6748:
1878:, together with the Great Plaza immediately to the south, is one of the most studied architectural groups in the Maya area; the Tikal Project excavated a massive trench across the complex, thoroughly investigating its construction history. It is a complex group with construction beginning in the Preclassic Period, around 350 BC. It developed into a funerary complex for the ruling dynasty of the Classic Period, with each additional royal burial adding new temples on top of the older structures. After AD 400 a row of tall pyramids was added to the earlier Northern Platform, which measured 100 by 80 meters (330 by 260 ft), gradually hiding it from view. Eight temple pyramids were built in the 6th century AD, each of them had an elaborate
803:
2253:; this pyramid is part of an enclosed complex of structures that remained intact and un-impacted by later building activity at Tikal. By the end of the Late Preclassic this pyramid was one of the largest structures in the Maya region. It attained its final form during the reign of Chak Tok Ich'aak in the 4th century AD, in the Early Classic, standing more than 30 meters (98 ft) high with stairways on all four sides and a flat top that possibly supported a superstructure built from perishable materials. Although the plaza later suffered significant alteration, the organization of a group of temples on the east side of this complex adheres to the layout that defines the so-called
2048:) is a funerary pyramid dedicated to Jasaw Chan K'awil, who was entombed in the structure in AD 734, the pyramid was completed around 740â750. The temple rises 47 meters (154 ft) high. The massive roofcomb that topped the temple was originally decorated with a giant sculpture of the enthroned king, although little of this decoration survives. The tomb of the king was discovered by Aubrey Trik of the University of Pennsylvania in 1962. Among items recovered from the Late Classic tomb were a large collection of inscribed human and animal bone tubes and strips with sophisticated scenes depicting deities and people, finely carved and rubbed with
628:
583:, the peak population is estimated at 517 per square kilometer (1340 per square mile). In an area within a 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) radius of the site core, peak population is estimated at 120,000; population density is estimated at 265 per square kilometer (689 per square mile). In a region within a 25 kilometers (16 mi) radius of the site core and including some satellite sites, peak population is estimated at 425,000 with a density of 216 per square kilometer (515 per square mile). These population figures are even more impressive because of the extensive
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its own masks and decorated panels. During the Hiatus a third stage was built over the earlier constructions, the stairway was demolished and another royal burial, of an unidentified ruler, was set into the structure (Burial 23). While the new pyramid was being built another high ranking tomb (Burial 24) was inserted into the rubble core of the building. The pyramid was then completed, standing 33 meters (108 ft) tall. The final version of Temple 33 was completely dismantled by archeologists in 1965 in order to arrive at the earlier stages of construction.
2238:
1890:
2368:
1964:
1131:
2625:. It is located beneath Temple 33 in the North Acropolis. The chamber of the tomb was cut from the bedrock and contained the remains of the king himself together with those of two adolescents who had been sacrificed in order to accompany the deceased ruler. The walls of the tomb were covered with white stucco painted with hieroglyphs that included the Long Count date equivalent to 20 March 457, probably the date of either the death or interment of the king. The king's skeleton was missing its skull, its
2162:
1117:", who was very likely a daughter of Chak Tok Ich'aak II. She seems never to have ruled in her own right, rather being partnered with male co-rulers. The first of these was Kaloomte' B'alam, who seems to have had a long career as a general at Tikal before becoming co-ruler and 19th in the dynastic sequence. The Lady of Tikal herself seems not have been counted in the dynastic numbering. It appears she was later paired with lord "Bird Claw", who is presumed to be the otherwise unknown 20th ruler.
43:
2550:. In ancient times the sculpture was broken and the upper portion was moved to the summit of Temple 33 and ritually buried. Stela 31 has been described as the greatest Early Classic sculpture to survive at Tikal. A long hieroglyphic text is carved onto the back of the monument, the longest to survive from the Early Classic, which describes the arrival of Siyah K'ak' at El Peru and Tikal in January 378. It was also the first stela at Tikal to be carved on all four faces.
983:
2079:) it was built around AD 700 and stands 38 meters (125 ft) high. Like other major temples at Tikal, the summit shrine had three consecutive chambers with the doorways spanned by wooden lintels, only the middle of which was carved. The temple was dedicated to the wife of Jasaw Chan K'awil, although no tomb was found. The queen's portrait was carved into the lintel spanning the doorway of the summit shrine. One of the beams from this lintel is now in the
2056:
7681:
2052:, as well as jade and shell ornaments and ceramic vessels filled with offerings of food and drink. The shrine at the summit of the pyramid has three chambers, each behind the next, with the doorways spanned by wooden lintels fashioned from multiple beams. The outermost lintel is plain but the two inner lintels were carved, some of the beams were removed in the 19th century and their location is unknown, while others were taken to museums in Europe.
1542:
2589:
6427:
1426:
1616:. Recently, a project exploring the defensive earthworks has shown that the scale of the earthworks is highly variable and that in many places it is inconsequential as a defensive feature. In addition, some parts of the earthwork were integrated into a canal system. The earthwork of Tikal varies significantly in coverage from what was originally proposed and it is much more complex and multifaceted than originally thought.
2531:
1030:(First Crocodile) had been installed as the fifteenth king of Tikal while he was still a boy, being enthroned on 13 September 379. He reigned for 47 years as king of Tikal, and remained a vassal of Siyah K'ak' for as long as the latter lived. It seems likely that Yax Nuun Ayiin I took a wife from the preexisting, defeated, Tikal dynasty and thus legitimized the right to rule of his son, Siyaj Chan K'awiil II.
2012:
335:. There is evidence that one of Tikal's great ruling dynasties was founded by conquerors from Teotihuacan in the 4th century AD. Following the end of the Late Classic Period, no new major monuments were built at Tikal and there is evidence that elite palaces were burned. These events were coupled with a gradual population decline, culminating with the site's abandonment by the end of the 10th century.
1401:
1943:
Pennsylvania; it is centered upon the Lost World
Pyramid and a small platform to the west of it. To the south of Mundo Perdido, recent 2021 excavations have revealed a one-third size replication of La Ciudadela, or The Citadel, in Teotihuacan. This area may have been used as a diplomatic headquarters and as an effort to further stamp Teotihuacan culture upon the residents of Tikal.
1333:
407:
1845:
1978:
immediately to the west of the eastern pyramid and to the north of the pyramids. Lying roughly equidistant from them, there is usually a sculpted stela and altar pair. On the south side of these complexes there is a long vaulted building containing a single room with nine doorways. The entire complex was built at once and these complexes were built at 20-year (or
2640:, has been linked to this tomb, which lies deep in the heart of the North Acropolis. The deceased had probably died in battle with his body being mutilated by his enemies before being recovered and interred by his followers. The bones were wrapped carefully in textiles to form an upright bundle. The missing head was replaced by a small
1414:
1026:
roughly at the time of the conquest, a group of
Teotihuacan natives were apparently residing near the Lost World complex. He also exerted control over other cities in the area, including Uaxactun, where he became king, but did not take the throne of Tikal for himself. Within a year, the son of Spearthrower Owl by the name of
967:. The site was defeated at the end of the Early Classic by Caracol, which rose to take Tikal's place as the paramount center in the southern Maya lowlands. The earlier part of the Early Classic saw hostilities between Tikal and its neighbor Uaxactun, with Uaxactun recording the capture of prisoners from Tikal.
1223:, so ending the hiatus. He initiated a program of new construction and turned the tables on Calakmul when, in 695, he captured the enemy noble and threw the enemy state into a long decline from which it never fully recovered. After this, Calakmul never again erected a monument celebrating a military victory.
2211:
although only fragments now remain, showing a monstrous face, perhaps that of a jaguar, with another head emerging from the mouth. The second head possesses a bifurcated tongue but is probably not that of a snake. The temple, and its associated ballcourt, probably date to the reign of Nuun Ujol Chaak
1759:
growth, inhibits evaporation, provides shade for predators of pests, removes nitrogen through their roots, and serves as an indicator of acidic conditions as water lilies cannot tolerate low pH levels; low pH levels have been linked to tooth corrosion and disruption of gut homeostasis. Lastly, lining
1748:. However, the Maya were adept in constructing reservoirs that could guarantee high water quality. The Maya applied their knowledge of wetland biosphere ecology and ensured a balance of hydrophytic and macrophytic plants and other organisms. For example, the Maya widely adopted the dotleaf waterlily,
1456:
As is often the case with huge ancient ruins, knowledge of the site was never completely lost in the region. It seems that local people never forgot about Tikal and they guided
Guatemalan expeditions to the ruins in the 1850s. Some second- or third-hand accounts of Tikal appeared in print starting in
1340:
In the latter half of the 9th century, there was an attempt to revive royal power at the much-diminished city of Tikal, as evidenced by a stela erected in the Great Plaza by Jasaw Chan K'awiil II in 869. This was the last monument erected at Tikal before the city finally fell into silence. The former
1159:
at
Caracol described how Tikal suffered this disastrous defeat in a major war in April 562. It seems that Caracol was an ally of Calakmul in the wider conflict between that city and Tikal, with the defeat of Tikal having a lasting impact upon the city. Tikal was not sacked but its power and influence
1084:
was clearly connected with Tikal. CopĂĄn itself was not in an ethnically Maya region and the founding of the CopĂĄn dynasty probably involved the direct intervention of Tikal. K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' arrived in CopĂĄn in
December 426, and bone analysis of his remains shows that he passed his childhood and
2614:
was also entombed with the deceased king. Pots in the tomb were stuccoed and painted and many demonstrated a blend of Maya and
Teotihuacan styles. Among the offerings was an incense-burner in the shape of an elderly underworld god, sitting on a stool made of human bones and holding a severed head in
2500:
was broken in antiquity and was re-erected in a residential complex. The defaced portrait on the monument is that of the so-called "Lady of Tikal", a daughter of Chak Tok Ich'aak II who became queen at the age of six but never ruled in her own right, being paired with male co-rulers. It dates to the
2150:
was a funerary pyramid erected over the tomb of Siyaj Chan K'awiil I (known as Burial 48) in the North
Acropolis. It started life in the Early Classic as a wide basal platform decorated with large stucco masks that flanked the stairway. Later in the Early Classic a new superstructure was added, with
1359:
and the easier-to-find tombs were looted. After 950, Tikal was all but deserted, although a remnant population may have survived in perishable huts interspersed among the ruins. Even these final inhabitants abandoned the city in the 10th or 11th centuries and the rainforest claimed the ruins for the
1349:
dwellings were being erected in the city's ceremonial plazas. The squatters blocked some doorways in the rooms they reoccupied in the monumental structures of the site and left rubbish that included a mixture of domestic refuse and non-utilitarian items such as musical instruments. These inhabitants
1239:
In the 8th century, the rulers of Tikal collected monuments from across the city and erected them in front of the North
Acropolis. By the late 8th century and early 9th century, activity at Tikal slowed. Impressive architecture was still built but few hieroglyphic inscriptions refer to later rulers.
1211:
of Tikal, and they probably felt that they had a legitimate claim to the throne of Tikal itself. For some reason, B'alaj Chan K'awiil was not installed as the new ruler of Tikal; instead he stayed at Dos Pilas. Tikal counterattacked against Dos Pilas in 672, driving B'alaj Chan K'awiil into an exile
1138:
In the mid 6th century, Caracol seems to have allied with
Calakmul and defeated Tikal, closing the Early Classic. The "Tikal hiatus" refers to a period between the late 6th to late 7th century where there was a lapse in the writing of inscriptions and large-scale construction at Tikal. In the latter
566:
Tikal had no water other than what was collected from rainwater and stored in ten reservoirs. Archeologists working in Tikal during the 20th century refurbished one of these ancient reservoirs to store water for their own use. The average annual rainfall at Tikal is 1,945 millimeters (76.6 in).
2520:
bears a Long Count (8.12.14.8.15) date equivalent to AD 292, the earliest surviving Long Count date from the Maya lowlands. The stela is also the earliest monument to bear the Tikal emblem glyph. It bears a sculpture of the king facing to the right, holding the head of an underworld jaguar god, one
1465:
heard rumors of a lost city, with white building tops towering above the jungle, during their 1839â40 travels in the region). Because of the site's remoteness from modern towns, however, no explorers visited Tikal until
Modesto MĂ©ndez and Ambrosio Tut, respectively the commissioner and the governor
2180:
is an unusual radial temple in the East Plaza, built over a pre-existing twin pyramid complex. It is built into the end of the East Plaza Ballcourt and possessed four entry doorways and three stairways, the fourth (south) side was too close to the Central Acropolis for a stairway on that side. The
1379:
and architecture for over a thousand years, with an ancient ruling dynasty. However, new research regarding paleoenvironmental proxies from the Tikal reservoir system suggests that a meteorological drought may have led to the abandonment of Tikal, fouling some reservoirs near the temple and palace
1276:
in 830 passed uncelebrated, and marks the beginning of a 60-year hiatus, probably resulting from the collapse of central control in the city. During this hiatus, satellite sites traditionally under Tikal's control began to erect their own monuments featuring local rulers and using the Mutal emblem
1235:
In 738, QuiriguĂĄ, a vassal of CopĂĄn, Tikal's key ally in the south, switched allegiance to Calakmul, defeated CopĂĄn and gained its own independence. It appears that this was a conscious effort on the part of Calakmul to bring about the collapse of Tikal's southern allies. This upset the balance of
2420:
is dated to AD 396, during the reign of Yax Nuun Ayiin after the intrusion of Teotihuacan in the Maya area. The stela displays a mix of Maya and Teotihuacan qualities, and deities from both cultures. It has a portrait of the king with the Underworld Jaguar God under one arm and the Mexican Tlaloc
2108:
temple on the pyramid's summit record a long count date (9.15.10.0.0) that corresponds to CE 741 (Sharer 1994:169). Temple IV is the largest pyramid built anywhere in the Maya region in the 8th century, and as it currently stands is the tallest pre-Columbian structure in the Americas although the
2107:
is the tallest temple-pyramid at Tikal, measuring 70 meters (230 ft) from the plaza floor level to the top of its roof comb. Temple IV marks the reign of Yikâin Chan Kawil (Ruler B, the son of Ruler A or Jasaw Chan K'awiil I) and two carved wooden lintels over the doorway that leads into the
1599:
The residential area of Tikal covers an estimated 60 square kilometers (23 sq mi), much of which has not yet been cleared, mapped, or excavated. The 16 square kilometers (6.2 sq mi) area around the site core has been intensively mapped; it may have enclosed an area of some 125
1231:
By the 7th century, there was no active Teotihuacan presence at any Maya site and the center of Teotihuacan had been razed by 700. Even after this, formal war attire illustrated on monuments was Teotihuacan style. Jasaw Chan K'awiil I and his heir Yik'in Chan K'awiil continued hostilities against
1043:
Although the new rulers of Tikal were foreign, their descendants were rapidly Mayanized. Tikal became the key ally and trading partner of Teotihuacan in the Maya lowlands. After being conquered by Teotihuacan, Tikal rapidly dominated the northern and eastern Peten. Uaxactun, together with smaller
2563:
is a broken monument that was erected in the Lost World complex. The upper portion of the stela is missing but the lower portion shows the lower body and legs of Chak Tok Ich'aak, holding a flint axe in his left hand. He is trampling the figure of a bound, richly dressed captive. The monument is
2513:
was found in the summit shrine of Temple 34, underneath a broken masonry altar. The monument had originally been erected at the base of the temple during the Early Classic period and was later broken, probably at the beginning of the Late Classic. Its remains were then interred within the temple
1942:
form. During the Early Classic period (c. 250â600) the Mundo Perdido became one of the twin foci of the city, the other being the North Acropolis. From AD 250 to 378 it may have served as the royal necropolis. The Mundo Perdido complex was given its name by the archeologists of the University of
1702:
cities. Though evidently serving as a body of water to draw from during the dry season and drought periods, water reservoirs also possessed a cultural and political significance. Hence, noteworthy investment was made by Maya societies into their reservoirs to ensure high water quality as well as
2487:
was dedicated in 736 by Yik'in Chan K'awiil. Only the bottom of the stela is intact, the rest having been mutilated in ancient times. The surviving sculpture is of fine quality, consisting of the feet of a figure and of accompanying hieroglyphic text. The stela is associated with Altar 9 and is
1324:
leading to the accumulation of toxins. Tikal and its immediate surroundings seem to have lost most of their population between 830 and 950 and central authority seems to have collapsed rapidly. There is not much evidence from Tikal that the city was directly affected by the endemic warfare that
1089:
K'uk' Mo' (lord K'uk' Mo') is referred to in an early text at Tikal and may well be the same person. His tomb had Teotihuacan characteristics and he was depicted in later portraits dressed in the warrior garb of Teotihuacan. Hieroglyphic texts refer to him as "Lord of the West", much like Siyah
1025:
may even have been the ruler of Teotihuacan. These recorded events strongly suggest that Siyah Kâak' led a Teotihuacan invasion that defeated the native Tikal king, who was captured and immediately executed. Siyah K'ak' appears to have been aided by a powerful political faction at Tikal itself;
1199:
was installed on the throne of the new outpost at the age of four, in 635. When he was older, for many years he served as a loyal vassal fighting for his brother, the king of Tikal. Roughly twenty years later, Dos Pilas was attacked by Calakmul and was soundly defeated. B'alaj Chan K'awiil was
1067:
was built along the northern periphery of Tikal's hinterland, joining up with the natural defenses provided by large areas of swampland lying to the east and west of the city. Additional fortifications were probably also built to the south. These defenses protected Tikal's core population and
1977:
at Tikal, one of which was completely dismantled in ancient times and some others were partly destroyed. They vary in size but consist of two pyramids facing each other on an eastâwest axis. These pyramids are flat-topped and have stairways on all four sides. A row of plain stelae is placed
2667:, ceramics, shell and works of art. The body of the king was covered with large quantities of jade ornaments including an enormous necklace with especially large beads, as depicted in sculpted portraits of the king. One of the outstanding pieces recovered from the tomb was an ornate jade
355:
2120:
stands south of the Central Acropolis and is the mortuary pyramid of an as yet unidentified ruler. The temple stands 57 meters (187 ft) high, making it the second tallest structure at Tikal â only Temple IV is taller. The temple has been dated to about AD 700, in the
2284:
is also known as the Palace of Windows and lies to the west of Temple III. It has two storeys, with a double range of chambers on the lower storey and a single range in the upper storey, which has been restored. The palace has ancient graffiti and possesses low windows.
