus
843:Genus
830:Genus
821:Genus
812:Genus
800:Genus
788:Genus
779:Genus
770:Genus
758:Genus
746:Genus
729:Genus
716:Genus
331:bulbul
323:bulbul
296:genera
290:, and
265:family
244:, 1917
235:, 1879
231:&
210:, 1838
195:, 1831
163:, 1840
3250:WoRMS
3206:36294
3162:IRMNG
3154:14556
3115:16701
3063:95522
2741:S2CID
2406:Bleda
2345:vocal
1358:Bleda
773:Bleda
3201:NCBI
3175:ITIS
3141:5277
3136:GBIF
3097:EPPO
3089:1614
3058:BOLD
2957:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2843:Ibis
2820:PMID
2769:Ibis
2710:2024
2663:PMID
2628:PMID
2575:2554
2552:PMID
2441:and
2435:Fiji
2425:and
2421:The
2328:bill
2307:and
2184:Ixos
2082:Iole
956:Ixos
926:Iole
381:and
365:was
259:The
116:Aves
3188:NBN
3084:EoL
3076:FFJ
3071:CoL
3045:AFD
2913:151
2897:146
2851:doi
2847:160
2810:doi
2806:130
2777:doi
2773:159
2733:doi
2655:doi
2618:PMC
2610:doi
2606:272
2579:doi
2544:doi
2501:hdl
1894:Nok
1078:Nok
3274::
3252::
3239::
3226::
3203::
3190::
3177::
3164::
3151::
3138::
3125::
3112::
3099::
3086::
3073::
3060::
3047::
3032::
3017::
2845:.
2818:.
2804:.
2800:.
2771:.
2767:.
2753:^
2739:.
2729:36
2727:.
2700:.
2675:^
2661:.
2651:48
2649:.
2626:.
2616:.
2604:.
2600:.
2573:.
2550:.
2540:55
2538:.
2456:.
2437:,
2433:,
2413:.
2315:.
1081:–
1025:–
1008:–
991:–
947:–
917:–
892:–
880:–
806:–
794:–
764:–
752:–
735:–
722:–
375:,
356:.
318:.
286:,
282:,
267:,
63:)
2965:.
2931:.
2915:.
2899:.
2882:.
2857:.
2853::
2826:.
2812::
2785:.
2779::
2747:.
2735::
2712:.
2669:.
2657::
2634:.
2612::
2585:.
2581::
2558:.
2546::
2524:.
2507:.
2503::
2299:(
2291:(
1072:)
1059:)
1046:)
1033:)
1016:)
999:)
982:)
908:)
862:)
840:)
743:)
391:(
59:(
34:.
20:)
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