1287:
production costs. It turns out that private ownership results in strong incentives to reduce costs, but it may also lead to poor quality. Hence, depending on the available investment technologies, there are situations in which state ownership is better. The Hart-Shleifer-Vishny theory has been extended in many directions. For instance, some authors have also considered mixed forms of private ownership and state ownership. In the Hart-Shleifer-Vishny model it is assumed that all parties have the same information, while
Schmitz (2023) has studied an extension of their analysis allowing for
899:
3454:
2925:
855:
3466:
1291:. Moreover, the Hart-Shleifer-Vishny model assumes that the private party derives no utility from provision of the public good. Besley and Ghatak (2001) have shown that if the private party (a non-governmental organization) cares about the public good, then the party with the larger valuation of the public good should always be the owner, regardless of the parties' investment technologies.
1214:
1562:
For a variety of philosophical and practical reasons touched on in chapter 1, the most obvious candidate in modern societies for that role has been the state. In the past, this led socialists to favor nationalization as the primary way of socializing the means of production…The idea is that just as
1497:
Socialists have always recognized that there are many possible forms of social ownership of which co-operative ownership is one. Nationalization in itself has nothing particularly to do with socialism and has existed under non-socialist and anti-socialist regimes. Kautsky in 1891 pointed out that a
1286:
The work by Hart, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) is the leading application of the property rights approach to the question whether state ownership or private ownership is desirable. In their model, the government and a private firm can invest to improve the quality of a public good and to reduce its
1432:
public ownership generally refers to enterprises, wholly or partially government owned, which sell goods and services at a price according to use. According to this definition, government-owned railways, airlines, and utilities are examples of public ownership, but hospitals, highways and public
1131:
for a variety of different reasons. State ownership by itself does not imply social ownership where income rights belong to society as a whole. As such, state ownership is only one possible expression of public ownership, which itself is one variation of the broader concept of social ownership.
1254:
There is a distinction to be made between state ownership and public property. The former may refer to assets operated by a specific state institution or branch of government, used exclusively by that branch, such as a research laboratory. The latter refers to assets and resources owned by the
1159:, would manage resources and production for the benefit of the public. As a form of social ownership, state ownership may be contrasted with cooperatives and common ownership. Socialist theories and political ideologies that favor state ownership of the means of production may be labelled
2415:
1154:
State ownership is advocated as a form of social ownership for practical concerns, with the state being seen as the obvious candidate for owning and operating the means of production. Proponents assume that the state, as the representative of the
1294:
More recently, some authors have shown that the investment technology also matters in the Besley-Ghatak framework if an investing party is indispensable or if there are bargaining frictions between the government and the private party.
1178:
and structure of wage labor. Engels argued that state ownership of commercial industry would represent the final stage of capitalism, consisting of ownership and management of large-scale production and manufacture by the state.
1143:, as opposed to a distinct class of private capital owners. There is a wide variety of organizational forms for state-run industry, ranging from specialized technocratic management to direct
1031:, state property was the dominant form of industry as property. The state held a monopoly on land and natural resources, and enterprises operated under the legal framework of a nominally
1020:. Governments may also use the profitable entities they own to support the general budget. The creation of a state-owned enterprise from other forms of public property is called
2756:
1498:'co-operative commonwealth' could not be the result of the 'general nationalization of all industries' unless there was a change in 'the character of the state'.
1147:. In traditional conceptions of non-market socialism, public ownership is a tool to consolidate the means of production as a precursor to the establishment of
1083:
in their areas of activity. The transformation of public entities and government agencies into government-owned corporations is sometimes a precursor to
885:
1283:
and his co-authors), ownership matters because it determines what happens in contingencies that were not considered in prevailing contracts.
2333:
1381:
1123:
economy. However, state ownership and nationalization by themselves are not socialist, as they can exist under a wide variety of different
2593:
1692:
Hoppe, Eva I.; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2010). "Public versus private ownership: Quantity contracts and the allocation of investment tasks".
2974:
1943:
1232:
as they are not transmissible. For example, if a family is allocated an apartment that is state owned, it will have been granted a
3191:
724:
878:
1601:
2544:
2524:
2167:
1526:
State ownership of the means of production is not necessarily social ownership and state ownership can hinder efficiency.
