773:
1157:"First is the Bala-Hisar mound, actually there are two mounds, approachable by a pathway from the main Peshawar road just where it makes a sharp bend towards the river Jinde (a branch of Swat river) immediately before the bridge that acts as a gateway to the modern town of Charsadda Sir Mortimer traces the material of the western mound to the iron age and dates its beginning to about the 6th century B.C. According to him this was the city invested by Alexander’s generals. In the 3rd-2nd century B.C. the eastern mound, which was separated from the western at this time by a river (now dried up), assumed importance, but not for long."
173:
60:
49:
755:
180:
147:
114:
107:
1282:, in: The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History, Oxford University Press, p. 99: "he regions at the western-most edge of South Asia were incorporated into the Achaemenid empire (c. 520 BCE) The limited excavations have revealed no evidence for the establishment of Persian administrative buildings or palaces in cities like Charsadda but there appears to be some evidence of the emulation of Achaemenid drinking vessels, which may indicate that local elites adopted some symbols of authority and certain culinary practices."
1104:, in: The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History, Oxford University Press, p. 99: "he regions at the western-most edge of South Asia were incorporated into the Achaemenid empire (c. 520 BCE) The limited excavations have revealed no evidence for the establishment of Persian administrative buildings or palaces in cities like Charsadda but there appears to be some evidence of the emulation of Achaemenid drinking vessels, which may indicate that local elites adopted some symbols of authority and certain culinary practices."
613:
689:
140:
681:
1334:: "Dittman suggested that his Phase IIC, which is marked by the earliest appearance of the lotus bowl, dates to the time around Alexander the Great up to the beginning of the Mauryan domination, or roughly the late 4th and early 3rd centuries BC (Dittman 1984: 191). However, as with the tulip bowls, there is no available absolute dating evidence to clarify the proposed dating, and a post-Achaemenid date spanning from the late 4th to the 2nd centuries BC is likely to be appropriate."
1741:, in: The Ramayana and Mahabharata: "Bharat had two sons, Taksha and Pushkala. The former founded Taksha-sila, to the east of the Indus, and known to Alexander and the Greeks as Taxila. The latter founded Pushkala-vati, to the west of the Indus, and known to Alexander and the Greeks as Peukelaotis. Thus the sons of Bharat are said to have founded kingdoms which flourished on either side of the Indus river in the fourth century before Christ."
1269:: "Vogelsang has argued that there was a period of what he refers to as 'Indic' influence in Ch. I Layers 38-33, which is marked by the appearance of upright-sided open bowls in grey ware These vessels are akin to various forms seen in the Ganges Valley, particularly Painted Grey Ware bowls Vogelsang (1988: 112) proposed that the 'Indic' influence at the Bala Hisar took place in the second quarter of the 1st millennium BC (750-500 BC) "
1758:"As we, along with many earlier students of the Rāmāyaṇa, have noted, the Uttarakāṇḍa shows considerable evidence in many of its sections of a somewhat later composition than the bulk of the central five books of the poem, books 2 through 6. Moreover, the characterization of some of the epic's central figures, particularly Rāma, appears to be rather different in some ways from that in the other books."
1174:"t is suggested that the main centre of activity had shifted by or before the 1st century B.C. to another site at Shaikhan Dheri, north of the river Sambor, now a marshy channel, which separates Bala-Hisar from Shaikhan Dheri this mound is caught up between two rivers, Sambor on the south and Jinde on the east. The consequent changes in these rivers did not allow the city to flourish long."
1078:"The recent absolute dating of early deposits at the Bala Hisar (GrA-8358: 1420-1160 BC; Peshawar-Bradford Period II-Coningham and Batt 2007: 93-98; also Young 2003: 39) has, however, provided clear confirmation of previous suppositions that this ware and the corresponding early levels at the Bala Hisar date from around 1400 BC onwards into the early 1st millennium BC, c. 800 BC."
1048:
1385:: "In many ways the sequence at Shaikhan Dheri as exposed by Dani (1965-66) is far less problematic as it was of shorter duration and is at least partly controlled by coin finds and a small number of radiocarbon dates. This evidence shows that the site was established during the Indo-Greek period and presumably occupied continuously up to the Kushan period (Dani 1965-66: 24)."
518:, who established a garrison in it. Reinhard Dittman (1984) suggested that the earliest appearance of the "Lotus bowl" in Bala Hisar belongs to the time of Alexander the Great up to the beginning of the Mauryan times, late 4th to early 3rd centuries BCE, but according to Cameron Petrie (2013), a post-Achaemenid date around the late 4th to the 2nd centuries BCE is likely.
