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to purchase the stock, providing a temporary rise in share price and volume which allows the "scalper" to then sell his shares on unsuspecting investors and obtain a profit. Scalping scams are frequently effectuated through social media (e.g., Twitter), and may lead to both criminal and civil liability in the United States. Like other pump-and-dump schemes, scalping scams frequently target microcap stocks because their low volume allows relatively small purchase volumes to cause significant spikes in the share price. Given the rise of social media, scalping scams have become a significant focus of regulators in the United States in recent years.
323:, and International Media Solutions, LLC were involved in a pump-and-dump scheme where the price per share increased by $ 14.00 and over 100,000 shares were traded each day, netting Spear & Jackson around $ 3 million in profits. In 2005, Spear & Jackson and International Media Solutions were fined over $ 8 million, including its two executive officers, Kermit J. Silva and Yolanda Velazquez, each paying an additional $ 420,000 out of their personal accounts. On December 5, 2007, Park and the company's president were ordered to pay over $ 113,000 in fines and penalties.
428:, accounting for about 15% of spam e-mail messages. A survey of 75,000 unsolicited emails sent between January 2004 and July 2005 concluded that spammers could make an average return of 4.29% by using this method, while recipients who act on the spam message typically lose close to 5.5% of their investment within two days. A study by Böhme and Holz shows a similar effect. Stocks targeted by spam are almost always penny stocks, selling for less than $ 5 per share, not traded on major exchanges, thinly traded, and difficult or impossible to
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64:
311:, that the company had "fooled even the most sophisticated analysts", and that investors should bail out while the stock was good. After Enron falsely reported profits which inflated the stock price, they covered the real numbers by using questionable accounting practices. Twenty-nine Enron executives sold overvalued stock for more than a billion dollars before the company went bankrupt.
460:
Ponzi schemes typically come with the expectation of profit over a relatively-extended period of time and typically last for months, years or even decades before their inevitable collapse. By comparison, pump-and-dump scams are designed to make profits extremely quickly and are executed over a period
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scheme, a stock promoter takes a position in a stock and then touts the stock without disclosing his or her intent to sell the stock. By recommending the stock (often, but not always, by providing inflated price targets or more generic promises of substantial returns), the promoter convinces others
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messages) in that it does not require the recipient to contact the spammer to collect supposed "winnings", or to transfer money from supposed bank accounts. This makes tracking the source of pump-and-dump spam difficult, and has also given rise to "minimalist" spam consisting of a small untraceable
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of the stock may convince more people to believe the hype, and to buy shares as well. When the promoters behind the scheme sell (dump) their shares and stop promoting the stock, the price plummets, and other investors are left holding a stock that is worth significantly less than what they paid for
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became the template for laws enacted in other states. Shortly thereafter, both FINRA and the SEC enacted comprehensive revisions of their penny stock regulations. These regulations proved effective in either shuttering or greatly restricting broker/dealers, such as
Blinder, Robinson & Company,
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A more modern spin on this attack is known as hack, pump and dump. In this form, a person purchases penny stocks and then uses compromised brokerage accounts to purchase large quantities of that stock. The net result is a price increase, which is often pushed further by day traders seeing a quick
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Ponzi schemes are occasionally the result of investment vehicles that are originally intended to be legitimate but ultimately fail to perform as expected. By comparison, pump-and-dump schemes are invariably intended to be scams from their conception, although a fairly common tactic employed by
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which specialized in the penny stocks sector. Meyer
Blinder was jailed for securities fraud in 1992, after the collapse of his firm. However, sanctions under these specific regulations lack an effective means to address pump-and-dump schemes perpetrated by unregistered groups and individuals.
