Pulakeshin II - Knowledge

1801: 1105:(the goddess of fortune). Therefore, Pulakeshin, decided to go into exile. Subsequently, Mangalesha became weak "on all sides" as Pulakeshin applied his "gifts of good counsel and energy". Ultimately, Mangalesha had to abandon three things simultaneously: his attempt to secure the throne for his own son (or his ability to perpetuate his own descent), his kingdom, and his own life. The above description suggests that when Pulakeshin became an adult, Mangalesha rejected his claim to the throne and possibly appointed his own son as the heir apparent. Pulakeshin went into exile, during which he must have planned an attack on Mangalesha; he ultimately defeated and killed Mangalesha. 1585:, who calls Pulakeshin's kingdom Mo-ho-la-cha (the Chinese transcription of "Maharashtra"), provides evidence of Pulakeshin's success against Harsha. Xuanzang states that Shiladitya (that is, Harsha) had conquered the nations from east to west, and had marched with his army to remote parts of India: only the people of Mo-ho-la-cha had refused to accept his suzerainty. Xuanzang further states that Harsha gathered troops from different parts of his kingdom, summoned his best commanders, and led the army to punish the people of Mo-ho-la-cha, but could not subjugate them. 2155: 1320:, who had matrimonial ties with the Kadambas. The Mahakuta pillar inscription of his predecessor Mangalesha states his father Kirttivarman also subjugated the Gangas. It is possible that the Gangas accepted the Chalukya suzerainty during Kirttivarman's reign, but subsequently gave up this allegiance taking advantage of the war of succession between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin. After Pulakeshin's victory over the Kadambas, the Gangas again accepted the Chalukya suzerainty, possibly without any military conflict. 2340: 4280: 2332: 1954: 2022: 1151:, was probably issued during the reign of Pulakeshin's predecessor Mangalesha. It is dated to the Shaka year 532: assuming it was issued after 532 years of the Shaka era had expired, the date of issue was 4 January 611 CE. However, if we assume that it was issued when the 532rd year of the Shaka era was current, it can be dated to 5 July 610 CE. Based on this inscription, the end of Mangalesha's reign is variously dated to 610 CE or 611 CE. 1928:, which accord him imperial titles, but are dated in the regnal years of his wife. It is possible that Chandraditya held the throne after Abhinavaditya, and after his death, his wife acted as a regent for their minor son (c.649–655). His brother Vikramaditya I, appears to have restored Chalukya power as the supreme commander of the Chalukya army during this period, becoming the de facto ruler in the process. 1296:, who had earlier served as Kadamba vassals. However, according to the Chalukya inscriptions, the Alupas had already been subjugated by Pulakeshin's predecessors. Therefore, it appears that the Aihole inscription simply refers to Pulakeshin reaffirming the Chalukya suzerainty over the Alupas. Another possibility is that the Alupas had not been completely subdued by the Pulakeshin's predecessors. 1093:, who claimed descent from the Chalukyas of Vatapi, state that Mangalesha "took upon himself the burden of administration" because Pulakeshin was a minor. However, these inscriptions also wrongly claim that Mangalesha returned the kingdom to Pulakeshin when Pulakeshin grew up, praising the Chalukya lineage for such exemplary behaviour. This claim is contradicted by Pulakeshin's own 1364:), who ruled in the coastal region of present-day Goa and Maharashtra. The Mauryas acknowledged the Chalukya suzerainty during Mangalesha's reign, but seem to have declared independence during the Chalukya war of succession. After consolidating his power in southern Deccan, Pulakeshin successfully besieged the Mauryan capital Puri, which is variously identified as 1237:, but the Kadambas no longer recognized the Chalukya suzerainty during his reign. Pulakeshin marched against them, and besieged their capital of Banavasi. The Aihole inscription suggests that the Kadambas put up a strong resistance, but were ultimately defeated. The Kadamba ruler at this time was probably Bhogivarman. 1973:

After his victory over Harsha, Pulakeshin appears to have acquired control of a large part of western Deccan to the south of the Narmada river. The Aihole inscription states that he gained control of the "three Maharashtrakas" which included 99,000 villages. The identity of these "three Maharashtras"

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attests that Pulakeshin ruled an extensive, militarily powerful and economically prosperous Empire through several loyal vassals. The Aihole inscription states that Pulakeshin's Empire was bound by the oceans on three sides, suggesting that he ruled a vast portion of the Indian peninsula to the south

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The location of the core Alupa territory during Pulakeshin's period is not certain. Alupas are known to have been ruling in the Dakshina Kannada region of Karnataka for several centuries, but some scholars believe that their capital was located at Humcha in the Shimoga district. After subjugating the

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beside the Narmada River, because they "by their bulk, rivalled the mountains". Historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri interprets to mean that Pulakeshin "did not send his elephant forces into the difficult Vindhya terrain", and guarded the passes with infantry. According to Shreenand L. Bapat and Pradeep

2277:

The Kandalgaon copper-plate inscription, dated to Pulakeshin's fifth regnal year, records the grant of the Pirigipa village on Revati island. It is considered spurious because its script features irregular characters and its language is very inaccurate. Additionally, its seal and opening matter are

1303:

If "Aluka" is considered a variant of "Alupa", the Marutura inscription suggests that the Alupa vassals of Pulakeshin also ruled over the Guntur district in present-day Andhra Pradesh. According to this inscription, the Aluka ruler Gunasagara, who was a Chalukya vassal, was appointed to govern this

1112:

inscription records Pulakeshin's grant of the Elpattu Simbhige village after his subjugation of Ranavikrama. According to one theory, this Ranavikrama was Mangalesha, who bore the title "Ranavikrama", and who was defeated by Mangalesha in a battle fought at Elpattu Simbhige. However, another theory

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influence in the Malwa region must have attracted Harsha's attention. The Maitraka ruler Shiladitya I may have sympathized with Pulakeshin's cause during the latter's northern campaign against the Latas, the Malavas, and the Gurjaras. This situation ultimately resulted in a conflict between Harsha

1403:

The Lata region (present-day southern Gujarat) was formerly under the control of the Kalachuris, who had been defeated by Mangalesha. Pulakeshin, who appears to have annexed Lata to the Chalukya kingdom, placed it under the governorship of a member of the Chalukya family. The rule of the Chalukya

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and himself proceeded to Oman. Upon reaching Oman, Usman sent a naval expedition to capture Thana on the western coast of India. The Arab-Islamic naval expedition was successfully repulsed by the Imperial Chalukyan Navy under Pulakeshin II and they returned to Oman. The first Arab-Islamic raid on

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Scholars Shreenand L. Bapat and Pradeep S. Sohoni date the battle to the winter of 618–619 CE. These scholars note that the Bijapur-Mumbai grant inscription, dated 4 April 619 CE, mentions Pulakeshin's victory over Harsha, which proves that the conflict definitely took place sometime before this

1727:

Xuanzang describes Pulakeshin ("Po-le-ke-she") as "a man of farsighted resource and astuteness who extends kindness to all". The emperor's subjects were "tall and sturdy in nature and... proud and carefree by nature... grateful for kindness and revengeful for injustice". They preferred death to

2060:

embassy to Pulakeshin's court. The painting depicts several figures in foreign dress: Fergusson identified the dress as Sasanian, and proposed that the Sasanian emperor sent a return embassy to the Chalukya empire. This theory was widely accepted by other scholars, but is no longer considered

1694:

The Vishnukundina ruler defeated by Pulakeshin was probably Indravarman: he appears to have ultimately accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty, and was allowed to rule as a Chalukya vassal. Pulakeshin assigned some of the newly conquered territories to his own feudatories. For example, the Maruturu

1859:

The Aihole inscription suggests that Pulakeshin won over the Chola, the Chera, and the Pandya kings as his allies in his struggle against the Pallavas. He marched towards Kanchipuram, but the Pallava inscriptions suggest that he suffered reverses in battles fought at Pariyala, Suramara, and

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region from them. The Gangas subsequently defeated the Pallava ruler Kaduvetti of Kanchi. In return, Shilabhattarika, a daughter of Pulakeshin II was married to Dadiga, a son of Mokkara (Mushkara) and grandson of Durvinita, as attested by a copperplate charter of Chalukya Vijayaditya dated

1206:, the way they are mentioned in the inscription suggests that they were military adventurers and not from a royal background. However, according to historian Durga Prasad Dikshit, their names suggest that they may have belonged to a Rashtrakuta branch, which was distinct from the imperial 2069:

in one of his previous births as a King. The inclusion of numerous men in Sasanian clothing in the caves of Ajanta seems to reflect the great number of Sasanian traders or workers in Central India at that time, and the fact that they were an object of intense interest by the Indians.

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section above.) The Banas appear to have been Pallava feudatories before their submission to Pulakeshin, as suggested by the name of the inscription's engraver: Mahendra Pallavachari. Pulakeshin's subjugation of a Pallava feudatory must have renewed his conflict with the Pallavas.

2001:, who had earlier served as his governor of the Velvola country, as the governor of Vengi in eastern Deccan. Vishnu-vardhana acknowledges Pulakeshin's suzerainty in his 631 CE Kopparam inscription, but asserts himself as an independent ruler in his 641 CE Chirupalli inscription. 2173:

The Hyderabad copper-plate grant inscription is dated to the Shaka year 532 (expired), and was issued during Pulakeshin's third regnal year. It was issued during the solar eclipse on the Amavasya of the Bhadrapada month, which corresponds to 23 July 613. It records a village

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Jainism had a considerable vogue and was much respected. Ravikirtti, who built a stone temple to Jina at Ahiole, claims to have enlisted the particular favour of Pulakesin II for his enterprise and thus made the temple the abode of all excellence ( bhavanam

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The Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin II states that he was generous in "bestowing gifts and honours on the brave and the learned". The inscription's composer Ravikirrti, a court poet of Pulakeshin, describes himself as an equal of the great Sanskrit poets

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The Aihole inscription suggests that two rulers named Appayika and Govinda rebelled against Pulakeshin. The identity of these rulers is uncertain, but they are said to have approached the core Chalukya territory from the north of the Bhimarathi (modern

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as the governor of the newly conquered territory. The Chalukya conquest in this region is corroborated by Vishnu-vardhana's 631 CE Kopparam copper-plate inscription, which records a land grant in the Karma-rashtra region of present-day Andhra Pradesh.