1196:: "Bharata, the son of Kaikeyi entered those two opulent and magnificent cities, and there, Bharata established Taksha in Takshashila and Pushkala in Pushkalavata, in the country of the Gandharvas, in the ravishing region of Gandhara. Overflowing with treasure and precious gems, adorned with groves, they seemed to vie with each other in magnificence."
1775:"The oldest surviving version of the great tale of Rāma, and the one that is doubtless the direct or indirect source of all of the hundreds and perhaps thousands of other versions of the story, is the monumental, mid-first millennium BCE epic poem in some twenty-five thousand Sanskrit couplets attributed to Vālmīki."
506:
The site could have been incorporated to
Achaemenid empire c. 520 BCE, although there is no archaeological evidence of administrative buildings or palaces in Bala Hisar, but only "some evidence of the emulation of Achaemenid drinking vessels" which local elites could have adopted from the empire.
850:. To the latter he gave Pushkala-vati or Pushkalavati, to the west of the Indus, known to Alexander and the Greeks as Peukelaotis. Thus according to Hindu legend, the sons of Bharata received kingdoms that flourished on either side of the Indus river, which were conquered by their father.
1521:"Avadānas in the British Library collection of Gāndhārī manuscripts also mention a number of cities by name. Some of these occur in stories set in India proper but we have also (in addition to Taxila, discussed above) mentions of Pokhaladi (Sanskrit Puṣkalāvatī) in CKM 2 and 14."
1574:"To the north-east of the sangharama of Kanishka-raja about 50 li, we cross a great river and arrive at the town of Pushkalavati (Po-shi-kie-lo-fa-ti). It is about 14 or 15 li in circuit; the population is large; the inner gates are connected by a hollow (tunnel ?)."
498:
Along with the continuity of red burnished ware, but now decorated with grooves (the so-called "grooved" red burnished ware), in the period (c. 750-500 BCE) there was influence from Ganges Valley in the appearance of upright-sided open bowls made of grey ware, similar to
1299:: "There are no radiocarbon dates from sites in South Asia that can be used to clarify the chronology, but a date during the mid-late Achaemenid period, i.e. c. 400-325 BC, would match other elements of the Bala Hisar sequence that have been confirmed by absolute dates."
1608:"A hundred li or so to the north-east of the Sangharama of Kanishka, we cross a great river and come to the town of Po-sih-kie-lo-fa-ti (Pushkaldvati). To the east of the town there is a Stupa built by Asoka-raja. Here the four past Buddhas have preached the Law."
380:
The ruins of
Pushkalavati consist of two sites, separated by the small Shambor river. To the south is Bala Hisar, which consists of two separate mounds, one eastern and one western. To the north is Shaikhan Dheri, wedged between the Shambor and Jindi rivers.
2061:
1317:: "From Bazaria Alexander marched against Peukelaotis, seated not far from the Indus, which being surrendered to him, he placed a garrison in it, and 'proceeded,' according to Arrian, 'to take many other small towns situated on that river.'"
495:) in this area was first inhabited in the 2nd-millennium BCE. The C14 dating of early deposits in Bala Hisar, bearing "Soapy red"/red burnished ware, is 1420-1160 BCE, so this early phase is considered to last roughly from 1400 to 800 BCE.
1351:"Then going north-eastwards through the market town on the road that leads to Tangi, the visitor turns on to a kacha road towards the village of Rajar, recrosses the river Jinde and finally comes to the low mound of Shaikhan Dheri "
1059:
1402:"On the topmost layers a number of coins of Vasudeva I (copper coin of Siva and bull type) were recovered Thus the end of the city came towards the close of the second century A. D. or in the middle of the 3rd century A. D."
792:
and considered sacred. A grand graveyard is situated to the north of Prang where the local people bring their dead for burial. This graveyard is considered to be among the largest graveyards in the world. The name
1248:, in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi, p. 515.
1381:, in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi,
1330:, in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi,
1295:, in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi,
1074:, in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi,
1368:"Bålå Hisår and Shaikhan Dheri. The former site (or Charsadda-I, Wheeler 1962:13), locally known as Hisår Dheri, lies on the south-western while the latter on the opposite bank of the Sambor River."
831:
and his brothers are described as the receivers of the great cities and kingdoms which flourished in
Western India. Uttarakānda may have been composed slightly later than c. 500 BCE.
1515:
The
Geography of Gandharan Art: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop of the Gandhara Connections Project, University of Oxford, 22nd - 23rd March 2018, Archaeopress
2154:
2393:
1263:
History of
Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi
1474:: "...twenty‐seven unique birch‐bark scrolls, written in the Kharoṣṭhī script and the Gāndhārī language, that had been acquired by the British Library in 1994..."
