2062:. In the past Radio Pakistan was partly funded through money obtained from License fees. In 1999, the Nawaz Sharif government abolished license fees for Radio Pakistan and also abolished its tax exempt status protected under PBC Act 1973. The license fees for Pakistan Television continued. The license fees collection for PTV was given to WAPDA during Musharraf government. Currently WAPDA collects Rs. 35 per house hold on electricity bills as PTV license fees. Television Broadcasting started in Pakistan with a small pilot TV Station established at Lahore Radio from where transmission was first beamed in black-and-white with effect from 26 November 1964. Television centres were established in Dhaka, Karachi and Rawalpindi/Islamabad in 1967 and in Peshawar and Quetta in 1974. PTV has various channels transmitting throughout the world including
3882:, niche programmes; programmes for children; programmes promoting different points of view and diversity; programmes for different religious and national groups; live coverage of the parliament's session on its dedicated channel: TVP Parlament; etc.). It has to be politically neutral, although in the past there have been cases of political pressure on TVP and Polskie Radio from the governing party. Recently, a new law has been passed by the ruling Law & Justice party, that in public perception allowed the party to take a much larger control over the media that has been possible before. The party states this law to be the first step to a complete public media overdo. Many worry no such improvements are actually coming and that these recent laws are only another step in taking control over the whole country by the Law & Justice party.
469:
Program, with the intention of carrying out studies about the possibility of privatization of the public broadcaster. Some states often had problems with their public broadcasting services. In São Paulo, FPA had sometimes dealt with budget cuts, labor disputes and strikes. In Rio Grande do Sul, TVE-RS and FM Cultura were managed by the
Piratini Foundation, a non-profit state foundation. However, due to the public debt crisis in the state, in 2018, the Piratini Foundation had its activities closed, and TVE-RS and FM Cultura started to be managed by the Secretariat of Communication of the state government.
597:, dedicated to science and culture respectively. CBC's national television operations and some radio operations are funded partly by advertisements, in addition to the subsidy provided by the federal government. The cable channels are commercial entities owned and operated by the CBC and do not receive any direct public funds, however, they do benefit from synergies with resources from the other CBC operations. The CBC has frequently dealt with budget cuts and labour disputes, often resulting in a debate about whether the service has the resources necessary to properly fulfill its mandate.
3901:
4461:). Community radio stations typically cover a small geographical area with a coverage radius of up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) and run on a nonprofit basis. They can cater for whole communities or for different areas of interest – such as a particular ethnic group, age group or interest group. Community radio stations reflect a diverse mix of cultures and interests. There are stations catering to urban or experimental music, while others are aimed at younger people, religious communities or the armed forces and their families.
2235:, also called Taiwan Public Television Service Foundation, is the first independent public broadcasting institution in Taiwan, which broadcasts the Public Television Service Taiwan. Since its creation in 1998, PTS has produced several critically acclaimed dramatic programmes and mini-series despite experiencing funding difficulties. PTS is bound up in speaking for the minorities, including the promotion of Hakka Chinese and Formosan-language programming, an effort that has contributed much to the "Taiwanization" movement.
4394:
744:
1304:
3601:
2448:, the first Israeli television channel. It was created by the Rothschild fund to aid the ministry's work in teaching children from kindergarten to high school and to promote the television's use in Israel at a time the government considered the device a "cultural decadence". It is funded and operated by the ministry, and since the 1980s it has widened its orientation to adults as well as children. In August 2018, the Educational Television was shut down and replaced by
1461:. From the beginning, the network has refused corporate funding of any kind, and has relied mainly on listener support. KPFA gave away free FM radios to build a listener base and to encourage listeners to "subscribe" (support the station directly with donations). It is the world's oldest listener-supported radio network. Since the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Pacifica has sometimes received CPB support. Pacifica runs other stations in
9083:
7997:
4352:
91:. Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on the country and the station. In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting. Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages. Historically, public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries (with the notable exceptions of the United States, Mexico, and Brazil).
2092:
1990:
1873:
1617:
1251:
1072:
991:
9093:
3353:
9072:
9103:
8009:
3146:
4344:
814:. SCN was sold to Bluepoint Investment Corporation in 2010, and like CTV Two Alberta did when it became privatized, incorporated a limited schedule of entertainment programming during the late afternoon and nighttime hours, while retaining educational and children's programs during the morning until mid-afternoon to fulfill its licensing conditions; Bluepoint later sold the channel to
645:(CRTC) does require cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry CBC and Radio-Canada stations as part of their basic tier, regardless of terrestrial availability in an individual market. Of the three major French-language television networks in Canada, Ici Radio-Canada Télé is the only one that maintains terrestrial owned-and-operated stations and affiliates in all ten
1721:
934:, is the first and oldest station on Chile, transmitting since 5 October 1957. As soon as 1961 universities began transmitting advertisements between their programmes, the first of them being the Channel 9, showing a Motorola TV set. This kind of disguised advertising took the name of "Payola". This situation, added to the fact that TV was only reaching
2282:. It operates comprehensive media services comprising radio, public television networks (terrestrial and satellite), online services and social media. NBT TV (or NBT (Digital) 2 HD), formerly TVT11, is the television division and free-to-air channel of NBT. The broadcasting of TVT11 began on 11 July 1988, when TV9 (currently known as
2224:, or EBS. Originally considered to be an extension channel of the KBS, it was spun-off as an educational channel but retained its public broadcasting tasks. KBS and EBS mainly are funded by the commercials that they provide in their channels, but due to growing competitions, this is becoming an issue for them as well.
3885:
There is an ongoing debate in Poland about the semi-commercial nature of TVP and PR. Many people fear that making them into totally non-commercial broadcasters would result in the licence fee payable by households being increased, and fewer people being interested in programmes they offer; others say
468:
that the public broadcaster is allegedly a "job hanger" (public company existing only for the purpose of securing positions for political allies) and has proposed to privatize or extinguish the public company. On April 9, 2021, the president inserted the public company into the
National Privatization
2915:
in the United
Kingdom. DR runs six nationwide television channels and eight radio channels. Financing comes primarily from a yearly licence fee, that everyone who owns either a television set, a computer or other devices that can access the internet, has to pay. A part of collected fees is also used
2899:
Czech Radio broadcasts four nationwide stations Radiožurnál, Dvojka, Vltava, and Plus, several regional and topical digital stations. It also provides an international service Radio Prague
International, which broadcasts abroad in six languages. Czech Radio is funded through a monthly fee of 45 CZK.
181:
One of the principles of public broadcasting is to provide coverage of interests for which there are missing or small markets. Public broadcasting attempts to supply topics of social benefit that are otherwise not provided by commercial broadcasters. Typically, such underprovision is argued to exist
137:
While the application of certain principles may be straightforward, as in the case of accessibility, some of the principles may be poorly defined or difficult to implement. In the context of a shifting national identity, the role of public broadcasting may be unclear. Likewise, the subjective nature
4267:
in each of them. For most of its history, RNE and TVE were funded both from public sources and private advertising; however, from
September 2009, RTVE have been funded by a mixture of public tax revenue and funds collected from Spain's private television stations, thus removing advertising from its
3960:
focused on entertainment, information and major sport competitions. In 2004, after a great restructuring period, RTP started its current branding. That year the two thematic channels of the group were also created – RTPN, a 24 hour-news channel which became RTP Informação in 2011 and
3410:
ERT operates 8 television studios in three buildings in Athens: five of them in the headquarters called "Radiomegaro" ("Ραδιομέγαρο" that means "radio palace") located in Agia
Paraskevi area, two of them in Katehaki str. facility and one small one in the center of Athens near the Parliament, in the
2805:
public broadcasting company. It operates several radio and television channels, over a domestic transmitter network as well as satellite. As of 2002, 70% of HRT's funding comes from broadcast user fees with each house in
Croatia required to pay 79 HRK, kuna, per month for a single television (radio
3004:
Yle focuses highly on developing its digital services. In 2016 a
Reuters Institute study of European public service companies show that Yle and BBC are the public service pioneers in digital development and performing the best while introducing innovative digital services in their news operations,
1826:
created in 1927. Much like the BBC, NHK is funded by a "receiving fee" from every
Japanese household, with no commercial advertising and the maintenance of a position of strict political impartiality. However, rampant non-payment by a large amount of households has led the receiving fee to become
604:
by the CBC directly. The number of privately owned CBC Television affiliates has gradually declined in recent years, as the network has moved its programming to stations opened by the corporation or has purchased certain affiliates from private broadcasting groups; budgetary issues led the CBC to
3959:
was again renamed RTP2 and became an alternative channel dedicated to culture, science, arts, documentaries, sports (except football), minorities and children. Since then, RTP2 has carried no advertising. Canal 1, renamed back RTP1 also in 1995, remained the commercial channel of RTP group,
2986:
national public service media company. Founded in 1926, it is a public limited company majority owned by the
Finnish state, employing around 2,800 people. Yle is funded by a special Yle tax. Yle has four television channels, three television channel slots, six nationwide radio channels and three
925:
Chilean television was founded through universities, in an attempt to bring public television without the state having to pay directly and control content. The University of Chile (owner of the former channels 9 and 11 until 1993), the Catholic University of Chile on channels 2 and 13 until
687:
In addition, several provinces operate public broadcasters; these are not CBC subentities, but distinct networks in their own right. Most of the provincial services maintain an educational programming format, differing from the primarily entertainment-based CBC/Radio-Canada operations, but more
4122:
that does not have editorial independence from its government. It operates a total of five television channels (RTS1, RTS2, RTS Digital, RTS HD and RTS SAT) and five radio stations (Radio Belgrade 1, Radio Belgrade 2, Radio Belgrade 3, Radio Belgrade 202, and Stereorama). RTS is
1736:. It operates seven radio channels and produces television programmes and broadcast on commercial television channels, as these channels are required by law to provide timeslots for RTHK television programmes. RTHK would be assigned a digital terrestrial television channel during 2013 to 2015.
4146:
that does not have editorial independence from its government. This organisation was created in 2011 by merger of Slovak Television and Slovak Radio. RTVS broadcasts four television channels (STV1, STV2, RTVS 24, RTVS Šport), five FM radio stations (Rádio Slovensko, Rádio Devín, Rádio Regina,
3877:
operates four nationwide radio channels (which are also available via the broadcaster's website). There are also 17 public radio stations broadcasting in particular regions. Polish Radio (and TVP) are funded from several sources: state funding, advertising, obligatory tax on all TV and radio
141:
Within public broadcasting there are two different views regarding commercial activity. One is that public broadcasting is incompatible with commercial objectives. The other is that public broadcasting can and should compete in the marketplace with commercial broadcasters. This dichotomy is
803:
in Toronto also operated as a public government-owned radio station for many years; while no longer funded by the provincial government, it still solicits most of its budget from listener and corporate donations and is permitted to air only a very small amount of commercial advertising.
3444:, and the freedom of speech and opinion" – carries a substantial amount of arts, media, and current affairs programming, in addition to which it also supplies general entertainment in the form of feature films and such internationally popular television drama series as
3403:), and 21 local radio stations (two of them located in Thessaloniki, the second major city of Greece). All national television and radio stations are broadcast through ERT digital multiplexes across the country and through satellite, via the two digital platforms (NOVA and Cosmote).
1426:(CPB), a private entity that is charged with facilitating programming diversity among public broadcasters, the development and expansion of non-commercial broadcasting, and providing funding to local stations to help them create programs; the CPB receives funding earmarked by the
3668:(all available in high definition on DTT). RAI also broadcasts via satellite and is involved in radio, publishing and cinema. RAI has the largest audience share (45%) of any Italian television network. Funding used to be collected through a special yearly TV tax (the so-called
2213:, or KBS. Originally a government-controlled channel, it is now an independent broadcasting system. KBS began broadcasting radio in 1947 and opened up to television industry in 1961, and officially founded its own identity by 1973. Another public broadcasting channel is the
157:
fee, individual contributions, government funding or commercial sources. Public broadcasters do not rely on advertising to the same degree as commercial broadcasters, or at all; this allows public broadcasters to transmit programmes that are not commercially viable to the
3040:(ORTF), a more independent structure, in 1964. ORTF oversaw the introduction of a third television channel in 1972, two years before the dissolution of the structure in 1974. At that time a network of local and regional channels was created, nationally grouped under the
1132:
Salvadoran broadcasting has a public service radio and television channel. On 1 March 1926 began the operation as the first Central American broadcasting network called "Radio Nacional de El Salvador" with a frequency of 96.9 FM MHz founded by the president of that era,
763:
in 1995, which initially acquired the channel through a majority-owned subsidiary, Learning and Skills Television of Alberta Limited (LSTA). To fulfill its license conditions as an educational station, it broadcasts educational and children's programming during the
907:, these television producers went into crisis, causing many to end their activities or produce content for the private television channels. Currently, Colombia has three public channels (one is operated by a private company formed by the shares of four former
217:
is legally required to 'encourage and promote the musical, dramatic and other performing arts in Australia' and 'broadcasting programmes that contribute to a sense of national identity' with specific emphasis on regional and rural Australia'. Furthermore, the
853:
in each licensed market. Such channels have traditionally aired community talk shows, city council meetings and other locally oriented programming, although it is becoming increasingly common for them to adopt the format and branding of a local news channel.
4151:) and three digital only radio stations (Rádio Klasika, Rádio Litera and Rádio Junior). RTVS is funded through monthly fee of €4.64, which every household with electricity connection must pay. The director of RTVS is Václav Mika. RTVS is a full member of
4493:
sector, funded in part by federal grants via the Community Broadcasting Foundation, but largely sustained via subscriptions, donations and business sponsorship. As of February 2020, there are 450+ fully licensed community radio stations and a number of
236:
that they felt would jeopardize the editorial independence of the broadcaster. While many members have significant editorial independence, the Alliance includes organizations that have significant state control, especially with regard to island nations.
3544:, this fund receives 7% of the licence fee. The fund is used to assist broadcasters to commission public service broadcast programming. It is open to all independent producers provided they the backing of a free-to-air or community broadcaster, such as
2924:
itself, however, is a commercial government-owned television funded by subscriptions and advertising, with particular public service duties such as allowing regional stations to air their newscasts within specific timeslots of the main TV 2 channel.
2271:(TVT or TV 11 Thailand) at TVT New Phetchaburi Road Broadcasting Station. (presently National News Bureau of Thailand headquarters and NBT World TV Station and formerly UHF Channel 29, from 15 to 31 January 2008. Programs began on 1 February 2008.)
1805:
There are also independent local public broadcasters which founded by local government in several cities or regencies. They are obligated to network with either RRI or TVRI, depending on the medium, though they are not owned and operated by the two.
3083:
was created and used the remaining time on the same frequencies. La cinquième and ARTE subsequently shared the same channels with the exception of satellite, cable, and internet channels where both could be broadcast all day long. As 31 March 2005
1593:
in addition to supporting and financing a network of community channels as well as Ávila Television belonging to the Metropolitan Mayor's Office of Caracas. United States politicians have commented that TeleSUR is a propaganda tool in favor of the
4275:, and they usually tend to reproduce the model set up by RTVE. In the Autonomous Communities that have their own official language besides (Castilian) Spanish, those channels may broadcast in that co-official language. For example, this occurs in
3798:
The Netherlands uses a rather unusual system of public broadcasting. Public-broadcasting associations are allocated money and time to broadcast their programmes on the publicly owned television and radio channels, collectively known under the
4371:(SR), having previously had government monopoly. SVT is the national public television broadcaster with 4 channels (SVT 1, SVT 2, SVT BarnKanalen, and SVT 24). The aim is to make programmes for everybody. For example, Sweden has the historic
3429:'s national public-service broadcasting organisation. RÚV began radio broadcasting in 1930 and its first television transmissions were made in 1966. In both cases coverage quickly reached nearly every household in Iceland. RÚV is funded by a
1802:(TVRI). RRI currently operates four radio networks carried by some or all of more than 90 local stations, one of them is a national programming network. TVRI operates three national television channels, plus more than 32 regional stations.
2781:
was founded in 1935. BNT broadcasts 4 national programs (BNT 1, BNT 2, BNT 3, BNT 4 - broadcasts internationally). The BNR broadcasts 2 national programs (Horizont and Hristo Botev Program), 9 regional programs and Internet Radio Binar.
740:. TVO and Télé-Québec operate through conventional transmitters and cable, while TFO and Knowledge Network are cable-only channels. Beyond these and other provincial services, Canada does not have a national public educational network.
5562:
3005:
developing mobile services and promoting the development of new digital approaches. Yle's Voitto robot based on machine learning is the first personal news assistant in the world to give recommendations directly on the lock screen in
3493:
Both Irish public service broadcasters receive part of the licence fee, with RTÉ taking the lion's share of the funding. Advertising makes up 50% of RTÉ's income and just 6% of TG4's income. 7% of the licence fee is provided to the
2704: – the state-owned broadcasting organization was established by law on 18 June 1930. Television broadcasting from Brussels began in 1953, with two hours of programming each day. In 1960 the INR was subsumed into RTB (
5153:
5895:
3411:
Mourouzi str. facility. In Thessaloniki, ERT operates two television studios in the L. Stratou avenue and another three studios in smaller cities (Heraclion, Patras and Corfu) that can be used only for television correspondences.