1094:, possibly sponsored by Tikal itself. The founding of these two centers may have been part of an effort to impose Tikal's authority upon the southeastern portion of the Maya region. The interaction between these sites and Tikal was intense over the next three centuries.
2099:) was the last of the great pyramids to be built at Tikal. It stood 55 meters (180 ft) tall and contained an elaborately sculpted but damaged roof lintel, possibly showing Dark Sun engaged in a ritual dance around AD 810. The temple shrine possesses two chambers.
2269:
is an elite residential complex that has been thoroughly excavated. It lies a few hundred m south of the Lost World Complex and the excavations have revealed elaborate stucco masks, ballplayer murals, relief sculptures and buildings with Teotihuacan characteristics.
1497:
of the university investigated the North Acropolis and the Central Plaza from 1957 to 1969. The Tikal Project recorded over 200 monuments at the site. In 1979, the Guatemalan government began a further archeological project at Tikal, which continued through to 1984.
2677:
was flooded with mud in antiquity. This flood had covered wooden objects that had completely rotted away by the time the tomb was excavated, leaving hollows in the dried mud. Archeologists filled these hollows with stucco and thus excavated four effigies of the god
370:; it is said to be a relatively modern name meaning "at the waterhole". The name was apparently applied to one of the site's ancient reservoirs by hunters and travelers in the region. It has alternatively been interpreted as meaning "the place of the voices" in the
3596:
Lentz, David L.; Hamilton, Trinity L.; Dunning, Nicholas P.; Scarborough, Vernon L.; Luxton, Todd P.; Vonderheide, Anne; Tepe, Eric J.; Perfetta, Cory J.; Brunemann, James; Grazioso, Liwy; Valdez, Fred; Tankersley, Kenneth B.; Weiss, Alison A. (25 June 2020).
579:(approximately 2000 BC â AD 200), with a peak in the Late Classic with the population growing rapidly from AD 700 through to 830, followed by a sharp decline. For the 120 square kilometers (46 sq mi) area falling within the earthwork defenses of the
2031:
structure on their summits. Some of these pyramids are over 60 meters (200 feet) high. They were numbered sequentially during the early survey of the site. It is estimated that each of these major temples could have been built in as little as two years.
1949:
lies just south of the Mendez Causeway. The complex dates to the Late Classic and consists of palace-type structures and is one of the largest groups of its type at Tikal. It has two stories but most of the rooms are on the lower floor, a total of 29
1927:
consisting of a pyramid aligned with a platform to the east that supported three temples. The Mundo Perdido complex was rebuilt many times over the course of its history. By AD 250â300 its architectural style was influenced by the great metropolis of
1036:, a small site 100 kilometers (62 mi) northeast of Tikal, was conquered by the latter during the reign of Yax Nuun Ayiin I. The site became an outpost of Tikal, shielding it from hostile cities further north, and also became a trade link to the
1982:) intervals during the Late Classic. The first twin pyramid complex was built in the early 6th century in the East Plaza. It was once thought that these complexes were unique to Tikal but rare examples have now been found at other sites, such as
1341:
satellites of Tikal, such as Jimbal and Uaxactun, did not last much longer, erecting their final monuments in 889. By the end of the 9th century the vast majority of Tikal's population had deserted the city, its royal palaces were occupied by
2249:(Structure 5C-54) is the largest structure in the Mundo Perdido complex. It lies in the southwest portion of Tikal's central core, south of Temple III and west of Temple V. It was decorated with stucco masks of the sun god and dates to the
2541:
is the accession monument of Siyaj Chan K'awiil II, also bearing two portraits of his father, Yax Nuun Ayiin, as a youth dressed as a Teotihuacan warrior. He carries a spearthrower in one hand and bears a shield decorated with the face of
2521:
of the patron deities of the city. The stela was deliberately smashed during the 6th century or some time later, the upper portion was dragged away and dumped in a rubbish tip close to Temple III, to be uncovered by archeologists in 1959.
1634:) to the west) and the Temple of the Inscriptions (about 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) to the southeast). These broad causeways were built of packed and plastered limestone and have been named after early explorers and archeologists; the
4797:
2644:
mask with shell-inlaid teeth and eyes and bearing a three-pointed royal headband. This head wears an emblem of rulership on its forehead and is a rare Preclassic lowland Maya portrait of a king. Among the contents of the tomb were a
1232:
Calakmul and its allies and imposed firm regional control over the area around Tikal, extending as far as the territory around Lake Petén Itzå. These two rulers were responsible for much of the impressive architecture visible today.
2458:
was dedicated in 711, during the reign of Jasaw Chan K'awiil I. The sculpture, including a portrait of the king and a hieroglyphic text, are limited to the front face of the monument. It was found in Complex N, west of Temple III.
1452:
passed within a few kilometers of the ruins of Tikal but did not mention them in his letters. After Spanish friar Andrés de Avendaño became lost in the Petén forests in early 1696 he described a ruin that may well have been Tikal.
314:
Tikal was the capital of a conquest state that became one of the most powerful kingdoms of the ancient Maya. Though monumental architecture at the site dates back as far as the 4th century BC, Tikal reached its apogee during the
2306:
during the late classical period from 650 to 800 A.D. Lidar digitally removed the tree canopy to reveal ancient remains and showed that Maya cities like Tikal were bigger than previously thought. The project was mapped near the
1354:
that had erected them. Some monuments were vandalized and some were moved to new locations. Before its final abandonment all respect for the old rulers had disappeared, with the tombs of the North Acropolis being explored for
2141:
and was dedicated in AD 766. It is notable for its 12-meter (39 ft) high roof-comb. Panels of hieroglyphs cover the back and sides of the roof-comb. The temple faces onto a plaza to the west and its front is unrestored.
2556:
is a fragmented monument with a foreign Teotihuacan-style sculpture apparently depicting the lord of that city with the attributes of the central Mexican storm god Tlaloc, including his goggle eyes and tasselled headdress.
932:
records, the dynasty was founded by Yax Ehb Xook, perhaps in the 1st century AD. At the beginning of the Early Classic, power in the Maya region was concentrated at Tikal and Calakmul, in the core of the Maya heartland.
465:
spanning the swamps. The area around Tikal has been declared as the Tikal National Park and the preserved area covers 570 square kilometers (220 sq mi). It was created on 26 May 1568 under the auspices of the
1996:
is a twin-pyramid complex, and is one of the largest at Tikal. It was built by Yax Nuun Ayiin II in 771 in order to mark the end of the 17th K'atun. Most of it has been restored and its monuments have been re-erected.
1068:
agricultural resources, encircling an area of approximately 120 square kilometers (46 sq mi). Recent research suggests that the earthworks served as a water collection system rather than a defensive purpose.
2421:
under the other. His helmet is a simplified version of the Teotihuacan War Serpent. Unusually for Maya sculpture, but typically for Teotihuacan, Yax Nuun Ayiin is depicted with a frontal face, rather than in profile.
2157:
is a pyramid in the North Acropolis that was built by Siyaj Chan K'awiil II over the tomb of his father, Yax Nuun Ayiin I. The pyramid was topped by a three chambered shrine, the rooms situated one behind the other.
2599:
is a tomb in the Lost World complex. A fine ceramic bowl was recovered from the tomb, with the handle formed from three-dimensional head and neck of a bird emerging from the two-dimensional body painted on the lid.
2439:
is twinned with Stela 12 but is badly damaged. It described the accession of Kaloomte' B'alam in the early 6th century and earlier events in his career, including the capture of a prisoner depicted on the monument.
5881:
Morales, Tirso; Benito Burgos; Miguel Acosta; Sergio Pinelo; Marco Tulio Castellanos; Leopoldo GonzĂĄlez; Francisco Castañeda; Edy Barrios; Rudy Larios; et al. (2008). J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. MejĂa (eds.).
1780:
to concentrate their power would be through proper water management. This created a feedback loop in which tools associated with water management became associated with Maya rulers. The association of clean water,
1097:
A long-running rivalry between Tikal and Calakmul began in the 6th century, with each of the two cities forming its own network of mutually hostile alliances arrayed against each other in what has been likened to
2326:
is carved with two nobles, one of whom is probably Jasaw Chan K'awiil I. They are performing a ritual using the bones of an important woman. Altar 5 was found in Complex N, which lies to the west of Temple III.
2635:
dates to the Late Preclassic and was enclosed by a platform, with a primitive corbel vault. The tomb contained a single male skeleton, which lacked a skull and its thighbones. The dynastic founder of Tikal,
2610:. It is located beneath Structure 34 in the North Acropolis. The tomb contained a rich array of offerings, including ceramic vessels and food, and nine youths were sacrificed to accompany the dead king. A
1160:
were broken. After its great victory, Caracol grew rapidly and some of Tikal's population may have been forcibly relocated there. During the hiatus period, at least one ruler of Tikal took refuge with
1151:
decipherments identified that the period was prompted by Tikal's comprehensive defeat at the hands of Calakmul and the Caracol polity in AD 562, a defeat that seems to have resulted in the capture and
2452:
is linked to the queen known as the "Lady of Tikal" and king Kaloomte' B'alam. The queen is described as performing the year-ending rituals but the monument was dedicated in honor of the king.
905:
In the 1st century AD, rich burials first appeared and Tikal underwent a political and cultural florescence as its giant northern neighbors declined. At the end of the Late Preclassic, the
390:
also came to use the same emblem glyph; the rulers of the city presumably wanted to distinguish themselves as the first city to bear the name. The kingdom as a whole was simply called
997:
The fourteenth king of Tikal was Chak Tok Ich'aak (Great Jaguar Paw). Chak Tok Ich'aak built a palace that was preserved and developed by later rulers until it became the core of the
477:
of northern Guatemala that formed the cradle of lowland Maya civilization. The city itself was located among abundant fertile upland soils, and may have dominated a natural eastâwest
1584:
The limestone used for construction was local and quarried on-site. The depressions formed by the extraction of stone for building were plastered to waterproof them and were used as
5792:. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. Vol. VII. Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.
9219:
1485:. In 1956 the Tikal project began to map the city on a scale not previously seen in the Maya area. From 1956 through 1970, major archeological excavations were carried out by the
9244:
2507:
was erected at the foot of Temple 3 in 810, accompanied by Altar 7. Both were broken into fragments in ancient times, although the name of Dark Sun survives on three fragments.
1768:
A significant proportion of royal power rested in what the ruling party could materially provide for their subjects (i.e. water during annual drought through massive artificial
1630:(causeways) linked various parts of the city, running for several kilometers through its urban core. These linked the Great Plaza with Temple 4 (located about 750 meters (2,460
1392:, which were washed off by rain and polluted some reservoirs. Works of Kohler and colleagues showed that this city reached an unsustainable level of inequalities at the end.
567:
However, the arrival of rain was often unpredictable, and long periods of drought could occur before the crops ripened, which severely threatened the inhabitants of the city.
5344:
Fash, William L.; Ricardo Agurcia Fasquelle (2005). "Contributions and Controversies in the Archaeology and History of CopĂĄn". In E. Wyllys Andrews; William L. Fash (eds.).
1910:
is to the west of the South Acropolis. It is bordered on the east side by a row of nearly identical temples, by palaces on the south and west sides and by an unusual triple
5202:
1882:
and a stairway flanked by masks of the gods. By the 9th century AD, 43 stelae and 30 altars had been erected in the North Acropolis; 18 of these monuments were carved with
9239:
4095:
Hansen, Tue H.; Thomassen, Mette T.; Madsen, Mia L.; Kern, Timo; Bak, Emilie G.; Kashani, Alireza; Allin, Kristine H.; Hansen, Torben; Pedersen, Oluf (9 November 2018).
1923:
is to the west of the Plaza of the Seven Temples. It is the largest ceremonial complex dating from the Preclassic period at Tikal. The complex was organized as a large
2527:
is the first surviving monument to be erected after the Hiatus. Its style and iconography is similar to that of Caracol, one of the more important of Tikal's enemies.
2379:
wood were placed as lintels spanning the inner doorways of temples. These are the most elaborately carved wooden lintels to have survived anywhere in the Maya region.
2263:
is the central temple on the east side of the Plaza of the Seven Temples. It has been restored and its rear outer wall is decorated with skull-and-crossbones motifs.