2149:
1591:"Pushkalavati is a name long forgotten in history, the last reference being recorded in the account of the Chinese pilgrim, Hiuen Tsang, in 7th century A.D."
2383:
373:. The earliest archaeological remains in Bala Hisar mound are from 1400 to 800 BCE. Pushkalavati (in Bala Hisar mound) may have been incorporated as an
709:
655:
Two early
Buddhist manuscripts were acquired among a group of twenty‐seven birch‐bark scrolls, in 1994 by the British Library, possibly found in a
2051:
172:
377:
regional settlement around 520 BCE, and it remained an important city (in
Shaikhan Dheri mound) through to the beginning of 3rd century CE.
2398:
1601:
1208:
237:
2198:
1940:
1419:"If the coins could supply a nomenclature, we would like to call them Phase A - Kushana, Phase B - Scytho-Parthian, Phase C - Greek."
1794:
1687:"CNG: Printed Auction Triton XV. INDIA, Pre-Mauryan (Gandhara). Period of Achaemenid Rule. Circa 5th century BC. Cast AR Cake Ingot"
507:
Pottery known as "Tulip bowls," which attests to emulation of
Achaemenid shapes, is only present in Bala Hisar in (c. 400-325 BCE).
1567:
1484:
1279:
1101:
1849:
772:
1656:
2011:
2144:
106:
696:
In the 2nd century CE, river changed its course and city was flooded. The town moved to the site of the modern village of
2388:
1930:
1121:"Thus the end of the city came towards the close of the second century A. D. or in the middle of the 3rd century A. D."
2031:
1935:
1821:
1636:
684:
Buddhist statues (made of stucco), found around three kilometers to the east of
Shaikhan Dheri, in mound Pālātu Dheri.
2036:
2026:
1033:
1768:
2305:
1189:
673:
around 1st century CE (now in the
British Library Collection of Gandharan Scrolls) mention the name of the city as
139:
2403:
2352:
1091:, Society for South Asian Studies Monograph No. 5, BAR International Series 1709, Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 93-98
557:
467:
727:(Pushkalavati) where there was a stupa built by king Ashoka, in the location which four past Buddhas preached.
692:
Buddhist statuary, found in Pālātu Dheri and Ghaz Dheri, roughly three kilometers to the east of Shaikhan Dheri.
2413:
2270:
2041:
1657:"CNG: Printed Auction Triton XV. ATTICA, Athens. Circa 500/490-485/0 BC. AR Tetradrachm (21mm, 16.75 g, 11h)"
936:
319:
354:
788:
and Kabul rivers. Three different branches of Kabul river meet there. That specific place is still called
1584:
1344:
1167:
1150:
1134:
333:
1795:
Map of Gandhara archaeological sites, from the Huntington Collection, Ohio State University (large file)
842:
had two sons, Taksha and Pushkala. Bharata gave to the former Taksha-sila or Taxila, to the east of the
738:
was not used anymore, and in all probability the following period is when Pushkalavati became known as
2006:
789:
500:
1854:
1412:
1395:
1114:
1087:
Coningham, R.A.E. and C. Batt, 2007. "Dating the Sequence", in R.A.E. Coningham and I. Ali (eds.),
960:
908:
349:, situated in present day's Pakistan. Its ruins are located on the outskirts of the modern city of
1788:
1471:
1223:
644:(cf. Sanskrit 'Puṣkalāvatī devatā' i.e. 'the goddess of Puṣkalāvatī city') in Kharosthi up right,
2357:
2193:
1413:"Shaikhan Dheri Excavation 1963 & 1964 Seasons (In Search of the Second City of Pushkalavati)
1396:"Shaikhan Dheri Excavation 1963 & 1964 Seasons (In Search of the Second City of Pushkalavati)
1115:"Shaikhan Dheri Excavation 1963 & 1964 Seasons (In Search of the Second City of Pushkalavati)
803:
1378:
1327:
1292:
1258:
1245:
1071:
59:
2300:
1864:
1814:
927:
527:
1310:
2225:
1361:
1205:
768:
in Pushkalavati. This coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far east.
758:
602:
586:
1190:"Uttara-kanda, Chapter 101: The slaying of the Gandharvas and the conquest of their Country"
723:
in 7th century C.E. The monk Hui Li also commented Xuanzang's visit to the east of the town
1429:
765:
1618:
48:
8:
1549:
1531:
1312:
Four Reports Made During The Years 1862-63-64-65, Vol. II, Archaeological Survey of India
1088:
864:
859:
754:
515:
2325:
2290:
2280:
2205:
2183:
2056:
1920:
1869:
1711:
1488:
835:
815:. The name is a reference to the Kabul and Swat rivers, which must have once met here.