3803:
name. The time and money is allocated in proportion to their membership numbers. The system is intended to reflect the diversity of all the groups composing the nation and maintains editorial independence from the government.
3406:
Also, operates a web TV service with a live transmition of all the terrestrial and satellite channels as well as 4 independent OTT channels (ERT PLAY 1, 2, 3 and 4) that carries mostly sport events and older archived shows.
818:
in 2012, expanding a relationship it began with SCN in January of that year, when Rogers began supplying entertainment programming to the channel through an affiliation agreement with its English-language broadcast network,
549:
in Montreal; CBFT was the first television station in Canada to initiate full-time broadcasts, which initially served as a primary affiliate of the French language Télévision de Radio-Canada and a secondary affiliate of the
1504:, most often distributed through the Public Radio Satellite System. Cultural Native American and Mexican American music and programming are also featured regionally. NPR is colloquially though inaccurately conflated with
182:
when the benefits to viewers are relatively high in comparison to the benefits to advertisers from contacting viewers. This frequently is the case in undeveloped countries that normally have low benefits to advertising.
3310:, or Hans-Bredow-Institute for Media Research at the University of Hamburg (HBI) is an independent non-profit foundation with the mission on media research on public communication, particularly for radio and television
452:
metropolitan area) are the two public broadcasters in the state. Regional public television channels in Brazil often broadcast part of TV Brasil or TV Cultura programming among with some hours of local programming.
5092:
3672:), but due to the high rates of evasion the government linked its payment to every household's electricity bill (90 euros for each household in 2017), as well as from advertising. The main competitors of RAI are
3302:
relevant groups". Public TV and radio stations spend about 60% of the ≈10bn € spent altogether for broadcasting in Germany per year, making it the most well funded public broadcasting system in the world.
6869:
107:
The primary mission of public broadcasting is that of public service, speaking to and engaging as a citizen. The British model is often referenced in definitions. The model embodies the following principles:
4524:. This is because of NZ On Air's requirement for public-service programmes across all channels and stations, instead of being put into one single network. The former public broadcaster BCNZ (formerly NZBC –
2156:(PTV). Created in 1974 as Government Television (GTV), PTV is no longer state subsidised except for a one-time equity funding for capital outlay in 1992. Aside from PTV, the other public broadcaster is the
4262:
service created in 2008. Although almost all the programming is the same for all of Spain, RTVE has territorial centers in every autonomous community and produces and broadcasts some local programming in
71:
receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing, and commercial financing, and claim to avoid both political interference and commercial influence.
5727:
231:
As an industry organization for public media, the Public Media Alliance supports its members and the industry of public media more broadly. For example, the Alliance advocated against a proposal on the
6837:
1528:
and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting after the network refused to stop airing documentaries on varying social issues that had alienated many of the network's affiliates. PBS would later acquire
6165:
5275:
4942:
3414:
ERT operates several radio studios in "Radiomegaro", in Thessaloniki (located at Aggelaki str., besides International Exhibition facility) and in 19 Greek cities, as well as a national news web site.
5658:
6194:
2286:) split into two channels. It was firstly aimed at viewers in the countryside. Some elements such as sex and violence are censored as NBT is one of the government departments under direct control.
5123:
5062:
605:
choose not to launch new rebroadcast transmitters in markets where the network disaffiliated from a private station after 2006; the network dropped its remaining private affiliates in 2016, when
1415:). The FCC had reserved almost 250 broadcast frequencies for use as educational television stations in 1953, though by 1960, only 44 stations allocated for educational use had begun operations.
692:(PBS), which itself is available terrestrially and – under a CRTC rule that requires Canadian cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry affiliates of the four major U.S. commercial networks (
6110:
5002:
780:, and the fact that the service had mandatory carriage on television providers serving Alberta regardless of whether it ran over-the-air transmitters. The service has since operated as part of
5032:
2190:
The government is currently planning to propose the creation of a law that will merge and integrate PTV and PBS into a single entity, to be called the People's Broadcasting Corporation (PBC).
5558:
5479:
3440:
RÚV – which by the terms of its charter is obliged to "promote the Icelandic language, Icelandic history, and Iceland's cultural heritage" and "honour basic democratic rules,
5145:
3691:(LRT) is the national broadcaster of Lithuania. It was founded in 1926 as radio broadcaster, and opened a television broadcasting subdivision in 1957. LRT broadcasts three radio stations (
5183:
1776:. Prasar Bharati was established on 23 November 1997, following a demand that the government owned broadcasters in India should be given autonomy like those in many other countries. The
1181:
satellite, Telesecundaria began transmitting on one of its analog channels in 1988; in 1994, it began broadcasting in digital format with the advent of the Solidaridad I satellite, and
2853:
in 1993, both broadcasters coexisted with their federal Czechoslovak counterparts, after which they also took over the channels previously occupied by the common federal broadcasting.
4691:
2267:, TITV and TV Thai television station. Thai PBS tested its broadcast by connecting to a temporary signal for broadcasting to the special programs chart which had been appropriated by
637:, respectively). The CBC's decision to disaffiliate from these and other privately owned stations, as well as the corporation decommissioning its network of rebroadcasters following
324:
5243:
3878:
receivers, and money from authors/copyright associations. The public broadcaster offers a mix of commercial shows and programmes they are, by law, required to broadcast (i.e.,
2493:(TVSH) is the name of the first public channel of Albania. The domestic TV programme is distributed analogically throughout the country and digitally in Tirana through RTSH HD.
6135:
2078:
etc. Radio Pakistan has stations covering all the major cities, it covers 80% of the country serving 95.5 Million listeners. It has world service in eleven languages daily.
6530:
6022:
3142:
insisted on a de-centralised, independent structure for German public broadcasting and created regional public broadcasting agencies that, by and large, still exist today.
849:
Some local community stations also operate non-commercially with funding from corporate and individual donors. In addition, cable companies are required to produce a local
5084:
4107:
TVR and Radio Romania are funded through a hybrid financing system, drawing from the state budget, a special tax (incorporated in electricity bills), and advertising too.
2466:
In most countries in Europe, public broadcasters are funded through a mix of advertising and public finance, either through a license fee or directly from the government.
2562:
is the name of the third programme, broadcasting the international service on short wave radio in Albanian, English, French. Greek, German, Italian, Serbian, and Turkish
846:'Corporation for the Advancement of New Language Applications Ltd.'), a private not-for-profit consortium of educational institutions in the province of Quebec.
642:
6319:
529:. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation took over operation of the CRBC's nine radio stations (which were largely concentrated in major cities across Canada, including
6859:
5885:
4972:
2997:
the most popular radio channel. Yle was the first of the Nordic public broadcasters to implement the Eurovision's portability regulation on its online media service
1218:
759:
as the public broadcaster Access. In 1993, the provincial government agreed to cease to direct funding of Access after the 1994 fiscal year; the channel was sold to
2247:(TPBS), it was established by the Thai Public Broadcasting Service Act, BE 2551, which came into force on 15 January 2008. Under this act, TPBS holds the status of
3298:
propaganda stations in 1994. All services are mainly financed through licence fees paid by every household and are governed by councils of representatives of the "
942:, led to the creation of a state network that should serve the entire country. This network, created in 1964 and in operation since 24 October 1969, is known as "
5717:
958:(Channel 4, on 12 May 1991). The University of Chile's Channel 11 also was rented to a private operator on 1 October 1993 and is now known today as "
6827:
1780:
passed an Act to grant this autonomy in 1990, but it was not enacted until 15 September 1997. Though a public broadcaster, it airs commercial advertisements.
6157:
5265:
4934:
1698:
381:(TV Educação and Univesp TV, which is available on free-to-air digital TV in São Paulo and nationally by cable and satellite), and the children's TV channel
5648:
5460:
5412:
3035:
882:
had between 1955 and 1998 a public television system very similar to that adopted by the NPO in the Netherlands, where private television producers called "
8347:
5361:
2842:
6186:
5764:
5309:
6901:
6081:
3383:
are the terrestrial broadcast channels, as well as ERT WORLD, a satellite channel focused to the Greek diaspora. ERT is broadcasting also five national (
5115:
5054:
768:
hours, while airing entertainment programming favoured by advertisers and viewers in prime time. The service discontinued its broadcast transmitters in
4502:
despite being unrelated across different states). They are organised similarly to PBS and NPR stations in the United States, and take on the role that
2727:
1844:
1697:(BB) is the country's sole state radio broadcaster. Radio transmission in the region now forming Bangladesh started in Dhaka on December 16, 1939. The
95:
now also exists in most of these countries; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the
6102:
5213:
4994:
5024:
4429:
3121:
2627:) is the public broadcaster in Austria. Despite the fact that private broadcasting companies were allowed in Austria in the late 1990s, ORF is still
416:) operates the public educational state-wide television network Rede Cultura do Pará (which covers the entire state of Pará, reaching many cities of
279:(FPA). EBC was created in 2007 to manage the Brazilian federal government's radio and television stations. EBC owns broadcast the television channel
4375:
minority and SVT make programmes in their language for them to watch. There are also a Finnish minority in Sweden, thus SVT show news in Finnish on
1484:(NPR), was created in February 1970, following the passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. This network replaced the Ford Foundation–backed
5476:
4536:(RNZ). While RNZ remains commercial-free, TVNZ is commercially funded through advertising. TVNZ continues to be a public broadcaster; however like
1749:
1533:
1445:
bias and there have been successful attempts to reduce – though not eliminate – funding for public television stations by some state legislatures.
1312:
222:(SBS) is intended to reflect the spirit and sense of multicultural richness and the unique international cultural values within Australian society.
1363:. Stations in this era were internally funded, and did not rely on listener contributions to operate, some accepted advertising. Networks such as
5994:
2715:
On 1 October 1945 INR-NIR began to broadcast some programmes in German. In 1961 RTB-BRT began a German-language radio channel, broadcasting from
1564:
1162:
6778:
1520:
serves as the nation's main public television provider. When it launched in October 1970, PBS assumed many of the functions of its predecessor,
927:
5175:
4582:
announced that they were planning to merge TVNZ and Radio New Zealand to create a new public broadcasting service. In response, the opposition
4324:
1308:
1054:
is the public service channel of Ecuador, established in October 2007. The channel was established at the same time as the installation of the
6979:
4280:
1395:
was the nation's first public television station founded by Dr. John W. Meaney, and signed on the air on May 25, 1953, from the campus of the
296:
3680:
and La7d, owned by Cairo Editore; other competitors are Sky Italia (with three FTA channels) and Discovery Italia (with seven FTA channels).
3001:. Yle Areena is the most used streaming service in Finland, beating even Netflix that is the most popular streaming service everywhere else.
5583:
4699:
2881:
896:). In 1998, when the Colombian government allowed the opening of television to the private market by granting two broadcast licenses to the
460:, EBC has received several criticism from some politicians for having an alleged political bias. The president of Brazil from 2019 to 2022,
9055:
9027:
9022:
8047:
4572:
4018:(broadcasting contribution tax), which is incorporated in electricity bills. Funding from the government budget ceased in 2014, during the
2896:
which every household that owns a TV or a radio has to pay. Since October 2011 advertising on Czech TV is restricted to ČT 2 and ČT sport.
2679:
2176:
977:. It is meant to be independent of political pressures, although accusations of bias have been made, especially during election campaigns.
397:
31:
4167:(RTVE), that does not have editorial independence from the state, and many autonomic broadcasting corporations, owned by their respective
4163:
In Spain, being a highly decentralized country, two public broadcasting systems coexist: a national state-owned broadcasting corporation,
5691:
2699:
6748:
3018:
1153:
In Mexico, public stations are operated by municipalities, state governments and universities, there are five national public channels.
5536:
4666:
4632:
4014:
The RTP group is financed by the advertising revenues from RTP1, RTP3, RTP Memória, RTP África, and RTP Internacional, and also by the
3948:
2275:
6103:"Is your permanent place of residence in Finland? You can now take all video content on Areena with you when travelling within the EU"
5824:
5235:
343:
to the metropolitan areas of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Recife, important Brazilian regions which did not have EBC radio stations.
7517:
7035:
6275:
2157:
3456:. RÚV's lineup also includes sports coverage, documentaries, domestically produced entertainment shows, and children's programming.
3943:
Until the 1990s the state had a monopoly on TV broadcasting, so RTP1 and RTP2 were the only Portuguese channels, both with similar
3784:(Radio Television of Montenegro) is the public broadcaster in Montenegro and maintains editorial independence from its government.
3688:
3025:
responsibility for the operation of the country's three public radio networks and the introduction of a public television service.
1948:
As of 2021 RTM operates 6 national, 16 state and 11 district radio stations as well as 6 national terrestrial television channels:
1840:
1230:
1198:
638:
6131:
4540:
in Canada it is essentially a fully commercial network in continuous ratings battles with other stations, which continues to be a
4520:
In New Zealand all broadcasters are given a small slice of public broadcasting responsibility, because of the state-funded agency
7734:
6538:
6052:
6018:
5387:
4019:
3085:
2305:
1427:
1332:
6804:
6385:
3812:
National public broadcasters in Nordic countries were modeled after the BBC and established a decade later: Radioordningen (now
3367:: Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία Τηλεόραση ή ERT) is the state-owned public broadcaster in Greece. It broadcasts five television channels:
9049:
7087:
4579:
4187:
3947:. In 1990, RTP1 was renamed "Canal 1", and in 1992 RTP2 was renamed "TV2". With the creation of the two private channels,
3836:
is the official public broadcast service in Iceland. All five are funded from television licence fees costing (in 2007) around
1732:) is the sole public service broadcaster. Although being a government department under the administrative hierarchy, it enjoys
1336:
522:
511:
246:
6316:
6187:"The first of its kind in the world: Yle NewsWatch's smart Voitto assistant shows recommendations directly on the lock screen"
9044:
9034:
9014:
8816:
6972:
5795:
4842:
4544:
within New Zealand. With the shutdown of TVNZ 7, the only fully non-commercial public-service network in New Zealand is
4308:
2217:, or MBC. Known to be the second channel of the country, it also shares the roles of being national television with the KBS.
810:
originated as the Saskatchewan Communications Network, a cable-only educational and cultural public broadcaster owned by the
465:
6608:
5626:
5433:
4861:
1851:
services). NHK also runs 3 national radio services and a number of international radio and television services, akin to the
1552:
4525:
3586:
public service broadcaster that is funded by government subsidy, part of the licence fee, and through advertising revenue.
3056:) was sold to the private sector in 1987. (At the time, the channel with the largest audience was the other public channel
2113:
2011:
1894:
1638:
1268:
1093:
1012:
8181:
4964:
4457:
In the UK there are also small community broadcasters. There are now 228 stations with FM broadcast licences (licensed by
9106:
9039:
8885:
6584:
5687:
4475:
4081:
1423:
1236:
646:
641:
in August 2011 have significantly reduced the terrestrial coverage of both CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé; the
214:
4724:
2911:
is the national public service broadcaster. The organisation was founded in 1925, on principles similar to those of the
8811:
6224:
5932:
5922:
5270:
4515:
3909:
3895:
3817:
1485:
262:
874:
8905:
7320:
7296:
6990:
6954:
6935:
5620:
4785:
4760:
3541:
3495:
3360:
2139:
2051:
2037:
1920:
1664:
1290:
1119:
1038:
495:
489:
6296:
5980:
5506:
2121:
2019:
1902:
1646:
1158:
1101:
1020:
8690:
8238:
8040:
8013:
3793:
3433:
fee collected from every income taxpayer, as well as advertising revenue. RÚV has been a full active member of the
2244:
1789:
1422:
precipitated the development of the current public broadcasting system in the U.S. The legislation established the
1368:
1359:
Early public stations were operated by state colleges and universities and were often run as part of the schools'
1182:
189:
is to give every citizen credits they can use to pay qualified media sources for civic information and reporting.
8801:
7457:
7305:
6642:
6336:
6249:
5457:
5408:
4564:
4203:
4195:
2221:
2214:
2172:
2059:
1529:
1521:
1419:
1055:
709:
5347:
5297:
4123:
primarily funded through public television licence fees bundled with electricity bills paid monthly, as well as
2550:(also, Radio Tirana 1) is the name of Albania's first radio programme, concentrating on news, talk, and features
1590:
943:
920:
480:
stations and several educational local TV channels (many of them belonging to public and private universities).
8796:
7301:
7159:
5869:
5750:
5305:
4806:
3572:
have also received funding for programming through the Fund provided they make that programming available on a
3044:
channel, and between this date and 2000, each national channel had its own direction structure, while being in
2441:
2153:
2117:
2015:
1898:
1642:
1272:
1097:
1016:
777:
145:
Public broadcasters in each jurisdiction may or may not be synonymous with government controlled broadcasters.