1555:
1490:
1310:
1079:. State-owned enterprises may or may not be expected to operate in a broadly commercial manner and may or may not have
313:
2628:
1611:
1519:
1454:
871:
248:
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2498:
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17:
1720:
1236:
of the apartment, which may be lifelong or inheritable, but the management and control rights are held by various
2846:
2226:
31:
2488:
414:
953:. Public ownership specifically refers to industries selling goods and services to consumers and differs from
3251:
3105:
2967:
2519:
1936:
1016:, as it may not be required to generate a profit; as a commercial enterprise in competitive sectors; or as a
859:
754:
474:
464:
1268:
784:
1255:
population of a state which are mostly available to the entire public for use, such as a public park (see
3522:
3334:
2794:
2236:
2109:
1330:
1144:
2273:
2251:
1824:
Halonen-Akatwijuka, Maija (2012). "Nature of human capital, technology and ownership of public goods".
1013:
981:. Public ownership is one of the three major forms of property ownership, differentiated from private,
1563:
private ownership serves private interests, public or state ownership would serve the public interest.
1415:
3497:
3359:
3311:
2367:
1907:
1576:
707:
635:
56:
1838:
1785:
1228:, individual use "rights" are based on the state's management policies, though these rights are not
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3458:
3354:
3163:
3110:
2960:
2204:
1929:
243:
1908:
State-owned enterprises and the political economy of state–state relations in the developing world
1771:
Besley, Timothy; Ghatak, Maitreesh (2001). "Government versus
Private Ownership of Public Goods".
1151:
for the allocation of resources between organizations, as required by government or by the state.
1041:
is a process of transferring private or municipal assets to a central government or state entity.
3055:
2410:
2377:
2157:
1335:
1280:
1093:
economies are capitalist market economies that have high degrees of government-owned businesses.
1067:. Reasons for state ownership of commercial enterprises are that the enterprise in question is a
1001:
954:
809:
759:
640:
368:
238:
46:
1461:
There are three broad forms of property ownership-private, public, and collective (cooperative).
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2150:
1833:
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819:
218:
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3203:
3146:
3040:
3025:
2934:
2907:
2887:
2879:
2731:
2503:
2057:
1721:"The proper scope of government reconsidered: Asymmetric information and incentive contracts"
1288:
1237:
1028:
977:
levels of government; or can refer to non-governmental public ownership vested in autonomous
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459:
149:
119:
104:
1643:
1539:
3186:
2770:
2104:
1966:
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1072:
1035:, and thus according to different criteria than enterprises in market and mixed economies.
982:
922:
719:
527:
424:
388:
233:
166:
114:
1628:
1224:
When ownership of a resource is vested in the state, or any branch of the state such as a
8:
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3153:
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774:
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702:
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378:
213:
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3404:
2860:
2184:
1981:
1871:"Government versus private ownership of public goods: The role of bargaining frictions"
1851:
1806:
1798:
1753:
1674:
962:
834:
794:
665:
570:
189:
171:
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154:
1059:
A state-owned enterprise is a commercial enterprise owned by a government entity in a
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3231:
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3158:
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2140:
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2016:
2001:
1971:
1912:
1882:
1843:
1790:
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1701:
1658:
1355:
1315:
1305:
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509:
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228:
35:
1916:
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1705:
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is the process of transferring private or state assets to a municipal government.
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2006:
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2114:
2047:
2011:
1991:
1794:
1345:
1198:
938:
789:
605:
499:
343:
1139:
generated by publicly owned assets accrues to all of society in the form of a
3486:
3424:
3349:
3301:
3126:
3085:
3080:
3060:
3050:
2868:
2835:
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1976:
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383:
358:
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328:
275:
129:
1182:
Within the United
Kingdom, public ownership is mostly associated with the
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3020:
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2608:
2493:
2382:
2357:
2345:
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2209:
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1996:
1202:
1187:
986:
942:
779:
734:
697:
675:
670:
283:
258:
42:
1174:
as, by itself, not doing away with capitalism, including the process of
3434:
3316:
3256:
3045:
2901:
2788:
2405:
1986:
1802:
1213:
1060:
946:
109:
77:
1644:"The Proper Scope of Government: Theory and an Application to Prisons"
1218:
2802:
2603:
2554:
2537:
2475:
2457:
2231:
2145:
1194:
1120:
1004:
with a government owning all or a controlling stake of the company's
974:
799:
323:
288:
223:
87:
82:
1473:
Hastings, Adrian; Mason, Alistair; Pyper, Hugh (December 21, 2000).