660:
594:
416:
358:
221:
1510:
456:
The ruins of Pushkalavati consist of many stupas and the sites of two ancient cities.
2408:
2320:
1807:
1029:
951:
919:
899:
670:
433:
1904:
1844:
1707:
1686:
1664:
1643:"hich is situated on a dheri, or 'mound of ruins,' the remains of some early town."
1511:"A survey of place names in Gandhari inscriptions and a new oil lamp from Malakand"
1130:
798:
731:
701:
612:
323:
2341:
2335:
1738:
1212:
989:
883:
336:"Pushkalavati: The Lotus City"], Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar Univ
2362:
2315:
2285:
2275:
2159:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1925:
1879:
1874:
1859:
688:
598:
547:
535:
2377:
2347:
2295:
2250:
2021:
2016:
1971:
1884:
997:
891:
680:
656:
606:
572:
559:
482:
469:
346:
252:
239:
1751:
2235:
2230:
2139:
2129:
2114:
1966:
1457:
Crowns, Horns and Goddesses Appropriation of Symbols in Gandhāra and Beyond
1752:
The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume VII: Uttarakāṇḍa
597:
period and inhabited until the beginning of third century CE, occupied by
399:
2330:
2310:
2245:
2240:
2188:
2175:
2091:
2001:
1899:
1894:
1889:
590:
437:
424:
415:, it was named Pushkalavati because it was given to Pushkala, the son of
370:
2164:
2086:
1981:
1976:
808:
785:
422:
The region around ancient Pushkulavati was recorded in the Zoroastrian
374:
366:
286:
82:
334:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533479/page/n11/mode/1up
2220:
2071:
2046:
776:
Achaemenid period silver ingot, circa 5th century BCE, Pushkalavati,
629:
350:
217:
1587:, Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar University, Peshawar,
1455:
1347:, Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar University, Peshawar,
1170:, Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar University, Peshawar,
1153:, Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar University, Peshawar,
1137:, Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar University, Peshawar,
1957:
1830:
1767:
Goldman, Robert P., and Sally J. Sutherland Goldman, (eds.), 2022.
1604:, New Edition, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd., London,
824:
777:
735:
720:
411:
406:
390:
362:
296:
225:
2215:
2210:
2134:
2124:
2119:
2081:
2066:
593:. This city was established in the second century BCE during the
441:
2109:
2101:
1713:
Peshawar University Archaeological Guide Series 1: Pushkalavati
847:
705:
697:
648:
511:
445:
1089:
Charsadda: The British-Pakistani Excavations at the Bala Hisar
1750:
Goldman, Robert P., and Sally J. Sutherland Goldman, (2017).
843:
784:
The city of Pushkalavati was situated near the confluence of
637:
1619:"غونډۍ in English - Pashto-English Dictionary | Glosbe"
1235:
Ali et al. 1998: 6–14; Young 2003: 37–40; Coningham 2004: 9.
1799:
971:
941:
839:
828:
394:
1769:
The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: The Complete English Translation
1568:
Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, Volume 1
1454:
Castro, Andrea (Angelo Andrea) A. A. Di (January 2017).
1362:"Terracotta Seal-Impressions from Bala Hisar, Charsadda"
640:
of Pushkalavati, wearing mural crown, holding a flower.
827:) Uttarakanda or Supplemental Book, the descendants of
965:
913:
700:. The former city's ruins were partly excavated by
589:
on the other side of Shambor River, at the banks of
365:, at the banks of Jindi River, near the junction of
719:was recorded in the account of the Chinese pilgrim
1513:, in (eds.) Wannaporn Rienjang and Peter Stewart,
554:) at the mound currently known as Shaikhan Dheri (
16:Capital of ancient Gandhara in modern-day Pakistan
1485:"British Library Collection of Gandharan Scrolls"
2394:Populated places in Charsadda District, Pakistan
2375:
730:Subsequently, after the region was conquered by
1651:
1649:
1550:"British Library Collection, Manuscript CKM 14"
1184:
1182:
1180:
818:
1532:"British Library Collection, Manuscript CKM 2"
514:, the city then surrendered in 327/326 BCE to
1815:
704:in 1960s. There are still many mounds at Mir
89:mound just beyond (center of the photograph).
1791:Pushkalavati Archaeological Research Project
1733:
1731:
1702:
1700:
1646:
1226:Pushkalavati Archaeological Research Project
1177:
521:
28:
585:), which lies one kilometre northeast from
345:, was the capital of the ancient region of
73: : The remains of the original mound,
2384:Archaeological sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1822:
1808:
1308:
975:
764:(Circa 500/490–485 BCE) discovered in the
409:. According to Hindu mythology as per the
1728:
1697:
1261:, in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.),
749:
1602:The Life Of Hiuen-Tsiang: Shaman Hwui Li
1566:Beal, Samuel, (ed. & trans.), 1884.