566:(NYSE:C) and other NYSE listed securities which traded below $ 1.00 during the market downturn of 2008–2009, while properly regarded as "low priced" securities, were not technically "penny stocks". Although penny stock trading in the United States is now primarily controlled through
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through false and misleading positive statements (pump), in order to sell the cheaply purchased stock at a higher price (dump). Once the operators of the scheme "dump" (sell) their overvalued shares, the price falls and investors lose their money. This is most common with small-cap
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Ponzi-type investments are privately traded, often between individuals that are known to one another, whereas pump-and-dump schemes are typically marketed to the general public and traded on public stock exchanges and the victims and perpetrators are not acquainted with each
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allegedly used the
Internet to run a successful pump and dump. Lebed bought penny stocks and then promoted them on message boards, pointing at the price increase. Allegedly, when other investors bought the stock, Lebed sold his for a profit, leaving the other investors
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Ponzi schemes typically promise very specific returns on investments and/or include falsified records implying consistent and steady returns, whereas pump-and-dump schemes only come with general and/or implied promises of substantial
199:—because it is easier to manipulate a stock when there is little or no independent information available about the company. The same principle applies in the United Kingdom, where target companies are typically small companies on the
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Another variant of the pump-and-dump scam, the "short and distort" works in the opposite manner. Instead of first buying the stock, and then artificially raising its price before selling, in a "short and distort" the scammer first
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One method of regulating and restricting pump-and-dump manipulators is to target the category of stocks most often associated with this scheme. To that end, penny stocks have been the target of heightened enforcement efforts.
444:, with the main difference between this scheme and most other types of bubbles being that the pump-and-dump bubble is deliberately perpetrated by unlawful activity. A pump-and-dump scheme is similar in many ways to a
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the price, using the same techniques as the pump and dump but using criticism or negative predictions regarding the stock. The scammer then covers their short position when they buy back the stock at a lower price.
343:. The company was at one point valued greater than $ 1 billion, based on supposed bank deposits in Brazil which did not exist. None of the chief conspirators were convicted, although their whereabouts are known. A
448:(in that both types of scam use misrepresentations in an effort to enrich the promoters and/or initial investors with money from later investors), however, there are a number of differences between the schemes:
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who made a negligent false statement about the assets was convicted and banned from being a director. The investors who lost as much as £100 million sued one of the fraudsters and recovered £30 million.
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in a small number of hands, the price of many cryptocurrencies are sensitive to pump-and-dump schemes. There are organised pump-and-dump schemes run through social media platforms including
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364:, gained over $ 165 million from a pump-and-dump scheme. When questioned by federal agents, Tobin told the agents that he was involved in another scheme implicating a soccer coach from
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artificially inflated the price of owned stock through false and misleading positive statements in order to sell the cheaply purchased stock at a higher price. Firm co-founder
287:. Lebed settled the charges by paying a fraction of his total gains. He neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing, but promised not to manipulate securities in the future.
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advance in a stock. The original stockholder then cashes out at a premium. Pump-and-dump schemes also permeate the crypto-market, targeting especially low-market-cap,
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a company as a "hot" stock, for their own benefit. Promoters may also post messages in online chat groups or internet forums, urging readers to buy the stock quickly.
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pump-and-dump schemers is to take over a once-legitimate business (one that is either failing or defunct), or even just its name, in order to pump and dump its stock.
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If a promoter's campaign to "pump" a stock is successful, it will entice unwitting investors to purchase shares of the target company. The increased
266:, when stock-market fever was at its height and many people spent significant amounts of time on stock Internet message boards, a 15-year-old named
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1286:(March 14, 2007). "Spam Works: Evidence from Stock Touts and Corresponding Market Activity". Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2006-11.
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1448:"Press Release: SEC Charges Operator of Stock Picking Website with Secretly Profiting in Investment Scam; 2006-128; August 1, 2006"
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called J.T. Marlin. He finds out that the firm engages in pump and dump schemes, selling stocks for fake or defunct companies.
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will claim to have "inside" information about impending news. Newsletters may purport to offer unbiased recommendations, then
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1483:"Stock Trader Arrested and Charged with Securities Fraud for Using His Twitter Account to Operate a Pump-And-Dump Scheme"
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1434:"Michael M. Beck, a/K/A @BigMoneyMike6, and Relief Defendant Helen P. Robinson (Release No. LR-25325; Feb. 7, 2022)"
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1511:"Accused stock scalper 'Alex DeLarge' was arrested and kicked off of Twitter — now users are asking: Who's next?"