1574:(mirth) of Harsha melted away by fear, as his elephants fell in the battle. The only other inscription from his reign that mentions this battle is the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription. Harsha's court poet Bana does not mention this conflict in his biography 1840:). These two accounts appear to refer to the same battle, which must have been inconclusive: the Pallava army was probably forced to retreat to Kanchipuram, but inflicted enough damage on the Chalukya army to force Pulakeshin to retreat to Vatapi. 1666:(modern Pithapuram in Andhra Pradesh). The Maruturu inscription suggests that this event took place around or before 617–618 CE. The Aihole inscription states that subsequently, a fierce battle was fought near Kunala lake (identified with modern 1022:(epithet) of Pulakeshin, was commonly used as a substitute for his name in the dynasty's records. He was the dynasty's most celebrated ruler, because of which the subsequent rulers called their dynasty Satyashraya-kula ("family of Satyashraya"). 1513:

suggests that Harsha's growing influence may have driven the Latas, the Malavas, and the Gurjaras to accept Pulakeshin's suzerainty. Historian Durga Prasad Dikshit adds that these three kingdoms are known to have been enemies of Harsha's father

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onwards, mention Pulakeshin's victory over Harsha using similar expressions. This early date for the war is also supported by the writings of Xuanzang, who states that Harsha fought wars for six years, and then ruled in peace for thirty years.

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After Mangalesha's death, Pulakeshin appears to have faced opposition from multiple rivals, including those who were loyal to Mangalesha and those who wanted to take advantage of the turmoil resulting from the Chalukya war of succession. The

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or before, based on the 612–613 CE Hyderabad inscription of Pulakeshin. This inscription boasts that Pulakeshin defeated a king who had fought a hundred battles (presumably Harsha). The later Chalukya inscriptions, dating from the reign of

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Ranaragha-varman is attested by the Honnur inscription dated to the 16th regnal year of his younger brother Vikramaditya. The inscription states that Ranaragha-varman's daughter was the wife of the Ganga prince Madhava, a subordinate of

1827:

The Aihole inscription states that the Pallava ruler opposed the rise of Pulakeshin, who caused the enemy's splendour to be "obscured by the dust of his army" and forced the enemy to take shelter behind the walls of the Pallava capital

1557:

Another possibility is that Harsha decided to take advantage of the turmoil resulting from the conflict between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin, and invaded the Chalukya kingdom. During his march against Pulakeshin, Harsha advanced up to the

1392:, who were the northern neighbours of the Chalukyas. Historian Durga Prasad Dikshit theorizes that these kingdoms may have accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty without a military conflict, when faced with an invasion from the northern king 1677:

Pulakeshin probably subjugated Vishnukundina vassals during his eastern campaign in Kalinga, which may have brought him in conflict with the Vishnukundina dynasty. Pulakeshin conquered the Vishnukundina kingdom, located in the lower

2222:

Ishvara temple stone inscription records Pulakeshin's grant of the Elpattu Simbhige village after his subjugation of Ranavikrama. The defeated ruler was probably a king of the Bana dynasty; alternatively, he may be identified with

1981:

Pulakeshin could not administer this large empire centrally, and therefore, ruled through governors from the Chalukya family and loyal vassals, who included the rulers defeated by him. The Sendraka prince Sena-nanda-raja ruled the

1762:, although this identification is not conclusive. It is possible that Xuanzang spent some time in Nashik, which was an important centre of Buddhism, and mistook it as the empire's capital. Xuanzang mentions that there were five 2025:

Original frescoes in Ajanta Cave 1, and corresponding artistic depiction of Pulakeshin receiving envoys from Persia. Earlier scholars believed that Pulakeshin received an envoy from the Sasanian emperor of Persia, based on the

1097:, and appears to be a late attempt to gloss over Pulakeshin's overthrow of Mangalesha. The exact details of the conflict between these two men are unclear, because the Aihole inscription describes it in a rather enigmatic way. 1913:

theorizes that Adityavarman was simply a former name of Vikramaditya I. However, historian D. P. Dikshit disputes this identification, and believes that Adityavarman succeeded Pulakeshin, and in turn, was succeeded by his son

1851:("Bana king's province") after the subjugation of Ranavikrama. Assuming that Ranavikrama was a Bana king, it appears that Pulakeshin defeated the Banas. (An alternative theory identifies Ranavikrama as Mangalesha; see 1592:, who ultimately overthrew the Chalukyas several years after Pulakeshin's death, also boast that they defeated the dynasty that claimed victory over Harshavardhana, thus indirectly confirming Pulakeshin's achievement. 1258:

The first Arab Caliphatic invasion of India was an expedition by sea to conquer Thana near present-day Mumbai as early as 636 CE. It was undertaken during the vigorous Islamic expansionist regime of the second Caliph,

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were their allies at the time, and Pulakeshin's subjugation of the Vishnukundins brought him in conflict with the Pallava monarch. The Chalukyas and the Pallavas fought several battles without conclusive results.

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It is possible that Mangalesha initially ruled as a regent, but later decided to usurp the throne. According to the Aihole inscription, Mangalesha was envious of Pulakeshin, because Pulakeshin was a favourite of

2294:

Several Kannada groups demanded the installation of Pulakeshin II's statue at Badami, Karnataka, to celebrate the great "kannada" emperor of past who they claimed was being ignored by the Karnataka Government.

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The Lohner (Nashik district) inscription is dated to the year 552 of an unspecified calendar era, which must be the Shaka era. It registers grant of the Goviyanaka village to a Brahmana named Dama Dikshita.

1707:

visited Pulakeshin's Empire in 641–642 CE. He calls the Chalukya emperor the ruler of "Mo-ho-la-cha" (the Chinese transcription of "Maharashtra"), and corroborates Pulakeshin II's success against emperor

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against Harsha. When Harsha decided to take action against these three kingdoms, their rulers probably sought the protection of Pulakeshin. Pulakeshin may have granted asylum to Harsha's adversaries.

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declares that "the whole world was enveloped in the darkness that was the enemies". Pulakeshin subjugated these enemies, and established the Chalukyas as the dominant power in the Indian peninsula.

1747:. When his generals were defeated, they were not punished, but were humiliated by being ordered to wear women's dresses. The soldiers who lost a battle would commit suicide as a matter of honour. 1695:

inscription states that the Aluka ruler Gunasagara, a Chalukya vassal, came from Mangalapura (identified with modern Mangalagiri in Guntur district) to Kallura after undergoing several hardships.

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suggest that the Maitrakas controlled at least a part of the Malava territory. Thus, the Malavas may have been Maitraka vassals or independent rulers before they accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty.

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region (in southern Gujarat), also seems to have asserted his independence. Vijaya-varman's 643 CE Kheda (Kaira) inscription records a land grant without any reference to a Chalukya overlord.

1997:, Pulakeshin acquired control of a large part of the eastern Deccan region, extending from Vishakhapatnam in north to Nellore and Guntur in the south. Pulakeshin appointed his younger brother 1724:, but he does not mention any conflict between the two states, presumably because he was not aware of major political changes or because his main interest was Buddhism rather than politics. 2045:

of present-day Iran. Pulakeshin sent expensive presents and letters to Khusrow II and his sons, during the 26th regnal year of the Sasanian emperor. This embassy can be dated to c. 625 CE.

1670:), whose water turned red with the blood of those killed in the war. These inscriptions do not name Pulakeshin's rival in these conflicts, but modern scholars identify him as a king of the 2189:

The Aihole prashasti inscription, composed by Pulakeshin's court poet Ravikirtti, records the construction of a Jinendra temple by Ravikirtti, and lists Pulakeshin's military achievements.

2253:). The copper plates were purchased by Raghuvir Pai of Mumbai from a scrap-vendor of Bijapur in the 1990s. The inscription was unreadable because of corrosion, but Shreenand L. Bapat of 1774:, and were several hundred feet high. Around 5,000 Buddhist monks lived in over 100 monasteries in the empire; in particular, Xuanzang describes a large monastery identified with the 450: 1240:

Pulakeshin ended the Kadamba dynasty and annexed their territory to his empire. He divided this territory among his vassals: the major part of the Kadamba kingdom was granted to the

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Some earlier scholars, such as D. Devahuti dated the conflict to 630s CE, but this is no longer considered correct after the publication of the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription in 2017.

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The Pimpalner copper-plate inscription, considered spurious for the same reasons as the Lakshmeshvara inscription, records the grant of the Pippalanagara to Nagarasvami Dikshita.

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captured Vatapi in c. 642–643 CE. The Pallava occupation of Vatapi is attested by an inscription found at the Mallikarjunadeva temple in Badami, dated to the 13th regnal year of

1444:, who ruled over much of northern India. The inscriptions of Pulakeshin's successors prominently mention this victory even when they ignore his other military achievements. 560: 1970:

of the Vindhyas. However, there is no evidence that he was able to annex the extreme southern kingdoms of the Cholas, the Keralas (Cheras), and the Pandyas to his empire.

1895:. According to one theory, this arrangement may have happened with the approval of Pulakeshin, who did not want his brother to wage a war of succession like Mangalesha. 1452:

The date of the war between Harsha and Pulakeshin has been debated by modern scholars. The Kandalgaon copper-plate inscription, dated to Pulakeshin's fifth regnal year (

2281:

The Lakshmeshvara inscription records the grant of a field to the chaitya of Shankha Jinendra. It is considered spurious because of "late script and irregular dating".