1472:"The Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project"
1315:. Government Central Press. p. 102.
771:
753:
687:
679:
611:
1850:Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley
846:, known to Alexander and the Greeks as
811:", via an intermediate contracted form
440:. It was known as the "crown jewel" of
2376:
1453:
715:The last reference to Pushkalavati as
1803:
1023:
434:seventh most beautiful place on earth
1706:
801:as ultimately derived from the word
179:
146:
113:
2399:Former populated places in Pakistan
1931:Hellenistic influence on Indian art
1001:
993:
895:
887:
29:
13:
1936:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1789:Investigating ancient Pushkalavati
1716:. Peshawar: University of Peshawar
1224:Investigating ancient Pushkalavati
1026:Foreign Influence on Ancient India
823:In the concluding portion of the (
663:. These two manuscripts, known as
14:
2425:
1782:
1206:Encyclopædia Britannica: Gandhara
834:According to this mythical book,
628:(cf. Sanskrit vṛṣabha = bull) in
192:Pushkalavati (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
2306:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
1364:, in Ancient Pakistan, Vol XVI,
647:in Kharosthi down left. Time of
624:('tauros' meaning 'bull) above,
361:, 35-42 kilometres northeast of
178:
171:
145:
138:
112:
105:
58:
47:
2353:Silver Reliquary of Indravarman
1761:
1744:
1679:
1629:
1611:
1594:
1577:
1570:, Author: Hiuen Tsang, London,
1560:
1554:...Pokhaladige...Pokhaladago...
1542:
1524:
1503:
1477:
1464:
1447:
1422:
1405:
1388:
1371:
1354:
1337:
1320:
1302:
1285:
1272:
1251:
1238:
1229:
1217:
1199:
1160:
1143:
1024:Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992).
1754:, Princeton University Press,
1637:The Ancient Geography of India
1635:Cunnigham, Alexander, (1871).
1585:"Pushkalavati: The Lotus City"
1309:Cunningham, Alexander (1871).
1188:Shastri, Hari Prasad, (1952).
1124:
1107:
1094:
1081:
1064:
1053:
1042:
1017:
877:
195:Show map of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1:
2271:Aramaic Inscription of Taxila
1771:, Priceton University Press,
1010:
712:which are still unexcavated.
459:
1829:
1345:Pushkalavati: The Lotus City
1278:Petrie, Cameron A., (2013).
1168:Pushkalavati: The Lotus City
1151:Pushkalavati: The Lotus City
1135:Pushkalavati: The Lotus City
1100:Petrie, Cameron A., (2013).
942:
819:Pushkalavati in the Ramayana
746:means mound/hill in Pashto.
444:, and held sway over nearby
384:
7:
1430:"Catalog of Gāndhārī Texts"
1415:, in: Ancient Pakistan II,
1398:, in: Ancient Pakistan II,
1343:Dani, Ahmad Hasan, (1963).
1117:, in: Ancient Pakistan II,
966:
914:
853:
400:
10:
2430:
2389:Buddhist sites in Pakistan
1470:University of Washington.
931:
923:
2263:
2173:
2100:
1956:
1949:
1941:Art of Gandhara by museum
1913:
1837:
1737:Dutt, Romesh C., (1899).
1583:Dani, Ahmad Hasan, 1963.
1211:29 September 2007 at the
1166:Dani, Ahmad Hasan, 1963.
1149:Dani, Ahmad Hasan, 1963.
955:
903:
551:
539:
522:Peucela in Shaikhan Dheri
501:Painted Grey Ware culture
329:
315:
307:
302:
292:
281:
276:
268:
231:
212:
204:
99:
37:
26:
1855:Greek conquests in India
1517:, Archaeopress, Oxford,
1411:Dani, A. H., (1965-66).
1394:Dani, A. H., (1965-66).
1113:Dani, A. H., (1965-66).
1028:. Northern Book Centre.
870:
451:
405:) means "Lotus City" in
2358:Hephthalite silver bowl
1536:Pokhala . puśi ? +
1509:Baums, Stefan, (2019).
1377:Petrie, Cameron, 2013.
1326:Petrie, Cameron, 2013.
1291:Petrie, Cameron, 2013.
1257:Petrie, Cameron, 2013.
1244:Petrie, Cameron, 2013.
1194:The Ramayana of Valmiki
1070:Petrie, Cameron, 2013.