1060:
of their more powerful neighbor to the north. By the middle of the 5th century Tikal had a core territory of at least 25 kilometers (16 mi) in every direction.
5749:
MartĂnez, Horacio; David Webster; Jay Silverstein; Timothy Murtha; Kirk Straight; Irinna Montepeque (2004). J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. Escobedo; H. MejĂa (eds.).
3537:
2187:
platform profile, modified from the original style found at Teotihuacan. In fact, it has been suggested that the style of the building has closer affinities with
4595:
3674:
Kohler et al. (2017) Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica. Nature (551) : 619â622 (30 November 2017)
2494:
was dedicated in 771 by Yax Nuun Ayiin II in the northern enclosure of Group Q, a twin-pyramid complex. The face of the figure on the stela has been mutilated.
7547:
4683:
575:
Population estimates for Tikal vary from 10,000 to as high as 90,000 inhabitants. The population of Tikal began a continuous curve of growth starting in the
7622:
1281:
as visiting that city as the Divine Lord of Tikal but he is not recorded elsewhere and Tikal's once-great power was little more than a memory. The sites of
5139:
Adams, Richard E.W. (2000). "Introduction to a Survey of the Native Prehistoric Cultures of Mesoamerica". In Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (eds.).
449:
The city has been completely mapped and covered an area greater than 16 square kilometers (6.2 sq mi) that included about 3,000 structures. The
7667:
5943:
4758:
2129:
and the dating of ceramics associated with the structure places its construction during the reign of Nun Bak Chak in the second half of the 7th century.
6747:
5750:
1277:
glyph, with Tikal apparently lacking the authority or the power to crush these bids for independence. In 849, Jewel K'awiil is mentioned on a stela at
867:
Major construction at Tikal was already taking place in the Late Preclassic period, first appearing around 400â300 BC, including the building of major
1901:
is found next to Temple V. It was built upon a large basal platform that covers an area of more than 20,000 square meters (220,000 sq ft).
1856:
lies at the core of the site; it is flanked on the east and west sides by two great temple-pyramids. On the north side it is bordered by the North
1732:
Human manipulation of the natural environment can result in unintended consequences. For instance, storing water not only can result in decreased
4097:"The effect of drinking water pH on the human gut microbiota and glucose regulation: results of a randomized controlled cross-over intervention"
4739:
4262:
2353:
is carved with a captive tied to a scaffold. It is in the northern enclosure of Group Q, a twin-pyramid complex and has suffered from erosion.
2334:
1573:, palaces, residences, administrative buildings, platforms and inscribed stone monuments. There is even a building which seemed to have been a
1481:
In 1951, a small airstrip was built at the ruins, which previously could only be reached by several days' travel through the jungle on foot or
8071:
1533:
Tikal is now a major tourist attraction surrounded by its own national park. A site museum has been built at Tikal; it was completed in 1964.
9234:
5552:
5206:
1361:
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1013:
31 he is named as "Lord of the West". Siyah Kâak' was probably a foreign general serving a figure represented by a non-Maya hieroglyph of a
2433:
is a badly damaged monument dating to 514 and bears the name of the "Lady of Tikal" who celebrated the end of the 4th K'atun in that year.
2234:
is a small Teotihuacan-style platform that dates to about AD 600. It had stairways on all four sides and did not possess a superstructure.
217:
9249:
1954:
chambers. The remains of two further chambers belong to the upper story. One of the entrances to the group was framed by a gigantic mask.
1212:
that lasted five years. Calakmul tried to encircle Tikal within an area dominated by its allies, such as El Peru, Dos Pilas, and Caracol.
940:. In the Early Classic Tikal rapidly developed into the most dynamic city in the Maya region, stimulating the development of other nearby
2740:
833:
5883:
9229:
4570:
880:
9214:
7540:
4714:
3599:"Molecular genetic and geochemical assays reveal severe contamination of drinking water reservoirs at the ancient Maya city of Tikal"
1200:
captured by the king of Calakmul but, instead of being sacrificed, he was re-instated on his throne as a vassal of his former enemy.
6086:
1740:, to flourish. Additionally, fungal species can proliferate in improperly stored or stressed maize which can produce chemicals like
1755:
in their reservoirs' bodies of water. Dotleaf waterlilies, have bluish undersides that prevent passage of light and thus minimizes
1286:
5406:
Hammond, Norman (2000). "The Maya Lowlands: Pioneer Farmers to Merchant Princes". In Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (eds.).
2663:. It is a large vaulted chamber deep within the pyramid, below the level of the Great Plaza. The tomb contained rich offerings of
2359:
is a plain monument associated with Stela 43. The stela-altar pair is centrally located at the base of the stairway of Temple IV.
1435:, field director of the Tikal Project; Shook was also instrumental in having Tikal established as Guatemala's first National Park.
422:, approximately 64 kilometers (40 mi) by road to the southwest. Tikal is approximately 303 kilometers (188 mi) north of
1256:
in the Maya region caused Tikal's supporting population to heavily concentrate close to the city itself, accelerating the use of
467:
2408:
are carved stone shafts, often sculpted with figures and hieroglyphs. A selection of the most notable stelae at Tikal follows:
2027:
work. The most prominent surviving buildings include six very large pyramids, labelled Temples I â VI, each of which support a
1336:
The site core seen from the south, with Temple I at center, the North Acropolis to the left and Central Acropolis to the right
9024:
8406:
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5454:
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5357:
5321:
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5183:
5152:
1191:, some 110 kilometers (68 mi) to the southwest, as a military outpost in order to control trade along the course of the
898:, although this has not been proven. One of these had elaborate paintings on the outer walls showing human figures against a
374:. Tikal, however, is not the ancient name for the site but rather the name adopted shortly after its discovery in the 1840s.
856:
There are traces of early agriculture at the site dating as far back as 1000 BC, in the Middle Preclassic. A cache of Mamon
9224:
7533:
6562:
1836:
show a 36% to 56% drop in precipitation. While the rulers were blamed and eventually moved away, the common people stayed.
1207:, then king of Tikal, to temporarily abandon the city. The first two rulers of Dos Pilas continued to use the Mutal emblem
97:
8930:
1478:
in 1881â82) and the early 20th century. Pioneering archeologists started to clear, map and record the ruins in the 1880s.
7556:
5170:
Andrews, E. Wyllys; William L. Fash (2005). "Issues in CopĂĄn Archaeology". In E. Wyllys Andrews; William L. Fash (eds.).
3133:
The Origins & Collapse of the Preclassic Maya in the Mirador Basin â Richard Hansen at The Library of Congress (2014)
1474:
in 1853. Several other expeditions came to further investigate, map, and photograph Tikal in the 19th century (including
1364:
region, which remained heavily populated in spite of a plunge in population levels in the first half of the 9th century.
6065:
9076:
8076:
2080:
1489:
Tikal Project. They mapped much of the site and excavated and restored many of the structures. Excavations directed by
4603:
2481:
was found in Complex P, in Group H, and was moved to the Museo Nacional de ArqueologĂa y EtnologĂa in Guatemala City.
2371:
The elaborately carved wooden Lintel 3 from Temple IV. It celebrates a military victory by Yik'in Chan K'awiil in 743.
1264:. Construction continued at the beginning of the century, with the erection of Temple 3, the last of the city's major
7720:
5503:
1081:
323:
dominated much of the Maya region politically, economically, and militarily, while interacting with areas throughout
4715:"Archaeologists found thousands of hidden structures in the Guatemalan jungle â and it could re-write human history"
1960:
is centered on a large plaza to the north of the Great Plaza. It is bordered by temples dating to the Late Classic.
1669:
upon the course of the causeway just south of Group H. It depicts two bound captives and dates to the Late Classic.
7240:
5751:"Reconocimiento en la periferia de Tikal: Los Terraplenes Norte, Oeste y Este, nuevas exploraciones y perspectivas"
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1252:
was sweeping across the region, with populations plummeting and city after city falling into silence. Increasingly
741:
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8702:
6257:
826:
7864:
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panels, related to the Venus and star symbols used at Teotihuacan. The roof of the structure was decorated with
1792:
This also means that when water was mismanaged, the rulers were blamed for it. For example, in the Maya city of
7657:
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5336:
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1494:
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773:
9140:
7627:
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7054:
4066:
Water Lilies/Flores del agua: Anthology of Spanish Women Writers from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century
3657:
2702:
2347:
is associated with Stela 21 and bears the sculpture of a bound captive. It is located in front of Temple VI.
783:
5761:
5593:
Looper, Matthew G. (1999). "New Perspectives on the Late Classic Political History of Quirigua, Guatemala".
2059:
Contrasting photo, scan shot, and isometric images for the roof comb of Temple IV, using data acquired by a
883:
culture that dominated the Central and Northern Maya areas at this time â a region that included the entire
9135:
9019:
6134:
5526:
5474:"Measuring the Impacts of Ecotourism on Animal Populations: A Case Study of Tikal National Park, Guatemala"
764:
1001:. Little is known about Chak Tok Ich'aak except that he was killed on 14 January 378 AD. On the same day,
788:
9145:
8182:
6964:
6784:
5841:
5805:
5785:
5349:
5175:
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1045:
778:
516:
4658:
2688:
is a Late Classic royal tomb that contained a jade mosaic vessel topped with the head of the Maize God.
1577:, originally with wooden bars across the windows and doors. There are also seven courts for playing the
1325:
afflicted parts of the Maya region during the Terminal Classic, although an influx of refugees from the
7355:
6999:
6510:
5851:
The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion
5411:
5144:
1906:
1553:. It was one of the largest of the Classic period Maya cities and was one of the largest cities in the
1486:
819:
707:
609:
478:
7497:
6207:
3340:
Historical Dictionary of Mesoamerica by Walter Robert Thurmond Witschey and Clifford T. Brown, p. 313.
2112:
at Teotihuacan may originally have been taller, as may have been one of the structures at El Mirador.
410:
The Maya area within the Mesoamerican region. Both Tikal and Calakmul lie near the center of the area.
9103:
8251:
7815:
6029:
5645:
5282:. Ancient peoples and places series (6th, fully revised and expanded ed.). London and New York:
4275:
2564:
dated to AD 376. The text on the back of the monument describes a bloodletting ritual to celebrate a
1261:
1196:
667:
7034:
6326:
5760:(in Spanish). Museo Nacional de ArqueologĂa y EtnologĂa, Guatemala. pp. 635â641. Archived from
2622:
2393:
in the 19th century. It was in almost perfect condition and depicts Yik'in Chan K'awiil seated on a
1683:
runs southeast from the East Plaza to Temple VI, a distance of about 1.3 kilometers (0.81 mi).
1312:. Recent analysis also indicates that the city's freshwater sources became highly contaminated with
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8886:
8545:
8540:
7587:
7482:
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6555:
6386:
5585:
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2020:
1886:
and royal portraits. The North Acropolis continued to receive burials into the Postclassic Period.
1698:
Water reservoirs played a critical role in the development and maintenance of both Tikal and other
1601:
1329:
region may have exacerbated problems resulting from the already stretched environmental resources.
1064:
588:
342:
list, the discovery of the tombs of many of the rulers on this list and the investigation of their
293:
195:
7637:
6416:
6301:
1350:
reused the earlier monuments for their own ritual activities, far removed from those of the royal
419:
269:
in modern Mayan orthography) is the ruin of an ancient city, which was likely to have been called
9128:
9009:
8550:
8503:
8446:
8145:
8089:
7837:
7029:
6849:
6712:
5711:
5671:
5523:
An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador
5493:
2250:
2203:
panels and are decorated with paired disc symbols. Large flower symbols are set into the sloping
2122:
1593:
1356:
1216:
1176:
1099:
576:
504:
316:
6381:
4740:"Hidden Ancient Mayan 'Megalopolis' With 60,000 Structures Discovered in Guatemala Using Lasers"
4684:"Hidden Ancient Mayan 'Megalopolis' With 60,000 Structures Discovered in Guatemala Using Lasers"
3686:
2660:
591:. However, some archeologists, such as David Webster, believe these figures to be far too high.
434:. The city was located 100 kilometers (62 mi) southeast of its great Classic Period rival,
9150:
9051:
9046:
8734:
8682:
8602:
8535:
8439:
8424:
8317:
8084:
8038:
7879:
7766:
7642:
7390:
6505:
5780:
2446:
was the last monument ever erected at Tikal; it was dedicated in 869 by Jasaw Chan K'awiil II.
2308:
1911:
1874:
20:
7652:
7647:
6844:
6336:
6138:
5784:
4082:
A Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Water Hyacinth on Algal Growth and Water Quality
1565:
and includes the remains of temples that tower over 70 meters (230 ft) high, large royal
1470:, visited it in 1848. Artist Eusebio Lara accompanied them and their account was published in
1006:
9081:
9041:
8854:
8729:
7793:
7783:
7742:
7713:
7137:
6587:
6435:
6406:
2565:
2333:
is sculpted with a bound captive. It was found within Complex P in Group H and is now in the
1777:
1578:
1570:
1550:
1269:
1249:
868:
755:
499:
367:
8969:
6316:
6311:
3584:
2414:
dates to the 5th century and depicts the king Siyaj Chan K'awiil II in a standing position.
1168:, another of Calakmul's victims. Calakmul itself thrived during Tikal's long hiatus period.
9174:
9004:
8974:
8849:
8780:
8751:
8670:
8004:
7842:
7832:
6769:
6515:
6500:
5748:
4108:
4019:
3610:
1973:
1951:
1919:
1462:
1368:
1053:
343:
8954:
7592:
6969:
6401:
6090:
2580:
is paired with Altar 35. It is a plain monument at the base of the stairway of Temple IV.
2019:
There are thousands of ancient structures at Tikal and only a fraction of these have been
1588:, together with some waterproofed natural depressions. The main plazas were surfaced with
1049:
8:
9204:
8866:
8746:
8712:
8614:
8434:
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8241:
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7896:
7771:
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6717:
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6250:
5894:
2611:
1458:
1063:
Around the 5th century, an impressive system of fortifications consisting of ditches and
308:
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157:
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6356:
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3614:
2312:
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415:
71:
67:
8979:
8959:
8942:
8893:
8758:
8567:
8518:
8451:
8369:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8256:
8226:
8118:
8016:
7884:
7859:
7582:
7325:
7265:
6662:
6571:
6426:
6171:
6165:
5913:
Puleston, Dennis E.; Donald W. Callender, Jr. (1967). "Defensive Earthworks at Tikal".
5884:"Trabajos realizados por la Unidad de ArqueologĂa del Parque Nacional Tikal, 2006-2007"
5855:
5815:
5723:
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5639:
5626:
5283:
5263:
5247:
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his hands. The tomb was sealed with a corbel vault, then the pyramid was built on top.
2237:
2126:
2109:
1605:
1515:
1475:
1449:
1309:
1290:
1236:
power in the southern Maya area and lead to a steady decline in the fortunes of CopĂĄn.
960:
941:
807:
395:
7024:
6057:
Rethinking the Earthworks of Tikal: A Hydraulic Hypothesis for the Classic Maya Polity
2228:
façade; it dates to the 4th century AD. It is located near to the Lost World pyramid.
1990:, and they may reflect the extent of Tikal's political dominance in the Late Classic.