2203:(province) to a Brahmana named Maheshvara. It refers to Pulakeshin's maternal uncle and vassal king Shrivallabha Sena-nanda-raja, who belonged to the Sendraka dynasty. 550: 1604:, in a bid to invade Harsha's kingdom, but was unsuccessful, which may explain why only two inscriptions from Pulakeshin's reign mention his conflict with Harsha. 1300:

Kadambas, Pulakeshin assigned a major part of the former Kadamba territory to his Alupa vassal, who according to historian Moraes, may have been Kundavarammarasa.

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The Jain religion seems to have enjoyed considerable patronage at the hands of the Early Chalukyas. Thus Pulakesin II patronised a certain Jain poet Ravikirti.

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The Yekkeri rock inscription, which was probably issued in Pulakeshin's first regnal year, contains land records in certain towns said to be owned by the god

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The Maruturu grant inscription records the grant of the Maruturu village at the instance of the Aluka vassal ruler, and notices the occupation of Pishtapura.

530: 440: 4296: 1578:, presumably to avoid portraying his patron in a negative light. However, Pulakeshin's success against Harsha is confirmed by other independent sources. 1172:

month. According to modern calculations, this solar eclipse took place on 21 May 616 CE, which would mean that Pulakeshin ascended the throne in 609 CE.

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correct: the painting, which does indeed include the visit of foreigners in Persian or Sasanian dress, actually depicts a scene from the Maha-sudarsana

1758:(modern Bharuch). This description does not fit the Chalukya capital Vatapi (modern Badami). Modern scholars identify the city mentioned by Xuanzang as 5470: 620: 500: 1154:

The matter is further complicated by the Maruturu inscription, which is dated to Pulakeshin's eighth regnal year, and was issued on the occasion of a

1415:(Malava) region in central India. According to the Chinese traveler Xuanzang, Malava ("Mo-la-po") was an independent kingdom, but the records of the 660: 2186:

The Kopparam copper-plate inscription, dated to Pulakeshin's 21st regnal year, records the grant of a village in Karma-rashtra region to a Brahmana.

1498:) does not mention the conflict. Based on this, Bapat and Sohoni theorize that the conflict took place between November 618 CE and February 619 CE. 5172: 630: 570: 510: 410: 1304:

region. The 692 CE Sorab inscription describes Gunasagara's son Chitra-vahana as an "Alupa", which suggests that "Aluka" is a variant of "Alupa".

4097:"The Bijapur-Mumbai copperplate grant of Călukya ruler Pulakeśin II, dated April 04, 619 CE, mentioning his triumph over emperor Harṣavardhana" 2105:

shrines now called the Upper Shivalaya, the Lower Shivalaya, and Malegitti Shivalaya, started during his reign. The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim

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inscription calls him "Ereyatiyadigal" (or "Ereyitiyadigal"), and the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription mentions the variant "Eraja". Historian

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The Aihole inscription states that the rulers of Koshala and Kalinga accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty without offering any resistance.

1221:(divide and conquer), and bestowed favours upon Govinda while alienating Appayika. Govinda became his ally, and Appayika was defeated. 2988:"Vijayaditya's charter showing that the Sanskrit poetess Shilabhattarika was a Chalukya princess, and three more copperplate charters" 590: 430: 5095: 4933: 2241:(praise) of the dynasty and its kings. The granted land was located in the Brahmana-Vataviya villages situated on the banks of the 600: 540: 520: 5551: 2434:

Pulkesin II patronized the Jaina temple at Aihole, an event immortalized by the poet Ravikirti in an inscription from that place.

2353: 1522:: this enmity probably continued during the reign of Harsha. The Malava king played a role in the murder of Harsha's predecessor 718: 5130: 4918: 2254: 1341: 380: 5102: 4690: 4283: 4214: 4190: 4144: 4123: 4085: 4023: 3983: 3962: 3938: 3792: 2893: 1941: 5582: 5445: 1800: 1750:

According to Xuanzang, the empire's capital (not named by Xuanzang) was situated to the east of a large river, around 1000

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Pulakeshin had multiple sons, and the order of succession after him is not clear from the available historical evidence:

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had carved out an independent kingdom in the eastern part of the Chalukya empire, resulting in the establishment of the

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According to scholars Shreenand L. Bapat and Pradeep S. Sohoni, the "Malavas" mentioned in the Chalukya record were the

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A Kannada-language inscription from Bellary district "specifies the land measure and the coin to be used at Kurumgodu".

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year 534), and was issued during the third year of his reign, which suggests that he must have ascended the throne in

4237: 2918: 1396:. Alternatively, it is possible that these three rulers accepted Mangalesha's suzerainty after his victory over the 5592: 5460: 5081: 2257:

cleaned it and published it in 2017. It is written in Sanskrit language and inscribed in a southern variety of the

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The following inscriptions are attributed to Pulakeshin's reign, but are considered spurious by modern scholars:

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and Mauryas of Konkan, and later rebelled taking advantage of the conflict between Pulakeshin and Mangalesha.

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to gain control of the throne. He suppressed a rebellion by Appayika and Govinda, and decisively defeated the

5412: 4978: 4488: 1978:, they may have been the Maharashtra proper (a large part of present-day Maharashtra), Konkana, and Karnata. 5508: 5430: 5197: 5165: 4928: 4374: 4356: 4338: 4318: 1595:

The Aihole inscription poetically states that Pulakeshin's elephants had to avoid the neighbourhood of the

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revolves around the historical events of the Chalukya emperor, Pulakeshin II, laying siege to Kanchi, and

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recognized his suzerainty. He consolidated the Chalukya control over the western coast by subjugating the

5440: 5109: 4938: 4775: 2049: 1639: 949: 1400:, and the Aihole inscription simply refers to Pulakeshin reaffirming the Chalukya suzerainty over them. 5435: 5399: 4365: 4347: 4327: 1253: 1207: 936:

The most notable military achievement of Pulakeshin was his victory over the powerful northern emperor

17: 1650:, is not certain either. Historian Durga Prasad Dikshit suggests that he was probably a member of the 1007:: Pulikeśin) and Polekeshin (IAST: Polekeśin). "Ereya" appears to have been another of his names: the 5192: 5179: 4428: 4408: 4279: 4255: 4247: 1082:. When Kirttivarman died, Pulakeshin appears to have been a minor, as Kirttivarman's younger brother 940:, whose failure to conquer the Chalukyan territories to the south is attested by the Chinese pilgrim 2415:

The Western Chalukyas of Vatapi, Pulkesin II and Vikramaditya I, were also great patrons of Jainism.

5572: 5187: 5123: 4747: 4712: 4707: 4641: 4384: 2488: 2427: 2408: 1397: 995:. He patronized several Jaina scholars, including Ravikirtti, who composed his Aihole inscription. 1739:

by birth. His well-disciplined troops comprised several thousands of men, and several hundreds of

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According to the Aihole inscription and the Maruturu inscription, Pulakeshin invaded and captured

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under the name kadamba-mandala; the Nagarakhanda division of Banavasi was given to the Sendrakas.

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The Chiplun copper-plate inscription records the grant of the Amravatavaka village in Avaretika

1426:(or Bharuch), and the Gurjara ruler who accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty was probably Dadda II. 5587: 5207: 5116: 4910: 4536: 4473: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4033: 2363: 2278:

different from other Chalukya inscriptions, and it contains a faulty description of Pulakeshin.

1743:. The elephants, who were intoxicated with wine before battles, were used to break the enemy's 1510: 1467: 1203: 4225: 4204: 4180: 4134: 4113: 3994: 2468: 1909:

inscription, which describes him as a powerful ruler and gives him imperial titles. Historian

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rule. The Aihole inscription does not mention the name of the subjugated ruler, but historian

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The most notable military achievement of Pulakeshin was his victory over the powerful emperor

4838: 4676: 4478: 4075: 3952: 3782: 2358: 1820: 1671: 1654:. Historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri suggests that he may have been a Vishnukundina feudatory. 1651: 1389: 1313: 953: 930: 906: 312: 4013: 1735:

According to Xuanzang, the emperor was war-like and loved "military arts", because he was a

5577: 5498: 5422: 5365: 5235: 4866: 4717: 4453: 4433: 2368: 2315: 1998: 1888: 1687: 1600:

S. Sohoni, the inscription suggests that Pulakeshin's army subsequently tried to cross the

1488: 1459:), mentions the conflict, but this inscription is regarded as spurious by modern scholars. 1264: 1210:. This branch may have become subordinate to the Chalukyas after facing invasions from the 1090: 957: 370: 8: 5385: 5355: 4823: 4805: 4742: 4722: 4646: 4621: 4468: 4322: 4154: 2320: 2230:

The Bijapur-Mumbai copper-plate grant inscription records a land grant to Nagasharman of

1990:

and neighbouring areas as his vassal, as attested by the Abhona and Kasare inscriptions.

1958: 1944:, a younger brother of Vikramaditya, is attested by the 671 CE Navsari grant inscription. 1542: 147: 2495:

Pulakeshin was a Vaishanavite Hindu, as attested by the Lohner copper-plate inscription.

2209:

The fragmentary Badami rock inscription refers to the "victorious metropolis" of Vatapi.

5523: 5295: 5137: 5089: 4699: 4458: 4400: 4077:

Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the Seventh and Eighth Centuries A.D.