159:Pushkalavati (Gandhara)
2404:Places in the Ramayana
2301:Saptarishi Tila statue
1865:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
1600:Beal, Samuel, (1911).
1360:Khan, M. Nasim, 2005.
976:
781:
769:
750:Pushkalavati and Prang
693:
685:
652:
2414:Ancient Indian cities
1739:"Ramayana-Conclusion"
1049:Peshawar to Charsadda
775:
757:
734:in 1001 AD, the name
691:
683:
615:
308:Excavation dates
205:Alternative name
126:Shown within Pakistan
766:Shaikhan Dehri hoard
725:Po-shih-kie-lo-fa-ti
503:'s pottery shapes.
324:Sir Mortimer Wheeler
272:Ancient capital city
162:Show map of Gandhara
129:Show map of Pakistan
1667:on 25 December 2019
865:Pushkalavati Museum
860:History of Peshawar
717:Po-shi-kie-lo-fa-ti
616:Pushkalavati mint.
569: /
516:Alexander the Great
479: /
249: /
23:
2326:Treasure of Begram
2291:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2281:Kanishka reliquary
1921:Greco-Buddhist art
1870:Indo-Greek kingdom
797:was considered by
782:
770:
694:
686:
661:Hadda, Afghanistan
653:
651:, circa 58-12 BCE.
620:: Zebu with greek
530:built a new city (
359:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
355:Charsadda District
222:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
21:
2371:
2370:
2321:Rukhuna reliquary
2259:
2258:
2194:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
2145:Lalchak monastery
1708:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
1131:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
964:
940:
920:Prakrit languages
912:
671:Gandhari language
669:, and written in
573:34.178°N 71.743°E
483:34.168°N 71.736°E
464:Bala Hisar site (
340:
339:
320:Sir John Marshall
253:34.168°N 71.736°E
2421:
1954:
1953:
1905:Ghaznavid Empire
1845:Gandhara kingdom
1824:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1776:
1765:
1759:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1691:www.cngcoins.com
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1663:. Archived from
1661:www.cngcoins.com
1653:
1644:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1615:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1487:. Archived from
1481:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1426:
1420:
1409:
1403:
1392:
1386:
1375:
1369:
1358:
1352:
1341:
1335:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1306:
1300:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1203:
1197:
1186:
1175:
1164:
1158:
1147:
1141:
1128:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1079:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1021:
1004:
1003:
995:
979:
969:
959:
957:
945:
935:
933:
925:
917:
907:
905:
897:
889:
881:
799:Ahmad Hasan Dani
732:Mahmud of Ghazni
710:Shahr-i-Napursan
702:Ahmad Hasan Dani
584:
583:
581:
580:
579:
574:
570:
567:
566:
565:
562:
553:
541:
494:
493:
491:
490:
489:
484:
480:
477:
476:
475:
472:
403:
264:
263:
261:
260:
259:
254:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
196:
182:
181:
175:
163:
149:
148:
142:
130:
116:
115:
109:
62:
51:
32:
31:
24:
20:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2342:Brussels Buddha
2336:Standing Buddha
2255:
2199:Tapa-i Kafariha
2169:
2096:
1945:
1909:
1833:
1828:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1766:
1762:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1705:
1698:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1634:
1630:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1599:
1595:
1582:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1410:
1406:
1393:
1389:
1376:
1372:
1359:
1355:
1342:
1338:
1325:
1321:
1307:
1303:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1213:Wayback Machine
1204:
1200:
1187:
1178:
1165:
1161:
1148:
1144:
1129:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1007:
882:
878:
873:
856:
838:the brother of
821:
760:Athenian "Owls"
752:
708:, at Rajar and
632:at the bottom.
577:
575:
571:
568:
563:
560:
558:
556:
555:
528:Bactrian Greeks
524:
487:
485:
481:
478:
473:
470:
468:
466:
465:
462:
454:
387:
322:
257:
255:
251:
248:
243:
240:
238:
236:
235:
200:
199:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
188:
187:
183:
166:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:
150:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
121:
117:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
77:
67:
66:
65:
64:
63:
54:
53:
52:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2427:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2363:Gardez Ganesha
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2316:Shinkot casket
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:Stone palettes
2283:
2278:
2276:Bimaran Casket
2273:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2180:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Sikri Yusufzai
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:Loriyan Tangai
1994:
1992:Kanishka stupa
1989:
1987:Shaji-ki-Dheri
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:Greco-Buddhism
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:Indo-Parthians
1877:
1875:Indo-Scythians
1872:
1867:
1862:
1860:Mauryan Empire
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1783:External links
1781:
1778:
1777:
1760:
1743:
1727:
1696:
1678:
1645:
1628:
1610:
1593:
1576:
1559:
1557:(Verso 78-79).