9088:
8984:
8920:
8915:
8844:
8741:
8456:
8384:
8379:
8221:
8150:
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7515:
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5930:
5922:
5880:
5869:
5859:
5829:
5819:
5809:
5793:
5737:
5727:
5720:
Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya
5699:
5689:
5681:
Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya
5679:
5659:
5649:
5630:
5618:
5610:
5579:
5540:
5530:
5509:
5499:
5460:
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5415:
5394:
5384:
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5317:
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5287:
5267:
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5179:
5158:
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998:
884:
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371:
281:
145:
4759:"Archaeologists Discover Ancient Mayan Lost City in Northern Guatemala Using Lasers"
4197:; Fedick, S.L., Ed.; University of Utah Press: Salt Lake City, UT, USA; pp. 297â303.
2469:-ending of AD 396. It was re-erected at the base of Temple 34, his funerary shrine.
1581:, including a set of 3 in the Seven Temples Plaza, a unique feature in Mesoamerica.
1404:
One of Maudsley's photos of Tikal from 1882, taken after vegetation had been cleared
1106:, a term that has not been precisely translated but that implies something akin to "
928:
rulership among the lowland Maya is most deeply rooted at Tikal. According to later
8937:
8724:
8719:
8675:
8662:
8592:
8560:
8555:
8419:
8414:
8396:
8357:
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8214:
8204:
8199:
8140:
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8026:
8009:
7992:
7955:
7706:
7686:
7597:
7004:
6934:
6774:
6455:
6321:
6296:
6131:
The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation
5849:
5602:
5231:
4784:"Archaeologists discovered an ancient Mayan megacity hidden in a Guatemalan jungle"
4176:
4132:
4116:
4027:
3963:
3628:
3618:
2607:
2091:
1963:
1933:
1772:). Hence, water and by extension, reservoirs became a significant part of the Maya
1760:
the reservoir with clay was also intelligently applied to help stabilize water pH.
1526:
1507:
1161:
1027:
1022:
987:
970:
There appears to have been a breakdown in the male succession by AD 317, when Lady
697:
532:
332:
239:
7607:
7567:
7492:
6697:
6411:
6022:
5222:
Berlin, Heinrich (April 1967). "The Destruction of Structure 5D-33-1st at Tikal".
2367:
2003:
is another twin-pyramid complex, dated to 790. It is close to the Maler Causeway.
1130:
951:
and inscriptions tell of alliances and conflict with other Maya states, including
936:
Tikal may have benefited from the collapse of the large Preclassic states such as
871:
and platforms, although the city was still dwarfed by sites further north such as
338:
Tikal is the best understood of any of the large lowland Maya cities, with a long
9155:
9123:
8996:
8964:
8947:
8903:
8898:
8876:
8871:
8829:
8822:
8797:
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8652:
8493:
8374:
8268:
8263:
8231:
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7751:
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6376:
6291:
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6225:
6211:
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4007:
2629:
and one of its hands while the skeletons of the sacrificial victims were intact.
2568:-ending. The stela also names Chak Tok Ich'aak I's father as K'inich Muwaan Jol.
2294:
In 2018, 60,000 uncharted structures were revealed by archeologists with help of
2146:
2133:
2103:
2071:
1773:
1639:
1521:
1253:
1204:
1152:
956:
750:
647:
493:
487:
8577:
7160:
5944:"Newly revealed hieroglyphs tell story of superpower conflict in the Maya world"
4164:
2759:
2291:
lies to the west of the Bat Palace and Temple III. The complex dates to AD 711.
1219:
erected the first dated monument at Tikal in 120 years and claimed the title of
1192:
1102:
between two Maya superpowers. The kings of these two capitals adopted the title
9209:
9098:
9093:
9056:
9031:
9014:
8925:
8910:
8881:
8839:
8687:
8647:
8642:
8597:
8523:
8483:
8473:
8463:
8278:
8157:
8051:
7918:
7800:
7602:
6677:
6465:
6445:
6243:
5556:
5275:
4193:
Ford, A. Critical Resource Control and the Rise of the Classic Period Maya. In
4120:
3623:
2338:
2212:
or that of his son Jasaw Chan K'awiil I, in the later part of the 7th century.
2161:
2116:
2036:
1750:
1646:
and MĂ©ndez causeways. They assisted the passage of everyday traffic during the
1635:
1613:
1608:
and Donald Callender in the 1960s rings Tikal with a 6-meter (20 ft) wide
1490:
1443:
1432:
913:
Coast began to influence Tikal, as demonstrated by a broken sculpture from the
891:
682:
662:
600:
548:
423:
47:
7525:
6331:
6069:
5941:
5606:
1736:
but also enable endemic diseases and pests, such as parasite-ridden flies and
1044:
towns in the region, were absorbed into Tikal's kingdom. Other sites, such as
1017:
combined with an owl, a glyph that is well known from the great metropolis of
386:, meaning "First Mutal". Tikal may have come to have been called this because
285:
85:
9198:
9179:
9066:
8861:
8834:
8807:
8785:
8763:
8530:
8513:
8498:
8342:
8295:
8283:
8209:
8101:
7975:
7970:
7945:
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7617:
7612:
7330:
7250:
6819:
6627:
6341:
6017:
5926:
5741:
5715:
5675:
5614:
5438:
5259:
5243:
4180:
4128:
4041:
3977:
2224:
2183:
2084:
1938:
1733:
1643:
1505:
used Tikal as a filming location for the fictional moon Yavin 4 in the first
1321:
1301:
1114:
1037:
910:
722:
702:
687:
657:
520:
278:
112:
99:
8607:
8587:
6189:
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6009:
5958:
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5703:
5663:
5622:
5544:
5513:
5464:
5429:
5398:
5367:
5301:
5193:
5162:
4798:"This major discovery upends long-held theories about the Maya civilization"
1549:
Tikal has been partially restored by the University of Pennsylvania and the
1326:
1113:
The early 6th century saw another queen ruling the city, known only as the "
9071:
8812:
8802:
8768:
8697:
8692:
8619:
8409:
8391:
8352:
8347:
8327:
8322:
8194:
8187:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8061:
7999:
7980:
7965:
7901:
7280:
7215:
7114:
7044:
6722:
6687:
6361:
6286:
5985:
5934:
5912:
4146:
4049:
3642:
2637:
2299:
2298:. Thanks to the new findings, some archeologists believe that 7-11 million
2277:
is a small ballcourt that lies between Temple I and the Central Acropolis.
1782:
1502:
1446:
1371:
and agrarian failure. The fall of Tikal was a blow to the heart of Classic
1305:
1172:
1057:
948:
732:
727:
642:
637:
42:
7260:
7230:
7014:
6642:
5797:
1139:
half of the 6th century AD, a serious crisis befell the city, with no new
461:
of the site is clustered upon areas of higher ground and linked by raised
426:. It is 19 kilometers (12 mi) south of the contemporary Maya city of
8790:
8775:
8624:
8337:
8246:
8236:
8162:
7810:
7805:
7469:
7220:
7175:
7084:
7049:
6959:
6914:
6794:
6737:
6667:
6306:
5343:
4640:"Archaeologists Find Ancient Mayan Lost Cities in Guatemala Using Lasers"
3675:
2405:
2390:
1929:
1883:
1786:
1631:
1384:, while other reservoirs remained drinkable. Buildings were painted with
1381:
1360:
next thousand years. Some of Tikal's population may have migrated to the
1156:
1018:
971:
895:
692:
652:
536:
524:
375:
339:
328:
324:
7487:
7205:
7019:
7009:
6924:
5942:
Salisbury, David; Mimi Koumenalis; Barbara Moffett (19 September 2002).
5473:
1676:
runs 0.8 kilometers (0.50 mi) northeast from Temple IV to Group H.
1091:
1033:
982:
297:
277:. It is one of the largest archeological sites and urban centers of the
8817:
8634:
8508:
8468:
8401:
7210:
7195:
7069:
6954:
6944:
6854:
6839:
6814:
6804:
6622:
6607:
6597:
6391:
6371:
6366:
6220:
6055:
Silverstein, Jay; David Webster; Horacio Martinez; Alvaro Soto (2009).
5845:
2679:
2222:, an architectural feature that is very rare in the Maya region, and a
2219:
2192:
2060:
2055:
2024:
1745:
1662:
1647:
1413:
1297:
1144:
1090:
Kâak'. At the same time, in late 426, CopĂĄn founded the nearby site of
937:
929:
899:
872:
717:
712:
580:
474:
450:
7450:
7370:
7340:
7200:
6869:
6829:
6809:
6789:
6167:
The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse
5251:
8707:
8478:
8362:
8332:
8113:
7987:
7778:
7435:
7365:
7300:
7245:
7225:
6949:
6939:
6929:
6859:
6824:
6756:
6672:
6528:
6351:
3968:
3951:
2671:
vessel with the lid bearing a sculpted portrait of the king himself.
2650:
2394:
2376:
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2049:
1879:
1857:
1769:
1741:
1585:
1562:
1346:
1342:
1317:
1188:
1148:
1107:
914:
672:
454:
398:
seen in the accompanying photo. Its precise meaning remains obscure.
387:
320:
289:
274:
75:
7440:
7385:
7285:
6647:
6122:
6107:
3993:
Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 9.1
3950:
Lucero, Lisa J.; Gunn, Joel D.; Scarborough, Vernon L. (June 2011).
1147:. This hiatus in activity at Tikal was long unexplained until later
974:
conducted a katun-ending ceremony, apparently as queen of the city.
207:
8108:
7891:
7849:
7788:
7350:
7345:
7190:
7185:
7124:
7104:
7074:
6974:
6904:
6779:
6764:
6702:
6652:
6637:
6592:
5235:
2735:
2646:
2588:
2465:
was one of two stelae erected by Yax Nuun Ayiin I to celebrate the
2188:
1708:
1554:
1541:
1389:
1376:
1165:
964:
952:
512:
485:. Conspicuous trees at the Tikal park include gigantic Kapok tree (
462:
435:
427:
7132:
2592:
A ceramic censer representing an elderly deity, found in Burial 10
1600:
square kilometers (48 sq mi) (see below). A huge set of
1171:
The beginning of the Tikal hiatus has served as a marker by which
1077:
1076:
In the 5th century, the power of the city reached as far south as
8021:
7950:
7906:
7761:
7502:
7430:
7320:
7305:
7170:
7155:
7109:
7064:
6994:
6989:
6889:
6864:
6834:
6727:
6707:
6682:
6657:
6612:
5951:
Exploration: The Online Research Journal of Vanderbilt University
5758:
XVII Simposio de Investigaciones ArqueolĂłgicas en Guatemala, 2003
5644:. Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies. Austin:
5169:
2840:
2838:
2697:
2664:
2547:
2530:
2254:
2218:
possesses a clear Teotihuacan-linked architectural style; it has
1924:
1793:
1737:
1720:
1714:
1666:
1592:
and laid at a gradient that channelled rainfall into a system of
1471:
1425:
1351:
1265:
925:
861:
857:
439:
7822:
4596:"This Ancient Civilization Was Twice As Big As Medieval England"
4169:
Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association
3920:
3918:
3120:
3118:
3116:
7854:
7729:
7632:
7425:
7420:
7410:
7315:
7270:
7147:
7094:
7089:
7079:
7039:
6909:
6879:
6874:
6732:
6692:
6632:
6617:
6579:
6129:. In Arthur A. Demarest; Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.).
6126:"Disaster in Sight: The Terminal Classic at Tikal and Uaxactun"
6016:
5991:
The Code of Kings: The language of seven Maya temples and tombs
4165:"Water Control and Maya Politics in the Southern Maya Lowlands"
3595:
2668:
2543:
2208:
2028:
2011:
1609:
1589:
1574:
1566:
1278:
1273:
1140:
1014:
560:
556:
552:
544:
540:
528:
443:
305:
6089:(in Spanish). Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes. Archived from
4276:"Copy of famous Teotihuacan structure discovered in Maya city"
2835:
438:, and 85 kilometers (53 mi) northwest of Calakmul's ally
354:
7415:
7400:
7395:
7380:
7335:
7310:
7295:
7275:
7255:
7180:
7099:
6984:
6979:
6919:
6894:
6884:
6540:
6230:
5566:. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc
5445:. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Köln:
4236:
Martin and Grube 2000, p. 29. Sharer and Traxler 2006, p.321.
4195:
The Managed Mosaic: Ancient Maya Agriculture and Resource Use
3915:
3113:
2626:
2386:
2295:
2165:
Detail of Teotihuacan-related imagery decorating the sloping
2064:
1983:
1756:
1626:
1400:
1208:
1010:
906:
890:
Two temples dating to Late Chikanel times had masonry-walled
876:
584:
431:
254:
5437:
Harrison, Peter D. (2006). "Maya Architecture at Tikal". In
1005:(Fire Is Born) arrived from the west, having passed through
887:
including northern and eastern Guatemala and all of Belize.
7445:
7405:
7235:
6899:
6204:
5787:
History of the Spanish Conquest of Yucatan and of the Itzas
5408:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
5141:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
4659:"Lasers Reveal 60,000 Ancient Maya Structures in Guatemala"
1987:
1482:
1282:
1143:
being erected and with widespread deliberate mutilation of
1086:
245:
7698:
5984:
5710:
5670:
4626:"Sprawling Maya network discovered under Guatemala jungle"
4251:
3658:"Ancient Maya reservoirs contained toxic pollution: study"
2534:
Stela 31, with the sculpted image of Siyaj Chan K'awiil II
2241:
A large stucco mask adorning the substructure of Temple 33
1332:
406:
7165:
5967:
4209:
4094:
3585:
http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1377866689
1844:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1706:
Aside from Tikal, notable reservoirs are also present at
1651:
1419:
Drawing of Tikal by mid-19th-century visitor Eusebio Lara
1375:, the city having been at the forefront of courtly life,
6235:
6105:
3538:"The Mayan city of Tikal succumbed to 'water pollution'"
1461:
in the early 19th century (Stephens and his illustrator
994:
As early as 200 AD, Teotihuacan had embassies in Tikal.
990:
appears to have decisively intervened in Tikal politics.
9220:
10th-century disestablishments in the Maya civilization
5779:
5498:. Stanford, California, US: Stanford University Press.
9245:
4th-century BC establishments in the Maya civilization
5840:
4846:
4844:
4571:"Archaeologists Find Ancient Lost Cities Using Lasers"
4411:
Coe 1967, 1988, p.92. Valdés & Fahsen 2005, p.142.
2789:
Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 1. Hammond 2000, p. 233.
4763:
Nigeriaâs Entertainment News, Music, Video, Lifestyle
4389:
4387:
4385:
3949:
1514:
Temple I at Tikal was featured on the reverse of the
1457:
the 17th century, continuing through the writings of
879:. At this time, Tikal participated in the widespread
251:
7676:
5641:
Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua
5410:. Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK:
5143:. Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK:
4244:
4242:
4223:
4221:
3475:
3473:
2574:
bears a portrait of Kan Chitam and dates to AD 468.
1661:
runs north from behind Temple I to Group H. A large
902:
background, painted in yellow, black, pink and red.
860:
dating from about 700-400 BC were found in a sealed
257:
242:
7457:
for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico
5374:
5138:
4841:
1893:
The Lost World Pyramid in the Mundo Perdido complex
1869:is a palace complex just south of the Great Plaza.