2126: 2089:

Colonizers in Persia. They settled on the West coast of the Deccan and established the

2082: 1892: 1791: 1778:

by modern scholars. Xuanzang adds that the emperor also had temples of "heretics" who "

1515: 1182: 1094: 918: 817: 788: 5503: 5340: 5051: 4770: 4765: 4757: 4737: 4601: 4586: 4423: 4233: 4210: 4206:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

4186: 4140: 4119: 4081: 4062: 4043: 4019: 4000: 3979: 3958: 3934: 3788: 2914: 2889: 2324: 1925: 1876: 1864: 1435: 973: 961: 768: 650: 460: 400: 361: 291: 116: 4095:

Shreenand L. Bapat; Pradeep S. Sohoni (2017). S. S. Bahulkar; Shilpa Sumant (eds.).

1847:

inscription records Pulakeshin's grant of the Elpattu Simbhige village in Bana-raja-

972:

in the south, but was ultimately defeated during an invasion by the Pallava monarch

5513: 5493: 5488: 5360: 5001: 4871: 4833: 4813: 4780: 4732: 4661: 4596: 4556: 4531: 4526: 4378: 4360: 2154: 1986:

and neighbouring areas as his loyal feudatory. The family of Alla-shakti ruled the

1910: 1833: 1816: 1795: 1721: 1550: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1423: 1416: 1169: 1035: 879: 863: 390: 192: 182: 68: 2212:

The Hirebidri (Dharwar district) stone inscription records a land grant by Tiraka.

2180:

The Satara grant inscription of Vishnu-vardhana refers to him as the crown-prince.

2125:

temple at Aihole was also built during his reign, by Ravikirrti, who composed the

1957:

Chalukya territories during the reign of Pulakeshin II, as estimated by historian

1344:, who deciphered this inscription, identifies her with the renowned Sanskrit poet 960:

as the governor of eastern Deccan; this brother later established the independent

5478: 5265: 5240: 5151: 4948: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4853: 4843: 4828: 4785: 4671: 4666: 4591: 4576: 4169: 4158: 4056: 4037: 3973: 3928: 2090: 2074: 2039: 1812: 1616: 1357: 1345: 1332: 1230: 1143:

The exact year of his ascension is debated among modern scholars. The 610–611 CE

969: 945: 914: 894: 748: 490: 332: 2339: 2004:

After Pulakeshin's death, the Chalukya governor Vijaya-varman, who ruled in the

5531: 5380: 5370: 5305: 5300: 5031: 4896: 4818: 4795: 4790: 4727: 4656: 4571: 4463: 4413: 4369: 4342: 2298: 2242: 1938:(655–680) restored the Chalukya power, and recaptured Vatapi from the Pallavas. 1935: 1679: 1647: 1635:

theorizes that he may have been the Panduvamshi king Mahashivagupta Balarjuna.

1479: 1441: 1393: 1328: 1263:, who was on a proselytizing mission to Islamize the whole world. He appointed 1079: 937: 886: 758: 708: 470: 342: 302: 231: 157: 131: 1003:

Two variants of Pulakeshin's name appear in the Chalukya records: Pulikeshin (

874:, India). During his reign, the Chalukya Empire expanded to cover most of the 5566: 5255: 5250: 5225: 5056: 5046: 5011: 4986: 4968: 4631: 4501: 4418: 4390: 4351: 4200: 4066: 4047: 3948: 2269:

month of Pulakeshin's ninth regnal year, which corresponds to 4 April 619 CE.

2258: 2005: 1994: 1924:(c.646–649?) attested by the Nerur and Kochre grant inscriptions of his wife 1915: 1755: 1740: 1683: 1559: 1523: 1509:

The cause of the war between Harsha and Pulakeshin is not certain. Historian

1381: 1369: 1293: 1241: 1155: 1066:

calls him Paramesa or Pharmis, probably a Persian transcription of his title

922: 902: 798: 738: 271: 56: 2331: 1832:. The Kashakudi inscription of the Pallavas states that the Pallava Monarch 5350: 5285: 5230: 4953: 4651: 4606: 4541: 4506: 4004: 2307: 2219: 2062: 2053: 2027: 1975: 1844: 1775: 1766:

in and around the capital city: these stupas had been built by the earlier

1667: 1632: 1620: 1327:

married his daughter to Pulakeshin; she was the mother of Pulakeshin's son

1211: 1114: 1109: 1008: 728: 221: 121: 3174: 2192:

The undated Tummeyanaru grant inscription of Pulakeshin bestows the title

1805:"The defeat of Pulakeshin II, the Chalukya, by Mahamalla Pallava at Badami 5483: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5275: 5260: 5220: 4636: 3599: 3539: 3481: 3418: 3215: 3213: 3079: 3077: 3075: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2388: 2078: 1829: 1589: 1199: 1195: 992: 778: 698: 322: 171: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3435: 3433: 3355: 3353: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3062: 3060: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 5270: 5066: 5016: 4611: 4182:

Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage

3650: 3638: 2948: 2886:

In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire

2224: 2042: 1953: 1872: 1744: 1663: 1519: 1147:

grant inscription, which refers to an unnamed Chalukya overlord titled

1083: 890: 688: 241: 95: 4277: 4160:

A Concise History of Karnataka: From Pre-historic Times to the Present

3889: 3210: 3072: 2716: 2563: 2021: 1871:. Pulakeshin was probably killed, when a Pallava force led by General 1217:

According to the Aihole inscription, Pulakeshin adopted the policy of

5330: 5290: 5061: 4996: 4991: 4546: 4521: 4301: 4287: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3616: 3614: 3563: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3493: 3430: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3225: 3198: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3118: 3089: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3030: 3028: 3015: 3013: 2998: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2834: 2822: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2766: 2764: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2651: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2598: 2266: 2238: 2162:

Following inscriptions from Pulakeshin's reign have been discovered:

2158:

The Aihole inscription composed by Pulakeshin's court poet Ravikirtti

2035: 1751: 1736: 1365: 1336: 1324: 1130: 1126: 1063: 871: 4096: 3909:"Seeing beyond Shivaji: Activists push for Pulikeshi II. Learn More" 2987: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 5335: 5158: 4958: 4626: 4551: 4516: 3978:. Delhi: Indian Institute of Advanced Study / Motilal Banarsidass. 2551: 2231: 2143: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101:

He was tolerant of other sects and faiths. The construction of the

2057: 1987: 1966: 1837: 1704: 1601: 1596: 1582: 1317: 1234: 1164: 1159: 1059: 1033:("King of great kings"). Besides, he also used the family epithets 988: 984: 941: 910: 898: 211: 3852: 3703: 3691: 3611: 3587: 3575: 3505: 3469: 3331: 3314: 3281: 3254: 3186: 3147: 3130: 3106: 3040: 3025: 3010: 2960: 2927: 2858: 2846: 2810: 2776: 2761: 2728: 2685: 2622: 2038:, Pulakeshin ("Pharmis") maintained diplomatic relations with the 1247: 30:"Immadi Pulikeshi" redirects here. For the 1967 Kannada film, see 5375: 5026: 5021: 4561: 3806: 3804: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3735: 3733: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3626: 3457: 2517: 2262: 2246: 2122: 2086: 1906: 1848: 1779: 1767: 1717: 1385: 1331:. The Gangas probably hoped to gain Chalukya support against the 1280: 1272: 1102: 926: 167: 142: 3877: 2675: 2673: 2429:

Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Volume XXI

2327:

avenging this by attacking Vatapi, the capital of the Chalukyas.

2030:

cave painting, but this theory is no longer considered correct.

1015:

theorizes that Ereya was the pre-coronation name of Pulakeshin.

5245: 5041: 5036: 4963: 4511: 4496: 3930:

History: BA (Hons) Semester II Course Pack, University of Delhi

3445: 3372: 3370: 3368: 2066: 1983: 1868: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1709: 1643: 1624: 1404:

governor Vijaya-varma-raja over Lata is attested by his 643 CE

1361: 1312:

The Aihole inscription credits Pulakeshin with subjugating the

1292:

According to the Aihole inscription, Pulakeshin subjugated the

1268: 1052: 875: 867: 4174:. Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies / B.R. 3801: 3762: 3745: 3730: 3662: 3551: 3408: 3406: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2510:

The Eastern Chalukyan Inscriptions a Social and Cultural Study

5280: 5215: 4566: 2670: 2234: 2167: 2139: 1546: 1487:

date. The earlier Satara inscription of Pulakeshin's brother

1412: 1405: 1380:

The Aihole inscription states that Pulakeshin subjugated the

980: 965: 4036:(1960). "The Chaḷukyās of Bādāmi". In Ghulam Yazdani (ed.). 3840: 3816: 3365: 3242: 2541: 2539: 2377:, a Kannada-language film based on the life of Pulakeshin II 3926: 3679: 3403: 3382: 2793: 2610: 2394: 1729: 1276: 1004: 848: 3828: 2586: 2911:

Indian Resistance to Early Muslim Invaders Up to 1206 A.D

2536: 2245:(identified with modern Brahmangaon and Wadvali, east of 1144: 4015:

Unfolding A Mandala: The Buddhist Cave Temples at Ellora

2261:. It was issued on the occasion of a lunar eclipse on a 4094: 3895: 3219: 3180: 3083: 2580: 2065:, in which the enthroned king can be identified as the 4032: 3605: 3545: 3533: 3499: 3487: 3439: 3424: 3359: 3308: 3124: 3100: 2828: 2664: 2645: 2506: 968:. Pulakeshin also achieved some successes against the 1887:

By 641 CE, during Pulakeshin's lifetime, his brother

4168:

T. V. Mahalingam (1977). "Aditya and Vikramaditya".

4101:

Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

3992: 3871: 3724: 3712: 3656: 3644: 3620: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3516: 3475: 3344: 3325: 3296: 3275: 3263: 3236: 3204: 3192: 3168: 3156: 3141: 3112: 3066: 3051: 3034: 3019: 3004: 2973: 2954: 2942: 2871: 2852: 2840: 2816: 2787: 2770: 2755: 2743: 2722: 2710: 2633: 2604: 2557: 2530: 4153: 3781:Publishing, Britannica Educational (1 April 2010). 3697: 2113:monasteries in his empire; over 5,000 monks – both 1785: 944:. In the east, Pulakeshin subjugated the rulers of 1686:valley, and appointed his younger brother 'Kubja' 1356:Pulakeshin's father Kirttivarman had defeated the 3971: 3810: 3787:. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 96. 2034:According to the ninth-century Persian historian 2016: 1055:, as attested by his Bijapur-Mumbai inscription. 5564: 4167: 3673: 3632: 1570:The Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin boasts the 1411:The Malavas ruled in and around the present-day 4223: 3768: 3756: 3739: 2449:The Early History Of The Deccan Pat I–VI (1960) 2073:The good relations between the Indians and the 1836:defeated an unnamed enemy at Pallalura (modern 1807:", an artistic depiction of Pulakeshin's defeat 1526:, and also killed Harsha's brother-in-law, the 1375: 1340:January–February 717 CE. Shreenand L. Bapat of 1248:Repulsion of the First Arab Caliphatic Invasion 4111: 4073: 4011: 3822: 3463: 3412: 2473:. Srinivasa Varadachari, Madras. p. 168. 1607: 1062:calls him Pu-lo-ki-she. The Persian historian 1018:Satyashraya ("refuge of truth"), a hereditary 983:, but was tolerant of other faiths, including 4263: 4199: 4178: 3975:Musical instruments in sculpture in Karnataka 3947: 3883: 3846: 3685: 3557: 3376: 3248: 2804: 2310:which was based on the life of Pulakeshin II. 1229:Pulakeshin's predecessors had subjugated the 1078:Pulakeshin was a son of the Chalukya monarch 825: 4132: 4054: 3996:Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami 3834: 3451: 3397: 2679: 2616: 2592: 2545: 2371:, a historical novel featuring Pulakeshin II 1867:, ultimately besieged the Chalukyan capital 4042:. Vol. I–VI. Oxford University Press. 2513:. Sri Venkateswara University. p. 143. 4270: 4256: 3780: 2490:The Journal of the U.P. historical society 2486: 2445: 2410:The Journal of the U.P. historical society 2406: 2081:refugees, who were severely persecuted by 1025:The imperial titles of Pulakeshin include 832: 818: 3954:The First Spring: The Golden Age of India 2121:– lived in these monasteries. The Meguti 1732:if they or their families were insulted. 2452:. Oxford University Press. p. 144. 2338: 2330: 2153: 2020: 1952: 1799: 1657: 1491:, issued during his eighth regnal year ( 1224: 2909:Mishra, Dr. Ram Gopal (December 1992). 2883: 2354:Political history of medieval Karnataka 1974:is not certain: according to historian 1948: 1188: 14: 5565: 2908: 2343:Painting of Pulakeshin II in Bengaluru 2255:Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 2132: 2048:In the 1870s, architectural historian 1642:, which includes parts of present-day 1429: 1342:Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 921:also credits him with subjugating the 4251: 2985: 2288: 2129:engraved on the wall of this temple. 2077:encouraged the migration to India of 1518:, as attested by Harsha's court poet 1351: 1175: 3927:Rimjhim Sharma, Anish Kumar (2012). 2466: 2313:The Tamil-language historical novel 2011: 1815:were the southern neighbours of the 1422:The Gurjaras were most probably the 1307: 1120: 1047:. Pulakeshin also assumed the title 4115:The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang 3896:P. S. Sohoni & S. L. Bapat 2017 3220:P. S. Sohoni & S. L. Bapat 2017 3181:P. S. Sohoni & S. L. Bapat 2017 3084:P. S. Sohoni & S. L. Bapat 2017 2581:P. S. Sohoni & S. L. Bapat 2017 2096: 1698: 1504: 998: 24: 2109:mentions that there were over 100 1863:The Pallavas, during the reign of 1615:Koshala here can be identified as 1279:. Usman sent his brother Hakam to 956:monarch, he appointed his brother 25: 5614: 4230:Ajanta: The end of the Golden Age 2986:Bapat, Shreenand (January 2023). 2335:Statue of Pulakeshin II in Badami 2227:, who bore the title Ranavikrama. 2052:theorized that a painting at the 1674:, which ruled in Andhra Pradesh. 1051:("Supreme Lord") after defeating 889:, Pulakeshin overthrew his uncle 4278: 4171:Readings in South Indian History 3901: 2395:Rimjhim Sharma, Anish Kumar 2012 1905:(c.643–645?) is attested by his 1786:War with the Pallavas and defeat 1627:), which was probably under the 1562:before being forced to retreat. 451:Vijayaditya I (Eastern Chalukya) 27:Chalukya Emperor from 610 to 642 4039:The Early History of the Deccan 3972:B. Chaitanya Deva, ed. (1989). 3919: 3774: 2979: 2902: 2877: 2507:K.V. Madhusudana Reddy (1993). 2149: 1860:Manimangala, near Kanchipuram. 1852: 4332:Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate 2500: 2480: 2460: 2439: 2420: 2400: 2017:Relations with Sassanid Persia 1368:(Elephanta) or Rajapuri (near 1149:Shri-prithvi-vallabha Maharaja 1089:The inscriptions of the later 1073: 885:A son of the Chalukya monarch 13: 1: 5413:List of people from Karnataka 3993:Durga Prasad Dikshit (1980). 2381: 1882: 1728:disloyalty, and called for a 1720:state before arriving in the 1549:region. The expansion of the 1492: 1471: 1453: 1134: 1129:inscription is dated 613 CE ( 852: 78: 5509:Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award 4139:. Vol. 1. Ocean Books. 1942:Dharashraya Jayasimha-varman 1376:Latas, Malavas, and Gurjaras 1113:identifies Ranavikrama as a 858:–642 CE) popularly known as 7: 5583:7th-century Indian monarchs 4209:. Pearson Education India. 3933:. Pearson Education India. 3606:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1960 3546:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1960 3534:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1960 3500:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1960 3488:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1960 3440:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1960 3425:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1960 3360:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1960 3309:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1960 3125:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1960 3101:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1960 2884:Hoyland, Robert.G. (2015). 2829:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1960 2665:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1960 2646:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1960 2347: 1713: 1608:Dakshina Kosala and Kalinga 136:Dharashraya Jayasimhavarman 10: 5619: 2487:Chatterjee, C. D. (1955). 2407:Chatterjee, C. D. (1955). 1789: 1433: 1408:copper-plate inscription. 1254:Umayyad campaigns in India 1251: 1208:Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta 29: 5522: 5469: 5421: 5394: 5206: 5193:Kannada Sahitya Sammelana 5080: 4977: 4909: 4852: 4804: 4756: 4698: 4685: 4487: 4399: 4309: 4294: 3872:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3725:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3713:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3657:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3645:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3621:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3594:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3582:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3570:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3517:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3476:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3345:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3326:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3297:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3276:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3264:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3237:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3205:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3193:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3169:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3157:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3142:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3113:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3067:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3052:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3035:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3020:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 3005:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2974:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2955:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2943:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2872:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2853:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2841:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2817:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2788:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2771:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2756:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2744:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2723:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2711:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2634:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2605:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2558:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 2531:Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980 1893:Chalukya dynasty of Vengi 1638:The name of the ruler of 1565: 1534:ruler Dadda II aided the 1287: 1202:. According to historian 163: 153: 141: 115: 111: 101: 91: 74: 67: 46: 41: 5188:Kannada Sahitya Parishat 4642:Unification of Karnataka 4224:Walter M. Spink (2005). 