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613:. Georgia's penny stock law was subsequently challenged in court. However, the law was eventually upheld in
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1106:"SEC Charges Four in Fraudulent Microcap Manipulation Scheme Orchestrated Through International Accounts"
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participated in an elaborate scheme of pump and dump. Studies of the anonymous messages posted on the
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1497:"To the Moon or to the Jail? Social Media Stock Promoters Are Back in the Government's Crosshairs"
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821:"Pump and Dumps in the Bitcoin Era: Real Time Detection of Cryptocurrency Market Manipulations"
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was criminally convicted for his role in the scheme. He later turned his story into a memoir,
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now offers a cheaper and easier way of reaching large numbers of potential investors through
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as a security that must meet a number of specific standards. The criteria include price,
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stars
Giovanni Ribisi as Seth Green, a young man who gets a job as a trainee at a small
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For all of the above reasons, Ponzi schemes tend to leave a far more extensive trail of
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board dedicated to Enron revealed predictive messages that the company was akin to a
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Rubin, Joel; Ormseth, Matthew; Hussain, Suhauna; Winton, Richard (March 31, 2019).
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2020 29th
International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN)
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Fraudsters frequently use this ploy with small, thinly traded companies—known as "
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1462:"SEC Charges Penny Stock "Mailman" With Scalping Investors In Gold Mining Stocks"
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Being an unregulated market, and due to the concentration of a large amount of
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1135:"The bizarre story of the L.A. dad who exposed the college admissions scandal"
994:"Administrative Proceedings: Park Financial Group, Inc. and Gordon C. Cantley"
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Visualisation of pump and dump scam based on SLO-BNB cryptocurrency example
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582:(FINRA), the genesis of this control is found in state securities law.
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campaign, through media channels via a fake press release, or through
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One variation of the pump-and-dump scam is known as "scalping." In a
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Pump-and-dump scams differs from many other forms of spam (such as
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1259:"Inside the group chats where people pump and dump cryptocurrency"
756:"Pump&Dump.con: Tips for Avoiding Stock Scams on the Internet"
2973:
1814:
1573:"SEC Charges Eight Participants in Penny Stock Manipulation Ring"
1233:"Crypto Pump And Dumps Aim Small Amid Speculative Trading Frenzy"
1212:"Level of cryptocurrency scams 'unprecedented in modern markets'"
618:
1057:"Langbar International: the greatest stock market heist of all?"
380:. On June 7, 2019, a federal judge hit Tobin with a $ 4 million
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a comprehensive penny stock securities law. Secretary of State
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735:"The $ 400 million buyout hoax that fooled many - Business on"
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Pump-and-dump schemes may take place on the
Internet using an
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304:
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146:" brokerage houses (such as that dramatized in the 2000 film
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902:"Jonathan Lebed: Stock Manipulator, S.E.C. Nemesis – and 15"
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Morgia, M. La; Mei, A.; Sassi, F.; Stefa, J. (August 2020).
758:. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. January 11, 2005.
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315:
Park
Financial Group and International Media Solutions, LLC
183:(in the United States, this would mean markets such as the
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that involves artificially inflating the price of an owned
67:"Night wind hawkers" sold stock on the streets during the
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1575:. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. May 21, 2009.
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at the time, was a principal sponsor of the bill in the
876:"Investor Wins $ 10 Million in Penny-Stock Broker Case"
659:"The Anatomy of a Cryptocurrency Pump-and-Dump Scheme"
1163:"SEC defendant Tobin ordered to forfeit $ 4M (U.S.)"
1710:Tillman, Robert H.; Indergaard, Michael L. (2005).
938:
818:
663:
28th USENIX Security
Symposium (USENIX Security 19)
485:image file containing a picture of a stock symbol.
1712:Pump and Dump: The Rancid Rules of the New Economy
1647:
944:"The Bears on This Message Board Had Enron Pegged"
1709:
1428:
1426:
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1752:, a fictional account of a pump and dump company
1673:Hacking Wall Street: Attacks and Countermeasures
791:Hacking Wall Street: Attacks and Countermeasures
542:In the United States, regulators have defined a
1786:
1353:"The Effect of Stock Spam on Financial Markets"
1610:"Georgia Secretary of State | Securities"
1423:
733:NBC News staff & news wires (2012-10-24).