284:. It is located in the archeological region of the
248:
9240:Populated places established in the 4th century BC
6124:
6021:
5804:
5637:
5592:
5436:
4382:
3952:"Climate Change and Classic Maya Water Management"
2881:
2879:
2877:
1134:The main plaza during winter solstice celebrations
6163:
6059:. Ancient Mesoamerican 20(1), Cambridge Journals.
5471:
4834:
4832:
4239:
4218:
3470:
1268:, and the erection of monuments to mark the 19th
9196:
5221:
5205:(in Spanish). Banco de Guatemala. Archived from
1009:, a site to the west of Tikal, on 8 January. On
7555:
6123:Valdés, Juan Antonio; Fahsen, Federico (2005).
5491:
5405:
5377:The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life, and Death
5308:
5274:
4158:
4156:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
2874:
491:) the sacred tree of the Maya; tropical cedar (
470:and was the first protected area in Guatemala.
457:ridges rising above swampy lowlands. The major
6214:, Ministry of Culture and Sports of Guatemala
5891:XXI Simposio de ArqueologĂa en Guatemala, 2007
5200:
5178:Press and James Currey Ltd. pp. 395â425.
4829:
1828:A.D. Most importantly, the years between A.D.
1785:, and royal power is amply illustrated in the
1367:The most likely cause of collapse at Tikal is
1289:had by now inherited the once exclusive Mutal
7714:
7541:
6556:
6251:
6028:(6th, fully revised ed.). Stanford, CA:
5722:(2nd revised ed.). London and New York:
5346:CopĂĄn: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom
5172:CopĂĄn: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom
2427:was dedicated in 744 by Yik'in Chan K'awiil.
1690:runs west from the Great Plaza to Temple IV.
827:
453:of the site consists of a series of parallel
9171:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
6084:
5551:
5520:
4153:
3936:
3706:Jones 1998, pp. 218-219. Means 1917, p. 167.
1727:
430:and 30 kilometers (19 mi) northwest of
394:, which is the reading of the "hair bundle"
5352:Press and James Currey Ltd. pp. 3â32.
5330:
3809:Moonraker Special Edition, Region 2 booklet
3801:
2741:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
2736:"Lords of Tikal: Narratives and Identities"
2475:was dedicated in 790 by Yax Nuun Ayiin II.
2195:than with Teotihuacan itself. The vertical
1860:and on the south by the Central Acropolis.
1300:reached peak population, the area suffered
986:The great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the
7721:
7707:
7548:
7534:
6563:
6549:
6258:
6244:
4084:. Water Research Commission (Suid-Afrika).
2733:
1763:
1226:
834:
820:
378:at the ruins refer to the ancient city as
4757:Chukwurah, Precious (30 September 2018).
4756:
4432:Coe 1967, 1988, p.46. Berlin 1967, p.241.
4136:
4031:
3967:
3632:
3622:
3303:
3301:
2953:Coe 1967, pp. 9-10. Hidinger 1996, p. 52.
2335:Museo Nacional de ArqueologĂa y EtnologĂa
1175:commonly subdivide the Classic period of
414:The closest large modern settlements are
6063:
5921:(3). University of Pennsylvania: 40â48.
5481:Yale Forestry & Environment Bulletin
5314:Tikal: GuĂa de las Antiguas Ruinas Mayas
5072:
5070:
5068:
4914:
4912:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4822:
4820:
4520:
4518:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4440:
4438:
4419:
4417:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4303:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4062:
3869:Puleston & Callender 1967, p. 40â48.
3732:
3259:Fash & Agurcia Fasquelle 2005, p.26.
3255:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3239:
2587:
2529:
2366:
2236:
2160:
2054:
2010:
1962:
1888:
1843:
1540:
1399:
1331:
1129:
981:
977:
864:, a subterranean bottle-shaped chamber.
405:
353:
8995:
5316:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Piedra Santa.
5093:
5091:
5058:
5056:
4992:
4990:
4971:
4969:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4333:
4331:
4261:was invoked but never defined (see the
4005:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3856:
3854:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3561:
3559:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3357:
3355:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3155:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2911:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
1839:
1155:of the king of Tikal. The badly eroded
1085:youth at Tikal. An individual known as
587:that were unsuitable for habitation or
319:, c. 200 to 900. During this time, the
9197:
5333:The Lost Chronicles of the Mayan Kings
5106:Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.397-399.
4402:Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.303-304.
4162:
4079:
3990:
3753:
3751:
3676:https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature24646
3655:
3467:Wyllys Andrews & Fash 2005, p.408.
3327:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3298:
3247:Wyllys Andrews & Fash 2005, p.407.
3211:
3209:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3045:
3043:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2720:
2718:
2653:shell and twenty-six ceramic vessels.
1524:used the site for the James Bond film
1308:and nutrient loss followed by a rapid
1248:By the 9th century, the crisis of the
1182:
7702:
7529:
6544:
6239:
5893:(in Spanish): 413â436. Archived from
5495:The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom
5443:Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest
5065:
4921:
4909:
4889:
4817:
4515:
4474:
4435:
4414:
4352:
4340:
4298:
4286:
3250:
3236:
2621:is generally accepted as the tomb of
2257:, identified as solar observatories.
1569:, in addition to a number of smaller
9235:Former populated places in Guatemala
6221:Tikal Digital Media Archive at CyArk
5088:
5053:
4987:
4966:
4366:
4328:
4006:Normile, Dennis (12 February 2010).
3895:
3881:
3851:
3824:
3760:
3709:
3556:
3514:
3500:
3436:
3352:
3227:
3192:
3180:
3150:
3136:
3104:
2993:
2979:
2956:
2927:
2906:
2888:
909:style art and architecture from the
468:Instituto de AntropologĂa e Historia
4471:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.70-1.
4462:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.72-3.
4256:
3748:
3322:
3310:
3206:
3061:
3040:
2817:
2801:
2715:
1693:
1536:
1243:
563:are also said to roam in the park.
362:The name Tikal may be derived from
50:rises 47 meters (154 ft) high.
13:
6066:"Star Wars: Episode IV A New Hope"
5994:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
4656:
2682:, the wooden originals long gone.
2081:American Museum of Natural History
1624:By the Late Classic, a network of
1561:of the ancient city is built from
1272:in 810. The beginning of the 10th
1203:He attacked Tikal in 657, forcing
1071:
300:, the site is part of Guatemala's
14:
9261:
9230:World Heritage Sites in Guatemala
6198:
4936:Martin and Grube 2000, pp. 33-34.
4712:
4602:. 1 February 2018. Archived from
4206:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.304.
3933:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.302.
3878:MartĂnez et al. 2004, pp.639-640.
3488:Martin & Grube 2000, pp.52-3.
3307:Martin & Grube 2000, pp.38-9.
1776:. This also means that a way for
1395:
1179:into the Early and Late Classic.
1021:in the distant Valley of Mexico.
473:The ruins lie among the tropical
7679:
6746:
6425:
5118:
5109:
5100:
5079:
5044:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4978:
4957:
4948:
4939:
4930:
4880:
4871:
4862:
4853:
4808:
4790:
4776:
4750:
4732:
4706:
4676:
4650:
4632:
4618:
4588:
4563:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4527:
4506:
4497:
4488:
4465:
4456:
4453:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.71.
4447:
4444:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.72.
4426:
4405:
4396:
4319:
4310:
4268:
4257:Cite error: The named reference
4230:
4200:
4187:
4163:Lucero, Lisa J. (28 June 2008).
4088:
4073:
4069:. University of Minnesota Press.
4056:
4008:"Spoiling for a Fight With Mold"
3999:
3984:
3927:
3656:Miller, Michael (25 June 2020).
2832:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.64.
1424:
1412:
947:The site, however, was often at
920:
801:
626:
327:such as the great metropolis of
238:
41:
16:Ruins of major ancient Maya city
3872:
3863:
3842:
3815:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3739:
3700:
3691:
3680:
3668:
3649:
3589:
3577:
3568:
3530:
3491:
3482:
3461:
3452:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3373:
3364:
3343:
3334:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3218:
3171:
3162:
3127:
3095:
3086:
3077:
3052:
3031:
3022:
3013:
2970:
2947:
2918:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2844:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.1.
2488:located in front of Temple VI.
2199:panels are set between sloping
1511:film, which premiered in 1977.
1125:
1120:
218:Latin America and the Caribbean
9215:Maya sites in Petén Department
6570:
6110:. UNESCO World Heritage Center
6106:UNESCO World Heritage Center.
5381:University of New Mexico Press
5337:University of California Press
5115:Martin & Grube 2000, p.41.
5032:Martin & Grube 2000, p.33.
5023:Martin & Grube 2000, p.37.
5014:Martin & Grube 2000, p.31.
4927:Martin & Grube 2000, p.39.
4918:Martin & Grube 2000, p.38.
4423:Martin & Grube 2000, p.36.
4295:Martin & Grube 2000, p.51.
3924:Martin & Grube 2000, p.24.
3771:Martin & Grube 2000, p.43.
3527:Martin & Grube 2000, p.53.
3511:Martin & Grube 2000, p.52.
3397:Salisbury et al. 2002, pp.2-3.
3124:Martin & Grube 2000, p.27.
2826:
2814:Martin & Grube 2000, p.30.
2792:
2783:
2774:
2752:
2734:Tokovinine, Alexandre (2008).
2727:
2724:Martin & Grube 2000, p.47.
1967:The Plaza of the Seven Temples
917:and early murals at the city.
358:Emblem glyph for Tikal (Mutal)
304:and in 1979 it was declared a
1:
5131:
2780:UNESCO World Heritage Center.
2703:List of Mesoamerican pyramids
2006:
1796:droughts peaked in the years
1703:consolidate political power.
851:
570:
551:can be seen there regularly.
137:Early Classic to Late Classic
9250:PetĂ©nâVeracruz moist forests
6135:University Press of Colorado
5527:University of Oklahoma Press
5375:Gill, Richardson B. (2000).
4628:. BBC News. 2 February 2018.
4248:Martin and Grube 2000, p.29.
4227:Martin and Grube 2000, p.28.
4033:10.1126/science.327.5967.807
3379:Miller and Taube 1993, p.20.
2385:from Temple IV was taken to
1619:
1310:decline in population levels
765:Spanish conquest of the Maya
401:
349:
7:
9225:National parks of Guatemala
7728:
7557:National parks of Guatemala
6068:. Lucasfilm. Archived from
5638:Looper, Matthew G. (2003).
5350:School of American Research
5176:School of American Research
3687:Edwin Shook at ObitCentral.
3406:Salisbury et al. 2002, p.2.
3388:Salisbury et al. 2002, p.1.
2691:
2097:Temple of the Jaguar Priest
2015:Temple II on the main plaza
1936:, including the use of the
273:, found in a rainforest in
10:
9266:
7513:
6526:
6511:Plaza of the Seven Temples
6164:Webster, David L. (2002).
5557:"A Precolumbian Portfolio"
5472:Hidinger, Lori A. (1996).
5412:Cambridge University Press
5145:Cambridge University Press
4838:Morales et al 2008, p.422.
4121:10.1038/s41598-018-34761-5
3624:10.1038/s41598-020-67044-z
2871:Webster 2002, pp.188, 192.
2583:
2362:
2302:inhabited in the northern
2139:Temple of the Inscriptions
2046:Temple of the Great Jaguar
1907:Plaza of the Seven Temples
1738:malaria-bearing mosquitoes
1487:University of Pennsylvania
846:
598:
497:), and Honduras mahogany (
158:UNESCO World Heritage Site
18:
9164:
9116:
8633:
8037:
7736:
7674:
7563:
7511:
7468:
7146:
7123:
6755:
6744:
6578:
6524:
6484:
6434:
6423:
6275:
6265:
6030:Stanford University Press
6020:; Loa P. Traxler (2006).
5811:Maya Art and Architecture
5646:University of Texas Press
5607:10.1017/S0956536199101135
4259:Coe 1967, 1988, pp. 90-91
4215:Coe 1967, 1988, pp.90-91.
2400:
2318:
1728:Water Quality Maintenance
1665:is carved onto limestone
1596:that fed the reservoirs.
594:
517:Geoffroy's spider monkeys
376:Hieroglyphic inscriptions
227:
223:
213:
203:
188:
180:
172:
164:
155:
151:
141:
133:
128:
91:
81:
63:
55:
40:
33:
6226:Tikal Google Street View
5988:; Peter Mathews (1999).
5564:FAMSI Research Materials
5492:Jones, Grant D. (1998).
4600:National Geographic News
4551:Kelly 1996, pp.130, 136.
4181:10.1525/ap3a.1999.9.1.35
4080:Pearce, Jill J. (1987).
4063:Kaminsky, Amy K (1995).
3991:Miksic, John N. (1999).
2708:
2173:sides of Structure 5D-43
608:This article is part of
601:Maya rulers § Tikal
503:). Regarding the fauna,
288:in what is now northern
6087:"Parque Nacional Tikal"
5814:. London and New York:
5781:Means, Philip Ainsworth
5684:. London and New York:
5348:. Santa Fe and Oxford:
5174:. Santa Fe and Oxford:
4533:Hammond 2000, pp.227-8.
3811:. United Artists. 2000.
3349:Webster 2002, pp.192-3.
3295:Webster 2002, pp.168-9.
2063:collected by nonprofit
1764:Role in Political Power
1551:government of Guatemala
1227:Tikal after Teotihuacan
1177:Mesoamerican chronology
346:, temples and palaces.
7643:Riscos de Momostenango
6327:Sihyaj Chan KÊŒawiil II
5041:Miller 1999, pp.193-4.
4945:Coe 1967, 1988, p. 45.
4859:Miller 1999, pp.130-1.
4560:Kelly 1996, pp. 136-7.
3697:Webster 2002, pp.83-4.
2623:Sihyaj Chan KÊŒawiil II
2593:
2535:
2372:
2309:Maya Biosphere Reserve
2242:
2174:
2067:
2016:
1974:Twin-Pyramid Complexes
1968:
1894:
1849:
1546:
1405:
1337:
1260:and the corresponding
1187:In 629, Tikal founded
1135:
991:
808:Mesoamerica portal
411:
359:
21:Tikal (disambiguation)
9141:Medieval great powers
6588:Actun Tunichil Muknal
6417:Jasaw Chan KÊŒawiil II
6302:Sihyaj Chan KÊŒawiil I
6108:"Tikal National Park"
5521:Kelly, Joyce (1996).
4503:Coe 1967, 1988, p.90.
3821:Coe 1967, 1988, p.10.
3083:Miller 1999, pp.88-9.
2853:Kelly 1996, pp.111â2.
2591:
2533:
2370:
2315:region of Guatemala.
2275:Great Plaza Ballcourt
2240:
2164:
2137:is also known as the
2058:
2014:
1966:
1892:
1847:
1579:Mesoamerican ballgame
1544:
1403:
1335:
1262:environmental decline
1258:intensive agriculture
1250:Classic Maya collapse
1133:
1082:K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'
985:
978:Tikal and Teotihuacan
756:Classic Maya collapse
500:Swietenia macrophylla
409:
368:Yucatec Maya language
357:
113:17.22194°N 89.62361°W
56:Alternative name
9151:European colonialism
9136:Ancient great powers
6770:Altar de Sacrificios
6516:Twin-pyramid complex
6487:Architectural Groups
6382:Jasaw Chan KÊŒawiil I
5900:on 14 September 2011
5767:on 14 September 2011
5584:: CS1 maint: year (
5449:. pp. 218â231.
