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509:(A.D. 570), implying that the kingdom was founded shortly before the beginning of the Late Classic period". He does state that excavations from surrounding residential areas away from the complex center seem to indicate an early classic occupation, but additional excavation is required to confirm this for the rest of the site. Transitions in ceramics, burials and construction, coupled with the usual cessation of inscriptions on stelae, indicate continued occupation at Pusilhá through to the post-classic. The last official date, which is a calendar round date, occurs at
538:. In total, 39 named individuals have been discovered by the epigraphers in the hieroglyphic record. Of note is an individual who at first was linked as a ruler of Copan based on the artifactual record of that polity. K'ahk' Uti' Chan is the name of Ruler B of Pusilhá as well as Ruler 11 at Copan and was first ascribed to be the same individual. Further research has shown that they were contemporaries to each other and had different known parentages.
29:
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Based in part on the favorable location of Pusilhá along both east and west corridors of trade and the north and south axis of influence that had
Caracol to the north and Copan to the south it seemed likely that the polity was politically dependent on one of its larger neighbors. However, the current archaeological evidence indicates that Pusilhá maintained its independence.
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the Maya used to govern themselves, which is contrary to the prevailing view of conquest and absorption of smaller cities into the larger cities in the region. To truly understand this site, it must be stated that research and excavation are at a very early stage and that more work is required to understand the place that Pusilhá holds in the greater Maya world.
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Pusilhá has a series of confirmed occupation dates. It is known through ceramic analysis that this site is dateable to the late classic. A stela found on site indicates a late classic occupation. According to
Braswell, the current excavator of the site, "Stela P begins with the initial series date
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urban complex, along the east and west flow of trade, made the city a major transfer point for economic activities in the whole region. In addition, the city gave archaeologists a historical view of a secondary Maya site. Large and extended excavation efforts have changed the overall picture of Maya
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The site of Pusilhá has one representation of bridge construction that has survived to modern times. The polity of Pusilhá also offers a look at the quantity and quality of the stelae available for study from a secondary urban complex. This site may represent an alternative method of looking at how
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The initial excavation and surveys seem to show that politically, Pusilhá was a second-tier polity. The ceramics evidence showed that there were ties to Copan and
Quirigua. It also seems likely that there were connections between Tikal and Caracol as those polities rose to prominence in the Petén.
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urban complex was built there. The site is also located favorably between the
Caribbean to the south and the Maya Mountains to the east. Pusilhá was also situated in the region to facilitate flow of goods and ideas from the central lowlands and southeastern periphery located in Honduras. With the
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social and political relationships between larger and smaller cities and challenged the prevailing view of conquest and absorption of smaller cities into the larger cities in the region. The research conducted at Pusilhá began in 1927 and continues to this day.
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Sheptak, Russell N., 1987 Interaction between Belize and the Ulua Valley. In
Interaction on the Southeast Mesoamerican Frontier: Prehistoric and Historic Honduras and El Salvador, edited by Eugenia J. Robinson. BAR International Series 327,
243:. Thomas Joyce also conducted an extensive ceramics evaluation in 1929. In the intervening 70 years very little research has been done in Pusilhá. This state of affairs has changed with research and excavations carried out by
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Foias, Antonia E., 1996, Changing
Ceramic Production and Exchange Systems and the Classic Maya Collapse in the Petexbatun Region. PhD. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Microfilms, Ann
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Braswell, Geoffrey; Prager, Christian M.; Bill, Cassandra R.; Schwake, Sonja (2004a). "Recent
Archaeological and Epigraphic Research at Pusilha, Belize: Report on the 2001 and 2002 Field Seasons".
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Braswell, Geoffrey; Christian M. Prager; Cassandra R. Bill; Sonja
Schwake (2004a). "Recent Archaeological and Epigraphic Research at Pusilha, Belize: Report on the 2001 and 2002 Field Seasons".
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Braswell, Geoffrey E.; Christian M. Pager; Cassandra R. Bill; Sonja A. Schwake; Jennifer B. Braswell (2004). "The Rise of
Secondary States in the Southeastern Periphery of the Maya World".
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Braswell, Geoffrey E.; Christian M. Pager; Cassandra R. Bill; Sonja A. Schwake; Jennifer B. Braswell (2004). "The Rise of
Secondary States in the Southeastern Periphery of the Maya World".
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The archaeological evidence indicates that Pusilhá was a traditional Maya "elite" led urban complex. There are eight rulers known to be associated with the Pusilhá emblem glyph from the
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Braswell, Geoffrey (2004). "The rise of secondary statesin the southeastern periphery of the Maya world; a report of recent archeological and epigraphic research at Pusilhá, Belize".
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Braswell, Geoffrey E.; Prager, Christian M.; Bill, Cassandra R. (2005). "The Kingdom of the Avocado: Recent Investigations at Pusilha, A Classic Maya City of Southern Belize".
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Braswell, Geoffrey E.; Christian M. Prager; Cassandra R. Bill (2005). "The Kingdom of the Avocado: Recent Investigations at Pusilha, A Classic Maya City of Southern Belize".