3698:Suryanath U. Kamath 1980 1530:ruler Graha-varman. The 962:Eastern Chalukya dynasty 5593:Indian military leaders 5408:Karnataka ethnic groups 5346:Krishnaraja Wadiyar III 4112:Sally Wriggins (2008). 4074:Lal Mani Joshi (1987). 4061:. Agam Kala Prakashan. 4012:G. H. Malandra (1993). 3957:. Penguin Books India. 2467:Mookerji, Radhakumund. 2375:Immadi Pulikeshi (film) 1462:Some scholars, such as 1447: 1335:, who had captured the 1198:) river in present-day 870:(present-day Badami in 32:Immadi Pulikeshi (film) 4179:Tsai Chiashan (2006). 4034:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 3811:B. Chaitanya Deva 1989 2364:History of South India 2344: 2336: 2206:The Nerur inscription. 2159: 2031: 1962: 1873:Shiruttondar Paranjoti 1808: 1716:). He had visited the 1511:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1468:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1204:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 952:. After defeating the 52:Shri-prithvi-vallabha 4677:Western Ganga dynasty 4226:"The Persian Embassy" 4163:. Archana Prakashana. 4133:Sandhya Jain (2011). 4080:Motilal Banarsidass. 4055:K. V. Ramesh (1984). 3674:T. V. Mahalingam 1977 3633:T. V. Mahalingam 1977 2359:Timeline of Karnataka 2342: 2334: 2157: 2024: 1956: 1803: 1672:Vishnukundina dynasty 1658:Vishnukundina dynasty 1652:Eastern Ganga dynasty 1581:The Chinese traveler 1470:, date the battle to 1225:Recapture of Banavasi 1058:The Chinese traveler 1036:Shri-prithvi-vallabha 481:Kali Vishnuvardhana V 48:Karnataka Kulatilaka 5499:Rajyotsava Prashasti 5366:K. S. Narasimhaswamy 3784:The History of India 3769:Walter M. Spink 2005 3757:Walter M. Spink 2005 3740:Walter M. Spink 2005 2992:Tarun Bharat, Mumbai 2369:Sivagamiyin sabadham 2316:Sivagamiyin Sapatham 1993:After defeating the 1965:The Chinese pilgrim 1949:Extent of the Empire 1703:The Chinese pilgrim 1284:India was defeated. 1189:Appayika and Govinda 1091:Chalukyas of Kalyani 993:Vaishnavite Hinduism 371:Kubja Vishnuvardhana 5386:G. S. Shivarudrappa 5356:Gopalakrishna Adiga 5007:Chitrakala Parishat 4934:Dams and reservoirs 4806:Kalaburagi division 4647:Vijayanagara Empire 4622:Rashtrakuta dynasty 4537:Chitradurga Nayakas 4323:Emblem of Karnataka 4185:. Rhythms Monthly. 4155:Suryanath U. Kamath 4058:Chalukyas of Vātāpi 3911:. 30 November 2021. 3886:, pp. 554–555. 3823:Lal Mani Joshi 1987 3659:, pp. 116–119. 3647:, pp. 114–116. 3608:, pp. 216–217. 3548:, pp. 217–218. 3490:, pp. 215–216. 3466:, pp. 132–134. 3464:Sally Wriggins 2008 3454:, pp. 266–267. 3427:, pp. 218–219. 3413:G. H. Malandra 1993 3183:, pp. 208–209. 2957:, pp. 103–104. 2446:Yazdani G. (1960). 2321:Kalki Krishnamurthy 2251:Aurangabad district 2133:Cultural activities 1959:Suryanath U. Kamath 1545:who controlled the 1516:Prabhakara-vardhana 1430:Victory over Harsha 1261:Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb 862:, was the greatest 148:Chalukyas of Vatapi 5296:Nijaguna Shivayogi 4700:Bangalore division 4136:The India They Saw 3884:Upinder Singh 2008 3847:Upinder Singh 2008 3686:Abraham Eraly 2011 3558:Abraham Eraly 2011 3377:Tsai Chiashan 2006 3249:Upinder Singh 2008 2805:Abraham Eraly 2011 2725:, pp. 48, 51. 2345: 2337: 2289:In popular culture 2160: 2127:Aihole inscription 2032: 1963: 1809: 1792:Battle of Pullalur 1782:on their bodies". 1358:Mauryas of Konkana 1352:Mauryas of Konkana 1267:, of the tribe of 1183:Aihole inscription 1176:Military conquests 1095:Aihole inscription 919:Aihole inscription 915:Mauryas of Konkana 901:in the south. The 789:Jagadhekamalla III 531:Beta Vijayaditya V 441:Vishnuvardhana III 401:Vishnu Vardhana II 183:Chalukya dynasties 5560: 5559: 5504:Jakanachari Award 5341:Shishunala Sharif 5052:Togalu gombeyaata 4905: 4904: 4758:Belagavi division 4602:Kingdom of Mysore 4582:Kalyani Chalukyas 4391:Southern birdwing 4216:978-81-317-1677-9 4192:978-986-81419-8-8 4146:978-81-8430-106-9 4125:978-0-7867-2544-1 4087:978-81-208-0281-0 4025:978-0-7914-1355-5 3985:978-81-208-0641-2 3964:978-0-670-08478-4 3940:978-93-325-1157-6 3835:K. V. Ramesh 1984 3794:978-1-61530-201-7 3727:, pp. 95–96. 3635:, pp. 75–76. 3572:, pp. 96–97. 3560:, pp. 58–59. 3452:Sandhya Jain 2011 3398:Sandhya Jain 2011 3278:, pp. 90–91. 3239:, pp. 80–81. 3207:, pp. 81–83. 3171:, pp. 87–88. 3069:, pp. 83–84. 3007:, pp. 78–78. 2895:978-0-19-991636-8 2843:, pp. 73–74. 2758:, pp. 48–49. 2682:, pp. 76–77. 2680:K. V. Ramesh 1984 2617:Sandhya Jain 2011 2607:, pp. 67–68. 2593:K. V. Ramesh 1984 2546:K. V. Ramesh 1984 2325:Narasimhavarman I 2237:, and includes a 2012:Foreign relations 1926:Vijaya-Bhattarika 1877:Narasimhavarman I 1865:Narasimhavarman I 1597:Vindhya mountains 1436:Battle of Narmada 1308:Gangas of Talakad 1121:Date of ascension 985:Shaivite Hinduism 974:Narasimhavarman I 866:who reigned from 864:Chalukyan Emperor 842: 841: 807: 806: 769:Jagadhekamalla II 680:Western Chalukyas 669: 668: 651:Rajaraja Narendra 581:Chalukya Bhima II 461:Vishnuvardhana IV 362:Eastern Chalukyas 351: 350: 292:Vijaya-Bhattarika 177: 176: 129:Ranaragha-varman 16:(Redirected from 5610: 5514:Kempegowda Award 5494:Basava Puraskara 5489:Nrupatunga Award 5361:V. Seetharamaiah 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5131:Western Chalukya 5126: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5072:Mysore musicians 5002:Channapatna toys 4919:Cities and towns 4872:Dakshina Kannada 4696: 4695: 4662:Veera Ballala II 4597:Kittur Chennamma 4557:Kingdom of Coorg 4532:Chalukya dynasty 4282: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4220: 4196: 4175: 4164: 4150: 4129: 4108: 4091: 4070: 4051: 4029: 4008: 3989: 3968: 3944: 3913: 3912: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3799: 3798: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3743: 3737: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3520: 3514: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3401: 3395: 3380: 3374: 3363: 3357: 3348: 3342: 3329: 3323: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3223: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3145: 3139: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3087: 3081: 3070: 3064: 3055: 3049: 3038: 3032: 3023: 3017: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2925: 2924: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2791: 2785: 2774: 2768: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2683: 2677: 2668: 2662: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2534: 2528: 2515: 2514: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2470:History of India 2464: 2458: 2457: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2303:Immadi Pulikeshi 2097:Religious policy 2040:Sasanian Emperor 1911:T. V. Mahalingam 1834:Mahendravarman I 1796:Battle of Vatapi 1699:Xuanzang's visit 1554:and Pulakeshin. 1536:Maitraka dynasty 1505:Cause of the war 1497: 1494: 1476: 1473: 1458: 1455: 1424:Gurjaras of Lata 1417:Maitraka dynasty 1323:The Ganga ruler 1139: 1136: 999:Names and titles 979:Pulakeshi was a 880:peninsular India 857: 854: 834: 827: 820: 685: 684: 621:Jata Choda Bhima 501:Chalukya Bhima I 391:Indra Bhattaraka 367: 366: 198: 197: 193:Badami Chalukyas 179: 178: 87: 83: 80: 69:Chalukya Emperor 39: 38: 21: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5573:Early Chalukyas 5563: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5518: 5479:Karnataka Ratna 5465: 5417: 5390: 5326:Jagannatha Dasa 5241:Devar Dasimayya 5202: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5076: 4973: 4901: 4854:Mysore division 4848: 4800: 4752: 4748:Chikkaballapura 4713:Bangalore Rural 4708:Bangalore Urban 4681: 4672:Vikramaditya VI 4667:Vikramaditya II 4592:Shivappa Nayaka 4577:Kadamba dynasty 4483: 4395: 4305: 4290: 4276: 4246: 4240: 4217: 4193: 4147: 4126: 4118:. Basic Books. 4088: 4026: 3986: 3965: 3941: 3922: 3917: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3746: 3738: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3523: 3515: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3404: 3396: 3383: 3375: 3366: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3332: 3324: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3226: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3090: 3082: 3073: 3065: 3058: 3050: 3041: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2928: 2921: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2794: 2786: 2777: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2686: 2678: 2671: 2663: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2537: 2529: 2518: 2505: 2501: 2493:. p. 117. 2485: 2481: 2465: 2461: 2444: 2440: 2432:. p. 219. 2426: 2425: 2421: 2413:. p. 117. 