1197:
of the "Labour Party
Manifesto" in 1918. "Clause IV" was written by
2690:
2623:
2559:
2372:
2350:
2246:
2194:
1952:
1080:
934:
930:
176:
2952:
1542:
The
Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study
1402:
Ownership by the government of an asset, corporation, or industry.
3399:
2643:
2437:
2430:
2295:
2091:
1233:
532:
308:
1000:
economies, state-owned assets are often managed and operated as
2618:
2570:
2339:
1135:
In the context of socialism, public ownership implies that the
854:
660:
2707:
2303:
1271:, the desirability of state ownership has been studied using
926:
27:
Ownership of industry, assets, or businesses by a public body
3141:
1921:
903:
1642:
Hart, Oliver; Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1997).
2680:
2757:
The Origin of the Family, Private
Property and the State
1012:. A state-owned enterprise might variously operate as a
1447:
Comparing
Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century
1275:. According to the property rights approach based on
30:"State property" redirects here. For other uses, see
1823:
1641:
1474:
1472:
1599:
3484:
902:A house number plaque marking state property in
1905:Jewellord Nem Singh; Geoffrey C. Chen (2018),
2968:
1937:
1577:"Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (Chpt. 3)"
1444:
879:
1770:
1691:
1574:
1445:Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (2003).
1193:party), specifically due to the creation of
1119:, which is the defining characteristic of a
937:by the national government of a country or
1629:"Firms, Contracts, and Financial Structure"
1514:. Cambridge University Press. p. 327.
945:representing a community, as opposed to an
2975:
2961:
1944:
1930:
1911:, Third World Quarterly, 39:6, 1077–1097,
1606:. Cambridge University Press. p. 40.
957:and government services financed out of a
886:
872:
1886:
1837:
1784:
1739:
1477:The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought
1048:
961:. Public ownership can take place at the
1449:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 27.
1212:
1096:
897:
1868:
1718:
1071:or because the government is promoting
14:
3485:
1603:Property law: commentary and materials
1537:
1509:
1413:
1008:. This form is often referred to as a
2956:
1925:
3465:
1626:
1600:Clarke, Alison; Paul Kohler (2005).
1546:. Oxford University Press. pp.
2982:
1481:. Oxford University Press. p.
1217:A plaque marking state property in
24:
1899:
1773:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1651:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1414:Tupper, Allan (February 7, 2006).
1311:List of government-owned companies
1243:
1166:State ownership was recognized by
25:
3534:
1172:Socialism: Utopian and Scientific
860:Business and economics portal
34:. For the socialist concept, see
3464:
3453:
3452:
2924:
2923:
1741:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104511
853:
1862:
1817:
1764:
1712:
1685:
1635:
32:State property (disambiguation)
2489:Right of way (property access)
1620:
1593:
1568:
1531:
1503:
1466:
1438:
1407:
1374:
1208:
13:
1:
3252:Needle and syringe programmes
3106:Universal access to education
1917:10.1080/01436597.2017.1333888
1888:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2015.09.009
1848:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.07.005
1706:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.009
1367:
755:Commons-based peer production
475:Socialism of the 21st century
1951:
1869:Schmitz, Patrick W. (2015).
1719:Schmitz, Patrick W. (2023).
1269:neoclassical economic theory
1262:
7:
3335:Publicly funded health care
2795:Two Treatises of Government
1875:Journal of Public Economics
1826:Journal of Public Economics
1694:Journal of Public Economics
1331:Property rights (economics)
1298:
959:government's general budget
10:
3539:
1795:10.1162/003355301753265598
1631:. Oxford University Press.
1247:
1100:
1052:
1014:not-for-profit corporation
40:
29:
3448:
3392:
3360:National health insurance
3325:
3312:Supervised injection site
3222:
3172:
3119:
3013:
2990:
2919:
2716:
2518:
2398:
2291:
2284:
2133:
2090:
2035:
1959:
1420:The Canadian Encyclopedia
921:, is the ownership of an
249:Socialist-oriented market
3355:Single-payer health care
3164:Universal basic services
3111:Universal basic services
2847:The Great Transformation
2205:Labor theory of property
1728:European Economic Review
1510:Ellman, Michael (1989).