2581:
1772:
1631:"GEORGIA LAW WON'T HURT BROKERS, JUDGE RULES"
232:In the early 1990s the penny-stock brokerage
99:and very small corporations/companies, i.e. "
1351:Böhme, Rainer; Holz, Thorsten (April 2006).
1078:"Langbar International - Verified AIM Fraud"
488:
1669:
1585:
1090:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
928:. January 17, 2006. Event occurs at 32:58.
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335:was the biggest pump-and-dump fraud on the
15:
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2530:Criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates
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1696:Trendocracy and Stock Market Manipulations
1588:"Georgia to OK Tough Law for Penny Stocks"
722:. Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.
704:. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
656:
16:
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1318:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
832:
768:
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372:. In February 2019, Tobin pled guilty to
299:, executives at the large energy company
1650:"Penny-Stock Fraud, From Both Sides Now"
1648:Diana B. Henriques (February 16, 2003).
873:
492:
391:
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24:This is an accepted version of this page
1523:
1395:"On the Effects of Stock Spam E-mails∗"
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1111:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
1033:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
1002:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
960:
932:
657:Xu, Jiahua; Livshits, Benjamin (2019).
580:Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
370:2019 college admissions bribery scandal
277:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
106:While fraudsters in the past relied on
14:
3359:
1188:"SLO/WBNB real-time on-chain dex data"
1054:
912:
874:Mulligan, Thomas S. (April 17, 1997).
436:Comparison with other types of schemes
2595:
2569:
1760:
1256:
899:
716:"Wake Up and Smell the Pump-and-Dump"
696:
694:
692:
625:
2429:High-yield investment program (HYIP)
1556:"SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION"
1532:. Condé Nast Digital. Archived from
969:"Enron the Symptom, Not the Disease"
966:
921:Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room
900:Lewis, Michael (February 25, 2001).
652:
650:
509:
2419:Foundation for New Era Philanthropy
1742:Pump and dump stock Schemes in 2005
1736:Pump and dump stock Schemes in 2001
1334:"Spammers manipulate stock markets"
971:. publici.ucimc.org. Archived from
227:
191:), rather than markets such as the
48:
1663:
1526:"New Market Trend: Short, Distort"
781:
689:
576:Securities and Exchange Commission
554:. Securities traded on a national
440:A pump-and-dump scam is a type of
295:As late as April 2001, before the
275:. He came to the attention of the
246:, which was later adapted into an
49:
3393:
1729:
1393:Hanke, Michael; Hauser, Florian.
1075:
762:
647:
525:the stock, and then artificially
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257:
2844:Electronic communication network
1214:. Yahoo! Finance. 13 August 2020
611:Georgia House of Representatives
2484:Saradha Group financial scandal
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1623:
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843:10.1109/ICCCN49398.2020.9209660
794:. US: Darkwave Press. pp.
769:Nakashima, Ellen (2007-01-26).
351:
1676:. US: Darkwave Press. p.
1586:Stan Darden (March 20, 1990).
1524:Glasner, Joanna (2002-06-03).
1161:Caswell, Mike (June 7, 2019).
1055:Bowers, Simon (24 June 2011).
867:
812:
748:
726:
708:
331:Started as Crown Corporation,
56:Pump and dump (disambiguation)
13:
1:
2838:Multilateral trading facility
1838:1992 Indian stock market scam
641:
533:
461:of weeks, days or even hours.
337:Alternative Investment Market
3261:Returns-based style analysis
3057:Post-modern portfolio theory
2963:Security characteristic line
2113:Strip search phone call scam
1928:Extraterrestrial real estate
1714:. Rutgers University Press.
1670:Krinklebine, Karlos (2009).
788:Krinklebine, Karlos (2009).