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Braswell, Geoffrey E.; Christian M. Prager; Cassandra R. Bill (2005). "The Kingdom of the Avocado: Recent Investigations at Pusilha, A Classic Maya City of Southern Belize".
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beginning in 2001. The excavation that has continued to present has exposed three major areas at the center of Pusilhá to archaeological interpretation.
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Braswell, Geoffrey E.; Gibbs, Sherry A. (2006). "In the Land of the Avocado: Recent Archaeological Investigations at Pusilha, Toledo District, Belize".
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Braswell, Geoffrey E.; Sherry A. Gibbs (2006). "In the Land of the Avocado: Recent Archaeological Investigations at Pusilha, Toledo District, Belize".
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Braswell, Geoffrey E.; Sherry A. Gibbs (2006). "In the land of the Avocado: Recent Archaeological Investigations at Pusilha, Toledo District, Belize".
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Culbert, T. Patrick, and Don S. Rice (eds.). 1990. Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press
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in the town of San Benito Poité. Situated between the Poite and Pusilha rivers that run east and west, this may have impacted why the
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Foias, Antonia E. (1996). "Changing Ceramic Production and Exchange Systems and the Classic Maya Collapse in the Petexbatun Region".
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Braswell, Geoffrey (2009). "The cultural modification of teeth by the ancient Maya : a unique example from Pusilha, Belize".
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In Interaction on the Southeast Mesoamerican Frontier: Prehistoric and Historic Honduras and El Salvador
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Sheptak, Russel N. (1987). Eugenia J Robinson (ed.). "Interaction between Belize and the Ulua Valley".
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Joyce, T. A. (Jan–Jun 1932). "1932 Presidential Address. The "Eccentric Flints" of Central America".
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The site of Pusilhá is located in the Toledo district of
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Geoffery Braswell and the Pusilha Archaeological Project
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Maya sites that survived the end of the Classic Period
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for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico
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128:Excavation dates
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1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:Cotzumalhuapa
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
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1316:
1313:
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1303:
1301:
1298:
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1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1233:Nohoch Cheʼen
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:: xvii–xxvi.
1008:
1004:
999:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
975:
972:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
946:
942:
938:
933:
929:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
877:
864:
860:
853:
845:
841:
834:
826:
819:
811:
804:
796:
792:
785:
777:
773:
769:
765:
758:
756:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
720:
716:
709:
701:
697:
694:: xvii–xxvi.
693:
689:
682:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
647:
641:
636:
628:
624:
620:
616:
609:
601:
597:
593:
589:
582:
578:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
548:
539:
537:
533:
523:
514:
512:
508:
504:
491:
486:
484:
479:
477:
472:
471:
469:
468:
463:
453:
452:
451:
450:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
423:
420:
417:
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411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
401:
400:
397:
394:
393:
388:
385:
383:
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378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
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343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
283:
279:
278:
275:
270:
269:
265:
261:
260:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
208:
206:
202:
198:
193:
189:
179:
176:
172:
168:
160:
155:
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
79:
61:89°14′34.42″W
58:16°06′16.65″N
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
24:
20:
1990:
1911:San Gervasio
1751:Chichen Itza
1696:Aguada Fénix
1650:Zapote Bobal
1580:Takalik Abaj
1570:San Clemente
1242:
1223:Nim Li Punit
1035:
1031:
1006:
1002:
986:
982:
966:
962:
953:
949:
940:
936:
927:
923:
906:
902:
885:
881:
862:
858:
852:
843:
839:
833:
824:
818:
809:
803:
794:
790:
784:
767:
763:
737:
733:
727:
718:
714:
708:
691:
687:
681:
656:
652:
646:
635:
618:
614:
608:
591:
587:
581:
545:
532:late Classic
529:
526:Ruling Elite
520:
510:
506:
502:
499:
332:Architecture
240:
221:Thomas Joyce
214:
185:
166:
165:
144:Architecture
2091:Mesoamerica
2018:Casa Blanca
2005:El Salvador
1756:Chunchucmil
1711:Balankanche
1620:Wajxaklajun
1585:Tamarindito
1565:San Bartolo
1495:Mixco Viejo
1450:Kaminaljuyu
1385:El Porvenir
1330:Cerro Quiac
1273:Xunantunich
1248:San Estevan
1203:Lower Dover
1038:: 439–459.
909:: 219–233.
888:: 673–682.
770:: 219–233.
659:: 439–459.
594:: 673–682.
567:Maya stelae
511:9.18.7.10.3
507:9.6.17.8.18
73: /
49:Coordinates
2071:Maya sites
2065:Categories
2049:See also:
2033:San Andrés
2013:Cara Sucia
1926:Tortuguero
1801:Hormiguero
1776:Comalcalco
1746:Chinkultic
1731:Chacchoben
1605:Tres Islas
1490:Machaquila
1480:La Joyanca
1390:El Temblor
1375:El Mirador
1350:Chutixtiox
1340:Chitinamit
1253:Santa Rita
1198:Louisville
1158:Chaa Creek
1143:Cahal Pech
1133:Baking Pot
1107:Maya sites
956:: 271–286.