1145:workers' self-management
1111:Public ownership of the
1002:joint-stock corporations
41:Not to be confused with
3056:Public good (economics)
2416:Forest-dwelling (India)
2378:restraint on alienation
2158:Common good (economics)
1663:10.1162/003355300555448
1336:Public good (economics)
47:Public good (economics)
2855:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
2629:Primitive accumulation
2484:Right of way (transit)
2269:Tragedy of the commons
2151:fictitious commodities
1538:Arnold, Scott (1994).
1361:State-owned enterprise
1289:asymmetric information
1277:incomplete contracting
1238:government departments
1221:
1055:State-owned enterprise
1049:State-owned enterprise
1010:state-owned enterprise
907:
3204:Public infrastructure
3041:Public administration
3026:Free-culture movement
2908:The Wealth of Nations
2888:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2880:The Ethics of Liberty
1828:. Fiscal Federalism.
1627:Hart, Oliver (1995).
1216:
1097:Relation to socialism
1029:Soviet-type economies
901:
2771:Progress and Poverty
2105:Common-pool resource
1191:democratic socialist
1176:capital accumulation
1073:economic development
919:government ownership
785:Newly industrialized
528:Collective ownership
389:Vertical archipelago
3440:Public viewing area
3209:Public water system
3197:Municipal broadband
3154:Public broadcasting
2894:The Social Contract
2582:population transfer
2499:prior-appropriation
2178:homestead principle
1392:on January 26, 2018
1386:Oxford Dictionaries
1113:means of production
770:Inclusive Democracy
3523:Types of socialism
3405:Government auction
3091:Public procurement
2874:Murray N. Rothbard
2185:Free-rider problem
1832:(11–12): 939–945.
1575:Frederick Engels.
1512:Socialist Planning
1422:. Historica Canada
1416:"Public Ownership"
1382:"Public Ownership"
1222:
979:public enterprises
908:
708:Material balancing
190:Buddhist economics
3480:
3479:
3307:Public university
3287:Public open space
3232:Drinking fountain
3192:Telecommunication
2950:
2949:
2861:What Is Property?
2654:human trafficking
2639:Regulatory taking
2514:
2513:
2259:Right to property
1326:Private ownership
1149:economic planning
1077:industrialization
896:
895:
406:By regional model
200:Sabbath economics
16:(Redirected from
3530:
3498:Economic systems
3468:
3467:
3456:
3455:
3367:Social insurance
3214:Waste management
3182:Electric utility
3159:Public transport
3076:Public ownership
2995:Municipalization
2977:
2970:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2927:
2926:
2831:John Stuart Mill
2751:Friedrich Engels
2732:Frédéric Bastiat
2725:
2577:Forced migration
2545:Collectivization
2289:
2288:
2168:First possession
2141:Bundle of rights
1946:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1841:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1788:
1779:(4): 1343–1372.
1768:
1762:
1761:
1743:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1700:(3–4): 258–268.
1689:
1683:
1682:
1657:(4): 1127–1161.
1648:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1597:
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1587:
1572:
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1535:
1529:
1528:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1480:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:schools are not.