6891:
6073:
5612:
An Historical-Analytical Study of the Legislative and Political Origins of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
3770:
1548:
8821:
7794:
7648:
7510:
7432:
7354:
4379:. SR is the radio equivalent of SVT, with channels P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and the Finnish channel SR Sisuradio.
4335:. All the autonomous community networks are funded by a mixture of public subsidies and private advertising.
4239:
4186:(TVE), as well as online and streaming services. RNE was founded in 1937 and broadcasts five radio stations:
4135:
3886:
that TVP in particular is too profit-driven and should concentrate on programming that benefits the society.
3530:
2959:(ETV), the public television station, made its first broadcast in 1955, and together with its sister channel
2846:
2774:
2766:
2300:
1360:
708:) and a PBS member station – through pay television providers in Canada via member stations located near the
693:
163:
6560:
4271:
Moreover, most autonomous communities have their own public broadcaster, almost all of these are members of
4008:
3916:
and maintains editorial independence from its government. In 1968 its second channel appeared, then called "
3006:
2936:
is the organisation in Faroe Islands with public service obligations. Formed in 1957 as a radio broadcaster
2278:(NBT) is the public broadcasting arm of the Government Public Relations Department (PRD), a division of the
1453:
The first public radio network in the United States was founded in 1949 in Berkeley, California, as station
388:
Many Brazilian states also have regional and statewide public radio and television stations. One example is
9127:
9096:
8857:
8754:
8297:
8092:
8064:
7399:
6434:
5205:
4483:
4148:
3719:
2952:
1819:
1433:
Public television and radio in the U.S. have, from the late 1960s onward, dealt with severe criticism from
1134:
346:
272:
266:
219:
17:
3676:, the biggest national private broadcaster, divided in twelve channels (two of which are both SD and HD),
1794:
In Indonesia, there are three types of public broadcaster. The first two are national-scale broadcasters:
574:
9086:
8593:
8033:
7877:
7371:
6360:
6242:"International Connections for Public Media Research and Development [公共媒體研發之國際連線–以數位化知識為例(歐洲篇)]"
4804:
Simon P. Anderson; Stephen Coate (October 2005). "Market Provision of Broadcasting: A Welfare Analysis".
4417:
4412:, along with 24 regional channels. Suspilne broadcasts on 3 national and 1 international radio channels:
4152:
4101:
3800:
3434:
3286:
3179:
2461:
1799:
955:
6671:
6506:
4420:. The regional branches have their broadcasting slots in the broadcast schedule of the Ukrainian Radio.
4175:
3762:
3314:(including public service media providers) and other electronic media, in an interdisciplinary fashion.
3022:
1570:
8945:
8867:
8806:
8513:
7080:
4610:
4583:
4556:
4255:
4115:
3534:
3174:
2474:
2210:
2180:
1953:
1949:
1856:
1489:
1376:
1348:
850:
811:
601:
562:
366:
340:
276:
6001:
5653:
3255:
3026:
1161:. It started transmissions on 2 March 1959 as the first public broadcasting television in Mexico. The
8717:
8678:
8523:
8423:
8352:
8285:
8112:
7902:
7854:
7407:
7315:
6770:
4560:
4364:
4227:
4213:
3868:
2232:
2165:
1934:
1399:. In rural areas, it was not uncommon for colleges to operate commercial stations instead (e.g., the
951:
634:
618:
6771:"Television New Zealand Act 2003 No 1 (as at 28 October 2021), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation"
6482:
4288:
4097:
3952:
2175:(PBS) is the country's sole state radio broadcaster. Established in 1933 as KZFM by the US colonial
1488:. Some independent local public radio stations buy their programming from distributors such as NPR;
9076:
8318:
8253:
8206:
8166:
8001:
7897:
7706:
7653:
7503:
6996:
5981:"National Broadcasting Services of Thailand (NBT) on Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) website"
5146:"Extinções da Fundação Piratini e da Cientec são publicadas no Diário Oficial do Rio Grande do Sul"
4503:
4181:
3864:
3207:
2790:
2778:
2770:
2102:
2000:
1883:
1795:
1627:
1082:
1001:
705:
515:
401:
339:, a news agency. Starting in 2021, EBC expanded the coverage of its radio stations through the new
7201:
4328:
4171:, which only broadcast within its own territory and many of which do have editorial independence.
3290:, ZDF) – was later created in 1961 and a national radio service with two networks (
3280:, a second national television service – actually called Second German Television (
1339:
sources, but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and
8915:
8900:
8744:
8695:
8618:
8518:
8196:
8082:
8077:
7598:
7235:
7225:
6692:
6458:
5587:
4881:
4479:
3333:
3318:
2838:
2533:, is the international version of the domestic programme broadcast to Eurovision free to air via
2106:
2004:
1887:
1709:
1631:
1438:
1261:
1142:
1086:
1005:
589:) in both of Canada's official languages – English and French – and the French-language channels
92:
4454:
also have significant public service obligations imposed as part of their licence to broadcast.
4404:(Suspilne) is the national public broadcaster in Ukraine. It operates two national TV channels:
3067:, another European channel, was created, before being eaten by the French/German public channel
9132:
8837:
8623:
8438:
8383:
8378:
8191:
8156:
7633:
7271:
5352:
4600:
4568:
4529:
4499:
3968:, dedicated to classic RTP programming. In 2014 the headquarters of RTP2 were transferred from
3867:
by various press freedom organisations due its strong bias in favour of the ruling party, with
3388:
3229:
3225:
3170:
3154:
3139:
3109:
3071:
in 1991, originally broadcast on cable and satellite. In 1992, the fall of the private channel
3045:
2419:
2279:
2268:
1733:
1400:
1372:
1194:
1138:
796:
751:
Canada is also home to a number of former public broadcasting entities that have gone private.
684:, in some markets which are not directly served by their own CBC television or radio stations.
650:
507:
84:
1555:
is a network of radios with 20 different stations in AM and FM that cover the entire country.
1551:(TNU) is now linked to the Ministry of Education and Culture of the country. In addition, the
8739:
8543:
8508:
8428:
8408:
8330:
8218:
8139:
7746:
7689:
7583:
7568:
7073:
6740:
5680:
4908:
4626:
4615:
4434:
The United Kingdom has a strong tradition of public service broadcasting. In addition to the
4303:
has a radio station and a television channel, both branded as À Punt and broadcast mainly in
4096:
national, regional, and local radio channels. The regional and local stations are branded as
3731:
3446:
3392:
3384:
1818:(Japan Broadcasting Corporation). The broadcaster was set up in 1926 and was modelled on the
1678:
1595:
1497:
1493:
1481:
1396:
1145:
and 10. And since 1989, Channel 10 became the only public television channel in El Salvador.
756:
526:
350:
175:
8072:
5528:
4659:
2837:) are public broadcasters formed in 1992 to take over the Czech operations of the state-ran
2499:
is the second public TV channel dedicated mainly to sports and live events launched in 2003.
900:
8653:
8613:
8583:
8340:
8275:
8097:
7729:
7464:
7166:
5834:
5760:
4495:
4168:
4074:
3452:
3235:
3201:
3021:(RTF – French television and radio broadcasting) was created to take over from the earlier
2644:
2161:
755:, which is licensed as an educational television station in Alberta, was once owned by the
6271:
3900:
3197:
2160:(IBC), which the government has already put up for sale. The government no longer holds a
374:
354:
8:
8663:
8603:
8362:
8324:
8122:
8107:
7982:
7751:
7739:
7366:
7310:
7173:
5861:
5829:
4360:
4296:
4030:
3825:
3245:
2735:
2691:
2556:
is the name of the second radio program, broadcasting chiefly music and targeted at youth
2422:
owns its own broadcasting network known as IDF Waves which includes two radio stations:
2335:
1777:
1240:
1170:
1154:
841:
799:
CKUA Radio Foundation which continues to operate it as a community-funded radio network.
6716:
5025:"Com desenho animado e programas chapa-branca, para que serve a TV Brasil? | Tela Plana"
2941:
2933:
1945:, however it is currently state-subsidised, as television licences have been abolished.
725:
8890:
8847:
8778:
8648:
8578:
8553:
8488:
8335:
8056:
7947:
7479:
7447:
7154:
6896:
5959:
4304:
4264:
3944:
3430:
3166:
2937:
2917:
2323:
2303:
was the country's main public broadcasting service until 2017, when it was replaced by
1942:
1832:
1690:
1412:
970:
889:
792:
765:
378:
154:
6044:
5383:
5055:"Promessa de campanha, privatização da EBC fica para depois de 2022 | Radar Econômico"
4446:, a Welsh-language broadcaster in Wales. Furthermore, the two commercial broadcasters
4284:
3193:
3029:
and a fourth radio network was added in 1954 and a second television channel in 1963.
2187:(formerly Radyo ng Bayan) through its 32 stations and selected affiliates nationwide.
8930:
8852:
8766:
8749:
8712:
8558:
8388:
8357:
8223:
8117:
7849:
7829:
7774:
7484:
7452:
7439:
7422:
7389:
7359:
7349:
7344:
7286:
7261:
7252:
7144:
7132:
6986:
6968:
6950:
6931:
6832:
6800:
6220:
5928:
5865:
5791:
5616:
4838:
4781:
4756:
4605:
4552:
4545:
4533:
4332:
4247:
4243:
3980:
3754:
3341:
3277:
3276:
In addition to these nine regional radio and TV broadcasters, which cooperate within
2956:
2620:
2615:
2256:
2252:
1852:
1364:
820:
807:
733:
441:
206:
202:
167:
8598:
4486:(SBS), another public broadcaster, now accepts limited sponsorship and advertising.
3757:(TRM) is the public funded radio-TV broadcaster in Moldova. It owns the TV channels
2806:
device, computer or smartphone), with the remainder being made up from advertising.
2512:
a digital channel launched in 2012 broadcasts TVSH shows in high-definition quality.
904:
425:
417:
336:
332:
292:
8935:
8895:
8875:
8842:
8771:
8729:
8643:
8498:
8483:
8458:
8433:
8393:
8243:
8102:
8087:
7909:
7756:
7724:
7701:
7537:
7339:
7329:
7149:
5357:
4815:
4447:
4409:
4292:
4033:(TVR) is the national public TV broadcaster in Romania. It operates five channels:
3856:
3813:
3723:
3722:(PBS) is the national broadcaster of Malta. It operates three television services (
3565:
3291:
2979:
2975:
2908:
2814:
2260:
2209:
South Korea's representative public broadcasting television network is meant to be
1694:
1547:
has a strong history of public broadcasting in South America. Inaugurated in 1963,
947:
737:
582:
551:
545:). The CBC eventually expanded to television in September 1952 with the sign-on of
510:– which originated as a radio network in November 1936. It is the successor to the
171:
6965:
Public Financing of Public Service Broadcasting and its Qualification as State Aid
6828:"New details revealed as Cabinet agrees on RNZ, TVNZ public broadcasting decision"
6269:
6158:"Can public service news organisations stay competitive in a digital environment?"
5559:"Federal Regulations Title 47, Part 73, §73.501 Channels available for assignment"
4315:'s Eusko Irratia stations and Euskal Telebista (ETB) channels broadcast in either
4210:
since 1942. TVE was founded in 1956 and broadcasts different television channels:
4191:
4066:
4054:
1343:(ranging from small shops to corporations), along with audience contributions via
950:, television was mostly deregulated. Thus, two new commercial channels were born:
382:
370:
142:
highlighted by the public service aspects of traditional commercial broadcasters.
8563:
8418:
8186:
8161:
8149:
7972:
7962:
7919:
7869:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7679:
7674:
7618:
7608:
7547:
7542:
7230:
7186:
7127:
6323:
5610:
5483:
5464:
4995:"EBC virou 'cabide de emprego' e símbolo de aparelhamento político, diz ministro"
4865:
4858:
4490:
4413:
4320:
4316:
4259:
4089:
4085:
3281:
2994:
2705:
2184:
1773:
1525:
1186:
966:
862:
832:
752:
673:
658:
499:
477:
405:
328:
198:
80:
76:
7052:, Public Radio Fan is a listing of public radio programs and stations worldwide.
4268:
channels. A TV licence fee has been suggested, but with little popular success.
4084:(Radio Romania). It does not have independence from its government. It operates
3526:
3514:
688:
closely formatted to (and carrying many of the same programs as) the U.S.-based
331:
radio station based in Brasília with programming aimed to the population of the
8761:
8633:
8608:
8568:
8538:
8413:
8248:
8201:
8176:
8134:
7957:
7926:
7914:
7882:
7824:
7789:
7784:
7716:
7578:
7573:
7526:
7394:
7240:
7191:
7177:
5890:
5266:"The Birth and Death of The Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (1932–1936)"
4537:
4451:
4368:
4207:
3879:
3821:
3700:
3583:
3569:
3396:
3364:
3269:
2921:
2850:
2830:
2818:
2750:
2264:
2055:
1828:
1827:
something of a political issue. NHK runs two national terrestrial TV stations (
1745:
1701:
is responsible for the administration of all government TV channels and Radio.
1501:
1458:
1166:
974:
558:
461:
312:
304:
284:
64:
3965:
3518:
3130:, when regional broadcasters had been merged into one national network by the
2576:
2179:, the radio station was passed to the Philippine government after the country
1457:, which became and remains the flagship station for a national network called
959:
911:) and eight public radio stations (three stations are regional broadcasters).
743:
9121:
8910:
8683:
8673:
8588:
8478:
8473:
8463:
8448:
8270:
8129:
7967:
7892:
7844:
7669:
7628:
7623:
7603:
7593:
7122:
7112:
4720:
4621:
4595:
4174:
RTVE provides multi-station radio and television services with its divisions
4000:
3874:
3852:
3766:
3739:
3708:
3589:
3545:
3490:(TnaG), it was renamed TG4 in 1999, and was made independent of RTÉ in 2007.
3215:
1855:. NHK has also been an innovator in television, developing the world's first
1328:
1214:
581:) and several cable television channels including two 24-hour news channels (
566:
186:
60:
4819:
4393:
3984:
3937:
1859:
technology in 1964 and launching high definition services in Japan in 1981.
939:
931:
8788:
8628:
8573:
8503:
8468:
8403:
8302:
8292:
8144:
7952:
7887:
7839:
7834:
7766:
7643:
7638:
7334:
7257:
7245:
7220:
7096:
5945:
3573:
3441:
3311:
3265:
3158:
3127:
2660:
2427:
2248:
2063:
1434:
1344:
1303:
884:
858:
815:
760:
681:
622:
610:
518:
473:
457:
449:
389:
96:
68:
6300:
1173:
to students in rural areas through broadcast television channels, such as
795:
in Alberta was also formerly operated by Access, before being sold to the
362:
308:
138:
of good programming may raise the question of individual or public taste.
8988:
8638:
8548:
8533:
8493:
8453:
8312:
7804:
7779:
7613:
7563:
7417:
7412:
7325:
7117:
6864:
6585:"Corporacion de Radio y Television Espanola (RTVE) – State Media Monitor"
5907:
5502:
4637:
4541:
4376:
4372:
4235:
4124:
4070:
3933:
3860:
3828:) in Sweden (all in 1925). In 1926 Yleisradio, (Swedish: Rundradion) now
3743:
3735:
3696:
3692:
3641:
3592:
is the only independent broadcaster that has public service commitments.
3187:
2826:
2712:) and BRT (lang-nl|Belgische Radio – en Televisieomroep).
2346:
Kan also includes the following 8 public radio stations, taken from IBA:
1938:
1757:
1753:
837:
Corporation pour l'Avancement de Nouvelles Applications des Langages Ltée
669:
590:
578:
570:
233:
197:
Additionally, public broadcasting may facilitate the implementation of a
159:
38:
6949:. Acamedia research monographs. Vol. 17. Indiana University Press.
4442:, a publicly owned, commercially funded public service broadcaster, and
4062:
3912:(RTP), which in 1957 began regular broadcasts of its first channel, now
3097:
776:
in August 2011, due to the expense of transitioning the two stations to
300:
288:
8993:
8700:
8398:
8307:
8263:
8233:
8211:
7977:
7859:
7799:
7588:
7474:
7276:
7039:
4886:
4246:
children's channel since 2005; and its international worldwide service
4143:
4004:
3996:
3665:
3653:
3637:
3135:
2723:
2585:
2071:
1965:
1686:
1275: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1178:
1051:
781:
420:) and Rádio Cultura, a public radio station which broadcasts in FM for
358:
357:
in 1967 and includes a national educational public television network (
56:
6860:"PM: Potential RNZ-TVNZ merger would not harm commercial broadcasters"
6632:
6241:
4882:"The Roundtable – What is the state of public media around the world?"
4351:
4199:
3983:, founded in 1992 and dedicated to Eurovision, Asia and Americas, and
3522:
2603:
1748:
is India's public broadcaster. It is an autonomous corporation of the
8978:
8443:
8258:
8025:
7469:
7427:
7056:
Radio College, Internet Resources for Radio Journalists and Producers
4935:"EBC inaugura banda estendida FM e estreia programação em 5 capitais"
4586:
announced that it would oppose any plans to merge Radio NZ and TVNZ.