5414:. pp. 197â249.
5331:Drew, David (1999).
5201:Banco de Guatemala.
4963:Drew 1999, pp.187-8.
4814:Webster 2002, pl.14.
4646:. 29 September 2018.
4485:Hammond 2000, p.228.
4316:Webster 2002, pl.15.
3892:Hammond 2000, p.227.
3574:Webster 2002, p.274.
3565:Webster 2002, p.273.
3542:Sustainability Times
3497:Webster 2002, p.340.
3449:Webster 2002, p.263.
3424:Hammond 2000, p.220.
3415:Webster 2002, p.276.
3370:Webster 2002, p.194.
3361:Webster 2002, p.193.
3177:Webster 2002, p.133.
3147:Webster 2002, p.192.
3092:Webster 2002, p.191.
3037:Coe 1999, pp.73, 80.
3010:Webster 2002, p.262.
2990:Webster 2002, p.264.
2976:Webster 2002, p.239.
2944:Webster 2002, p.261.
2862:Webster 2002, p.118.
2661:Jasaw Chan K'awiil I
2127:radiocarbon analysis
1840:Architectural groups
1463:Frederick Catherwood
1217:Jasaw Chan K'awiil I
19:For other uses, see
9146:Modern great powers
7668:YaxhĂĄ-NakĂșm-Naranjo
7653:Sierra del LacandĂłn
7648:San José la Colonia
7573:Cerro El Reformador
6387:YikÊŒin Chan KÊŒawiil
6337:Chak Tok IchÊŒaak II
6172:Thames & Hudson
6093:on 18 December 2009
6072:on 29 December 2009
5970:online publication)
5856:Thames & Hudson
5816:Thames & Hudson
5724:Thames & Hudson
5686:Thames & Hudson
5595:Ancient Mesoamerica
5284:Thames & Hudson
5124:Miller 1999, p.216.
4906:Miller 1999, p.129.
4868:Miller 1999, p.153.
4850:Miller 1999, p.131.
4826:Miller 1999, p.130.
4802:The Washington Post
4694:on 5 September 2019
4113:2018NatSR...816626H
4024:2010Sci...327..807N
3995:. pp. 167â184.
3798:Banco de Guatemala.
3780:Webster 2002, p.29.
3615:2020NatSR..1010316L
3433:Miller 1999, p.105.
3286:Looper 1999, p.263.
3224:Drew 1999, pp.201-2
3101:Sharer 1994, p.265.
2501:early 6th century.
2375:At Tikal, beams of
2095:(also known as the
2075:(also known as the
2040:(also known as the
2023:, after decades of
1914:on the north side.
1848:The North Acropolis
1650:and also served as
1516:50 centavo banknote
1459:John Lloyd Stephens
1197:B'alaj Chan K'awiil
1183:Tikal and Dos Pilas
894:that may have been
309:World Heritage Site
302:Tikal National Park
168:Tikal National Park
118:17.22194; -89.62361
109: /
30:
7583:Cuevas del Silvino
6317:Chak Tok IchÊŒaak I
6312:KÊŒinich Muwaan Jol
6210:9 May 2017 at the
6085:Torres, Estuardo.
5972:on 2 November 2014
5806:Miller, Mary Ellen
5224:American Antiquity
5085:Coe 1999, pp.75-6.
5005:Miller 1999, p.98.
4996:Miller 1999, p.96.
4984:Coe 1999, pp.91-2.
4975:Miller 1999, p.97.
4954:Miller 1999, p.91.
4886:Miller 1999, p.95.
4877:Miller 1999, p.94.
4786:. 2 February 2018.
4746:. 2 February 2018.
4542:Kelly 1996, p.135.
4512:Kelly 1996, p.130.
4494:Miller 1999, p.30.
4393:Kelly 1996, p.137.
4379:Miller 1999, p.32.
4363:Kelly 1996, p.136.
4349:Kelly 1996, p.134.
4337:Miller 1999, p.78.
4325:Miller 1999, p.27.
4307:Kelly 1996, p.133.
4101:Scientific Reports
3912:Kelly 1996, p.138.
3736:Kelly 1996, p.139.
3603:Scientific Reports
3479:Miller 1999, p.33.
3458:Looper 2003, p.79.
3319:Miller 1999, p.89.
3277:Looper 2003, p.38.
3268:Looper 2003, p.37.
3168:Coe 1999, pp.90-1.
3110:Kelly 1996, p.129.
2915:Kelly 1996, p.140.
2746:Harvard University
2594:
2546:, the Teotihuacan
2536:
2373:
2247:Lost World Pyramid
2243:
2175:
2110:Pyramid of the Sun
2077:Temple of the Mask
2068:
2042:Temple of Ah Cacao
2017:
1969:
1895:
1884:hieroglyphic texts
1850:
1606:Dennis E. Puleston
1547:
1476:Alfred P. Maudslay
1406:
1338:
1136:
1100:a long-running war
992:
509:white-nosed coatis
412:
372:Itza Maya language
360:
292:. Situated in the
204:Reference no.
28:
9190:
9189:
9112:
9111:
9077:PolishâLithuanian
8252:Gurjara-Pratihara
7696:
7695:
7593:Grutas de LanquĂn
7523:
7522:
7516:Pre-Columbian era
7461:
6970:Motul de San José
6603:Barton Creek Cave
6538:
6537:
6496:Central Acropolis
6402:Nuun Ujol KÊŒinich
6397:Yax Nuun Ahiin II
6181:978-0-500-05113-9
6148:978-0-87081-822-6
6039:978-0-8047-4817-9
6018:Sharer, Robert J.
6001:978-0-684-85209-6
5865:978-0-500-05068-2
5825:978-0-500-20327-9
5733:978-0-500-28726-2
5695:978-0-500-05103-0
5655:978-0-292-70556-2
5560:(online database)
5536:978-0-8061-2858-0
5456:978-3-8331-1957-6
5421:978-0-521-35165-2
5390:978-0-8263-2194-7
5359:978-0-85255-981-9
5323:978-84-8377-246-1
5293:978-0-500-28066-9
5185:978-0-85255-981-9
5154:978-0-521-35165-2
5147:. pp. 1â44.
5076:Drew 1999, p.187.
5050:Drew 1999, p.197.
4524:Drew 1999, p.188.
3860:Drew 1999, p.186.
3848:Drew 1999, p.183.
3757:Adams 2000, p.30.
3745:Adams 2000, p.19.
3203:Drew 1999, p.200.
3189:Drew 1999, p.201.
3159:Drew 1999, p.199.
2903:Drew 1999, p.185.
2823:Drew 1999, p.136.
2798:Adams 2000, p.34.
1866:Central Acropolis
1744:, a deadly liver
1674:Maudsley Causeway
1373:Maya civilization
1296:As Tikal and its
1050:Motul de San José
999:Central Acropolis
885:Yucatan Peninsula
844:
843:
619:Maya civilization
577:Preclassic Period
533:ocellated turkeys
483:Yucatan Peninsula
282:Maya civilization
231:
230:
199:
184:i, iii, iv, ix, x
146:Maya civilization
9257:
8993:
8992:
8658:Austro-Hungarian
8358:Chagatai Khanate
7723:
7716:
7709:
7700:
7699:
7689:
7687:Guatemala portal
7684:
7683:
7682:
7658:Sipacate-Naranjo
7623:Mirador RĂo Azul
7598:Laguna del Tigre
7550:
7543:
7536:
7527:
7526:
7453:
7005:Punta de Chimino
6775:Arroyo de Piedra
6750:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6542:
6541:
6531:
6488:
6438:
6429:
6357:Wak Chan KÊŒawiil
6347:Kaloomteʌ Bahlam
6322:Yax Nuun Ahiin I
6297:Animal Headdress
6279:
6269:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6237:
6236:
6231:Mayans and Tikal
6217:
6193:
6160:
6128:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6060:
6051:
6027:
6024:The Ancient Maya
6013:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5971:
5961:. Archived from
5948:
5938:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5899:
5888:
5877:
5837:
5801:
5791:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5766:
5755:
5745:
5707:
5667:
5634:
5589:
5583:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5561:
5548:
5517:
5488:
5478:
5468:
5433:
5402:
5371:
5340:
5327:
5305:
5271:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5197:
5166:
5125:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5086:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5063:
5060:
5051:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5033:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5006:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4985:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4964:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4907:
4904:
4887:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4839:
4836:
4827:
4824:
4815:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4719:Business Insider
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4690:. Archived from
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4606:on 7 August 2019
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4513:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4472:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4433:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4412:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4380:
4377:
4364:
4361:
4350:
4347:
4338:
4335:
4326:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4296:
4293:
4284:
4283:
4282:. 29 April 2021.
4272:
4266:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4237:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4216:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4198:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4160:
4151:
4150:
4140:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4035:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3969:10.3390/w3020479
3947:
3934:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3913:
3910:
3893:
3890:
3879:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3849:
3846:
3840:
3839:Coe 1999, p.123.
3837:
3822:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3758:
3755:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3707:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3626:
3593:
3587:
3583:Tamberino 2013,
3581:
3575:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3512:
3509:
3498:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3434:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3320:
3317:
3308:
3305:
3296:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3248:
3245:
3234:
3233:Silverstein 2009
3231:
3225:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3204:
3201:
3190:
3187:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3148:
3145:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3084:
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3075:
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3056:
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3047:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3011:
3008:
2991:
2988:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2967:Coe 1999, p.124.
2965:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2925:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2904:
2901:
2886:
2885:Coe 1999, p.104.
2883:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2815:
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2799:
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2790:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2169:sections of the
1934:Valley of Mexico
1724:, among others.
1694:Water Reservoirs
1537:Site description
1428:
1416:
1244:Terminal Classic
1145:public sculpture
1080:, whose founder
1028:Yax Nuun Ayiin I
1023:Spearthrower Owl
988:Valley of Mexico
836:
829:
822:
806:
805:
804:
630:
620:
605:
604:
333:Valley of Mexico
264:
263:
260:
259:
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253:
250:
247:
244:
193:
124:
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72:Petén Department
45:
31:
27:
9265:
9264:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9255:
9254:
9195:
9194:
9191:
9186:
9175:American Empire
9160:
9156:African empires
9108:
8991:
8683:Central African
8629:
8447:Romano-Germanic
8033:
7767:Middle Assyrian
7740:
7732:
7727:
7697:
7692:
7685:
7680:
7678:
7672:
7628:Naciones Unidas
7578:Cerro Miramundo
7559:
7554:
7524:
7519:
7518:
7507:
7464:
7142:
7119:
6751:
6742:
6574:
6569:
6539:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6520:
6506:North Acropolis
6486:
6480:
6436:
6430:
6421:
6377:Nuun Ujol Chaak
6292:Foliated Jaguar
6277:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6215:
6212:Wayback Machine
6201:
6196:
6182:
6149:
6113:
6111:
6096:
6094:
6075:
6073:
6040:
6002:
5975:
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5903:
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5897:
5886:
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5764:
5753:
5734:
5696:
5656:
5577:
5576:
5569:
5567:
5559:
5537:
5506:
5476:
5457:
5422:
5391:
5379:. Albuquerque:
5360:
5335:. Los Angeles:
5324:
5310:Coe, William R.
5294:
5276:Coe, Michael D.
5212:
5210:
5186:
5155:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5097:Coe 1999, p.76.
5096:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5075:
5066:
5062:Coe 1999, p.91.
5061:
5054:
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4777:
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4755:
4751:
4738:
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4733:
4723:
4721:
4713:Berke, Jeremy.
4711:
4707:
4697:
4695:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4667:
4665:
4657:Little, Becky.
4655:
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3457:
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3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:Coe 1999, p.94.
3330:
3323:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3246:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:Coe 1999, p.97.
3214:
3207:
3202:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3151:
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3137:
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3128:
3123:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:Coe 1999, p.90.
3073:
3062:
3058:Coe 1999, p.78.
3057:
3053:
3049:Coe 1999, p.75.
3048:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:Coe 1999, p.73.
3027:
3023:
3019:Coe 1999, p.55.
3018:
3014:
3009:
2994:
2989:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2957:
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2907:
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2889:
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2827:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2694:
2659:is the tomb of
2606:is the tomb of
2586:
2403:
2365:
2321:
2261:Structure 5D-96
2251:Late Preclassic
2232:Structure 5C-53
2216:Structure 5C-49
2181:building has a
2178:Structure 5D-43
2009:
1971:There are nine
1899:South Acropolis
1875:North Acropolis
1842:
1774:power structure
1766:
1730:
1696:
1688:Tozzer Causeway
1681:Mendez Causeway
1622:
1539:
1522:Eon Productions
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1398:
1254:endemic warfare
1246:
1229:
1205:Nuun Ujol Chaak
1185:
1128:
1123:
1074:
1072:Tikal and CopĂĄn
1054:Lake Petén Itzå
980:
923:
892:superstructures
854:
849:
840:
802:
800:
793:
751:Preclassic Maya
618:
603:
597:
573:
549:leafcutter ants
494:Cedrela odorata
488:Ceiba pentandra
404:
352:
331:in the distant
241:
237:
160:
117:
115:
111:
108:
103:
100:
98:
96:
95:
51:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9263:
9253:
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9232:
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8805:
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8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8685:
8680:
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8678:
8673:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8639:
8637:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
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8565:
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8496:
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8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
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8460:
8459:
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8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8367:
8366:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8288:
8287:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8261:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8197:
8192:
8191:
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8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8148:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8111:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8094:
8093:
8092:
8087:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8043:
8041:
8039:Post-classical
8035:
8034:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8029:
8019:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8007:
7997:
7996:
7995:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7911:
7910:
7909:
7904:
7894:
7889:
7888:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7846:
7845:
7840:
7838:Middle Kingdom
7835:
7825:
7820:
7819:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7794:Neo-Babylonian
7791:
7786:
7784:Old Babylonian
7776:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7759:
7754:
7748:
7746:
7734:
7733:
7726:
7725:
7718:
7711:
7703:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7603:Laguna El Pino
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7553:
7552:
7545:
7538:
7530:
7521:
7520:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7474:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7462:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7356:Plan de Ayutla
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7152:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7140:
7135:
7129:
7127:
7121:
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7118:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
7000:Piedras Negras
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6761:
6759:
6753:
6752:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6678:Marco Gonzalez
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6584:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6568:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6545:
6536:
6535:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6490:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6432:
6431:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6283:
6281:
6273:
6272:
6263:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6200:
6199:External links
6197:
6195:
6194:
6180:
6161:
6147:
6120:
6103:
6082:
6064:StarWars.com.
6061:
6052:
6038:
6014:
6000:
5982:
5939:
5910:
5878:
5864:
5838:
5824:
5802:
5777:
5746:
5732:
5708:
5694:
5668:
5654:
5635:
5601:(2): 263â280.
5590:
5549:
5535:
5518:
5504:
5489:
5469:
5455:
5434:
5420:
5403:
5389:
5372:
5358:
5341:
5328:
5322:
5306:
5292:
5272:
5236:10.2307/277915
5230:(2): 241â242.