1429:
1427:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1388:. Archived from
1378:
1356:Social ownership
1316:Municipalization
1306:Common ownership
1168:Friedrich Engels
1129:economic systems
1117:social ownership
1103:Social ownership
1091:State capitalist
1069:natural monopoly
1043:Municipalization
1018:natural monopoly
991:common ownership
915:public ownership
888:
881:
874:
858:
857:
616:Municipalization
601:Financialization
571:Collectivization
553:Social ownership
543:Private property
537:Common ownership
495:Common ownership
309:Closed (autarky)
266:State capitalism
244:Socialist market
229:Market socialist
65:Economic systems
52:
51:
36:Social ownership
21:
18:Public ownership
3538:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3513:State ownership
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3444:
3430:Public security
3420:Public offering
3388:
3377:Social security
3327:Social services
3321:
3277:Public hospital
3272:Public computer
3267:Public bookcase
3218:
3168:
3137:Law enforcement
3132:Fire department
3115:
3066:Public interest
3009:
3005:Progressive tax
3000:Nationalization
2986:
2984:Public services
2981:
2951:
2946:
2915:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2662:husband-selling
2599:Illegal logging
2594:Illegal fishing
2523:
2510:
2421:Freedom to roam
2394:
2307:(agrarian land)
2280:
2237:Property rights
2129:
2086:
2048:Estate (landed)
2031:
1955:
1950:
1902:
1900:Further reading
1897:
1896:
1867:
1863:
1839:10.1.1.173.3797
1822:
1818:
1786:10.1.1.584.6739
1769:
1765:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1690:
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1625:
1621:
1614:
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1504:
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1471:
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1425:
1423:
1412:
1408:
1395:
1393:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1351:Public property
1321:Nationalization
1301:
1273:contract theory
1265:
1252:
1250:Public property
1246:
1244:Public property
1230:property rights
1226:local authority
1211:
1161:state socialism
1157:public interest
1141:social dividend
1137:surplus product
1115:is a subset of
1109:
1107:State socialism
1099:
1057:
1051:
1039:Nationalization
1033:planned economy
1022:corporatization
911:State ownership
892:
852:
845:
844:
810:Post-industrial
805:Post-capitalist
765:Hunter-gatherer
750:
742:
741:
656:
648:
647:
626:Nationalization
586:Demutualization
581:Corporatization
566:
558:
557:
548:State ownership
523:
515:
514:
490:
482:
481:
407:
399:
398:
369:Robinson Crusoe
304:
303:By coordination
296:
295:
280:Traditionalist
140:Neomercantilist
100:
92:
73:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3536:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3462:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3415:Public holiday
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3384:Youth services
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3372:Social pension
3364:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:Public housing
3337:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3282:Public library
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3247:Infrastructure
3244:
3242:Free education
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3174:Public utility
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3147:Savings system
3142:Postal service
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3120:Basic services
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Product sample
3033:
3031:Free newspaper
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2786:
2781:
2779:Garrett Hardin
2776:
2775:
2774:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2728:
2726:
2714:
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2710:
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2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
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2641:
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2631:
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2621:
2616:
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2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Eminent domain
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2533:Bioprospecting
2529:
2527:
2525:redistribution
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2440:
2435:
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2433:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
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2292:
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2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2229:
2227:Natural rights
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2165:
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2154:
2153:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1861:
1816:
1763:
1711:
1684:
1634:
1619:
1612:
1592:
1567:
1557:978-0195088274
1556:
1530:
1520:
1502:
1492:978-0198600244
1491:
1465:
1455:
1437:
1406:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1346:Public finance
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1279:(developed by
1264:
1261:
1248:Main article:
1245:
1242:
1210:
1207:
1199:Fabian Society
1098:
1095:
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
913:, also called
894:
893:
891:
890:
883:
876:
868:
865:
864:
863:
862:
847:
846:
843:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
820:Resource-based
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
740:
739:
738:
737:
732:
727:
717:
712:
711:
710:
705:
700:
695:
685:
684:
683:
678:
673:
663:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
644:
643:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
606:Liberalization
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
550:
545:
540:
530:
524:
522:Property types
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
478:
477:
471:Latin America
469:
468:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
434:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
408:
405:
404:
401:
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397:
396:
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386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
292:
291:
286:
278:
273:
268:
263:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
211:
210:
209:
204:
203:
202:
192:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
158:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
107:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
91:
90:
85:
80:
74:
71:
68:
67:
61:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3535:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3473:
3472:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:Public sector
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:Job guarantee
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Public toilet
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Public school
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:Oil & gas