4521:
4439:
4276:
4251:
3758:
3704:
3649:
3645:
3600:
3561:
3400:
3219:
3057:
2955:(ERR) organises the public radio and television stations of Estonia.
2534:
2433:
2243:
In Thailand, there are two primary public broadcasters. First is the
2198:
2075:
2067:
1961:
1836:
1682:
1508:
as a whole, when in fact "public radio" includes many organizations.
1190:
969:
frequency, is governed by a seven-member board appointed by both the
713:
712:. These educational public broadcasters include the English-language
677:
665:
534:
320:
280:
6409:
6272:"Hans-Bredow-Institut für Medienforschung feierte seinen Geburtstag"
6217:
Public Service Broadcasting: A German-Ukrainian Exchange of Opinions
5718:"How Public Radio Scotch-Taped Its Way Into Public Broadcasting Act"
4909:"Isle of Man's future of public service media report splits Tynwald"
4551:
Aside from television, New Zealand has a rich public radio culture,
3325:
for British military staff, Voice of Russia, RFE and Radio Liberty.
2889:
2091:
1989:
1872:
1681:
which also broadcasts worldwide through its satellite based branch,
1616:
1250:
1071:
990:
888:" were given hours on the country's two public television channels (
8973:
8963:
8880:
8705:
8528:
7139:
5755:
5488:
4401:
4388:
4139:
4058:
3673:
3661:
3657:
3549:
3295:
3259:
3101:
3075:
freed the frequencies that it had used, witch has been affected to
3049:
3041:
2940:. Merged with Sjónvarp Føroya TV station on 1 January 2007 to form
2663:). ORF also takes part in the German-language satellite TV network
2263:. TPBS operates Thai PBS (ไทยพีบีเอส), which was formerly known as
1848:
1769:
1761:
1340:
1058:
so that the sessions could be transmitted live to all the country.
935:
879:
828:
773:
654:
594:
538:
396:), a public corporation created in 2016 modelled on EBC, formed by
88:
7495:
5812:
Public Broadcasting; The Role of the Federal Government, 1919–1976
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
since 2006. Up to 2006 the licence fee was given entirely to RTÉ.
3464:
In Ireland there are two state owned public service broadcasters,
2885:
2716:
2594:
2309:(Hebrew for "here"), the Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation.
1477:, as well as repeater stations and a large network of affiliates.
421:
30:"Public service broadcasting" redirects here. For other uses, see
8968:
8953:
8171:
7942:
7181:
6980:"Public service broadcasting in transition: a documentary reader"
6337:"Radio and Television of Montenegro (RTCG) – State Media Monitor"
4629:, non-profit distribution, peer review and licensing organization
4405:
4093:
3925:
3855:
was seen to be the last remaining form of public broadcasting as
3426:
3299:
3239:
3162:
3089:
3080:
3072:
3064:
2990:
2983:
2865:
2802:
2747:
Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep Nederlandstalige Uitzendingen
2656:
2631:
key player in the field. It has three nationwide radio channels (
2478:
2283:
1957:
1941:. RTM was previously funded publicly through money obtained from
1765:
1578:
1569:
Since 1998, the Venezuelan state had only one television channel
1544:
1442:
1388:
1384:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1174:
893:
824:
800:
785:
769:
721:
630:
626:
614:
606:
586:
546:
530:
153:
Public broadcasters may receive their funding from an obligatory
7049:
5116:"Funcionários da TV Cultura entram em greve por aumento e abono"
3955:
in 1993, the philosophy of the public service changed: in 1995,
3352:
2877:
2220:
South Korea also has another public broadcasting channel called
448:) and the public radio station FM Cultura (which broadcasts for
409:
27:
Electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service
8998:
8958:
8280:
7065:
6132:"New study: Netflix continues to dominate the streaming market"
4119:
4050:
3992:
3969:
3929:
3380:
3211:
3183:
2857:
2675:
Belgium has three networks, one for each linguistic community:
2400:
2328:
1201:(UNAM in Spanish) began transmissions as the sister channel of
729:
542:
316:
283:(launched in 2007, being the merger of TVE Brasil, launched in
7055:
4803:
3833:
3557:
3465:
3422:
2873:
2869:
2730:, the French-language section of RTB-BRT became RTBF (French:
2659:), one Eurovision-wide version of ORF 2 and a sports channel (
1573:, and after 2002 the government decided to launch the channel
629:
disaffiliated in August of that year (to become affiliates of
8983:
8920:
8228:
7196:
7025:
6663:
4458:
4272:
3973:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3317:
In Germany foreign public broadcasters also exist. These are
3249:
3131:
3105:
2755:
Vlaamse Radio – en Televisieomroeporganisatie
2652:
2648:
2560:
Radio Tirana 3 (Programi i Tretë, Radio Tirana International)
2319:
Kan has inherited the two main public TV channels in Israel:
965:
Televisión Nacional, popularly known as Channel 7 due to its
600:
As of 2017, all of CBC Television's terrestrial stations are
52:
7060:
6561:"Radio and Television Slovakia (RTVS) – State Media Monitor"
5085:"EBC e Eletrobras são incluídas no programa de privatização"
3145:
2647:). Its TV portfolio includes two general interest channels (
2636:
2632:
8925:
7684:
6637:
6435:"Radio e Televisao de Portugal (RTP) – State Media Monitor"
5924:
The Vanishing Vision: The Inside Story of Public Television
4780:. Asian Media Information and Communication Centre (AMIC).
4343:
4312:
4300:
4164:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
3988:
3961:
3921:
3913:
3781:
3727:
3613:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3332:
is a French/German cultural TV channel operated jointly by
3329:
3322:
3093:
3076:
3068:
2998:
2960:
2861:
2685:
2664:
1976:
History of public broadcasting in Nepal started from 1951.
1729:
1712:(RTB) is the only public broadcaster in Brunei Darussalam.
1586:
1582:
1574:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1404:
1392:
1193:
was founded and began operations eleven years later by the
1137:. On 4 November 1964 the Government of El Salvador founded
643:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
7044:
5825:"Articles of Incorporation of Public Broadcasting Service"
5298:"Broadcast Distribution Regulations (ss. 17(d) and 17(f))"
3501:
RTÉ offers a range of free to air services on television;
3344:. It is a binational channel broadcast in both countries.
2892:. Czech television is funded through a monthly fee of 135
6361:"Nederlandse Publieke Omroep (NPO) – State Media Monitor"
5722:
4443:
4435:
4147:
Rádio_FM and Rádio Patria), one satellite radio channel (
3829:
3677:
3609:
3579:
3553:
3484:(1960). TG4 was formed as a subsidiary of RTÉ in 1996 as
3469:
3337:
3053:
2971:
2912:
2893:
2640:
2152:
The Philippines' primary state television broadcaster is
2050:
In Pakistan, the public broadcasters are the state-owned
1823:
1815:
1517:
1408:
1331:, public broadcasters may receive some funding from both
1320:
1316:
717:
701:
697:
689:
400:, a statewide television network and the two stations of
271:
In Brazil, the two main national public broadcasters are
6507:"Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) – State Media Monitor"
6246:
Public Television Service Foundation (Taiwan) 公共電視台研究發展部
4528:) was broken up into separate state-owned corporations,
3924:. In the 1970s, TV arrived in the Portuguese islands of
3079:
each day from 19.00 to 3. In 1994 a new public channel,
2183:
in 1946. Currently, PBS broadcasts its flagship network
1213:
which is part of the university and cultural diffusion.
521:
in 1932, modeled on recommendations made in 1929 by the
121:
Contribution to national identity and sense of community
6928:
Public service broadcasting in the age of globalization
6926:
Banerjee, Indrajit; Seneviratne, Kalinga, eds. (2006).
6892:"National threatens to drop RNZ-TVNZ merger if elected"
4859:
Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983: Section 6
4778:
Public service broadcasting in the age of globalization
1720:
514:(CRBC), which was established by the administration of
494:
In Canada, the main public broadcaster is the national
7030:
7020:
5176:"Televisões universitárias e a força das transmissões"
3108:, a channel dedicated to kids, was partially owned by
1933:
The public broadcaster in Malaysia is the state-owned
1585:(2007) (a signal that until that year was occupied by
7061:
The Public Polish Radio Program Directors Association
5855:
4359:
Sweden has three public service broadcasters, namely
4077:. It does not have independence from its government.
1724:
Broadcasting House, the longtime headquarters of RTHK
1699:
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)
831:, operates as an educational station owned by CANAL (
6930:. Asian Media Information and Communication Centre.
6483:"Romanian Radio Company (SRR) – State Media Monitor"
1685:. There are also terrestrial state run TV channels:
1677:
The Bengali primary state television broadcaster is
1219:
Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano
6925:
6531:"Consumer protection group wants TV fees abolished"
6297:"RÚV's official website (English-language version)"
6214:
4665:. UNESCO & World Radio and Television Council.
4575:" network. All these networks are commercial-free.
4206:since 1989 and its international worldwide service
3425:("The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service") is
1693:that covers the proceedings of the Parliament. The
1189:and certain regions of the United States. In 1982,
444:, the state-wide public television channel TVE-RS (
130:
Competition in good programming rather than numbers
5615:. Dissertations in Broadcasting. Ayer Publishing.
2856:Czech Television broadcasts from three studios in
1185:was established and began transmitting in Mexico,
680:, and the launch of online news services, such as
373:FM and Rádio Cultura Brasil, both broadcasting to
6693:"Sveriges Television (SVT) – State Media Monitor"
6459:"Romanian Television (TVR) – State Media Monitor"
5477:Citytv expanding into Quebec & Western Canada
4430:Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom
3472:. RTÉ was established in 1960 with the merger of
3122:Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio
2732:Radio-Télévision Belge de la Communauté française
2407:" – Multilingual, mostly Russian language station
2392:Kol Hamusika ("The Sound of Music"), as of 2017 "
2354:" – Podcasts and talk programs related to culture
1430:as well as through public and private donations.
1383:did not show up in U.S. law until 1941, when the
369:through its 135 affiliates), two radio stations (
9119:
4555:being the main provider, with a varied network (
4234:) since 1966, that offers cultural programming;
3987:, founded in 1998 focused on Africa, mainly the
3908:In Portugal, the national public broadcaster is
2440:In addition, the ministry of education owns the
1750:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)
1534:National Association of Educational Broadcasters
1313:National Association of Educational Broadcasters
664:In recent years, the CBC has also expanded into
6919:
6801:"Media and politics - Ownership and Regulation"
6745:Community Broadcasting Association of Australia
5533:UNC-Chapel Hill Master of Public Administration
5206:"UPFTV transmitirá a programação da TV Cultura"
5091:(in Brazilian Portuguese). EBC. 10 April 2021.
4932:
4721:"BRU definition of public service broadcasting"
4482:and is 100% taxpayer funded. The multicultural
3979:The group also has two international channels:
3612:– Radiotelevisione Italiana, founded as URI in
2274:Second is the state-owned state media known as
1565:Bolivarian Communication and Information System
1141:as an educational television with the channels
621:defected from CBC Television that February and
557:CBC operates two national television networks (
7045:AIR, the Association for Independents in Radio
7031:The Public Radio Program Directors Association
5788:Future Active: Media Activism and the Internet
4104:is the company's international radio station.
3932:, with the creation of two regional channels:
1728:In Hong Kong, the Radio Television Hong Kong (
1375:began under this structure. The concept of a "
1221:(SPR), an agency from the Federal Government.
8041:
7511:
7081:
6162:Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism
5345:
4832:
4211:
4179:
4138:(RTVS) is the national public broadcaster in
3608:The Italian national broadcasting company is
3540:The Sound and Vision Fund is operated by the
3036:Office de radiodiffusion télévision française
2993:is the most viewed TV channel in Finland and
2765:There are two public media in Bulgaria - the
2201:is the only public broadcaster in Singapore.
1814:In Japan, the main public broadcaster is the
1387:was authorized to begin normal broadcasting.
930:on channels 8 and 4. Channel 8, in
133:Guidelines that liberate rather than restrict
6803:. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
4226:) since 1956, that is a generalist channel;
4118:(RTS) is the national public broadcaster in
3033:
928:Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso
668:ventures including the online radio service
657:) that serves the four provinces comprising
32:Public service broadcasting (disambiguation)
9056:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
6208:
5348:"Canada-U.S. cross-border station shake-up"
4755:. Indiana University Press. pp. 6–10.
4258:, and replaced in 2021 its previous online
3485:
3479:
3473:
2382:" – Persian language station, internet only
2120:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2018:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1901:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1645:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1441:), which allege that its programming has a
1217:was founded in 2012 and is operated by the
1100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1019:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
9092:
8048:
8034:
7518:
7504:
7088:
7074:
6977:
5584:"About Us: 50 Years of HoustonPBS History"
5409:"Applicant response dated 6 December 2010"
4799:
4797:
4633:Public, educational, and government access
4563:). RNZ also provides the Pacific with its
2403:(Aliyah integration network), as of 2017 "
2276:National Broadcasting Services of Thailand
1309:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
1177:in Mexico City. With the launching of the
649:, although it maintains only one station (
525:and stemming from lobbying efforts by the
353:created by the government of the state of
127:Direct funding and universality of payment
6978:Price, Monroe Edwin; Raboy, Marc (2003).
6825:
5920:
5715:
5001:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 June 2016.
4489:In addition, there is a large Australian
3816:) in Denmark, Kringkastingselskapet (now
2701:Institut national belge de radiodiffusion
2430:) – broadcasting news and current affairs
2312:In Arabic, the IPBC is known by the name
2158:Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation
2140:Learn how and when to remove this message
2038:Learn how and when to remove this message
1921:Learn how and when to remove this message
1665:Learn how and when to remove this message
1291:Learn how and when to remove this message
1197:as part of the "RED México". In 2005 the
1120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1039:Learn how and when to remove this message
954:(Channel 9, on 23 October 1990) and
639:Canada's transition to digital television
185:An alternative funding model proposed by
6947:Public broadcasting for the 21st century
6668:À Punt Mèdia, the public valencian media
6233:
5331:"Canadian cablecos to do the FOX trot".
4775:
4769:
4753:Public broadcasting for the 21st century
4654:
4652:
4392:
4350:
4342:
3899:
3699:, and LRT Opus), and three TV channels (
3689:Lithuanian National Radio and Television
3599:
3351:
3144:
2745:BRT was renamed in 1991 to BRTN (Dutch:
2436:– broadcasting music and traffic reports
1752:, Government of India and comprises the
1719:
1347:. The great majority operate as private
1302:
1231:Public broadcasting in the United States
1199:National Autonomous University of Mexico
742:
412:, the state-funded foundation FUNTELPA (
377:), two educational TV channels aimed at
226:
7036:A Model Public Service Broadcasting Law
7026:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
5730:from the original on September 21, 2017
5458:Citytv and SCN Sign Affiliate Agreement
5434:"Sask. TV network sold to Ontario firm"
4794:
4746:
4744:
4742:
2974:, (pronounced /yle/) or Yleisradio (in
2698:Originally named INR –
2655:), one cultural-instructional channel (
2414:" – Jewish-related news and programming
1209:(both radio stations founded in 1959),
432:), with its television channel TVE-ES (
14:
9120:
8055:
6792:
6717:"Sveriges Radio – State Media Monitor"
6215:Khabyuk, Olexiy; Manfred Kops (2011).
6138:from the original on 20 September 2019
5898:from the original on September 6, 2015
5849:
5785:
5113:
4987:
4402:Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine
2972:Yle - The Finnish Broadcasting Company
2371:Reshet Dalet (Network D), as of 2017 "
2364:Reshet Gimel (Network C), as of 2017 "
523:Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting
512:Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission
287:in 1975, and TV Nacional, launched in
247:List of public broadcasters by country
8029:
7499:
7069:
6944:
6751:from the original on 28 February 2020
6383:
6263:
6019:"Zprávy z ekonomiky – ČeskéNoviny.cz"
5748:
5716:Hellewell, Emily (November 8, 2012).
5697:from the original on October 17, 2017
5608:
5278:from the original on October 17, 2017
4933:Ivo de Oliveira, Pedro (7 May 2021).
4750:
4672:from the original on 27 February 2012
4649:
4618:, on the democratic role of the media
4438:, established in 1922, there is also
4053:, along with six regional studios in
3533:, as well as a number of channels on
3048:group. In 1984, the European channel
2350:Reshet Alef (Network A), as of 2017 "
1437:politicians and think-tanks (such as
9102:
8008:
7021:America's Public Television Stations
6904:from the original on 29 January 2020
6872:from the original on 30 January 2020
6840:from the original on 28 January 2020
6807:from the original on 30 January 2020
6798:
6239:
6074:"The most used contents of the year"
6025:from the original on 22 October 2014
5661:from the original on October 3, 2013
5539:from the original on August 26, 2017
5529:"The History of Public Broadcasting"
4975:from the original on 21 October 2021
4945:from the original on 26 January 2022
4926:
4876:
4874:
4739:
4526:New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation
3871:calling it a government mouthpiece.