1541:
1523:
1502:
1491:on 26 May 2020
1476:
1463:
1446:
1421:
1404:
1387:
1370:
1353:
1336:
1319:
1301:
1284:
1271:
1250:
1237:
1228:
1216:
1198:
1176:
1159:
1142:
1123:
1106:
1093:
1080:
1063:
1052:
1041:
1034:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
986:Shaikhan Dheri
875:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
862:
855:
852:
820:
817:
751:
748:
740:Shaikhan Dheri
603:Indo-Parthians
599:Indo-Scythians
578:34.178; 71.743
523:
520:
488:34.168; 71.736
461:
458:
453:
450:
446:ancient Taxila
393:: पुष्कलावती,
389:Pushkalavati (
386:
383:
338:
337:
331:
327:
326:
317:
316:Archaeologists
313:
312:
309:
305:
304:
300:
299:
294:
290:
289:
283:
279:
278:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
258:34.168; 71.736
233:
229:
228:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
191:
185:
184:
177:
176:
170:
169:
168:
167:
158:
152:
151:
144:
143:
137:
136:
135:
134:
125:
119:
118:
111:
110:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
69:
68:
57:
56:
55:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
41:
40:
39:
38:
35:
34:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2426:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Bajaur casket
2346:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Buner reliefs
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2251:Tepe Maranjan
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Butkara Stupa
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Sahr-i-Bahlol
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:Kushan Empire
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1460:. p. 39.
1459:
1458:
1450:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1247:
1241:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1035:9788172110284
1031:
1027:
1020:
1016:
999:
991:
987:
983:
978:
973:
968:
962:
953:
949:
944:
938:
929:
928:Ancient Greek
921:
916:
910:
901:
893:
885:
880:
876:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
816:
814:
810:
806:
805:
800:
796:
791:
787:
779:
774:
767:
763:
761:
756:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
690:
682:
678:
676:
672:
668:
667:
662:
659:monastery in
658:
657:Dharmaguptaka
650:
646:
643:
642:khaladidevada
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
582:
549:
545:
537:
533:
529:
519:
517:
513:
510:According to
508:
504:
502:
496:
492:
457:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
420:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
402:
396:
392:
382:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
335:
332:
328:
325:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
298:
295:
291:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
262:
234:
230:
227:
223:
219:
216:Outskirts of
215:
211:
207:
203:
174:
141:
108:
98:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
61:
50:
36:
25:
19:
2340:
2236:Sphola Stupa
2231:Khair Khaneh
2140:Kunala Stupa
2130:Mohra Muradu
2115:Dharmarajika
2077:Pushkalavati
2076:
2057:Saidu Sharif
1967:Takht-i-Bahi
1900:Hindu Shahis
1772:
1763:
1755:
1746:
1718:. Retrieved
1712:
1690:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:the original
1660:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1605:
1596:
1588:
1579:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:the original
1479:
1466:
1456:
1449:
1437:. Retrieved
1434:gandhari.org
1433:
1424:
1416:
1407:
1399:
1390:
1382:
1373:
1365:
1356:
1348:
1339:
1331:
1322:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1287:
1280:"South Asia"
1274:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1240:
1231:
1219:
1201:
1193:
1171:
1162:
1154:
1145:
1138:
1126:
1118:
1109:
1102:"South Asia"
1096:
1083:
1075:
1066:
1055:
1044:
1025:
1019:
985:
984:, and later
981:
977:Pokkharavatī
948:Pushkaravati
947:
896:پُشْكَلآوَتی
879:
833:
822:
812:
802:
794:
783:
759:
743:
739:
729:
724:
716:
714:
695:
674:
665:
664:
654:
645:
641:
633:
625:
621:
617:
543:
531:
525:
509:
505:
497:
463:
455:
429:
423:
421:
410:
398:
388:
379:
343:Pushkalavati
342:
341:
208:Pushkalavati
186:Pushkalavati
153:Pushkalavati
120:Pushkalavati
86:
78:
74:
70:
22:Pushkalāvatī
18:
2331:Wardak Vase
2311:Kabul hoard
2246:Tepe Narenj
2241:Tapa Sardar
2226:Fondukistan
2189:Tapa Shotor
2176:Afghanistan
2092:Sikri stupa
2032:Shingardara
2002:Jamal Garhi
1950:Archaeology
1895:Turk Shahis
1890:Alchon Huns
1539:(Verso 20).