497:Anatomy of a scalping scheme
129:
7:
3015:Efficient-market hypothesis
2919:Capital asset pricing model
2856:Straight-through processing
1988:Intellectual property scams
1978:Indian coal allocation scam
1787:Scams and confidence tricks
368:, which in turn led to the
222:
10:
3398:
2832:Alternative Trading System
2474:Pyramid schemes in Albania
2434:Investors Overseas Service
2366:Website reputation ratings
1596:United Press International
513:
73:The Great Picture of Folly
53:
3107:
2982:
2881:
2801:
2709:
2676:
2637:
2603:
2512:
2504:Welsh Thrasher faith scam
2449:Madoff investment scandal
2374:
2176:
1943:Foreclosure rescue scheme
1828:
1792:
489:Scalping and social media
2896:Arbitrage pricing theory
2499:Stanford Financial Group
2304:Russian Business Network
2093:Slavery reparations scam
607:Georgia General Assembly
290:
217:cryptocurrency exchanges
51:Form of securities fraud
31:latest accepted revision
3175:Initial public offering
3036:Modern portfolio theory
2931:Dividend discount model
2814:List of stock exchanges
2469:Petters Group Worldwide
1357:SSRN Electronic Journal
702:"Pump and Dump Schemes"
589:was the first state to
415:
243:The Wolf of Wall Street
193:New York Stock Exchange
3063:Random walk hypothesis
2163:White van speaker scam
2128:Technical support scam
2103:SSA impersonation scam
2058:Redemption/A4V schemes
1983:IRS impersonation scam
1948:Foreign exchange fraud
1307:Cite journal requires
498:
397:
319:Park Financial Group,
126:, and misinformation.
76:
3201:Market capitalization
3010:Dollar cost averaging
1963:Get-rich-quick scheme
1953:Fortune telling fraud
1464:. SEC.gov. 2018-03-09
771:"Hack, Pump and Dump"
548:market capitalization
496:
395:
341:London Stock Exchange
333:Langbar International
327:Langbar International
285:security manipulation
283:against him alleging
279:(SEC), which filed a
252:film of the same name
66:
3367:Financial regulation
3021:Fundamental analysis
3005:Contrarian investing
2968:Security market line
2873:Liquidity aggregator
2850:Direct market access
2761:Quantitative analyst
2439:Kapa investment scam
2259:Internet vigilantism
2249:Email authentication
2224:Cryptocurrency scams
2118:Swampland in Florida
420:Pump-and-dump stock
179:", generally traded
54:For other uses, see
3266:Reverse stock split
3211:Market manipulation
3135:Dual-listed company
2995:Algorithmic trading
2925:Capital market line
2727:Inter-dealer broker
2543:Film and television
2264:Lenny anti-scam bot
2168:Work-at-home scheme
2133:Telemarketing fraud
1993:Kansas City Shuffle
1918:Embarrassing cheque
1365:10.2139/ssrn.897431
1282:Frieder, Laura and
1114:. November 28, 2018
940:Morgenson, Gretchen
775:The Washington Post
615:U.S. District Court
321:Spear & Jackson
120:investment research
21:Page version status
3306:Stock market index
3145:Efficient frontier
3084:Technical analysis
3042:Momentum investing
2864:(private exchange)
2754:Proprietary trader
2696:Shares outstanding
2686:Authorised capital
2494:Scott W. Rothstein
2389:Aman Futures Group
1908:Coin rolling scams
1903:Coin-matching game
1654:The New York Times
1513:. 28 October 2021.
1485:. 26 October 2021.
1284:Zittrain, Jonathan
1257:Martineau, Paris.
1036:. December 5, 2007
948:The New York Times
906:The New York Times
626:In popular culture
552:shareholder equity
499:
398:
360:and others, using
185:OTC Bulletin Board
77:
27:
3354:
3353:
3155:Flight-to-quality
2907:Buffett indicator
2597:Financial markets
2563:
2562:
2525:Confidence tricks
2244:Domain name scams
2143:Thai zig zag scam
2008:Miracle cars scam
1831:confidence tricks
1829:Notable scams and
1704:978-1-4357-5244-3
1694:Sergey Perminov,
1687:978-1-4414-6363-0
1592:Los Angeles Times
1340:. 25 August 2006.