2643:), nine regional ones (one for each
2477:(RTSH) is the public broadcaster in
2378:Reshet Hey (Network E), as of 2017 "
2357:Reshet Bet (Network B), as of 2017 "
2118:adding citations to reliable sources
2085:
2016:adding citations to reliable sources
1983:
1899:adding citations to reliable sources
1866:
1704:
1643:adding citations to reliable sources
1610:
1273:adding citations to reliable sources
1244:
1098:adding citations to reliable sources
1065:
1017:adding citations to reliable sources
984:
946:". After the military government of
7525:
6826:Patterson, Jane (29 January 2020).
5751:"Defunding NPR? It's not that easy"
5688:Corporation for Public Broadcasting
5586:. KUHT – HoustonPBS. Archived from
5509:from the original on 16 August 2019
5236:"Radiodifusão: licenças e outorgas"
4559:) and a classical musical network (
4476:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
4082:Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company
3807:
3616:. RAI transmits thirteen channels:
3088:permitted to give plain channel to
3019:Radiodiffusion-télévision française
2920:operating under the brand of TV 2.
1424:Corporation for Public Broadcasting
1311:hosted an important meeting of the
1237:Corporation for Public Broadcasting
1139:Televisión Educativa de El Salvador
215:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
24:
6270:Mediennetz Hamburg (2010-09-27).
5927:. University of California Press.
5833:. January 14, 2000. Archived from
5827:. Public Broadcasting PolicyBase.
5767:from the original on July 17, 2017
5629:from the original on June 28, 2021
5364:from the original on July 26, 2017
5312:from the original on July 14, 2014
5271:Canadian Communications Foundation
5246:from the original on 10 April 2021
5216:from the original on 10 April 2021
5186:from the original on 10 April 2021
5156:from the original on 10 April 2021
5126:from the original on 10 April 2021
5095:from the original on 10 April 2021
5065:from the original on 10 April 2021
5035:from the original on 10 April 2021
5005:from the original on 10 April 2021
4857:Charter of the Corporation (ABC).
4727:from the original on 8 August 2020
4516:Public broadcasting in New Zealand
4416:, Radio Promin, Radio Kultura and
3820:) in Norway, and Radiotjänst (now
3321:for US-military staff in Germany,
2868:and operates several TV channels:
2734:), German-language section became
2726:and the establishment of separate
1486:National Educational Radio Network
1411:-affiliated television station in
1307:The Gregory Hall on the campus of
857:Canada also has a large number of
385:, available nationally on pay TV.
192:
112:Universal geographic accessibility
25:
9144:
7014:
5960:"Chavez bid to counter Hollywood"
5749:Hagey, Keach (October 23, 2010).
5681:"Public Broadcasting Act of 1967"
5649:"Television in the United States"
5335:. September 12, 1994. p. 43.
4871:
4837:. Disruption Books. p. 145.
4660:"Public Broadcasting – Why, How?"
4423:
3542:Broadcasting Authority of Ireland
3496:Broadcasting Authority of Ireland
3379:(located in Thessaloniki city),
3361:Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation
2809:
2164:in the former state broadcaster,
2052:Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation
1553:Radiodifusión Nacional de Uruguay
1532:, an organization founded by the
1518:Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
1480:A national public radio network,
496:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
490:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
446:TV Educativa do Rio Grande do Sul
414:Fundação Paraense de Radiodifusão
9101:
9091:
9082:
9081:
9070:
8691:Free-space optical communication
8007:
7996:
7995:
7202:BitTorrent television and movies
7095:
5921:James Day (September 16, 1969).
5886:"Public TV Faces Fund Struggles"
5790:. Psychology Press. p. 71.
4100:. Broadcasting in 12 languages,
4080:The public radio broadcaster is
4016:taxa de contribuição audiovisual
3794:Dutch public broadcasting system
2928:
2918:regional public service stations
2742:) and Dutch-language stays BRT.
2584:is the local version of RTSH in
2575:is the local version of RTSH in
2245:Thai Public Broadcasting Service
2090:
1988:
1871:
1824:British Broadcasting Corporation
1790:Public broadcasting in Indonesia
1615:
1524:(NET). NET was shut down by the
1315:in the 1940s, that spawned both
1249:
1224:
1159:National Politechnical Institute
1070:
989:
430:Rádio e Televisão Espírito Santo
209:for culture). Examples include:
7458:Director of network programming
6884:
6852:
6819:
6781:from the original on 2023-04-18
6763:
6733:
6709:
6685:
6674:from the original on 2021-03-09
6656:
6645:from the original on 2022-04-03
6625:
6601:
6577:
6553:
6523:
6499:
6475:
6451:
6427:
6402:
6377:
6353:
6329:
6307:
6289:
6278:from the original on 2013-10-24
6252:from the original on 2013-10-19
6197:from the original on 2019-06-04
6179:
6168:from the original on 2023-03-06
6150:
6124:
6113:from the original on 2019-06-03
6095:
6084:from the original on 2023-03-07
6066:
6055:from the original on 2019-09-01
6037:
6011:
5987:
5973:
5952:
5914:
5878:
5817:
5804:
5779:
5742:
5709:
5673:
5641:
5602:
5576:
5565:from the original on 2017-02-08
5551:
5521:
5495:
5470:
5451:
5426:
5415:from the original on 2013-06-28
5401:
5390:from the original on 2012-10-04
5376:
5346:Etan Vlessing (July 31, 2009).
5339:
5324:
5290:
5258:
5228:
5198:
5168:
5138:
5114:Castro, Daniel (19 June 2015).
5107:
5077:
5047:
5017:
4957:
4901:
4580:Labour-led coalition government
4567:. Aside from RNZ almost all of
4565:Radio New Zealand International
3052:is created. The first channel (
2222:Educational Broadcasting System
2215:Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation
2173:Philippine Broadcasting Service
1530:Educational Television Stations
1522:National Educational Television
1420:Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
1260:needs additional citations for
1056:Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly
875:RTVC Sistema de Medios Públicos
464:, said in his campaign for the
404:, which operates in AM, FM and
7160:Digital terrestrial television
6741:"About Community Broadcasting"
5856:Laurence Ariel Jarvik (1997).
4851:
4826:
4807:The Review of Economic Studies
4713:
4684:
4509:
4327:'s Radio Galega stations and
3787:
3294:) emerged from the remains of
3134:to create a powerful means of
2963:has about 20% audience share.
2602:is the local version of RT in
2593:is the local version of RT in
2442:Israeli Educational Television
2342:" – Arabic language TV channel
2301:Israeli Broadcasting Authority
2289:
2204:
2081:
1361:cooperative extension services
1061:
716:(TVO) and the French-language
434:TV Educativa do Espírito Santo
394:Empresa Mineira de Comunicação
124:Distance from vested interests
13:
1:
7795:Needle and syringe programmes
7649:Universal access to education
7433:Television news screen layout
6609:"Spain – State Media Monitor"
6386:"Poland's State of the Media"
6384:Kalan, Dariusz (2019-11-25).
6317:Canone RAI a 90 euro dal 2017
5333:Alberta Report / Newsmagazine
4692:"Public Service Broadcasting"
4136:Radio and Television Slovakia
3910:Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
3896:Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
3776:
3032:RTF was transformed into the
2775:Bulgarian National Television
2767:Bulgarian National Television
2573:Radio Televizioni Gjirokastra
2410:Reshet Moreshet, as of 2017 "
1606:
1511:
1157:is owned and operated by the
466:presidential election in 2018
291:in 1960), the radio stations
273:Empresa Brasil de Comunicação
263:Empresa Brasil de Comunicação
102:
9077:Telecommunication portal
8858:Telecommunications equipment
7400:Broadcast television systems
7306:Children's television series
6985:. Kluwer Law International.
6920:General and cited references
5561:. United States Government.
5467:CNW press release 2011-12-20
4643:
4498:stations (most operating as
4484:Special Broadcasting Service
4469:
4331:(TVG) channels broadcast in
4149:Radio Slovakia International
3734:) and three radio services (
3720:Public Broadcasting Services
3683:
2953:Estonian Public Broadcasting
2777:was founded in 1959 and the
2749:) and again in 1998 to VRT (
2361:" – News and current affairs
2193:
1820:British Broadcasting Company
1783:
1715:
1591:Asamblea Nacional Televisión
1558:
944:Televisión Nacional de Chile
921:Televisión Nacional de Chile
365:, which is available in all
220:Special Broadcasting Service
148:
7:
8594:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
7878:Publicly funded health care
7302:Children's interest channel
5814:(Praeger Publishers, 1977).
5609:Burke, John Edward (1980).
5242:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
5212:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
5182:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
5152:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
5122:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
5061:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
5031:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
4971:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
4941:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
4776:Banerjee, Indrajit (2006).
4589:
4418:Radio Ukraine International
4238:sports channel since 1994;
4153:European broadcasting union
4130:
4102:Radio Romania International
4020:Portuguese financial crisis
3889:
3771:Radio Moldova Internaţional
3435:European Broadcasting Union
3287:Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen
2760:
2722:In 1977, following Belgian
2462:European Broadcasting Union
2375:" – Arabic language station
2238:
2154:People's Television Network
1979:
1862:
1800:Televisi Republik Indonesia
1549:Televisión Nacional Uruguay
1377:non-commercial, educational
1349:not-for-profit corporations
868:
747:Amherst Island public radio
690:Public Broadcasting Service
436:) and an AM radio station (
251:
240:
49:public service broadcasting
10:
9149:
8298:Telecommunications history
6240:Chen, (程宗明) (2001-05-25).
4611:International broadcasting
4578:In late January 2020, the
4557:Radio New Zealand National
4513:
4464:
4427:
4386:
4382:
4355:The logo of Sveriges Radio
4256:over-the-top media service
4116:Radio Television of Serbia
4025:
3893:
3844:) per household per year.
3791:
3749:
3568:, etc. Pay TV broadcaster
3459:
3417:
3204:), merged from SDR and SWF
3190:), merged from SFB and ORB
3119:
3115:
2966:
2947:
2944:. Funded by licence fees.
2916:to finance the network of
2903:
2845:, respectively. Until the
2785:
2670:
2613:
2609:
2475:Radio Televizioni Shqiptar
2469:
2459:
2211:Korean Broadcasting System
1857:high-definition television
1787:
1562:
1539:
1516:In the United States, the
1490:Public Radio International
1354:
1234:
1228:
980:
918:
872:
823:. One television station,
812:government of Saskatchewan
487:
325:Rádio Nacional da Amazônia
260:
244:
36:
29:
9065:
9007:
8944:
8906:Public Switched Telephone
8866:
8830:
8787:
8728:
8718:telecommunication circuit
8679:Fiber-optic communication
8662:
8424:Francis Blake (telephone)
8371:
8219:Optical telecommunication
8063:
7991:
7935:
7903:National health insurance
7868:
7855:Supervised injection site
7765:
7715:
7662:
7556:
7533:
7408:Digital on-screen graphic
7380:
7321:Movie television channels
7297:Adult television channels
7285:
7211:
7103:
5210:University of Passo Fundo
4969:Padre Anchieta Foundation
4561:Radio New Zealand Concert
4506:stations have in the US.
4365:Sveriges Utbildningsradio
4338:
4242:news channel since 1997;
4212:
4180:
4110:
3869:Reporters Without Borders
3847:
3765:, and the radio channels
3347:
3232:), split from former NWDR
3012:
2625:Österreichischer Rundfunk
2455:
2396:" – Classical music, jazz
2294:
2233:Public Television Service
2227:
2166:Radio Philippines Network
1935:Radio Televisyen Malaysia
1369:South Dakota Public Radio
1148:
619:Terrace, British Columbia
575:Ici Radio-Canada Première
483:
256:
63:whose primary mission is
8817:Orbital angular-momentum
8254:Satellite communications
8093:Communications satellite
7898:Single-payer health care
7707:Universal basic services
7654:Universal basic services
7372:Women's interest channel
7050:Public Radio Fan website
6963:Linke, Benjamin (2016),
5180:Observatório da Imprensa
4569:New Zealand's 16 regions
4504:public access television
4176:Radio Nacional de España
4165:Radiotelevisión Española
4158:
3832:was founded in Finland.
3714:
3595:
3531:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta
3023:Radiodiffusion française
2795:Hrvatska radiotelevizija
2791:Croatian Radiotelevision
2779:Bulgarian National Radio
2771:Bulgarian National Radio
1971:
1809:
1796:Radio Republik Indonesia
1739:
1571:Venezolana de Televisión
1448:
914:
565:), four radio networks (
554:CBC Television service.
456:Since the government of
172:television documentaries
37:Not to be confused with
8696:Molecular communication
8519:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
8348:Undersea telegraph line
8083:Cable protection system
7599:Public good (economics)
7236:Multichannel television
7226:Commercial broadcasting
7197:Peer-to-peer television
5786:Meikle, Graham (2002).
5654:Encyclopædia Britannica
5503:"El Once y su historia"
4820:10.1111/0034-6527.00357
4142:, with headquarters in
3859:(TVP) has been seen as
3112:between 2005 and 2014.
2839:Czechoslovak Television
2582:Radio Televizioni Korça
1822:, the precursor to the
1710:Radio Television Brunei
1601:
1439:The Heritage Foundation
1135:Alfonso Quiñónez Molina
277:Fundação Padre Anchieta
267:Fundação Padre Anchieta
118:Attention to minorities
93:Commercial broadcasting
59:, and other electronic
8838:Communication protocol
8624:Charles Sumner Tainter
8439:Walter Houser Brattain
8384:Edwin Howard Armstrong
8192:Information revolution
7316:Men's interest channel
7272:Religious broadcasting
6219:. LIT Verlag Münster.
5995:"Funding Arrangements"
5858:PBS, behind the screen
5384:"Decision CRTC 95-472"
5353:The Hollywood Reporter
4833:Michael Slaby (2021).
4601:Editorial independence
4530:Television New Zealand
4478:(ABC) is owned by the
4398:
4356:
4348:
4291:channels broadcast in
4289:Televisió de Catalunya
4098:Radio România Regional
3953:Televisão Independente
3905:
3605:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3357:
3285:
3230:North Rhine-Westphalia
3222:), established in 1991
3171:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
3150:
3034:
2834:
2822:
2794:
2754:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2710:Radio-Télévision Belge
2709:
2420:Israeli Defense Forces
2316:(Arabic for "place").
2269:Television of Thailand
1734:editorial independence
1725:
1689:owned and operated by
1401:University of Missouri
1373:Wisconsin Public Radio
1324:
836:
748:
651:Moncton, New Brunswick
503:
361:, launched in 1969 in
176:educational programmes
87:; television; and the
8812:Polarization-division
8544:Narinder Singh Kapany
8509:Erna Schneider Hoover
8429:Jagadish Chandra Bose
8409:Alexander Graham Bell
8140:online video platform
7747:Public infrastructure
7584:Public administration
7569:Free-culture movement
6721:statemediamonitor.com
6697:statemediamonitor.com
6613:statemediamonitor.com
6589:statemediamonitor.com
6565:statemediamonitor.com
6511:statemediamonitor.com
6487:statemediamonitor.com
6463:statemediamonitor.com
6439:statemediamonitor.com
6365:statemediamonitor.com
6341:statemediamonitor.com
5308:. February 28, 2014.
5306:Department of Justice
4627:Public Radio Exchange
4480:Australian Government
4396:
4354:
4346:
4329:Televisión de Galicia
4009:São Tomé and Príncipe
3945:generalist programmes
3903:
3603:
3355:
3173:), split from former
3148:
2978:) and Rundradion (in
2399:REKA - Reshet Klitat
2389:" – Alternative music
2054:(PBC), also known as
1756:television network (
1723:
1679:Bangladesh Television
1596:Bolivarian Revolution
1498:Public Radio Exchange
1494:American Public Media
1482:National Public Radio
1397:University of Houston
1306:
791:Public radio station
746:
563:Ici Radio-Canada Télé
527:Canadian Radio League
472:Brazil also has many
392:, which has the EMC (
351:non-profit foundation
227:Public Media Alliance
75:Common media include
8654:Vladimir K. Zworykin
8614:Almon Brown Strowger
8584:Charles Grafton Page
8239:Prepaid mobile phone
8167:Electrical telegraph
7465:Outside broadcasting
6945:Raboy, Marc (1995).
6747:. 14 November 2014.
5761:Capitol News Company
5535:. October 21, 2013.
5482:May 9, 2012, at the
5386:. CRTC. 1995-07-20.
5360:. Associated Press.
5302:Justice Laws Website
4751:Raboy, Marc (1995).