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2350: 2291: 2152: 2135: 2099: 2091:Parsi Community 2075:Sasanian Empire 2050:James Fergusson 2019: 2014: 1999:Vishnu-vardhana 1951: 1889:Vishnu-vardhana 1885: 1798: 1788: 1722:Chalukya Empire 1701: 1688:Vishnu-vardhana 1660: 1617:Dakshina Kosala 1610: 1568: 1507: 1495: 1489:Vishnu-vardhana 1474: 1456: 1450: 1442:Harsha-vardhana 1438: 1432: 1378: 1354: 1346:Shilabhattarika 1310: 1290: 1256: 1250: 1227: 1191: 1178: 1137: 1123: 1086:succeeded him. 1076: 1031:Maharajadhiraja 1001: 958:Vishnu-vardhana 946:Dakshina Kosala 860:Immaḍi Pulakeśi 855: 851:: Pulakeśhi r. 838: 809: 808: 749:Vikramaditya VI 682: 671: 670: 661:Vijayaditya VII 551:Vikramaditya II 491:Vijayaditya III 364: 353: 352: 333:Vikramaditya II 195: 170: 134: 130: 128: 124: 85: 81: 62:Karnatakeshwara 61: 59: 57:Maharajadhiraja 55: 53: 51: 49: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5616: 5606: 5605: 5603:Chalukya kings 5600: 5598:Hindu monarchs 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5528: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5446:National parks 5443: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5381:D. V. Gundappa 5378: 5373: 5371:M. Govinda Pai 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5306:Purandara Dasa 5303: 5301:Ratnakaravarni 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5212: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5032:Karnatik music 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4862:Chamarajanagar 4858: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4796:Uttara Kannada 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4693: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4657:Vishnuvardhana 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4587:Keladi Nayakas 4584: 4579: 4574: 4572:Hoysala Empire 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4493: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4474:Transportation 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4354: 4345: 4343:Asian elephant 4335: 4334: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4275: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4252: 4245: 4244: 4238: 4221: 4215: 4197: 4191: 4176: 4165: 4151: 4145: 4130: 4124: 4109: 4092: 4086: 4071: 4052: 4030: 4024: 4018:. SUNY Press. 4009: 3990: 3984: 3969: 3963: 3945: 3939: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3900: 3898:, p. 205. 3888: 3876: 3851: 3849:, p. 554. 3839: 3827: 3815: 3800: 3793: 3773: 3771:, p. 181. 3761: 3759:, p. 183. 3744: 3742:, p. 182. 3729: 3717: 3702: 3700:, p. 327. 3690: 3678: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3536:, p. 217. 3521: 3504: 3502:, p. 216. 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3442:, p. 219. 3429: 3417: 3402: 3400:, p. 266. 3381: 3379:, p. 428. 3364: 3362:, p. 218. 3349: 3330: 3313: 3311:, p. 215. 3301: 3280: 3268: 3253: 3251:, p. 555. 3241: 3224: 3222:, p. 209. 3209: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3146: 3129: 3127:, p. 213. 3117: 3105: 3103:, p. 214. 3088: 3086:, p. 208. 3071: 3056: 3039: 3024: 3009: 2997: 2978: 2959: 2947: 2926: 2919: 2901: 2894: 2876: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2831:, p. 212. 2821: 2809: 2792: 2775: 2760: 2748: 2727: 2715: 2684: 2669: 2667:, p. 211. 2650: 2648:, p. 209. 2638: 2621: 2619:, p. 246. 2609: 2597: 2585: 2583:, p. 207. 2562: 2560:, p. 279. 2550: 2535: 2516: 2499: 2479: 2459: 2438: 2419: 2399: 2397:, p. 134. 2386: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2349: 2346: 2329: 2328: 2311: 2295: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2271: 2270: 2243:Godavari River 2228: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2197: 2194:Paramaveshvara 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2151: 2148: 2134: 2131: 2103:Shaivite Hindu 2098: 2095: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1939: 1936:Vikramaditya I 1933: 1929: 1919: 1884: 1881: 1787: 1784: 1700: 1697: 1659: 1656: 1648:Andhra Pradesh 1609: 1606: 1576:Harsha-charita 1567: 1564: 1524:Rajya-vardhana 1506: 1503: 1480:Vikramaditya I 1449: 1446: 1431: 1428: 1394:Harshavardhana 1377: 1374: 1353: 1350: 1329:Vikramaditya I 1309: 1306: 1289: 1286: 1252:Main article: 1249: 1246: 1226: 1223: 1190: 1187: 1177: 1174: 1122: 1119: 1080:Kirttivarman I 1075: 1072: 1000: 997: 938:Harshavardhana 933:in the north. 887:Kirttivarman I 840: 839: 837: 836: 829: 822: 814: 811: 810: 805: 804: 801: 795: 794: 791: 785: 784: 781: 775: 774: 771: 765: 764: 761: 759:Someshvara III 755: 754: 751: 745: 744: 741: 735: 734: 731: 725: 724: 721: 715: 714: 711: 709:Vikramaditya V 705: 704: 701: 695: 694: 691: 683: 677: 676: 673: 672: 667: 666: 663: 657: 656: 653: 647: 646: 643: 637: 636: 633: 631:Shaktivarman I 627: 626: 623: 617: 616: 613: 607: 606: 603: 597: 596: 593: 587: 586: 583: 577: 576: 573: 571:Yuddhamalla II 567: 566: 563: 557: 556: 553: 547: 546: 543: 537: 536: 533: 527: 526: 523: 517: 516: 513: 511:Vijayaditya IV 507: 506: 503: 497: 496: 493: 487: 486: 483: 477: 476: 473: 471:Vijayaditya II 467: 466: 463: 457: 456: 453: 447: 446: 443: 437: 436: 433: 427: 426: 423: 417: 416: 413: 411:Mangi Yuvaraja 407: 406: 403: 397: 396: 393: 387: 386: 383: 377: 376: 373: 365: 359: 358: 355: 354: 349: 348: 345: 343:Kirtivarman II 339: 338: 335: 329: 328: 325: 319: 318: 315: 309: 308: 305: 303:Vikramaditya I 299: 298: 295: 288: 287: 284: 278: 277: 274: 268: 267: 264: 258: 257: 254: 248: 247: 244: 238: 237: 234: 232:Kirttivarman I 228: 227: 224: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 204: 196: 190: 189: 186: 185: 175: 174: 165: 161: 160: 158:Kirttivarman I 155: 151: 150: 145: 139: 138: 132:Vikramaditya I 119: 113: 112: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 76: 72: 71: 65: 64: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5615: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5588:Indian Hindus 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5451:Hindu temples 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5256:Allama Prabhu 5254: 5252: 5251:Akka Mahadevi 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5226:Adikavi Pampa 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5124:Western Ganga 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5057:Udupi cuisine 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5047:Mysore Dasara 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5012:Gaarudi Gombe 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4987:Bharatanatyam 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4969:Western Ghats 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4949:Highest point 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4632:Srirangapatna 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4617:Pulakeshin II 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4502:Alupa dynasty 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4385:Carnatic carp 4382: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4352:Indian roller 4349: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4311:State symbols 4308: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4261: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4241: 4239:90-04-14832-9 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4201:Upinder Singh 4198: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3949:Abraham Eraly 3946: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3910: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3874:, p. 69. 3873: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3848: 3843: 3837:, p. 90. 3836: 3831: 3825:, p. 40. 3824: 3819: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3770: 3765: 3758: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3726: 3721: 3715:, p. 98. 3714: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3694: 3688:, p. 59. 3687: 3682: 3676:, p. 73. 3675: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3623:, p. 95. 3622: 3617: 3615: 3607: 3602: 3596:, p. 99. 3595: 3590: 3584:, p. 97. 3583: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3519:, p. 96. 3518: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3484: 3478:, p. 93. 3477: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3426: 3421: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3347:, p. 92. 3346: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3328:, p. 94. 3327: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3310: 3305: 3299:, p. 91. 3298: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3277: 3272: 3266:, p. 90. 3265: 3260: 3258: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3206: 3201: 3195:, p. 86. 3194: 3189: 3182: 3177: 3170: 3165: 3159:, p. 82. 3158: 3153: 3151: 3144:, p. 81. 3143: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3126: 3121: 3115:, p. 83. 3114: 3109: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3054:, p. 80. 3053: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3037:, p. 78. 3036: 3031: 3029: 3022:, p. 79. 3021: 3016: 3014: 3006: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2976:, p. 77. 2975: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2956: 2951: 2945:, p. 76. 2944: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2922: 2920:9788185126463 2916: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2874:, p. 75. 2873: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2855:, p. 74. 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2819:, p. 73. 2818: 2813: 2807:, p. 58. 2806: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2790:, p. 72. 2789: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2773:, p. 51. 2772: 2767: 2765: 2757: 2752: 2746:, p. 71. 2745: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2724: 2719: 2713:, p. 70. 2712: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2647: 2642: 2636:, p. 59. 2635: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2595:, p. 76. 2594: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2559: 2554: 2548:, p. 77. 2547: 2542: 2540: 2533:, p. 68. 2532: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2512: 2511: 2503: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2483: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2450: 2442: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2423: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2403: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2341: 2333: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2299:Kannada film 2296: 2293: 2292: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2263:full-moon day 2260: 2259:Brahmi script 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2220:Peddavaduguru 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2054:Ajanta Cave 1 2051: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2023: 2009: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1995:Vishnukundins 1991: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1960: 1955: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1932:Vikramaditya. 