1192:coinmarketcap.com
1140:Los Angeles Times
926:Magnolia Pictures
880:Los Angeles Times
852:978-1-7281-6607-0
805:978-1-4414-6363-0
682:978-1-939133-06-9
599:Chesley V. Morton
516:Short and distort
510:Short and distort
478:advance fee fraud
424:are prevalent in
362:offshore accounts
39:15 September 2024
18:
3389:
3271:Share repurchase
2983:Trading theories
2868:Crossing network
2826:Over-the-counter
2663:Restricted stock
2619:Secondary market
2590:
2583:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2394:Bernard Cornfeld
2356:Stock Generation
2284:Referer spoofing
2148:Three-card monte
2138:Thai tailor scam
2098:Spanish Prisoner
2028:Overpayment scam
1968:Green goods scam
1868:Black money scam
1853:Art student scam
1848:Advance-fee scam
1843:2G spectrum case
1781:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1725:
1691:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1637:. July 11, 1990.
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1404:. Archived from
1399:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1029:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1005:. April 11, 2007
998:
990:
984:
983:
981:
980:
964:
958:
957:
955:
954:
936:
930:
929:
916:
910:
909:
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
871:
865:
864:
836:
827:. pp. 1–9.
816:
810:
809:
785:
779:
778:
766:
760:
759:
752:
746:
745:
743:
742:
730:
724:
723:
712:
706:
705:
698:
687:
686:
674:
654:
587:State of Georgia
574:enforced by the
378:securities fraud
234:Stratton Oakmont
228:Stratton Oakmont
181:over-the-counter
97:cryptocurrencies
88:securities fraud
69:South Sea Bubble
3397:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3341:Voting interest
3251:Public offering
3186:Mandatory offer
3160:Government bond
3140:DuPont analysis
3103:
3099:Value investing
3094:Value averaging
3089:Trend following
3074:Style investing
3069:Sector rotation
2984:
2978:
2957:Net asset value
2883:Stock valuation
2877:
2797:
2705:
2672:
2658:Preferred stock
2633:
2599:
2594:
2564:
2559:
2508:
2454:Make Money Fast
2424:Franchise fraud
2379:
2370:
2351:Spoofing attack
2334:Scammer Payback
2182:countermeasures
2181:
2172:
1863:Bait-and-switch
1830:
1824:
1788:
1785:
1732:
1722:
1688:
1666:
1664:Further reading
1661:
1646:
1642:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1536:on May 10, 2009
1522:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1467:
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1459:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1402:EBS Universitat
1397:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1349:
1345:
1332:
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1327:
1317:
1308:
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1131:
1127:
1117:
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1104:
1103:
1099:
1083:
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1074:
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1039:
1037:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1006:
996:
992:
991:
987:
978:
976:
967:Chambers, Dan.
965:
961:
952:
950:
937:
933:
918:
917:
913:
898:
894:
884:
882:
872:
868:
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813:
806:
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782:
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754:
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749:
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738:
731:
727:
714:
713:
709:
700:
699:
690:
683:
655:
648:
644:
628:
536:
518:
512:
491:
442:economic bubble
438:
418:
390:
366:Yale University
356:In April 2018,
354:
329:
317:
293:
273:holding the bag
260:
230:
225:
132:
86:) is a form of
59:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
3395:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Stock exchange
3298:
3296:Stock dilution
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Mean reversion
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:Market anomaly
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Bid–ask spread
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Earnings yield
2939:
2937:Dividend yield
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2828:(off-exchange)
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2805:
2803:
2802:Trading venues
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2701:Treasury stock
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2668:Tracking stock
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2614:Primary market
2610:
2608:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
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2537:
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2514:
2510:
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2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
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2471:
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2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
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2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2361:Voice phishing
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
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2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2194:Pig Butchering
2191:
2185:
2183:
2178:Internet scams
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2083:Sick baby hoax
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Reloading scam
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:Locksmith scam
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
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1930:
1925:
1920:
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1796:
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1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1730:External links
1728:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1707:
1692:
1686:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1640:
1622:
1601:
1578:
1564:
1547:
1516:
1502:
1488:
1474:
1453:
1439:
1422:
1385:
1359:. April 2006.
1343:
1325:
1309:|journal=
1274:
1249:
1224:
1203:
1179:
1153:
1125:
1097:
1068:
1047:
1016:
985:
959:
942:(2002-04-28).