4496:community television
4397:The logo of Suspilne
4169:autonomous community
3453:Desperate Housewives
3308:Hans-Bredow-Institut
3202:Rhineland-Palatinate
2728:language communities
2491:Televizioni Shqiptar
2162:controlling interest
2114:improve this section
2012:improve this section
1943:television licensing
1895:improve this section
1639:improve this section
1269:improve this article
1163:government of Mexico
1094:improve this section
1013:improve this section
504:Société Radio-Canada
438:Rádio Espírito Santo
9128:Public broadcasting
8604:Johann Philipp Reis
8363:Wireless revolution
8325:The Telephone Cases
8182:Hydraulic telegraph
7983:Public viewing area
7752:Public water system
7740:Municipal broadband
7697:Public broadcasting
7367:Sports broadcasting
7311:Documentary channel
7267:Public broadcasting
7174:Internet television
6900:. 29 January 2020.
6868:. 29 January 2020.
6775:legislation.govt.nz
6541:on October 19, 2013
6193:. 12 October 2018.
6134:. 17 January 2019.
6007:on October 9, 2009.
5862:Rocklin, California
5358:The Nielsen Company
4542:controversial issue
4361:Sveriges Television
4297:Valencian Community
4265:regional variations
4182:Televisión Española
4031:Romanian Television
3834:Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV)
3826:Sveriges Television
3487:Teilifís na Gaeilge
3423:Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV)
2740:Belgischer Rundfunk
2336:Channel 33 (Israel)
2332:" – Main TV channel
2060:Pakistan Television
1778:Parliament of India
1418:The passage of the
1241:Current (newspaper)
1195:Ministry of Culture
1171:secondary education
1169:in 1968 to provide
788:chain of stations.
402:Rádio Inconfidência
45:Public broadcasting
8802:Frequency-division
8779:Telephone exchange
8649:Charles Wheatstone
8579:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
8554:Innocenzo Manzetti
8489:Reginald Fessenden
8224:Optical telegraphy
8057:Telecommunications
7948:Government auction
7634:Public procurement
7480:Television licence
7448:Broadcast designer
6897:New Zealand Herald
6633:"RTVE corporation"
6322:2017-11-12 at the
6109:. 2 January 2019.
5891:The Morning Record
5810:George H. Gibson,
5463:2013-09-29 at the
4864:2007-11-23 at the
4835:For All the People
4474:In Australia, the
4399:
4357:
4349:
3906:
3606:
3582:is an independent
3556:Northern Ireland,
3431:television licence
3358:
3334:France Télévisions
3167:Schleswig-Holstein
3151:
3149:Map of ARD-members
2843:Czechoslovak Radio
2385:88FM, as of 2017 "
2181:became independent
2177:Insular Government
1726:
1691:Bengali parliament
1428:federal government
1325:
901:Caracol Televisión
757:Alberta government
749:
710:U.S.–Canada border
647:Canadian provinces
602:owned and operated
408:; in the state of
379:distance education
213:In Australia, the
155:television licence
9115:
9114:
8853:Store and forward
8848:Data transmission
8762:Network switching
8713:Transmission line
8559:Guglielmo Marconi
8524:Internet pioneers
8389:Mohamed M. Atalla
8358:Whistled language
8023:
8022:
7850:Public university
7830:Public open space
7775:Drinking fountain
7735:Telecommunication
7493:
7492:
7485:Television studio
7453:Broadcast license
7440:Network affiliate
7423:On-screen display
7390:Broadcast network
7360:Livestreamed news
7350:Business channels
7345:News broadcasting
7262:Pirate television
7253:News broadcasting
7133:Mobile television
6973:978-3-631-66568-8
6833:Radio New Zealand
6080:. 23 April 2019.
5797:978-0-415-94322-2
4844:978-1-63331-051-3
4606:Independent media
4553:Radio New Zealand
4546:Radio New Zealand
4534:Radio New Zealand
4248:TVE Internacional
3981:RTP Internacional
3755:Teleradio-Moldova
3198:Baden-Württemberg
3110:France Télévision
3046:France Télévision
3007:the Yle NewsWatch
2957:Eesti Televisioon
2616:ORF (broadcaster)
2368:" – Israeli music
2257:government agency
2253:legal personality
2150:
2149:
2142:
2048:
2047:
2040:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1853:BBC World Service
1705:Brunei Darussalam
1675:
1674:
1667:
1536:(NAEB), in 1973.
1365:Iowa Public Radio
1301:
1300:
1293:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1049:
1048:
1041:
851:community channel
845:
808:City Saskatchewan
734:Knowledge Network
508:crown corporation
442:Rio Grande do Sul
375:Greater São Paulo
207:investment policy
203:industrial policy
16:(Redirected from
9140:
9105:
9104:
9095:
9094:
9085:
9084:
9075:
9074:
9073:
8946:Notable networks
8936:Wireless network
8876:Cellular network
8868:Types of network
8843:Computer network
8730:Network topology
8644:Thomas A. Watson
8499:Oliver Heaviside
8484:Philo Farnsworth
8459:Daniel Davis Jr.
8434:Charles Bourseul
8394:John Logie Baird
8103:Data compression
8098:Computer network
8050:
8043:
8036:
8027:
8026:
8011:
8010:
7999:
7998:
7910:Social insurance
7757:Waste management
7725:Electric utility
7702:Public transport
7619:Public ownership
7538:Municipalization
7520:
7513:
7506:
7497:
7496:
7340:Shopping channel
7330:Music television
7090:
7083:
7076:
7067:
7066:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7001:
6995:. Archived from
6984:
6960:
6941:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6799:McMillan, Kate.
6796:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6537:. Archived from
6527:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6333:
6327:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6303:on May 22, 2006.
6299:. Archived from
6293:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6000:. Archived from
5999:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5943:
5941:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5905:
5903:
5882:
5876:
5875:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5837:on April 6, 2001
5821:
5815:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5696:
5685:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5499:
5493:
5474:
5468:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4878:
4869:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4801:
4792:
4791:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4748:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4698:. Archived from
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4410:Suspilne Kultura
4217:
4216:
4185:
4184:
3918:segundo programa
3857:Telewizja Polska
3843:
3839:
3808:Nordic countries
3489:
3483:
3481:Teilifís Éireann
3477:
3292:Deutschlandradio
3039:
2987:radio services.
2942:Kringvarp Føroya
2934:Kringvarp Føroya
2815:Czech Television
2394:Kan Kol Hamusika
2261:state enterprise
2145:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2094:
2086:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2023:
1992:
1984:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1875:
1867:
1845:NHK BS Premium4K
1695:Bangladesh Betar
1670:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1619:
1611:
1471:Washington, D.C.
1296:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1253:
1245:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1074:
1066:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1024:
993:
985:
948:Augusto Pinochet
840:
738:British Columbia
583:CBC News Network
552:English language
428:has the RTV-ES (
418:Brazilian Amazon
367:Brazilian states
341:FM extended band
115:Universal appeal
21:
9148:
9147:
9143:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9138:
9137:
9118:
9117:
9116:
9111:
9071:
9069:
9061:
9003:
8940:
8862:
8826:
8783:
8732:
8724:
8665:
8658:
8564:Robert Metcalfe
8419:Tim Berners-Lee
8367:
8187:Information Age
8059:
8054:
8024:
8019:
7987:
7973:Public security
7963:Public offering
7931:
7920:Social security
7870:Social services
7864:
7820:Public hospital
7815:Public computer
7810:Public bookcase
7761:
7711:
7680:Law enforcement
7675:Fire department
7658:
7609:Public interest
7552:
7548:Progressive tax
7543:Nationalization
7529:
7527:Public services
7524:
7494:
7489:
7382:
7376:
7288:
7281:
7231:Community radio
7213:
7207:
7187:Streaming media
7099:
7094:
7017:
7005:
7003:
6999:
6993:
6982:
6957:
6938:
6922:
6917:
6907:
6905:
6890:
6889:
6885:
6875:
6873:
6858:
6857:
6853:
6843:
6841:
6824:
6820:
6810:
6808:
6797:
6793:
6784:
6782:
6769:
6768:
6764:
6754:
6752:
6739:
6738:
6734:
6725:
6723:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6701:
6699:
6691:
6690:
6686:
6677:
6675:
6662:
6661:
6657:
6648:
6646:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6617:
6615:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6593:
6591:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6569:
6567:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6544:
6542:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6515:
6513:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6491:
6489:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6467:
6465:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6443:
6441:
6433:
6432:
6428:
6419:
6417:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6394:
6392:
6382:
6378:
6369:
6367:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6345:
6343:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6324:Wayback Machine
6313:
6312:
6308:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6281:
6279:
6268:
6264:
6255:
6253:
6238:
6234:
6227:
6213:
6209:
6200:
6198:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6171:
6169:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6141:
6139:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6116:
6114:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6087:
6085:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6058:
6056:
6051:. 24 May 2018.
6043:
6042:
6038:
6028:
6026:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6004:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5965:
5963:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5919:
5915:
5901:
5899:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5872:
5854:
5850:
5840:
5838:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5809:
5805:
5798:
5784:
5780:
5770:
5768:
5747:
5743:
5733:
5731:
5714:
5710:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5683:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5664:
5662:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5632:
5630:
5623:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5591:
5590:on May 11, 2011
5582:
5581:
5577:
5568:
5566:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5512:
5510:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5484:Wayback Machine
5475:
5471:
5465:Wayback Machine
5456:
5452:
5443:
5441:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5418:
5416:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5393:
5391:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5367:
5365:
5344:
5340:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5315:
5313:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5217:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5187:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5127:
5112:
5108:
5098:
5096:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5008:
5006:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4978:
4976:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4946:
4931:
4927:
4918:
4916:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4893:
4891:
4880:
4879:
4872:
4866:Wayback Machine
4856:
4852:
4845:
4831:
4827:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4749:
4740:
4730:
4728:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4705:
4703:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4650:
4646:
4592:
4518:
4512:
4491:community radio
4472:
4467:
4432:
4426:
4414:Ukrainian Radio
4391:
4385:
4347:The logo of SVT
4341:
4319:or Spanish. In
4285:Catalunya Ràdio
4260:video on demand
4161:
4133:
4113:
4028:
3898:
3892:
3850:
3841:
3837:
3810:
3796:
3790:
3779:
3752:
3717:
3686:
3598:
3462:
3420:
3350:
3124:
3118:
3015:
2995:Yle Radio Suomi
2969:
2950:
2931:
2906:
2812:
2788:
2763:
2673:
2618:
2612:
2472:
2464:
2458:
2299:In Israel, the
2297:
2292:
2280:Thai Government
2255:, but is not a
2241:
2230:
2207:
2196:
2185:Radyo Pilipinas
2146:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2111:
2095:
2084:
2044:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2009:
1993:
1982:
1974:
1927:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1892:
1876:
1865:
1839:only services (
1833:NHK Educational
1812:
1792:
1786:
1774:All India Radio
1742:
1718:
1707:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1636:
1620:
1609:
1604:
1567:
1561:
1542:
1526:Ford Foundation
1514:
1451:
1357:
1297:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1266:
1254:
1243:
1233:
1227:
1187:Central America
1151:
1126:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1091:
1075:
1064:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1010:
994:
983:
923:
917:
877:
871:
863:community radio
753:CTV Two Alberta
674:music streaming
659:Atlantic Canada
492:
486:
478:community radio
424:. The state of
299:, broadcast to
269:
259:
254:
249:
243:
229:
199:cultural policy
195:
193:Cultural policy
151:
105:
85:shortwave radio
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9146:
9136:
9135:
9130:
9113:
9112:
9110:
9109:
9099:
9089:
9079:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9059:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9031:
9030:
9025:
9017:
9011:
9009:
9005:
9004:
9002:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8950:
8948:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8872:
8870:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8834:
8832:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8797:Space-division
8793:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8781:
8776:
8775:
8774:
8769:
8759:
8758:
8757:
8747:
8742:
8736:
8734:
8726:
8725:
8723:
8722:
8721:
8720:
8710:
8709:
8708:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8687:
8686:
8676:
8670:
8668:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8634:Camille Tissot
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8609:Claude Shannon
8606:
8601:
8599:Tivadar Puskás
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8569:Antonio Meucci
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8539:Charles K. Kao
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8514:Harold Hopkins
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8414:Emile Berliner
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8375:
8373:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8353:Videotelephony
8350:
8345:
8344:
8343:
8338:
8328:
8321:
8316:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8268:
8267:
8266:
8256:
8251:
8249:Radiotelephone
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8153:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8135:Internet video
8127:
8126:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8069:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8053:
8052:
8045:
8038:
8030:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8005:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7958:Public holiday
7955:
7950:
7945:
7939:
7937:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7927:Youth services
7924:
7923:
7922:
7917:
7915:Social pension
7907:
7906:
7905:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7883:Public housing
7880:
7874:
7872:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7825:Public library
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7790:Infrastructure
7787:
7785:Free education
7782:
7777:
7771:
7769:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7732:
7727:
7721:
7719:
7717:Public utility
7713:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7690:Savings system
7685:Postal service
7682:
7677:
7672:
7666:
7664:
7663:Basic services
7660:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7579:Product sample
7576:
7574:Free newspaper
7571:
7566:
7560:
7558:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7523:
7522:
7515:
7508:
7500:
7491:
7490:
7488:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7442:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7402:
7397:
7395:Broadcast-safe
7392:
7386:
7384:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7355:Public affairs
7352:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7299:
7293:
7291:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7255:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7241:Pay television
7233:
7228:
7223:
7217:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7199:
7194:
7192:Web television
7189:
7184:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7152:
7147:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7107:
7105:
7101:
7100:
7093:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7047:
7042:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7016:
7015:External links
7013:
7012:
7011:
6991:
6975:
6967:, Peter Lang,
6961:
6955:
6942:
6936:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6883:
6851:
6818:
6791:
6762:
6732:
6708:
6684:
6664:"À Punt Mèdia"
6655:
6624:
6600:
6576:
6552:
6522:
6498:
6474:
6450:
6426:
6410:"Poland | RSF"
6401:
6390:Foreign Policy
6376:
6352:
6328:
6306:
6288:
6262:
6232:
6226:978-3643800947
6225:
6207:
6178:
6149:
6123:
6094:
6065:
6036:
6010:
5986:
5972:
5951:
5934:978-0520086593
5933:
5913:
5877:
5870:
5848:
5816:
5803:
5796:
5778:
5741:
5708:
5672:
5640:
5621:
5601:
5575:
5550:
5520:
5494:
5492:, May 3, 2012.
5469:
5450:
5425:
5400:
5375:
5338:
5323:
5289:
5257:
5227:
5197:
5167:
5137:
5120:Notícias da TV
5106:
5089:Agência Brasil
5076:
5046:
5016:
4986:
4956:
4939:Agência Brasil
4925:
4900:
4870:
4850:
4843:
4825:
4814:(4): 947–972.