1930: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1918:(c.645–646?). 1917: 1916:Abhinavaditya 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1845:Peddavaduguru 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1821:Vishnukundins 1818: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756:Bharukachchha 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1741:war elephants 1738: 1733: 1731: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1646:and northern 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1619:(present-day 1618: 1613: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1561: 1560:Narmada River 1555: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1502: 1499: 1496: 618 CE 1490: 1484: 1481: 1475: 612 CE 1469: 1465: 1460: 1457: 615 CE 1445: 1443: 1437: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1271:, to capture 1270: 1266: 1262: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1186: 1184: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1156:solar eclipse 1152: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1132: 1128: 1125:Pulakeshin's 1118: 1116: 1111: 1110:Peddavaduguru 1106: 1104: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045:Shri-vallabha 1042: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1009:Peddavaduguru 1006: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 954:Vishnukundina 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 850: 846: 835: 830: 828: 823: 821: 816: 815: 813: 812: 802: 800: 799:Someshvara IV 797: 796: 792: 790: 787: 786: 782: 780: 777: 776: 772: 770: 767: 766: 762: 760: 757: 756: 752: 750: 747: 746: 742: 740: 739:Someshvara II 737: 736: 732: 730: 727: 726: 722: 720: 717: 716: 712: 710: 707: 706: 702: 700: 697: 696: 692: 690: 687: 686: 681: 675: 674: 664: 662: 659: 658: 654: 652: 649: 648: 644: 642: 639: 638: 634: 632: 629: 628: 624: 622: 619: 618: 614: 612: 609: 608: 604: 602: 599: 598: 594: 592: 589: 588: 584: 582: 579: 578: 574: 572: 569: 568: 564: 562: 559: 558: 554: 552: 549: 548: 544: 542: 539: 538: 534: 532: 529: 528: 524: 522: 519: 518: 514: 512: 509: 508: 504: 502: 499: 498: 494: 492: 489: 488: 484: 482: 479: 478: 474: 472: 469: 468: 464: 462: 459: 458: 454: 452: 449: 448: 444: 442: 439: 438: 434: 432: 429: 428: 424: 422: 419: 418: 414: 412: 409: 408: 404: 402: 399: 398: 394: 392: 389: 388: 384: 382: 379: 378: 374: 372: 369: 368: 363: 357: 356: 346: 344: 341: 340: 336: 334: 331: 330: 326: 324: 321: 320: 316: 314: 311: 310: 306: 304: 301: 300: 296: 293: 290: 289: 285: 283: 280: 279: 275: 273: 272:Abhinavaditya 270: 269: 265: 263: 260: 259: 255: 253: 252:Pulakeshin II 250: 249: 245: 243: 240: 239: 235: 233: 230: 229: 225: 223: 220: 219: 215: 213: 210: 209: 205: 203: 200: 199: 194: 188: 187: 184: 181: 180: 173: 169: 166: 162: 159: 156: 152: 149: 146: 144: 140: 137: 133: 127: 123: 120: 118: 114: 110: 107: 104: 100: 97: 94: 90: 86: 642 CE 77: 73: 70: 66: 63: 60:Parameshvara 58: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5456:Jain temples 5351:D. R. Bendre 5286:Kumara Vyasa 5145:Vijayanagara 4954:Bayalu Seeme 4839:Vijayanagara 4652:Vijayanagara 4616: 4607:Mayurasharma 4542:Deva Raya II 4507:Amoghavarsha 4409:Architecture 4300: 4229: 4205: 4181: 4170: 4159: 4135: 4114: 4104: 4100: 4076: 4057: 4038: 4014: 3995: 3974: 3953: 3929: 3920:Bibliography 3903: 3891: 3879: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3813:, p. 3. 3783: 3776: 3764: 3720: 3693: 3681: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3601: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3495: 3483: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3420: 3415:, p. 7. 3304: 3271: 3244: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3164: 3120: 3108: 3000: 2991: 2981: 2950: 2910: 2904: 2885: 2879: 2848: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2751: 2718: 2641: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2553: 2509: 2502: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2474: 2469: 2462: 2453: 2448: 2441: 2433: 2428: 2422: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2390: 2314: 2308:Dr. Rajkumar 2301: 2272: 2218:The undated 2200: 2193: 2161: 2150:Inscriptions 2136: 2100: 2072: 2047: 2033: 2003: 1992: 1980: 1976:D. C. Sircar 1972: 1964: 1922:Chandraditya 1903:Adityavarman 1897: 1886: 1862: 1858: 1843:The undated 1842: 1826: 1810: 1804: 1780:smeared dust 1776:Ajanta Caves 1749: 1734: 1726: 1702: 1693: 1676: 1668:Kolleru Lake 1661: 1637: 1633:D. C. Sircar 1623:and western 1621:Chhattisgarh 1614: 1611: 1594: 1590:Rashtrakutas 1587: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1556: 1543:Later Guptas 1540: 1508: 1500: 1485: 1464:K. V. Ramesh 1461: 1451: 1439: 1421: 1410: 1402: 1379: 1355: 1322: 1311: 1302: 1298: 1291: 1257: 1239: 1228: 1218: 1216: 1192: 1179: 1163: 1153: 1148: 1142: 1124: 1108:The undated 1107: 1099: 1088: 1077: 1068:Parameshvara 1067: 1057: 1049:Parameshvara 1048: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013:K. V. Ramesh 1002: 978: 935: 884: 859: 845:Pulakeshi II 844: 843: 729:Someshvara I 719:Jayasimha II 421:Jayasimha II 282:Chandraditya 262:Adityavarman 251: 222:Pulakeshin I 126:Chandraditya 122:Adityavarman 106:Adityavarman 50:Satyashraya 47: 42:Pulakeshi II 36: 5578:640s deaths 5484:Pampa Award 5321:Gopala Dasa 5316:Vijaya Dasa 5311:Kanaka Dasa 5276:Rudrabhatta 5221:Gunavarma I 5208:Noted poets 5117:Rashtrakuta 4867:Chikmagalur 4743:Ramanagara 4718:Chitradurga 4637:Tipu Sultan 3999:. Abhinav. 2079:Zoroastrian 2056:depicted a 1830:Kanchipuram 1629:Panduvamshi 1200:Maharashtra 1074:Early years 779:Tailapa III 699:Satyashraya 641:Vimaladitya 381:Jayasimha I 323:Vijayaditya 313:Vinayaditya 172:Vaishnavism 92:Predecessor 54:Bhattaraka 5567:Categories 5547:Television 5537:Newspapers 5461:Waterfalls 5271:Raghavanka 5261:Siddharama 5096:Milestones 5082:Literature 5067:Yakshagana 5017:Ilkal sari 4824:Kalaburagi 4723:Davanagere 4612:Pattadakal 4429:Demography 4370:Sandalwood 4107:: 205–209. 2455:mahimnam). 2382:References 2319:(1948) by 2225:Mangalesha 2043:Khosrow II 1883:Succession 1853:Early life 1790:See also: 1745:front line 1664:Pishtapura 1434:See also: 1398:Kalachuris 1388:, and the 1138: 610 1084:Mangalesha 1027:Bhattaraka 929:, and the 891:Mangalesha 878:region in 856: 610 689:Tailapa II 678:Kalyani / 242:Mangalesha 96:Mangalesha 84: – c. 82: 610 18:Pulakeshin 5542:Magazines 5331:Lakshmisa 5291:Chamarasa 5231:Sri Ponna 5198:Karnataka 5062:Veeragase 4997:Bidriware 4992:Buta Kola 4924:Districts 4911:Geography 4691:divisions 4687:Districts 4547:Durvinita 4522:Balligavi 4449:Geography 4444:Folk arts 4439:Education 4401:Overviews 4302:Bengaluru 4288:Karnataka 4232:. BRILL. 4067:567370037 4048:174404606 2306:starring 2297:The 1967 2267:Vaishakha 2239:prashasti 2036:Al-Tabari 1817:Chalukyas 1737:Kshatriya 1714:see above 1366:Gharapuri 1337:Kongunadu 1325:Durvinita 1168:) of the 1140:–611 CE. 1127:Hyderabad 1064:Al-Tabari 872:Karnataka 803:1184–1200 793:1163–1183 783:1151–1164 773:1138–1151 763:1126–1138 753:1076–1126 743:1068–1076 733:1042–1068 723:1015–1042 713:1008–1015 665:1061-1075 655:1019–1061 645:1011–1018 635:1000–1011 611:Danarnava 202:Jayasimha 191:Vatapi / 102:Successor 5336:Sarvajna 5266:Harihara 5159:Haridasa 5110:Medieval 4959:Malenadu 4944:Villages 4771:Belagavi 4766:Bagalkot 4738:Tumakuru 4627:Sringeri 4552:Halebidu 4517:Banavasi 4479:Wildlife 4389:Insect: 4203:(2008). 4157:(1980). 3951:(2011). 2348:See also 2232:Kaushika 2168:Mahadeva 2144:Kalidasa 2119:Hinayana 2115:Mahayana 2111:Buddhist 2107:Xuanzang 2058:Sasanian 1988:Khandesh 1967:Xuanzang 1838:Pullalur 1813:Pallavas 1770:emperor 1705:Xuanzang 1680:Godavari 1602:Vindhyas 1583:Xuanzang 1551:Maitraka 1528:Maukhari 1390:Gurjaras 1360:(modern 1333:Pallavas 1235:Banavasi 1231:Kadambas 1170:Jyeshtha 1165:amavasya 1160:new moon 1060:Xuanzang 1041:Vallabha 989:Buddhism 970:Pallavas 942:Xuanzang 931:Gurjaras 911:Talakadu 905:and the 899:Banavasi 895:Kadambas 703:997–1008 561:Bhima II 360:Vengi / 294:(regent) 212:Ranaraga 164:Religion 5431:Beaches 5423:Tourism 5400:society 5376:Kuvempu 5152:Vachana 5138:Hoysala 5090:Kannada 5027:Kannada 5022:Kamsale 4979:Culture 4834:Raichur 4814:Ballari 4781:Dharwad 4776:Bijapur 4733:Shimoga 4562:Halmidi 4489:History 4454:History 4434:Economy 4424:Cuisine 4419:Climate 4297:Capital 4005:8313041 2265:in the 2247:Paithan 2201:vishaya 2196:on him. 2087:Islamic 1984:Konkana 1907:Kurnool 1849:vishaya 1768:Mauryan 1718:Pallava 1684:Krishna 1640:Kalinga 1532:Gurjara 1386:Malavas 1370:Janjira 1318:Talakad 1281:Bahrayn 1273:Bahrayn 1158:on the 1103:Lakshmi 950:Kalinga 927:Malavas 693:957–997 625:973–999 615:970–973 595:947–970 591:Amma II 585:935–947 575:928–935 555:927–928 525:921–927 505:892–921 495:849–892 485:847–849 475:808–847 465:772–808 455:755–772 445:719–755 431:Kokkili 425:706–718 415:682–706 405:673–682 385:641–673 375:624–641 347:746–753 337:733–746 327:696–733 317:680–696 307:655–680 297:650-655 286:646-649 276:645-646 266:643-645 256:609–642 246:597–609 236:566–597 226:540–566 216:520-540 206:500-520 168:Jainism 143:Dynasty 5532:Cinema 5471:Awards 5396:People 5246:Basava 5180:Modern 5166:Mysore 5042:Khedda 5037:Kasuti 4964:Kanara 4939:Taluks 4929:Rivers 4892:Mysore 4887:Mandya 4882:Kodagu 4877:Hassan 4844:Yadgir 4829:Koppal 4786:Haveri 4512:Badami 4497:Aihole 4469:Sports 4464:People 4414:Cinema 4383:Fish: 4357:Flower 4339:Animal 4319:Emblem 4236: 4213: 4189: 4143: 4122: 4084: 4065: 4046: 4022: 4003: 3982: 3961: 3937: 3791: 2917: 2892: 2174:grant. 2067:Buddha 2063:Jataka 2028:Ajanta 1869:Vatapi 1819:. The 1772:Ashoka 1764:stupas 1760:Nashik 1710:Harsha 1644:Odisha 1625:Odisha 1572:harsha 1566:Result 1384:, the 1362:Konkan 1314:Gangas 1294:Alupas 1288:Alupas 1242:Alupas 1117:king. 1053:Harsha 1043:, and 1020:biruda 991:, and 925:, the 917:. 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