931:
911:
892:
866:
851:
811:
804:
780:
761:
747:
725:
707:
688:
681:
645:
643:
640:
636:brokerage firm
630:The 2000 film
627:
624:
556:stock exchange
550:, and minimum
535:
532:
514:Main article:
511:
508:
490:
487:
474:
473:
466:
462:
458:
454:
437:
434:
417:
414:
402:cryptocurrency
389:
388:Cryptocurrency
386:
353:
350:
339:, part of the
328:
325:
316:
313:
309:house of cards
297:Enron collapse
292:
289:
268:Jonathan Lebed
264:dot-com bubble
259:
258:Jonathan Lebed
256:
238:Jordan Belfort
229:
226:
224:
221:
169:trading volume
154:stock promoter
131:
128:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3394:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3372:Finance fraud
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
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3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:Short selling
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Greenspan put
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Financial law
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:Cross listing
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:Related terms
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Swing trading
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Mosaic theory
3045:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:Market timing
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2819:Trading hours
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Broker-dealer
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:Issued shares
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2678:Share capital
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2629:Fourth market
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2556:
2555:Ponzi schemes
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:In the media
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:Secret Sister
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Matrix scheme
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2381:Ponzi schemes
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
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2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:Ripoff Report
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
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2250:
2247:
2245:
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2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
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2114:
2111:
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2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:SIM swap scam
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:Pump and dump
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:Pig in a poke
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2034:
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2019:
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1911:
1909:
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1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Charity fraud
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Blessing scam
1871:
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1237:Bloomberg.com
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664:
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255:
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248:Academy Award
245:
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167:, price, and
166:
161:
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155:
152:). Often the
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:telemarketing
137:
127:
125:
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109:
104:
102:
98:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:Pump and dump
74:
70:
65:
61:
57:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
3382:Stock market
3326:Tender offer
3246:Public float
3216:Market trend
3206:Market depth
3026:Growth stock
3000:Buy and hold
2909:(Cap-to-GDP)
2749:Floor trader
2739:Market maker
2722:Floor broker
2710:Participants
2653:Golden share
2648:Common stock
2624:Third market
2479:Reed Slatkin
2444:Kubus scheme
2324:Jim Browning
2319:419eater.com
2314:Scam baiting
2299:Romance scam
2269:Lottery scam
2214:Clickjacking
2158:Wash trading
2153:Trojan horse
2068:Return fraud
2052:
2018:Mock auction
1913:Drop swindle
1878:Bogus escrow
1749:
1711:
1695:
1672:
1653:
1643:
1635:Deseret News
1634:
1625:
1614:. Retrieved
1612:. Sos.ga.gov
1604:
1591:
1581:
1567:
1550:
1540:February 11,
1538:. Retrieved
1534:the original
1529:
1519:
1505:
1491:
1477:
1466:. Retrieved
1456:
1442:
1415:27 September
1413:. Retrieved
1406:the original
1401:
1388:
1378:27 September
1376:. Retrieved
1356:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1300:cite journal
1277:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1239:. 2021-02-02
1236:
1227:
1216:. Retrieved
1206:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:
1156:
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1138:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1109:
1100:
1071:
1062:The Guardian
1060:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1031:
1019:
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1000:
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977:. Retrieved
973:the original
962:
951:. Retrieved
947:
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895:
883:. Retrieved
879:
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814:
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783:
774:
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750:
739:. Retrieved
728:
719:
710:
662:
629:
584:
560:manipulation
541:
537:
526:
519:
500:
482:lottery scam
475:
446:Ponzi scheme
439:
419:
399:
358:Morrie Tobin
355:
352:Morrie Tobin
330:
318:
294:
261:
242:
231:
209:
177:penny stocks
174:
162:
147:
133:
124:social media
105:
83:
79:
78:
72:
60:
38:
29:This is the
23:
3331:Uptick rule
3311:Stock split
3291:Squeeze-out
3286:Speculation
3231:Open outcry
3120:Block trade
3052:Pairs trade
2520:Con artists
2404:Dona Branca
2346:Spoofed URL
2254:Email fraud
2234:CyberThrill
2209:Click fraud
2123:Tarmac scam
2048:Pork barrel
2043:Pigeon drop
2033:Patent safe
2023:Moving scam
1933:Fiddle game
1883:Boiler room
1858:Badger game
1820:Sucker list
1793:Terminology
1750:Boiler Room
1263:The Outline
1167:Stock Watch
632:Boiler Room
603:stockbroker
601:, the only
595:Max Cleland
572:regulations
544:penny stock
523:short-sells
480:emails and
262:During the
250:–nominated
189:Pink Sheets
149:Boiler Room
144:boiler room
3361:Categories
3336:Volatility
3316:Stock swap
3236:Order book
2987:strategies
2913:Book value
2781:Arbitrager
2776:Speculator
2548:Literature
2409:Earl Jones
2341:ShadowCrew
2294:Rock Phish
2239:DarkMarket
2229:Cybercrime
2204:Catfishing
2078:Shell game
2013:Mismarking
1938:Fine print
1898:Clip joint
1888:Bride scam
1748:The movie
1616:2012-12-18
1561:. sec.gov.