930:: 333–345.
874:References
846:: 271–286.
797:: 333–345.
721:: 271–286.
211:Excavation
123:Site notes
1971:Yaxchilan
1901:Punta Sur
1836:Kohunlich
1796:Ekʼ Balam
1781:Dzibanche
1766:Chunlimón
1761:Chunhuhub
1673:El Puente
1550:Qʼumarkaj
1485:La Muerta
1475:La Corona
1470:La Blanca
1465:La Amelia
1395:El Tintal
1360:Dos Pilas
1292:Guatemala
1208:Lubaantun
1178:KaʼKabish
746:1408-032X
740:: 60–88.
573:Footnotes
517:Political
503:9.7.0.0.0
438:Guatemala
337:Astronomy
322:Sacrifice
317:Mythology
302:Languages
99:Abandoned
2023:Cihuatán
1986:Yoʼokop
1886:Palenque
1881:Oxkintok
1741:Chicanná
1726:Calakmul
1721:Bonampak
1660:Honduras
1640:Zacpeten
1610:Uaxactun
1555:Río Azul
1545:Quiriguá
1510:Naachtun
1460:Kʼatepan
1440:Ixtonton
1315:Balberta
1300:Aguateca
1238:Pacbitun
1188:La Milpa
1173:El Pilar
1128:Altun Ha
989:(3): 45.
969:(1): 24.
943:: 60–88.
865:: 60–88.
551:See also
377:Medicine
357:Textiles
342:Calendar
312:Religion
264:a series
247:and the
182:Location
115:Cultures
22:Location
2038:Tazumal
1966:Xtampak
1906:Río Bec
1876:Ocomtún
1856:Mayapan
1841:Komchen
1736:Chactún
1706:Balamku
1691:Acanceh
1645:Zaculeu
1600:Topoxte
1590:Tayasal
1530:Pajaral
1525:Naranjo
1500:Montana
1425:Iximche
1405:Guaytán
1400:El Zotz
1380:El Perú
1370:El Chal
1365:El Baúl
1345:Chocolá
1325:Cancuén
1320:Bejucal
1263:Uxbenka
1243:Pusilha
1218:Minanha
1193:Lamanai
1148:Caracol
1044:2843895
1023:2843874
994:Oxford.
983:Mexicon
963:Mexicon
700:2843874
673:2843895
433:Chiapas
428:Yucatán
396:History
387:Warfare
382:Cuisine
307:Writing
297:Society
255:History
197:Caracol
167:Pusilhá
152:Classic
107:Periods
91:Founded
86:History
17:Pusilhá
1976:Yaxuná
1961:Xpuhil
1956:Xlapak
1946:Xcaret
1921:Toniná
1896:Pomona
1851:La Mar
1821:Joljaʼ
1806:Izamal
1683:Mexico
1630:Xultun
1625:Witzna
1615:Ucanal
1575:Seibal
1445:Ixtutz
1415:Holtun
1410:Holmul
1268:Xnaheb
1228:Nohmul
1183:Kʼaxob
1168:Cuello
1153:Cerros
1115:Belize
1063:Stele
1042:
1021:
977:Arbor.
744:
698:
671:
347:Stelae
327:Cities
292:People
266:on the
233:London
225:stelae
188:Belize
171:Belize
102:798 AD
94:570 AD
41:Region
35:Belize
32:
1951:Xelha
1936:Uxmal
1931:Tulum
1916:Sayil
1871:Muyil
1846:Labna
1831:Kiuic
1826:Kabah
1816:Jaina
1811:Izapa
1791:Edzna
1716:Becan
1668:Copán
1635:Yaxha
1595:Tikal
1560:Sacul
1520:Nakum
1515:Nakbe
1455:Kinal
1430:Ixkun
1420:Itzan
1335:Chama
1163:Colha
1040:JSTOR
1019:JSTOR
696:JSTOR
669:JSTOR
443:Petén
372:Dance
367:Music
362:Trade
205:Copan
201:Tikal
1981:Yula
1941:Uxul
1861:Maní
1771:Coba
1435:Ixlu
1258:Tipu
742:ISSN
199:and
192:Maya
175:Maya
118:Maya
1701:Aké
1011:doi
911:doi
890:doi
772:doi
661:doi
623:doi
596:doi
501:of
352:Art
231:in
2067::
1036:59
1034:.
1017:.
1007:62
1005:.
987:28
985:.
967:31
965:.
952:.
941:11
939:.
926:.
907:15
905:.
886:86
884:.
863:11
861:.
842:.
793:.
768:15
766:.
754:^
738:11
736:.
717:.
692:62
690:.
667:.
657:59
655:.
619:15
617:.
592:86
590:.
1995:)
1989:(
1099:e
1092:t
1085:v
1046:.
1025:.
1013::
954:3
928:1
917:.
913::
896:.
892::
844:3
812:.
795:1
778:.
774::
748:.
719:3
702:.
675:.
663::
629:.
625::
602:.
598::
489:e
482:t
475:v
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