5219:
5209:on 27 May 2019
5198:
5184:
5167:
5153:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5117:
5108:
5099:
5087:
5078:
5064:
5052:
5043:
5034:
5025:
5016:
5007:
4998:
4986:
4977:
4965:
4956:
4947:
4938:
4929:
4920:
4908:
4888:
4879:
4870:
4861:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4816:
4807:
4789:
4775:
4749:
4731:
4705:
4675:
4649:
4631:
4617:
4587:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4514:
4505:
4496:
4487:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4434:
4425:
4413:
4404:
4395:
4381:
4365:
4351:
4339:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4297:
4285:
4267:
4250:
4238:
4229:
4217:
4208:
4199:
4186:
4152:
4087:
4072:
4055:
3998:
3983:
3962:(2): 479â494.
3935:
3926:
3914:
3894:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3850:
3841:
3823:
3814:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3773:
3759:
3747:
3738:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3679:
3667:
3648:
3588:
3576:
3567:
3555:
3529:
3513:
3499:
3490:
3481:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3351:
3342:
3333:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3249:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3205:
3191:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3149:
3135:
3126:
3112:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3060:
3051:
3039:
3030:
3021:
3012:
2992:
2978:
2969:
2955:
2946:
2926:
2917:
2905:
2887:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2751:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2608:Yax Nuun Ayiin
2585:
2582:
2402:
2399:
2364:
2361:
2339:Guatemala City
2320:
2317:
2008:
2005:
1841:
1838:
1765:
1762:
1751:Nymphaea ampla
1729:
1726:
1695:
1692:
1659:Maler Causeway
1621:
1618:
1604:discovered by
1538:
1535:
1491:Edwin M. Shook
1433:Edwin M. Shook
1430:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1396:Modern history
1394:
1369:overpopulation
1245:
1242:
1228:
1225:
1184:
1181:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1073:
1070:
979:
976:
922:
919:
896:corbel-vaulted
853:
850:
848:
845:
842:
841:
839:
838:
831:
824:
816:
813:
812:
811:
810:
795:
794:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
768:
767:
761:
760:
759:
758:
753:
745:
744:
738:
737:
736:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
632:
631:
623:
622:
614:
613:
599:Main article:
596:
593:
572:
569:
521:howler monkeys
424:Guatemala City
403:
400:
351:
348:
340:dynastic ruler
317:Classic Period
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
126:
125:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
48:Tikal Temple I
46:
38:
37:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9262:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9193:
9181:
9180:Soviet empire
9178:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9165:Miscellaneous
9163:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9130:
9127:
9126:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9119:
9115:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9083:
9080:
9079:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9017:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8998:
8994:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8962:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8918:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8895:
8892:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8863:
8860:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8796:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8764:German Empire
8762:
8761:
8760:
8757:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8744:
8743:
8740:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8636:
8632:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8533:
8532:
8529:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8506:
8505:
8504:Turco-Persian
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8445:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8368:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8292:
8289:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8265:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8156:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8139:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8098:
8095:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8040:
8036:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8002:
8001:
7998:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7915:
7912:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7780:
7777:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7724:
7719:
7717:
7712:
7710:
7705:
7704:
7701:
7688:
7677:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7618:Los Aposentos
7616:
7614:
7613:Las Victorias
7611:
7609:
7608:Laguna LachuĂĄ
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7568:Cerro El BaĂșl
7566:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7551:
7546:
7544:
7539:
7537:
7532:
7531:
7528:
7517:
7510:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7493:Joya de Cerén
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7467:
7459:
7458:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7331:Moral Reforma
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7251:Dzibilchaltun
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7122:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6820:Cotzumalhuapa
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6754:
6749:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6698:Nohoch CheÊŒen
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6566:
6561:
6559:
6554:
6552:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6532:
6523:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6501:Mundo Perdido
6499:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6433:
6428:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6412:Jewel KÊŒawiil
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:Lady of Tikal
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6274:
6270:
6261:
6256:
6254:
6249:
6247:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6213:
6209:
6206:
6205:Official site
6203:
6202:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6168:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6121:
6109:
6104:
6092:
6088:
6083:
6071:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6031:
6026:
6025:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5986:Schele, Linda
5983:
5969:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5778:
5763:
5759:
5752:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5716:Nikolai Grube
5713:
5712:Martin, Simon
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5676:Nikolai Grube
5673:
5672:Martin, Simon
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5565:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5505:9780804735223
5501:
5497:
5496:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5439:Nikolai Grube
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5137:
5136:
5121:
5112:
5103:
5094:
5092:
5082:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5059:
5057:
5047:
5038:
5029:
5020:
5011:
5002:
4993:
4991:
4981:
4972:
4970:
4960:
4951:
4942:
4933:
4924:
4915:
4913:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4883:
4874:
4865:
4856:
4847:
4845:
4835:
4833:
4823:
4821:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4785:
4779:
4764:
4760:
4753:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4627:
4621:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4539:
4530:
4521:
4519:
4509:
4500:
4491:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4468:
4459:
4450:
4441:
4439:
4429:
4420:
4418:
4408:
4399:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4346:
4344:
4334:
4332:
4322:
4313:
4304:
4302:
4292:
4290:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4264:
4254:
4245:
4243:
4233:
4224:
4222:
4212:
4203:
4196:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4157:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4018:(5967): 807.
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3930:
3921:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3855:
3845:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3818:
3810:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3742:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3703:
3694:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3560:
3544:. 3 July 2020
3543:
3539:
3533:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3474:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3356:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3055:
3046:
3044:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2950:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2921:
2912:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2839:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2762:. Cyark. 2020
2761:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2721:
2719:
2714:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2638:Yax Ehb' Xook
2634:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2225:talud-tablero
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2184:talud-tablero
2179:
2172:
2171:talud-tablero
2168:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2085:New York City
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:archeological
2022:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:talud-tablero
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1920:Mundo Perdido
1915:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:water quality
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:The site core
1543:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1493:and later by
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1450:Hernån Cortés
1448:
1445:
1442:In 1525, the
1434:
1431:Archeologist
1427:
1415:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1322:cyanobacteria
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:deforestation
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:archeologists
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:Janaab' Pakal
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1118:
1116:
1115:Lady of Tikal
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
989:
984:
975:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
934:
931:
927:
921:Early Classic
918:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
837:
832:
830:
825:
823:
818:
817:
815:
814:
809:
799:
798:
797:
796:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
769:
766:
763:
762:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
747:
746:
743:
740:
739:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
633:
629:
625:
624:
621:
616:
615:
611:
607:
606:
602:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
568:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:
496:
495:
490:
489:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
408:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
356:
347:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
312:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
280:
279:pre-Columbian
276:
272:
268:
262:
235:
226:
222:
219:
216:
212:
209:
206:
202:
197:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
165:Official name
163:
159:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
122:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
44:
39:
32:
26:
22:
9192:
8931:Contemporary
8781:Indo-Persian
8769:Nazi Germany
8713:Contemporary
8615:Vijayanagara
8514:Great Seljuk
8488:
8425:Thessalonica
8353:Golden Horde
7993:Carthaginian
7772:Neo-Assyrian
7757:Neo-Sumerian
7662:
7455:
7376:San Gervasio
7216:Chichen Itza
7161:Aguada FĂ©nix
7115:Zapote Bobal
7059:
7045:Takalik Abaj
7035:San Clemente
6688:Nim Li Punit
6362:Animal Skull
6287:Yax Ehb Xook
6266:
6216:(in Spanish)
6166:
6130:
6112:. Retrieved
6095:. Retrieved
6091:the original
6074:. Retrieved
6070:the original
6056:
6023:
5990:
5976:22 September
5974:. Retrieved
5963:the original
5950:
5918:
5914:
5902:. Retrieved
5895:the original
5890:
5850:
5842:Miller, Mary
5810:
5786:
5769:. Retrieved
5762:the original
5757:
5719:
5680:
5640:
5598:
5594:
5568:. Retrieved
5563:
5553:Kerr, Justin
5522:
5494:
5484:
5480:
5442:
5407:
5376:
5345:
5332:
5313:
5279:
5227:
5223:
5211:. Retrieved
5207:the original
5171:
5140:
5120:
5111:
5102:
5081:
5046:
5037:
5028:
5019:
5010:
5001:
4980:
4959:
4950:
4941:
4932:
4923:
4882:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4810:
4801:
4792:
4778:
4768:10 September
4766:. Retrieved
4762:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4724:10 September
4722:. Retrieved
4718:
4708:
4698:10 September
4696:. Retrieved
4692:the original
4687:
4678:
4668:10 September
4666:. Retrieved
4662:
4652:
4643:
4634:
4620:
4610:10 September
4608:. Retrieved
4604:the original
4599:
4590:
4580:10 September
4578:. Retrieved
4574:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4529:
4508:
4499:
4490:
4467:
4458:
4449:
4428:
4407:
4398:
4321:
4312:
4280:Live Science
4279:
4270:
4253:
4232:
4211:
4202:
4194:
4189:
4175:(1): 35â49.
4172:
4168:
4107:(1): 16626.
4104:
4100:
4090:
4081:
4075:
4065:
4058:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3992:
3986:
3959:
3955:
3929:
3874:
3865:
3844:
3817:
3808:
3803:
3794:
3789:StarWars.com
3785:
3776:
3741:
3702:
3693:
3682:
3670:
3661:
3651:
3609:(1): 10316.
3606:
3602:
3591:
3579:
3570:
3546:. Retrieved
3541:
3532:
3493:
3484:
3463:
3454:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3345:
3336:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3229:
3220:
3173:
3164:
3129:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3054:
3033:
3024:
3015:
2972:
2949:
2920:
2867:
2858:
2849:
2828:
2819:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2754:
2739:
2729:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2656:
2655:
2632:
2631:
2618:
2617:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2538:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2246:
2244:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2155:Structure 34
2154:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2125:period, via
2123:Late Classic
2115:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2018:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1918:
1916:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1873:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1851:
1791:
1783:water lilies
1767:
1749:
1731:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1658:
1656:
1625:
1623:
1598:
1583:
1559:architecture
1548:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1503:George Lucas
1500:
1480:
1455:
1447:conquistador
1441:
1382:algae blooms
1366:
1339:
1295:
1291:emblem glyph
1247:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1214:
1202:
1193:PasiĂłn River
1186:
1170:
1137:
1126:Tikal hiatus
1121:Late Classic
1112:
1103:
1096:
1075:
1062:
1042:
1032:
1015:spearthrower
996:
993:
969:
946:
935:
930:hieroglyphic
924:
904:
889:
866:
855:
678:Architecture
574:
565:
525:harpy eagles
498:
492:
486:
472:
459:architecture
448:
413:
396:emblem glyph
391:
383:
379:
363:
361:
337:
313:
270:
266:
233:
232:
25:
8519:Khwarezmian
8452:Carolingian
8257:Rashtrakuta
7961:Shaishunaga
7860:Hellenistic
7843:New Kingdom
7833:Old Kingdom
7483:Casa Blanca
7470:El Salvador
7221:Chunchucmil
7176:Balankanche
7085:Wajxaklajun
7050:Tamarindito
7030:San Bartolo
6960:Mixco Viejo
6915:Kaminaljuyu
6850:El Porvenir
6795:Cerro Quiac
6738:Xunantunich
6713:San Estevan
6668:Lower Dover
6332:KÊŒan Chitam
6307:Unen Bahlam
6137:. pp.
6133:. Boulder:
6114:13 November
6076:13 November
5487:(1): 45â59.
5213:13 November
2391:Switzerland
2300:Maya people
2267:Group 6C-16
2220:balustrades
1930:Teotihuacan
1854:Great Plaza
1787:iconography
1778:Maya rulers
1648:rain season
1495:William Coe
1362:Peten Lakes
1345:and simple
1019:Teotihuacan
1003:Siyah Kâak'
972:Unen Bahlam
942:Maya cities
589:agriculture
481:across the
479:trade route
475:rainforests
420:Santa Elena
329:Teotihuacan
325:Mesoamerica
286:Petén Basin
116: /
92:Coordinates
86:Petén Basin
9205:Maya sites
9199:Categories
9089:Portuguese
8970:Revival Le
8960:Vietnamese
8603:Later Tran
8573:Vietnamese
8469:Singhasari
8457:Holy Roman
8081:Bulgarian
8017:Satavahana
7988:Phoenician
7924:Achaemenid
7885:Indo-Greek
7865:Macedonian
7779:Babylonian
7588:El Rosario
7514:See also:
7498:San Andrés
7478:Cara Sucia
7391:Tortuguero
7266:Hormiguero
7241:Comalcalco
7211:Chinkultic
7196:Chacchoben
7070:Tres Islas
6955:Machaquila
6945:La Joyanca
6855:El Temblor
6840:El Mirador
6815:Chutixtiox
6805:Chitinamit
6718:Santa Rita
6663:Louisville
6623:Chaa Creek
6608:Cahal Pech
6598:Baking Pot
6572:Maya sites
6527:See also:
6456:Temple III
6392:28th Ruler
6372:24th Ruler
6367:23rd Ruler
6170:. London:
5915:Expedition
5854:. London:
5846:Karl Taube
5525:. Norman:
5132:References
2766:31 January
2686:Burial 196
2675:Burial 195
2657:Burial 116
2642:greenstone
2282:Bat Palace
2193:Xochicalco
2092:Temple III
2061:laser scan
2007:Structures
1770:reservoirs
1746:carcinogen
1663:bas-relief
1602:earthworks
1586:reservoirs
1501:Filmmaker
1327:PetexbatĂșn
1298:hinterland
1149:epigraphic
1065:earthworks
938:El Mirador
900:scrollwork
873:El Mirador
852:Preclassic
585:swamplands
581:hinterland
571:Population
513:gray foxes
451:topography
294:department
189:Designated
104:89°37âČ25âłW
101:17°13âČ19âłN
9082:Couronian
8720:Ethiopian
8708:Manchukuo
8663:Brazilian
8509:Ghaznavid
8479:Srivijaya
8430:Trebizond
8415:Byzantine
8397:North Sea
8392:Norwegian
8380:Almoravid
8363:Ilkhanate
8333:Majapahit
8306:Muromachi
8215:Solomonic
8200:Ethiopian
8114:Caliphate
8047:Aragonese
7875:Ptolemaic
7638:RĂo Dulce
7436:Yaxchilan
7366:Punta Sur
7301:Kohunlich
7261:Ekʌ Balam
7246:Dzibanche
7231:ChunlimĂłn
7226:Chunhuhub
7138:El Puente
7015:QÊŒumarkaj
6950:La Muerta
6940:La Corona
6935:La Blanca
6930:La Amelia
6860:El Tintal
6825:Dos Pilas
6757:Guatemala
6673:Lubaantun
6643:KaÊŒKabish
6530:Maya city
6476:Temple 33
6471:Temple VI
6461:Temple IV
6451:Temple II
6352:Bird Claw
5927:0014-4738
5742:191753193
5631:161977572
5615:0956-5361
5312:(1988) .