1379:"Charsadda"
1328:"Charsadda"
1293:"Charsadda"
1259:"Charsadda"
1246:"Charsadda"
1072:"Charsadda"
1060:Jindi River
1002:شیخان ڈھیری
967:Puṣkarāvatī
943:Peukelaôtis
932:Πευκελαῶτις
915:Puṣkalāvatī
807:, meaning "
591:River Jindi
587:Bala Hissar
576: /
552:Πευκελαώτις
544:Peucelaitis
486: /
438:Ahura Mazda
436:created by
425:Zend Avesta
401:Puṣkalāvatī
371:Kabul River
256: /
232:Coordinates
2378:Categories
2165:Bhir Mound
2087:Hashtnagar
2037:Ali Masjid
2027:Aziz Dheri
1982:Aziz Dheri
1977:Baho Dheri
1623:glosbe.com
1400:pp. 23-24:
1011:References
994:شېخان ډېرۍ
982:Bala Hisar
956:पुष्करावती
924:Pukkalāoti
904:पुष्कलावती
809:confluence
595:Indo-Greek
564:71°44′35″E
561:34°10′41″N
474:71°44′10″E
471:34°10′05″N
460:Bala Hisar
375:Achaemenid
367:Swat River
330:Management
303:Site notes
244:71°44′10″E
241:34°10′05″N
87:Bala Hisar
83:Swat river
75:Bala Hisar
2264:Artifacts
2221:Mes Aynak
2072:Charsadda
2047:Ahin Posh
2007:Yusufzai
1495:24 August
961:romanized
937:romanized
909:romanized
675:Pokhaladi
630:Kharosthi
432:, or the
430:Vaēkərəta
385:Etymology
357:, in the
351:Charsadda
218:Charsadda
2409:Gandhara
2206:Shotorak
2174:Eastern
2160:Mankiala
2150:Badalpur
1958:Peshawar
1831:Gandhara
1720:31 March
1710:(1963).
1439:19 March
1209:Archived
1155:pp. 4-5:
1139:pp. 4-5.
1133:, 1963.
952:Sanskrit
900:Sanskrit
888:پشکلاوتي
854:See also
825:Ramayana
778:Gandhara
736:Gandhara
721:Xuanzang
666:avadanas
412:Ramayana
407:Sanskrit
391:Sanskrit
363:Peshawar
347:Gāndhāra
297:Gandhara
285:c. 1400
226:Pakistan
213:Location
30:پشکلاوتي
2216:Bimaran
2211:Paitava
2155:Bhallar
2135:Jandial
2125:Kalawan
2120:Jaulian
2082:Ranigat
2067:Barikot
2062:Chakpat
2022:Bhamala
1914:Culture
1838:History
1671:29 July
1572:p. 109:
1519:p. 169:
1076:p. 515:
963::
939::
911::
836:Bharata
634:Reverse
618:Obverse
607:Kushans
540:Πευκέλα
532:Peucela
442:Bactria
417:Bharata
293:Periods
282:Founded
277:History
2110:Sirkap
2102:Taxila
2042:Sphola
1756:p. 54:
1641:p. 60:
1606:p. 64:
1417:p. 24:
1383:p. 514
1366:p. 13:
1332:p. 518
1297:p. 517
1267:p. 516
1192:, in:
1119:p. 24:
1032:
990:Pashto
980:), in
884:Pashto
848:Taxila
804:Prayag
706:Ziarat
698:Rajjar
649:Azes I
622:ταυροϛ
512:Arrian
79:Bottom
2184:Hadda
1960:basin
1773:p. 3:
1589:p. 1:
1349:p. 5:
1172:p. 5:
946:) or
871:Notes
844:Indus
813:*Prag
795:Prang
790:Prang
744:dheri
742:, as
638:Tyche
626:ṣabhe
548:Greek
542:) or
536:Greek
452:Ruins
369:with
353:, in
2052:Swat
1722:2023
1673:2018
1497:2019
1441:2021
1030:ISBN
998:Urdu
972:Pāli
892:Urdu
840:Rama
829:Rama
786:Swat
762:coin
605:and
526:The
395:IAST
311:1902
269:Type
85:and
448:'.
428:as
287:BCE
71:Top
2380::
1730:^
1699:^
1689:.
1659:.
1648:^
1639:,
1621:.
1552:.
1534:.
1432:.
1265:,
1179:^
1000::
996:;
992::
974::
970:;
958:,
954::
934:,
930::
926:;
922::
918:;
906:,
902::
898:;
894::
890:;
886::
677:.
636::
609:.
601:,
550::
538::
419:.
397::
224:,
220:,
81::
1823:e
1816:t
1809:v
1724:.
1693:.
1675:.
1625:.
1499:.
1443:.
1038:.
988:(
950:(
780:.
546:(
534:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