4793:
4786:
4768:
4761:
4738:
4712:
4683:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4591:
4588:
4584:National Party
4538:CBC Television
4514:Main article:
4511:
4508:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4428:Main article:
4425:
4424:United Kingdom
4422:
4387:Main article:
4384:
4381:
4369:Sveriges Radio
4340:
4337:
4309:Basque Country
4208:Radio Exterior
4188:Radio Nacional
4160:
4157:
4132:
4129:
4112:
4109:
4027:
4024:
3894:Main article:
3891:
3888:
3880:non-commercial
3865:PiS government
3849:
3846:
3822:Sveriges Radio
3809:
3806:
3792:Main article:
3789:
3786:
3778:
3775:
3751:
3748:
3716:
3713:
3701:LRT televizija
3685:
3682:
3597:
3594:
3584:Irish language
3570:Setanta Sports
3475:Raidió Éireann
3461:
3458:
3419:
3416:
3349:
3346:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3253:
3243:
3233:
3223:
3205:
3191:
3177:
3117:
3114:
3014:
3011:
2968:
2965:
2949:
2946:
2930:
2927:
2905:
2902:
2851:Czechoslovakia
2823:Česká televize
2811:
2810:Czech Republic
2808:
2787:
2784:
2769:(BNT) and the
2762:
2759:
2724:federalization
2696:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2672:
2669:
2614:Main article:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2554:Radio Tirana 2
2551:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2471:
2468:
2457:
2454:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2344:
2343:
2338:, as of 2017 "
2333:
2326:, as of 2017 "
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2240:
2237:
2229:
2226:
2206:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2148:
2147:
2098:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2056:Radio Pakistan
2046:
2045:
1996:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1929:
1928:
1879:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1811:
1808:
1788:Main article:
1785:
1782:
1746:Prasar Bharati
1741:
1738:
1717:
1714:
1706:
1703:
1673:
1672:
1623:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1560:
1557:
1541:
1538:
1513:
1510:
1502:Pacifica Radio
1459:Pacifica Radio
1450:
1447:
1356:
1353:
1299:
1298:
1257:
1255:
1248:
1229:Main article:
1226:
1223:
1167:Telesecundaria
1150:
1147:
1128:
1127:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1047:
1046:
997:
995:
988:
982:
979:
926:2010, and the
916:
913:
905:RCN Televisión
873:Main article:
870:
867:
559:CBC Television
516:Prime Minister
485:
482:
462:Jair Bolsonaro
426:Espírito Santo
337:Agência Brasil
313:Belo Horizonte
305:Rio de Janeiro
293:Rádio Nacional
285:Rio de Janeiro
275:(EBC) and the
258:
255:
253:
250:
242:
239:
228:
225:
224:
223:
194:
191:
164:public affairs
150:
147:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
104:
101:
65:public service
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9145:
9134:
9133:Radio formats
9131:
9129:
9126:
9125:
9123:
9108:
9100:
9098:
9090:
9088:
9080:
9078:
9068:
9067:
9064:
9057:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9006:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8951:
8949:
8947:
8943:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8873:
8871:
8869:
8865:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8829:
8823:
8822:Code-division
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8807:Time-division
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8790:
8786:
8780:
8777:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8763:
8760:
8756:
8753:
8752:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8733:and switching
8731:
8727:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8714:
8711:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8685:
8684:optical fiber
8682:
8681:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8674:Coaxial cable
8672:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8661:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8589:Radia Perlman
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8479:Lee de Forest
8477:
8475:
8474:Thomas Edison
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8464:Donald Davies
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8449:Claude Chappe
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8370:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8293:Smoke signals
8291:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8271:Semiconductor
8269:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8130:Digital media
8128:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8051:
8046:
8044:
8039:
8037:
8032:
8031:
8028:
8016:
8015:
8006:
8004:
8003:
7994:
7993:
7990:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7968:Public sector
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7934:
7928:
7925:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7893:Job guarantee
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7845:Public toilet
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7835:Public school
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7764:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7730:Oil & gas
7728:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7714:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7670:Civil service
7668:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7629:Public rights
7627:
7625:
7624:Public policy
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7604:Public health
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7594:Public domain
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7516:
7514:
7509:
7507:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7379:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7284:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7210:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7141:
7138:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7113:Radio program
7111:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7091:
7086:
7084:
7079:
7077:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7002:on 2012-01-17
6998:
6994:
6992:90-411-2212-5
6988:
6981:
6976:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6956:1-86020-006-0
6952:
6948:
6943:
6939:
6937:981-4136-01-8
6933:
6929:
6924:
6923:
6903:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6887:
6871:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6855:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6822:
6806:
6802:
6795:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6766:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6628:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6590:
6586:
6580:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6464:
6460:
6454:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6415:
6411:
6405:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6366:
6362:
6356:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6310:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6277:
6273:
6266:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6236:
6228:
6222:
6218:
6211:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6045:"This is Yle"
6040:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6003:
5996:
5990:
5982:
5976:
5961:
5955:
5947:
5936:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5917:
5909:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5881:
5873:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5852:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5813:
5807:
5799:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5745:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5712:
5693:
5689:
5682:
5676:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5644:
5628:
5624:
5622:0-405-11756-6
5618:
5614:
5613:
5605:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5473:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5454:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5342:
5334:
5327:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5201:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4854:
4846:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4800:
4798:
4789:
4787:981-4136-01-8
4783:
4779:
4772:
4764:
4762:1-86020-006-0
4758:
4754:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4702:on 2022-03-21
4701:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4668:
4661:
4655:
4653:
4648:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:Press freedom
4620:
4617:
4616:Mediatization
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:Citizen media
4594:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4395:
4390:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4353:
4345:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4287:stations and
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4192:Radio Clásica
4189:
4183:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4128:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4001:Guinea-Bissau
3998:
3994:
3991:countries of
3990:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3964:in 2015; and
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3902:
3897:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3876:
3875:Polskie Radio
3872:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3853:Polskie Radio
3845:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3802:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3767:Radio Moldova
3764:
3760:
3756:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:Radju Malta 2
3737:
3733:
3732:Parliament TV
3729:
3725:
3721:
3712:
3710:
3709:LRT Lituanica
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3381:ERT SPORTS HD
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3216:Saxony-Anhalt
3213:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3009:application.
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:Útvarp Føroya
2935:
2929:Faroe Islands
2926:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2835:Český rozhlas
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2605:
2601:
2600:Radio Shkodra
2598:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2144:
2141:
2133:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2099:This section
2097:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2042:
2039:
2031:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1997:This section
1995:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1925:
1922:
1914:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1880:This section
1878:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1669:
1666:
1658:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1624:This section
1622:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:New York City
1464:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:pledge drives
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:United States
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1292:
1284:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1258:This section
1256:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1225:United States
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:Canal Catorce
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1124:
1121:
1113:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1079:This section
1077:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1040:
1032:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1003:
998:This section
996:
992:
987:
986:
978:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
912:
910:
909:programadoras
906:
902:
899:
898:programadoras
895:
891:
887:
886:
885:programadoras
881:
876:
866:
864:
860:
855:
852:
847:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
754:
745:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:CBC Radio One
564:
560:
555:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
491:
481:
479:
475:
470:
467:
463:
459:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
383:TV Rá-Tim-Bum
380:
376:
372:
371:Rádio Cultura
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
268:
264:
248:
238:
235:
221:
216:
212:
211:
210:
208:
204:
200:
190:
188:
187:Michael Slaby
183:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
146:
143:
139:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
109:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
70:
66:
62:
61:media outlets
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
33:
19:
8789:Multiplexing
8664:Transmission
8629:Nikola Tesla
8619:Henry Sutton
8574:Samuel Morse
8504:Robert Hooke
8469:Amos Dolbear
8404:John Bardeen
8323:
8303:Telautograph
8207:Mobile phone
8162:Edholm's law
8145:social media
8078:Broadcasting
8012:
8000:
7953:Public float
7888:Job creation
7840:Public space
7767:Public works
7696:
7644:Public value
7639:Public trust
7444:Occupations
7335:Quiz channel
7266:
7258:Pirate radio
7246:Pay-per-view
7221:Campus radio
7212:Broadcasting
7097:Broadcasting
7004:. Retrieved
6997:the original
6964:
6946:
6927:
6906:. Retrieved
6895:
6886:
6874:. Retrieved
6863:
6854:
6842:. Retrieved
6831:
6821:
6809:. Retrieved
6794:
6783:. Retrieved
6774:
6765:
6753:. Retrieved
6744:
6735:
6724:. Retrieved
6720:
6711:
6700:. Retrieved
6696:
6687:
6676:. Retrieved
6667:
6658:
6647:. Retrieved
6636:
6627:
6616:. Retrieved
6612:
6603:
6592:. Retrieved
6588:
6579:
6568:. Retrieved
6564:
6555:
6543:. Retrieved
6539:the original
6534:
6525:
6514:. Retrieved
6510:
6501:
6490:. Retrieved
6486:
6477:
6466:. Retrieved
6462:
6453:
6442:. Retrieved
6438:
6429:
6418:. Retrieved
6416:. 2023-06-02
6413:
6404:
6393:. Retrieved
6389:
6379:
6368:. Retrieved
6364:
6355:
6344:. Retrieved
6340:
6331:
6314:(in Italian)
6309:
6301:the original
6291:
6280:. Retrieved
6265:
6254:. Retrieved
6245:
6235:
6216:
6210:
6199:. Retrieved
6190:
6181:
6170:. Retrieved
6161:
6152:
6142:20 September
6140:. Retrieved
6126:
6115:. Retrieved
6106:
6097:
6086:. Retrieved
6077:
6068:
6057:. Retrieved
6048:
6039:
6027:. Retrieved
6013:
6002:the original
5989:
5975:
5964:. Retrieved
5962:. 2006-06-04
5954:
5946:Google Books
5944:– via
5938:. Retrieved
5923:
5916:
5906:– via
5900:. Retrieved
5889:
5880:
5857:
5851:
5839:. Retrieved
5835:the original
5828:
5819:
5811:
5806:
5787:
5781:
5769:. Retrieved
5754:
5744:
5732:. Retrieved
5721:
5711:
5699:. Retrieved
5675:
5663:. Retrieved
5652:
5643:
5631:. Retrieved
5611:
5604:
5592:. Retrieved
5588:the original
5578:
5567:. Retrieved
5553:
5541:. Retrieved
5532:
5523:
5511:. Retrieved
5497:
5487:
5472:
5453:
5442:. Retrieved
5440:. 2010-06-21
5437:
5428:
5417:. Retrieved
5403:
5392:. Retrieved
5378:
5366:. Retrieved
5351:
5341:
5332:
5326:
5314:. Retrieved
5301:
5292:
5280:. Retrieved
5269:
5260:
5248:. Retrieved
5239:
5230:
5218:. Retrieved
5209:
5200:
5188:. Retrieved
5179:
5170:
5158:. Retrieved
5149:
5140:
5128:. Retrieved
5119:
5109:
5097:. Retrieved
5088:
5079:
5067:. Retrieved
5058:
5049:
5037:. Retrieved
5028:
5019:
5007:. Retrieved
4998:
4989:
4977:. Retrieved
4968:
4959:
4947:. Retrieved
4938:
4928:
4917:. Retrieved
4915:. 2018-12-12
4912:
4903:
4892:. Retrieved
4890:. 2022-07-09
4885:
4853:
4834:
4828:
4811:
4805:
4777:
4771:
4752:
4729:. Retrieved
4715:
4704:. Retrieved
4700:the original
4695:
4686:
4674:. Retrieved
4577:
4573:access radio
4550:
4519:
4488:
4473:
4456:
4433:
4400:
4358:
4270:
4250:since 1989.
4231:
4223:
4219:
4202:since 1976,
4198:since 1979,
4194:since 1965,
4190:since 1937,
4173:
4162:
4134:
4114:
4106:
4079:
4029:
4015:
4013:
3978:
3956:
3951:in 1992 and
3942:
3936:in 1972 and
3917:
3907:
3884:
3873:
3851:
3811:
3797:
3780:
3753:
3718:
3687:
3669:
3607:
3590:Virgin Media
3588:
3578:
3574:free-to-view
3546:Virgin Media
3539:
3527:RTÉ Lyric FM
3517:. On radio;
3515:RTÉ News Now
3500:
3492:
3463:
3451:
3445:
3442:human rights
3439:
3437:since 1956.
3421:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3359:
3328:Eventually,
3327:
3316:
3312:broadcasting
3307:
3305:
3275:
3159:Lower Saxony
3128:World War II
3125:
3104:. Moreover,
3090:La cinquième
3081:La cinquième
3062:
3031:
3016:
3003:
2989:
2970:
2951:
2932:
2907:
2898:
2855:
2813:
2798:
2789:
2764:
2744:
2721:
2714:
2700:
2697:
2674:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2599:
2591:Radio Kukësi
2590:
2581:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2548:Radio Tirana
2547:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2465:
2450:Kan Hinuchit
2449:
2445:
2439:
2428:Galey Tzahal
2417:
2412:Kan Moreshet
2411:
2404:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2327:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2273:
2249:state agency
2242:
2231:
2219:
2208:
2197:
2189:
2170:
2151:
2136:
2127:
2112:Please help
2100:
2064:PTV National
2049:
2034:
2028:January 2024
2025:
2010:Please help
1998:
1975:
1947:
1932:
1917:
1911:January 2024
1908:
1893:Please help
1881:
1835:) and three
1813:
1804:
1793:
1743:
1727:
1708:
1676:
1661:
1655:January 2024
1652:
1637:Please help
1625:
1568:
1543:
1515:
1506:public radio
1505:
1479:
1452:
1435:conservative
1432:
1417:
1380:
1358:
1326:
1287:
1278:
1267:Please help
1262:verification
1259:
1165:implemented
1152:
1131:
1116:
1110:January 2024
1107:
1092:Please help
1080:
1050:
1035:
1029:January 2024
1026:
1011:Please help
999:
964:
924:
908:
897:
883:
878:
859:campus radio
856:
848:
816:Rogers Media
806:
790:
761:CHUM Limited
750:
686:
682:CBC Hamilton
663:
623:Lloydminster
611:Dawson Creek
599:
556:
519:R.B. Bennett
493:
474:campus radio
471:
458:Michel Temer
455:
450:Porto Alegre
445:
437:
433:
429:
413:
393:
390:Minas Gerais
387:
345:
335:region, and
270:
230:
196:
184:
180:
152:
144:
140:
136:
106:
97:20th century
74:
69:broadcasters
48:
44:
43:
18:Public media
8989:NPL network
8701:Radio waves
8639:Alfred Vail
8549:Hedy Lamarr
8534:Dawon Kahng
8494:Elisha Gray
8454:Yogen Dalal
8379:Nasir Ahmed
8313:Teleprinter
8177:Heliographs
7805:Public bank
7780:Free clinic
7614:Public land
7564:Common good
7418:News ticker
7413:Lower third
7383:and funding
7326:Music radio
6865:Newstalk ZB
6755:15 February
6545:October 13,
5940:October 23,
5908:Google News
5902:October 28,
5841:January 12,
4965:"Cobertura"
4638:State media
4532:(TVNZ) and
4510:New Zealand
4377:SVT Uutiset
4236:Teledeporte
4125:advertising
4075:Târgu Mureș
4059:Cluj-Napoca
3966:RTP Memória
3934:RTP Madeira
3863:during the
3861:state media
3788:Netherlands
3744:Magic Malta
3736:Radju Malta
3697:LRT Klasika
3693:LRT Radijas
3642:Rai Premium
3638:Rai News 24
3519:RTÉ Radio 1
3478:(1926) and
3188:Brandenburg
2847:dissolution
2827:Czech Radio
2793:(Croatian:
2661:ORF Sport +
2577:Gjirokastër
2521:RTSH Muzikë
2485:Analogue TV
2444:, known as
2426:IDF Waves (
2373:MAKan Radio
2290:Middle East
2205:South Korea
2082:Philippines
1968:, and TV6.
1939:TV Alhijrah
1829:NHK General
1758:DD National
1754:Doordarshan
1500:(PRX); and
1463:Los Angeles
1062:El Salvador
960:Chilevisión
726:Télé-Québec
670:CBC Radio 3
591:Ici Explora
579:Ici Musique
571:CBC Radio 2
234:Isle of Man
160:mass market
51:) involves
39:State media
9122:Categories
9035:Antarctica
8994:Toasternet
8916:Television
8399:Paul Baran
8331:Television
8315:(teletype)
8308:Telegraphy
8286:transistor
8264:Phryctoria
8234:Photophone
8212:Smartphone
8202:Mass media
7978:Public use
7860:Urban park
7800:Public art
7589:Public bad
7475:Press pool
7381:Production
7277:Talk radio
7040:Article 19
7038:(2005) by
7006:2011-08-06
6908:30 January
6876:30 January
6844:30 January
6811:30 January
6785:2023-04-20
6726:2024-07-08
6702:2024-07-08
6678:2020-02-01
6649:2022-04-03
6618:2024-07-08
6594:2024-07-08
6570:2024-07-08
6516:2024-07-08
6492:2024-07-08
6468:2024-07-08
6444:2024-07-08
6420:2023-08-07
6395:2023-08-07
6370:2024-07-08
6346:2024-07-08
6282:2013-09-08
6256:2013-09-08
6201:2019-09-20
6172:2023-03-06
6117:2019-09-20
6088:2023-03-06
6059:2019-09-20
6029:13 October
5966:2024-06-18
5871:0761506683
5569:2016-11-22
5444:2010-06-21
5419:2011-03-17
5394:2011-09-03
4979:21 October
4949:25 January
4919:2024-07-08
4894:2024-07-08
4887:ABC listen
4731:13 October
4706:2023-08-09
4500:Channel 31
4367:(UR), and
4220:La Primera
4178:(RNE) and
4144:Bratislava
4005:Mozambique
3997:Cape Verde
3985:RTP África
3938:RTP Açores
3777:Montenegro
3666:Rai Scuola
3654:Rai Storia
3356:ERT's logo
3300:societally
3140:the Allies
3136:propaganda
3120:See also:
2999:Yle Areena
2645:Bundesland
2516:RTSH Sport
2504:Digital TV
2460:See also:
2352:Kan Tarbut
2072:PTV Global
1966:Berita RTM
1937:(RTM) and
1798:(RRI) and
1744:In India,
1687:Sangsad TV
1607:Bangladesh
1563:See also:
1512:Television
1379:" station
1341:businesses
1235:See also:
1179:Morelos II
1155:Canal Once
1052:Ecuador TV
975:the Senate
952:Megavisión
940:Valparaíso
932:Valparaíso
919:See also:
890:Cadena Uno
865:stations.
797:non-profit
782:Bell Media
488:See also:
440:), and in
398:Rede Minas
359:TV Cultura
261:See also:
245:See also:
162:, such as
103:Definition
57:television
9019:Americas
9008:Locations
8979:Internet2
8740:Bandwidth
8444:Vint Cerf
8341:streaming
8319:Telephone
8259:Semaphore
8150:streaming
7470:Press box
7428:Score bug
7404:Graphics
7287:Specialty
7167:Satellite
7128:Satellite
5864:: Forum.
5513:16 August
4676:17 August
4644:Citations
4522:NZ On Air
4470:Australia
4452:Channel 5
4440:Channel 4
4307:. In the
4305:Valencian
4295:. In the
4277:Catalonia
4252:RTVE Play
4067:Timișoara
4055:Bucharest
3940:in 1976.