1468:2022-08-30
1268:2021-02-07
1243:2021-02-07
1218:2021-02-07
1197:2023-02-24
979:2010-04-25
953:2010-04-25
885:11 January
834:2005.06610
741:2012-12-18
737:. NBC News
672:1811.10109
642:References
617:, and the
534:Regulation
430:sell short
382:forfeiture
374:conspiracy
281:civil suit
195:(NYSE) or
136:email spam
122:websites,
116:spam email
108:cold calls
2952:Fed model
2947:EV/EBITDA
2862:Dark pool
2793:Regulator
2638:Types of
2604:Types of
2535:Impostors
2189:Avalanche
2003:Long firm
1923:Exit scam
861:218628772
720:Finra.org
564:Citigroup
215:coins on
130:Scenarios
101:microcaps
3377:Spamming
3281:Slippage
3241:Position
3226:Momentum
3130:Dividend
2809:Exchange
2766:Investor
2309:SaferNet
2279:Phishing
2219:Cramming
2108:SSC Scam
1973:Hustling
1958:Gem scam
1373:12236853
1338:BBC News
1172:June 12,
1146:June 12,
1118:June 12,
1086:cite web
1040:June 12,
1009:June 12,
578:and the
503:scalping
470:evidence
457:profits.
406:Telegram
223:Examples
213:illiquid
112:Internet
35:reviewed
3170:Haircut
2974:T-model
2786:Scalper
2606:markets
2399:Caritas
2376:Pyramid
2329:Kitboga
2199:Carding
2073:Salting
1815:Shyster
1744:The SEC
1738:The SEC
1076:El1te.
924:(DVD).
619:statute
605:in the
410:Discord
187:or the
84:P&D
75:, 1720)
3191:Margin
3059:(PMPT)
2921:(CAPM)
2771:Hedger
2744:Trader
2717:Broker
2640:stocks
2414:Ezubao
2274:PayPai
1718:
1702:
1698:2008,
1684:
1371:
1292:920553
1290:
859:
849:
802:
796:83–180
679:
591:codify
527:lowers
453:other.
197:NASDAQ
165:demand
142:from "
110:, the
3346:Yield
3321:Trade
3256:Rally
3177:(IPO)
3065:(RMH)
3038:(MPT)
3017:(EMH)
2970:(SML)
2959:(NAV)
2933:(DDM)
2927:(CML)
2898:(APT)
2891:Alpha
2858:(STP)
2852:(DMA)
2846:(ECN)
2840:(MTF)
2834:(ATS)
2513:Lists
1810:Shill
1559:(PDF)
1530:Wired
1409:(PDF)
1398:(PDF)
1369:S2CID
1028:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
857:S2CID
829:arXiv
667:arXiv
568:rules
422:scams
345:patsy
305:Yahoo
301:Enron
291:Enron
92:stock
3181:Long
2985:and
2915:(BV)
2902:Beta
1800:Scam
1716:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1542:2010
1417:2018
1380:2018
1320:link
1313:help
1288:SSRN
1174:2019
1148:2019
1120:2019
1092:link
1042:2019
1011:2019
887:2015
847:ISBN
800:ISBN
677:ISBN
585:The
570:and
426:spam
416:Spam
408:and
376:and
205:OFEX
172:it.
158:tout
2464:MMM
2378:and
2180:and
1678:402
1361:doi
839:doi
203:or
201:AIM
103:".
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