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Civil service
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:Public rights
3084:
3082:
3081:Public policy
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Public health
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Public domain
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:Categories:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:David Ricardo
2867:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Elinor Ostrom
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2766:
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2759:
2758:
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2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
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2740:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Privatization
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Legal plunder
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2565:Expropriation
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
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2482:
2478:
2477:
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2472:
2471:
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2456:
2454:
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2424:
2422:
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2401:
2397:
2389:
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2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2299:(watercourse)
2298:
2294:
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2287:
2283:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2242:primogeniture
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:Legal plunder
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:appropriation
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Excludability
2161:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
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2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
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1954:
1947:
1942:
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1933:
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1613:9780521614894
1609:
1605:
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1596:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1521:0-521-35866-3
1517:
1513:
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1456:0-618-26181-8
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1341:Public sector
1339:
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1104:
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1085:privatization
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951:private party
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851:
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849:
848:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
815:Post-scarcity
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:Expeditionary
758:
756:
753:
752:
746:
745:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
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2649:bride buying
2587:repatriation
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720:Self-managed
655:Coordination
591:Deregulation
547:
276:Distributist
130:Mercantilist
3262:Public bank
3237:Free clinic
3071:Public land
3021:Common good
2809:Das Kapital
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2609:Land reform
2383:real estate
2358:Land tenure
2346:Inheritance
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2190:Game theory
2120:Information
2100:Common land
1997:Cooperative
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1396:January 25,
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1209:User rights
1203:Sidney Webb
1188:centre-left
987:cooperative
943:public body
830:Traditional
780:Manorialism
775:Information
749:Other types
735:Open access
698:Cybernetics
440:Anglo-Saxon
425:Singaporean
384:Underground
379:Subsistence
284:Corporatist
259:Syndicalist
219:Communalist
105:Associative
99:By ideology
72:Major types
43:Common good
3493:Capitalism
3487:Categories
3435:Public use
3317:Urban park
3257:Public art
3046:Public bad
2940:by country
2902:Adam Smith
2789:John Locke
2453:indigenous
2448:aboriginal
2368:alienation
2063:indigenous
2053:Intangible
1967:Collective
1734:: 104511.
1586:2014-01-08
1368:References
1101:See also:
1081:monopolies
1063:market or
1061:capitalist
983:collective
947:individual
935:enterprise
835:Transition
795:Plantation
703:Indicative
565:Transition
415:East Asian
186:Religious
162:Democratic
135:Neoliberal
120:Democratic
110:Capitalist
78:Capitalism
3518:Socialism
3503:Ownership
2803:Karl Marx
2604:Land Back
2555:Enclosure
2538:biopiracy
2476:Bergregal
2458:squatting
2232:Ownership
2146:Commodity
2125:Knowledge
2036:By nature
1992:Customary
1982:Community
1881:: 23–31.
1856:154075467
1834:CiteSeerX
1781:CiteSeerX
1758:259487043
1750:0014-2921
1671:0033-5533
1263:Criticism
1195:Clause IV
1125:political
1121:socialist
975:municipal
800:Plutonomy
681:Regulated
510:Voluntary
436:European
289:Feudalism
234:Mutualist
224:Communist
214:Socialist
195:Christian
115:Corporate
88:Communism
83:Socialism
3459:Category
3393:See also
3014:Concepts
2930:Property
2823:The Gift
2722:key work
2717:Scholars
2701:property
2658:spousal
2624:Poaching
2560:Eviction
2504:riparian
2465:Littoral
2373:easement
2351:executor
2322:literary
2247:usufruct
2195:Georgism
2075:Tangible
2070:Personal
1977:Communal
1960:By owner
1953:Property
1811:39187118
1679:16270301
1299:See also
967:regional
963:national
931:property
923:industry
906:, Latvia
688:Planning
339:Informal
324:Dirigist
177:Georgist
172:Feminist
57:a series
55:Part of
3471:Commons
3400:Commons
2738:The Law
2644:Slavery
2470:Mineral
2438:Hunting
2431:pannage
2426:Grazing
2411:Fishing
2297:Acequia
2264:Rivalry
2252:women's
2110:Digital
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2027:Unowned
2002:Private
1803:2696461
1234:tenancy
1219:JĹ«rmala
1201:member
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730:Sharing
693:In kind
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489:Sectors
460:Rhenish
430:Keralan
420:Chinese
394:Virtual
374:Sharing
364:Planned
354:Natural
319:Digital
207:Islamic
167:Fascist
155:Welfare
2619:Piracy
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2399:Rights
2340:Huerta
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2134:Theory
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445:German
411:Asian
344:Market
2708:Theft
2494:Water
2388:title
2317:legal
2305:Ejido
2043:Croft
2022:State
1987:Crown
1852:S2CID
1807:S2CID
1799:JSTOR
1754:S2CID
1724:(PDF)
1675:S2CID
1647:(PDF)
973:, or
971:local
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715:Price
455:Dutch
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2327:real
2080:real
2012:Self
1746:ISSN
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1516:ISBN
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1127:and
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