3904:RTP brand
3759:Moldova 1
3705:LRT Plius
3684:Lithuania
3650:Rai Sport
3646:Rai Movie
3604:RAI brand
3562:Channel 4
3401:ERA Sport
3220:Thuringia
3086:broadcast
3058:Antenne 2
2984:Finland's
2738:(German:
2535:satellite
2434:Galgalatz
2380:Kan Farsi
2366:Kan Gimel
2324:Channel 1
2199:Mediacorp
2194:Singapore
2130:July 2021
2101:does not
2076:PTV Bolan
2070:, PTV 2,
2068:PTV World
1999:does not
1962:Sukan RTM
1882:does not
1837:satellite
1784:Indonesia
1716:Hong Kong
1683:BTV World
1626:does not
1559:Venezuela
1281:June 2017
1081:does not
1000:does not
971:President
714:TVOntario
678:CBC Music
666:new media
535:Vancouver
406:shortwave
363:São Paulo
355:São Paulo
329:shortwave
321:Tabatinga
309:São Paulo
297:Rádio MEC
281:TV Brasil
149:Economics
67:. Public
9087:Category
8974:Internet
8964:CYCLADES
8881:Ethernet
8831:Concepts
8755:terminal
8706:wireless
8529:Bob Kahn
8372:Pioneers
8197:Internet
8088:Cable TV
8002:Category
7936:See also
7557:Concepts
7289:channels
7140:Teletext
6902:Archived
6870:Archived
6838:Archived
6805:Archived
6779:Archived
6749:Archived
6672:Archived
6643:Archived
6326:, PMI.it
6320:Archived
6276:Archived
6250:Archived
6195:Archived
6166:Archived
6136:Archived
6111:Archived
6082:Archived
6053:Archived
6023:Archived
5896:Archived
5771:June 20,
5765:Archived
5756:Politico
5734:June 21,
5728:Archived
5701:June 21,
5692:Archived
5665:June 21,
5659:Archived
5633:June 21,
5627:Archived
5594:July 19,
5563:Archived
5543:June 21,
5537:Archived
5507:Archived
5489:CityNews
5480:Archived
5461:Archived
5438:CBC News
5413:Archived
5388:Archived
5368:June 23,
5362:Archived
5316:June 23,
5310:Archived
5282:June 23,
5276:Archived
5250:10 April
5244:Archived
5220:10 April
5214:Archived
5190:10 April
5184:Archived
5160:10 April
5154:Archived
5130:10 April
5124:Archived
5099:10 April
5093:Archived
5069:10 April
5063:Archived
5039:10 April
5033:Archived
5009:10 April
5003:Archived
4973:Archived
4943:Archived
4862:Archived
4725:Archived
4667:Archived
4590:See also
4571:has an "
4389:Suspilne
4333:Galician
4279:, where
4240:24 Horas
4140:Slovakia
4131:Slovakia
4094:internet
3928:and the
3890:Portugal
3674:Mediaset
3662:Rai Yoyo
3658:Rai Gulp
3550:Today FM
3296:Cold War
3260:Saarland
3102:France 4
3098:France Ô
3063:In 1986
3050:TV5Monde
3042:France 3
3017:In 1949
2882:ČT sport
2803:Croatian
2761:Bulgaria
2694:, German
2688:, French
2567:Regional
2531:TVSH Sat
2526:RTSH Art
2446:Hinuchit
2405:Kan Reka
2340:Makan 33
2239:Thailand
1980:Pakistan
1863:Malaysia
1849:NHK BS8K
1770:DD Retro
1762:DD India
1581:(2005),
1577:(2003),
1413:Columbia
1191:Canal 22
967:Santiago
936:Santiago
880:Colombia
869:Colombia
829:Montreal
774:Edmonton
676:service
655:CBAFT-DT
595:Ici ARTV
539:Montreal
301:Brasilia
289:Brasilia
252:Americas
241:Examples
89:Internet
9107:Commons
9097:Outline
9050:Oceania
8969:FidoNet
8954:ARPANET
8767:circuit
8336:digital
8065:History
8014:Commons
7943:Commons
7182:Webcast
7155:Digital
7123:Digital
6414:rsf.org
5830:Current
4999:O Globo
4465:Oceania
4406:Pershyi
4383:Ukraine
4363:(SVT),
4321:Galicia
4293:Catalan
4254:is its
4204:Radio 5
4200:Ràdio 4
4196:Radio 3
4071:Craiova
4026:Romania
3926:Madeira
3920:", now
3842:US$ 300
3750:Moldova
3576:basis.
3523:RTÉ 2FM
3460:Ireland
3427:Iceland
3418:Iceland
3240:Bavaria
3163:Hamburg
3116:Germany
3073:La Cinq
3065:La Sept
2991:Yle TV1
2980:Swedish
2976:Finnish
2967:Finland
2948:Estonia
2904:Denmark
2866:Ostrava
2801:) is a
2786:Croatia
2773:(BNR).
2682:, Dutch
2671:Belgium
2657:ORF III
2610:Austria
2604:Shkodër
2510:RTSH HD
2479:Albania
2470:Albania
2359:Kan Bet
2284:MCOT HD
2168:(RPN).
2122:removed
2107:sources
2020:removed
2005:sources
1958:TV Okey
1903:removed
1888:sources
1766:DD News
1647:removed
1632:sources
1579:teleSUR
1545:Uruguay
1540:Uruguay
1496:(APM);
1492:(PRI);
1475:Houston
1443:leftist
1389:Houston
1385:FM band
1355:History
1333:federal
1327:In the
1211:TV UNAM
1207:XEUN-FM
1203:XEUN-AM
1175:XHGC-TV
1102:removed
1087:sources
1021:removed
1006:sources
981:Ecuador
894:Canal A
844:
801:CJRT-FM
786:CTV Two
778:digital
770:Calgary
766:daytime
722:Ontario
653:-based
631:CTV Two
627:CKSA-DT
625:-based
617:—
615:CFTK-TV
609:—
607:CJDC-TV
587:Ici RDI
531:Toronto
166:shows,
9045:Europe
9015:Africa
8999:Usenet
8959:BITNET
8896:Mobile
8772:packet
8281:MOSFET
8276:device
8073:Beacon
7145:Analog
7104:Medium
6989:
6971:
6953:
6934:
6223:
6191:yle.fi
6107:yle.fi
6078:yle.fi
6049:yle.fi
5931:
5868:
5794:
5619:
4841:
4784:
4759:
4696:UNESCO
4339:Sweden
4317:Basque
4232:La dos
4224:La uno
4120:Serbia
4111:Serbia
4092:, and
4073:, and
4051:TVR HD
4049:, and
3993:Angola
3970:Lisbon
3930:Azores
3848:Poland
3742:, and
3730:, and
3707:, and
3670:Canone
3529:, and
3513:, and
3397:Kosmos
3348:Greece
3340:, and
3282:German
3270:Bremen
3212:Saxony
3184:Berlin
3126:After
3100:, and
3013:France
2890:ČT art
2888:, and
2864:, and
2858:Prague
2825:) and
2706:French
2497:TVSH 2
2456:Europe
2401:Aliyah
2387:Kan 88
2329:Kan 11
2295:Israel
2228:Taiwan
1847:, and
1841:NHK BS
1772:) and
1589:) and
1473:, and
1381:per se
1371:, and
1183:Edusat
1149:Mexico
956:La Red
833:French
821:Citytv
732:, and
730:Quebec
635:Global
577:, and
543:Ottawa
541:, and
500:French
498:(CBC;
484:Canada
333:Amazon
319:, and
317:Recife
257:Brazil
174:, and
83:, and
9028:South
9023:North
8984:JANET
8921:Telex
8911:Radio
8750:Nodes
8745:Links
8666:media
8244:Radio
8229:Pager
8157:Drums
8123:video
8118:image
8108:audio
7214:niche
7178:radio
7150:Cable
7118:Cable
7000:(PDF)
6983:(PDF)
6005:(PDF)
5998:(PDF)
5695:(PDF)
5684:(PDF)
5240:ABERT
4670:(PDF)
4663:(PDF)
4459:Ofcom
4325:CRTVG
4273:FORTA
4159:Spain
3974:Porto
3715:Malta
3634:Rai 5
3630:Rai 4
3626:Rai 3
3622:Rai 2
3618:Rai 1
3596:Italy
3511:RTÉjr
3507:RTÉ 2
3503:RTÉ 1
3393:ERA 3
3389:ERA 2
3385:ERA 1
3365:Greek
3250:Hesse
3132:Nazis
3106:Gulli
2982:) is
2886:ČT :D
2831:Czech
2819:Czech
2751:Dutch
2717:Liège
2653:ORF 2
2649:ORF 1
2595:Kukës
2586:Korçë
2542:Radio
2314:Makan
2251:with
1972:Nepal
1810:Japan
1740:India
1449:Radio
1407:, an
1337:state
915:Chile
506:), a
422:Belém
349:is a
168:radio
53:radio
9040:Asia
8926:UUCP
8886:ISDN
7176:and
6987:ISBN
6969:ISBN
6951:ISBN
6932:ISBN
6910:2020
6878:2020
6846:2020
6813:2020
6757:2020
6638:RTVE
6547:2014
6221:ISBN
6144:2019
6031:2014
5942:2013
5929:ISBN
5904:2013
5866:ISBN
5843:2008
5792:ISBN
5773:2017
5736:2017
5703:2017
5667:2017
5635:2017
5617:ISBN
5596:2008
5545:2017
5515:2019
5370:2017
5318:2017
5284:2017
5252:2021
5222:2021
5192:2021
5162:2021
5132:2021
5101:2021
5071:2021
5059:Veja
5041:2021
5029:Veja
5011:2021
4981:2021
4951:2022
4839:ISBN
4782:ISBN
4757:ISBN
4733:2014
4678:2011
4450:and
4408:and
4373:Sami
4313:EITB
4301:CVMC
4281:CCMA
4244:Clan
4228:La 2
4214:La 1
4088:and
4063:Iași
4047:TVRi
4043:TVR3
4039:TVR2
4035:TVR1
4007:and
3989:CPLP
3962:RTP3
3922:RTP2
3914:RTP1
3838:€230
3824:and
3782:RTCG
3769:and
3763:TVMI
3761:and
3728:TVM2
3614:1924
3468:and
3450:and
3447:Lost
3377:ERT3
3373:ERT2
3369:ERT1
3330:Arte
3323:BFBS
3306:The
3218:and
3200:and
3186:and
3175:NWDR
3169:and
3094:ARTE
3077:ARTE
3069:ARTE
2961:ETV2
2922:TV 2
2878:ČT24
2862:Brno
2841:and
2686:RTBF
2665:3sat
2651:and
2418:The
2171:The
2105:any
2103:cite
2058:and
2003:any
2001:cite
1886:any
1884:cite
1831:and
1730:RTHK
1630:any
1628:cite
1602:Asia
1587:RCTV
1583:TVES
1575:ViVe
1455:KPFA
1405:KOMU
1393:KUHT
1335:and
1319:and
1239:and
1205:and
1085:any
1083:cite
1004:any
1002:cite
973:and
938:and
903:and
892:and
861:and
842:lit.
825:CFTU
793:CKUA
772:and
704:and
633:and
613:and
593:and
585:and
561:and
547:CBFT
476:and
410:Pará
327:, a
295:and
265:and
205:and
201:(an
170:and
47:(or
8931:WAN
8901:NGN
8891:LAN
8172:Fax
8113:DCT
6535:B92
5723:NPR
4913:BBC
4816:doi
4448:ITV
4444:S4C
4436:BBC
4283:'s
4222:or
3972:to
3957:TV2
3949:SIC
3830:Yle
3818:NRK
3801:NPO
3746:).
3724:TVM
3711:).
3678:La7
3610:RAI
3580:TG4
3566:UTV
3558:RTÉ
3554:BBC
3535:DAB
3470:TG4
3466:RTÉ
3342:ARD
3338:ZDF
3319:AFN
3278:ARD
3226:WDR
3208:MDR
3194:SWR
3180:RBB
3155:NDR
3060:).
3054:TF1
3027:RFO
2913:BBC
2894:CZK
2874:ČT2
2870:ČT1
2849:of
2799:HRT
2757:).
2736:BRF
2692:BRF
2680:VRT
2641:FM4
2629:the
2621:ORF
2306:Kan
2265:iTV
2259:or
2116:by
2014:by
1954:TV2
1950:TV1
1897:by
1816:NHK
1641:by
1409:NBC
1403:'s
1391:'s
1321:NPR
1317:PBS
1271:by
1096:by
1015:by
962:".
827:in
784:'s
736:in
728:in
720:in
718:TFO
706:Fox
702:CBS
698:NBC
694:ABC
347:FPA
9124::
7328:/
7304:/
7260:/
6894:.
6862:.
6836:.
6830:.
6777:.
6773:.
6743:.
6719:.
6695:.
6670:.
6666:.
6641:.
6635:.
6611:.
6587:.
6563:.
6533:.
6509:.
6485:.
6461:.
6437:.
6412:.
6388:.
6363:.
6339:.
6274:.
6248:.
6244:.
6189:.
6164:.
6160:.
6105:.
6076:.
6047:.
6021:.
5894:.
5888:.
5860:.
5763:.
5759:.
5753:.
5726:.
5720:.
5690:.
5686:.
5657:.
5651:.
5625:.
5531:.
5505:.
5486:,
5436:.
5411:.
5356:.
5350:.
5304:.
5300:.
5274:.
5268:.
5238:.
5208:.
5178:.
5150:G1
5148:.
5118:.
5087:.
5057:.
5027:.
4997:.
4967:.
4937:.
4911:.
4884:.
4873:^
4812:72
4810:.
4796:^
4741:^
4723:.
4694:.
4651:^
4548:.
4323:,
4311:,
4299:,
4155:.
4127:.
4090:AM
4086:FM
4069:,
4065:,
4061:,
4057:,
4045:,
4041:,
4037:,
4022:.
4011:.
4003:,
3999:,
3995:,
3976:.
3814:DR
3773:.
3738:,
3726:,
3703:,
3695:,
3664:,
3660:,
3656:,
3652:,
3648:,
3644:,
3640:,
3636:,
3632:,
3628:,
3624:,
3620:,
3564:,
3560:,
3552:,
3548:,
3537:.
3525:,
3521:,
3509:,
3505:,
3399:,
3395:,
3391:,
3387:,
3375:,
3371:,
3336:,
3284::
3266:RB
3256:SR
3246:hr
3236:BR
3214:,
3165:,
3161:,
3138:,
3096:,
3092:,
2909:DR
2884:,
2880:,
2876:,
2872:,
2860:,
2833::
2821::
2797:,
2753::
2719:.
2708::
2667:.
2639:,
2637:Ö3
2635:,
2633:Ö1
2481:.
2452:.
2074:,
2066:,
1964:,
1960:,
1956:,
1952:,
1843:,
1598:.
1469:,
1465:,
1367:,
1351:.
839:,
835::
724:,
700:,
696:,
672:,
661:.
573:,
569:,
537:,
533:,
502::
323:,
315:,
311:,
307:,
303:,
178:.
99:.
81:FM
79:,
77:AM
55:,
9058:)
9054:(
8049:e
8042:t
8035:v
7519:e
7512:t
7505:v
7204:)
7180:(
7089:e
7082:t
7075:v
7009:.
6959:.
6940:.
6912:.
6880:.
6848:.
6815:.
6788:.
6759:.
6729:.
6705:.
6681:.
6652:.
6621:.
6597:.
6573:.
6549:.
6519:.
6495:.
6471:.
6447:.
6423:.
6398:.
6373:.
6349:.
6285:.
6259:.
6229:.
6204:.
6175:.
6146:.
6120:.
6091:.
6062:.
6033:.
5983:.
5969:.
5948:.
5910:.
5874:.
5845:.
5800:.
5775:.
5738:.
5705:.
5669:.
5637:.
5598:.
5572:.
5547:.
5517:.
5447:.
5422:.
5397:.
5372:.
5320:.
5286:.
5254:.
5224:.
5194:.
5164:.
5134:.
5103:.
5073:.
5043:.
5013:.
4983:.
4953:.
4922:.
4897:.
4868:.
4847:.
4822:.
4818::
4790:.
4765:.
4735:.
4709:.
4680:.
4230:(
4218:(
3840:(
3363:(
3272:)
3268:(
3262:)
3258:(
3252:)
3248:(
3242:)
3238:(
3228:(
3210:(
3196:(
3182:(
3157:(
2829:(
2817:(
2623:(
2537:.
2143:)
2137:(
2132:)
2128:(
2124:.
2110:.
2041:)
2035:(
2030:)
2026:(
2022:.
2008:.
1924:)
1918:(
1913:)
1909:(
1905:.
1891:.
1768:,
1764:,
1760:,
1668:)
1662:(
1657:)
1653:(
1649:.
1635:.
1323:.
1294:)
1288:(
1283:)
1279:(
1265:.
1143:8
1123:)
1117:(
1112:)
1108:(
1104:.
1090:.
1042:)
1036:(
1031:)
1027:(
1023:.
1009:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.