5268:163207109
5260:754651089
5244:0002-7316
5203:"Monedas"
4688:yahoo.com
4263:help page
4129:2045-2322
4042:0036-8075
3978:2073-4441
2651:spondylus
2649:spine, a
2633:Burial 85
2619:Burial 48
2604:Burial 10
2395:palanquin
2377:sapodilla
2304:Guatemala
2289:Complex N
2147:Temple 33
2134:Temple VI
2104:Temple IV
2072:Temple II
2050:vermilion
2021:excavated
1912:ballcourt
1858:Acropolis
1742:aflatoxin
1620:Causeways
1612:behind a
1563:limestone
1527:Moonraker
1508:Star Wars
1388:-bearing
1343:squatters
1318:phosphate
1221:kaloomte'
1189:Dos Pilas
1153:sacrifice
1108:high king
1104:kaloomte'
1038:Caribbean
915:acropolis
784:Guatemala
683:Astronomy
668:Sacrifice
663:Mythology
648:Languages
463:causeways
455:limestone
442:, now in
402:Geography
388:Dos Pilas
384:Yax Mutul
380:Yax Mutal
350:Etymology
344:monuments
290:Guatemala
275:Guatemala
271:Yax Mutal
76:Guatemala
59:Yax Mutal
35:Yax Mutal
9062:Japanese
9025:Scottish
9005:American
8997:Colonial
8926:Imperial
8894:Moroccan
8830:Japanese
8808:Afsharid
8667:Burmese
8653:Austrian
8608:Later Le
8583:Early Le
8568:Venetian
8494:Tiwanaku
8407:Hellenic
8370:Moroccan
8301:Kamakura
8291:Japanese
8274:Saffarid
8227:Georgian
8141:Chalukya
8119:Rashidun
8109:Calakmul
8077:Bruneian
7956:Haryanka
7934:Sasanian
7929:Parthian
7880:Bactrian
7870:Seleucid
7850:Goguryeo
7828:Egyptian
7762:Assyrian
7752:Akkadian
7743:Colonies
7488:CihuatĂĄn
7451:YoÊŒokop
7351:Palenque
7346:Oxkintok
7206:ChicannĂĄ
7191:Calakmul
7186:Bonampak
7125:Honduras
7105:Zacpeten
7075:Uaxactun
7020:RĂo Azul
7010:QuiriguĂĄ
6975:Naachtun
6925:KÊŒatepan
6905:Ixtonton
6780:Balberta
6765:Aguateca
6703:Pacbitun
6653:La Milpa
6638:El Pilar
6593:Altun Ha
6466:Temple V
6446:Temple I
6437:Pyramids
6407:Dark Sun
6208:Archived
6190:48753878
6157:61719499
6048:57577446
6010:41423034
5959:50324967
5874:27667317
5848:(1993).
5834:41659173
5808:(1999).
5783:(1917).
5718:(2008).
5704:47358325
5678:(2000).
5664:52208614
5623:86542758
5580:cite web
5555:(n.d.).
5545:34658843
5514:38747674
5465:71165439
5447:Könemann
5430:33359444
5399:43567384
5368:56194789
5302:59432778
5280:The Maya
5278:(1999).
5194:56194789
5163:33359444
4744:NEWSWEEK
4644:NEWSWEEK
4147:30413727
4050:20150484
3662:phys.org
3643:32587274
2692:See also
2647:stingray
2597:Burial 1
2578:Stela 43
2572:Stela 40
2561:Stela 39
2554:Stela 32
2539:Stela 31
2525:Stela 30
2518:Stela 29
2514:shrine.
2511:Stela 26
2505:Stela 24
2498:Stela 23
2492:Stela 22
2485:Stela 21
2479:Stela 20
2473:Stela 19
2463:Stela 18
2456:Stela 16
2450:Stela 12
2444:Stela 11
2437:Stela 10
2383:Lintel 3
2357:Altar 35
2351:Altar 10
2255:E-Groups
2189:El Tajin
2117:Temple V
2037:Temple I
1994:Group Q
1880:roofcomb
1709:Calakmul
1640:Maudslay
1571:pyramids
1555:Americas
1390:cinnabar
1347:thatched
1266:pyramids
1215:In 682,
1166:Palenque
1157:Altar 21
1092:QuiriguĂĄ
1034:RĂo Azul
965:Calakmul
953:Uaxactun
926:Dynastic
881:Chikanel
869:pyramids
858:ceramics
723:Medicine
703:Textiles
688:Calendar
658:Religion
610:a series
543:, green
436:Calakmul
428:Uaxactun
364:ti ak'al
298:El Petén
181:Criteria
142:Cultures
64:Location
9129:largest
9124:Empires
9104:Swedish
9099:Spanish
9094:Russian
9057:Italian
9032:Chinese
9020:English
9015:British
9010:Belgian
8985:Vietnam
8975:Tay son
8921:Tsarist
8916:Russian
8911:Ottoman
8877:Dzungar
8872:Khoshut
8845:Mexican
8840:Maratha
8823:Pahlavi
8803:Safavid
8798:Iranian
8725:Haitian
8688:Chinese
8648:Ashanti
8620:Wagadou
8546:Eastern
8541:Western
8524:Timurid
8484:Tibetan
8474:Songhai
8464:Serbian
8385:Almohad
8375:Idrisid
8279:Samanid
8269:Tahirid
8264:Iranian
8242:Kannauj
8222:Genoese
8158:Chinese
8151:Eastern
8146:Western
8134:Fatimid
8129:Abbasid
8124:Umayyad
8097:Burmese
8057:Ayyubid
8052:Angevin
8022:Xianbei
8010:Eastern
8005:Western
7951:Magadha
7914:Iranian
7907:Xiongnu
7892:Hittite
7801:Chinese
7789:Kassite
7738:Ancient
7730:Empires
7503:Tazumal
7431:Xtampak
7371:RĂo Bec
7341:OcomtĂșn
7321:Mayapan
7306:Komchen
7201:ChactĂșn
7171:Balamku
7156:Acanceh
7110:Zaculeu
7065:Topoxte
7055:Tayasal
6995:Pajaral
6990:Naranjo
6965:Montana
6890:Iximche
6870:GuaytĂĄn
6865:El Zotz
6845:El PerĂș
6835:El Chal
6830:El BaĂșl
6810:ChocolĂĄ
6790:Cancuén
6785:Bejucal
6728:Uxbenka
6708:Pusilha
6683:Minanha
6658:Lamanai
6613:Caracol
6139:162â194
6097:30 July
5935:1568625
5904:21 June
5771:24 June
5570:13 June
5441:(ed.).
4663:HISTORY
4575:msn.com
4138:6226457
4109:Bibcode
4020:Bibcode
4012:Science
3634:7316703
3611:Bibcode
2924:Torres.
2760:"Tikal"
2698:El Zotz
2680:K'awiil
2665:jadeite
2584:Burials
2548:war god
2431:Stela 6
2425:Stela 5
2418:Stela 4
2412:Stela 1
2363:Lintels
2345:Altar 9
2331:Altar 8
2324:Altar 5
2311:in the
2209:friezes
2197:tablero
2001:Group R
1958:Group H
1952:vaulted
1947:Group G
1932:in the
1925:E-Group
1794:Caracol
1721:Naranjo
1715:Caracol
1667:bedrock
1627:sacbeob
1614:rampart
1567:palaces
1472:Germany
1444:Spanish
1386:mercury
1352:dynasty
1314:mercury
1306:erosion
1274:Bak'tun
1058:vassals
1056:became
1046:Bejucal
1007:El Peru
961:Naranjo
957:Caracol
911:Pacific
862:chultun
847:History
779:Chiapas
774:YucatĂĄn
742:History
733:Warfare
728:Cuisine
653:Writing
643:Society
561:cougars
557:ocelots
553:Jaguars
545:parrots
541:toucans
529:falcons
505:agoutis
440:Caracol
366:in the
196:session
134:Periods
129:History
74:,
9067:Mongol
9052:German
9047:French
9037:Danish
8980:Dainam
8955:Tongan
8943:Somali
8938:Sokoto
8904:'Alawi
8882:Kalmyk
8862:Mongol
8855:Second
8835:Korean
8786:Mughal
8776:Indian
8759:German
8752:Second
8742:French
8735:Second
8671:Second
8643:Afghan
8635:Modern
8561:Kyrgyz
8556:Uighur
8551:Second
8531:Turkic
8499:Toltec
8435:Epirus
8420:Nicaea
8343:Mongol
8296:Yamato
8232:Huetar
8090:Second
8027:Rouran
7976:Shunga
7971:Maurya
7946:Kushan
7919:Median
7897:Hunnic
7855:Harsha
7633:Pacaya
7441:YaxunĂĄ
7426:Xpuhil
7421:Xlapak
7411:Xcaret
7386:ToninĂĄ
7361:Pomona
7316:La Mar
7286:Joljaʌ
7271:Izamal
7148:Mexico
7095:Xultun
7090:Witzna
7080:Ucanal
7040:Seibal
6910:Ixtutz
6880:Holtun
6875:Holmul
6733:Xnaheb
6693:Nohmul
6648:KÊŒaxob
6633:Cuello
6618:Cerros
6580:Belize
6278:Rulers
6188:
6178:
6155:
6145:
6046:
6036:
6008:
5998:
5957:
5933:
5925:
5872:
5862:
5832:
5822:
5798:681599
5796:
5789:
5740:
5730:
5702:
5692:
5662:
5652:
5629:
5621:
5613:
5543:
5533:
5512:
5502:
5463:
5453:
5428:
5418:
5397:
5387:
5366:
5356:
5320:
5300:
5290:
5266:
5258:
5252:277915
5250:
5242:
5192:
5182:
5161:
5151:
4145:
4135:
4127:
4048:
4040:
3976:
3641:
3631:
3548:3 July
2669:mosaic
2627:femurs
2544:Tlaloc
2467:k'atun
2406:Stelae
2401:Stelae
2319:Altars
2029:temple
1980:k'atun
1824:, and
1718:, and
1644:Tozzer
1610:trench
1594:canals
1590:stucco
1557:. The
1287:Jimbal
1279:Seibal
1270:K'atun
1141:stelae
907:Izapan
693:Stelae
673:Cities
638:People
612:on the
595:Rulers
559:, and
444:Belize
416:Flores
306:UNESCO
267:Tik'al
214:Region
82:Region
68:Flores
9210:Tikal
9117:Lists
9072:Omani
9042:Dutch
8948:Isaaq
8899:Saadi
8867:Oirat
8850:First
8818:Qajar
8747:First
8730:First
8703:China
8676:Third
8536:First
8489:Tikal
8440:Morea
8410:Roman
8328:Latin
8323:Khmer
8318:Kanem
8284:Buyid
8210:Zagwe
8205:Aksum
8195:Chola
8102:First
8085:First
8072:Bornu
8067:Benin
8062:Aztec
8000:Roman
7981:Gupta
7966:Nanda
7902:White
7663:Tikal
7416:Xelha
7401:Uxmal
7396:Tulum
7381:Sayil
7336:Muyil
7311:Labna
7296:Kiuic
7291:Kabah
7281:Jaina
7276:Izapa
7256:Edzna
7181:Becan
7133:CopĂĄn
7100:Yaxha
7060:Tikal
7025:Sacul
6985:Nakum
6980:Nakbe
6920:Kinal
6895:Ixkun
6885:Itzan
6800:Chama
6628:Colha
6268:Tikal
5947:(PDF)
5898:(PDF)
5887:(PDF)
5765:(PDF)
5754:(PDF)
5627:S2CID
5477:(PDF)
5264:S2CID
5248:JSTOR
3956:Water
2709:Notes
2566:Katun
2387:Basel
2313:Petén
2296:Lidar
2205:talud
2201:talud
2167:talud
2065:CyArk
1984:Yaxha
1757:algae
1636:Maler
1468:Petén
1380:with
1209:glyph
1078:CopĂĄn
1052:near
1011:Stela
877:Nakbe
789:Petén
718:Dance
713:Music
708:Trade
537:guans
432:Yaxha
392:Mutul
234:Tikal
194:(3rd
192:1979
176:Mixed
29:Tikal
8887:Bogd
8813:Zand
8791:Sikh
8698:Qing
8693:Ming
8625:Wari
8593:Tran
8578:Dinh
8348:Yuan
8338:Mali
8247:Pala
8237:Inca
8188:Yuan
8178:Song
8173:Liao
8168:Tang
7941:Kush
7823:DÊżmt
7446:Yula
7406:Uxul
7326:ManĂ
7236:Coba
6900:Ixlu
6723:Tipu
6186:OCLC
6176:ISBN
6153:OCLC
6143:ISBN
6116:2009
6099:2014
6078:2009
6044:OCLC
6034:ISBN
6006:OCLC
5996:ISBN
5978:2009
5955:OCLC
5931:OCLC
5923:ISSN
5906:2011
5870:OCLC
5860:ISBN
5830:OCLC
5820:ISBN
5794:OCLC
5773:2009
5738:OCLC
5728:ISBN
5700:OCLC
5690:ISBN
5660:OCLC
5650:ISBN
5619:OCLC
5611:ISSN
5586:link
5572:2007
5541:OCLC
5531:ISBN
5510:OCLC
5500:ISBN
5461:OCLC
5451:ISBN
5426:OCLC
5416:ISBN
5395:OCLC
5385:ISBN
5364:OCLC
5354:ISBN
5318:ISBN
5298:OCLC
5288:ISBN
5256:OCLC
5240:ISSN
5215:2009
5190:OCLC
5180:ISBN
5159:OCLC
5149:ISBN
4770:2019
4726:2019
4700:2019
4670:2019
4612:2019
4582:2019
4143:PMID
4125:ISSN
4046:PMID
4038:ISSN
3974:ISSN
3639:PMID
3550:2020
2768:2021
2748:: 4.
2280:The
2273:The
2245:The
2191:and
1988:Ixlu
1986:and
1917:The
1904:The
1897:The
1872:The
1863:The
1852:The
1832:and
1700:Maya
1686:The
1679:The
1672:The
1657:The
1652:dams
1632:feet
1575:jail
1483:mule
1357:jade
1320:and
1285:and
1283:Ixlu
1087:Ajaw
1048:and
963:and
875:and
547:and
418:and
321:city
173:Type
8965:Mac
8402:Oyo
8311:Edo
8183:JÄ«n
8163:Sui
7816:Jin
7811:Han
7806:Qin
7166:Aké
5968:PDF
5603:doi
5232:doi
4177:doi
4133:PMC
4117:doi
4028:doi
4016:327
3964:doi
3629:PMC
3619:doi
2612:dog
2389:in
2337:in
2083:in
2044:or
1834:938
1830:804
1826:935
1822:921
1818:909
1814:895
1810:857
1806:842
1802:829
1798:806
1466:of
1377:art
1164:of
1110:".
949:war
698:Art
382:or
296:of
9201::
8598:Ho
8588:Ly
6184:.
6174:.
6151:.
6141:.
6042:.
6032:.
6004:.
5953:.
5949:.
5929:.
5917:.
5889:.
5868:.
5858:.
5844:;
5828:.
5818:.
5756:.
5736:.
5726:.
5714:;
5698:.
5688:.
5674:;
5658:.
5648:.
5625:.
5617:.
5609:.
5599:10
5597:.
5582:}}
5578:{{
5562:.
5539:.
5529:.
5508:.
5485:99
5483:.
5479:.
5459:.
5424:.
5393:.
5383:.
5362:.
5296:.
5286:.
5262:.
5254:.
5246:.
5238:.
5228:32
5226:.
5188:.
5157:.
5090:^
5067:^
5055:^
4989:^
4968:^
4911:^
4891:^
4843:^
4831:^
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