526:
as viewer support (including from pledge drives that many public television outlets carry for two- to three-week periods at least twice per year, at dates that vary depending on the station or regional network), with commercial underwriters donating to specific programs and receiving a short thanks for their contributions. Such underwriting may only issue declarative statements (including slogans) and may not include "calls to action" (i.e., the station cannot give out prices, comparative statements, or anything that would persuade the listener to patronize the sponsor). The majority of public television stations are owned by educational institutions and independent entities (including colleges and universities, municipal education boards, and nonprofit organizations); however, some statewide public television networks are operated as state government agencies, and some standalone public television stations serving an individual market are run by a municipal government or a related agency within it. Unlike
National Public Radio, however, PBS largely does not produce any of the programs it broadcasts nor has an in-house news division; all PBS programs are produced by individual member stations and outside production firms for distribution to its member stations through the network feed.
550:, PBS member stations are given the latitude to schedule programs supplied by PBS for national broadcast in time slots of their choosing, particularly in the case of its prime time lineup, or preempt them outright. PBS stations typically broadcast children's programming supplied by the service and through independent distributors like American Public Television during the morning and afternoon hours, and on many though not all stations, on weekend mornings; most public independent stations also carry children's programming, though, they may not as broadly encompass those stations' daytime schedules as is common with PBS member outlets. Many member stations have also aired
466:. Some stations also derive a portion of their funding from federal, state and local governments and government-funded colleges and universities, in addition to receiving free use of the public radio spectrum. The local stations then contract with program distributors and also provide some programming themselves. NPR produces its own programming (PBS, by contrast, does not create its own content, which is instead produced by select member stations and independent program distributors). NPR also receives some direct funding from private donors, foundations, and from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
400:). Around these distributed programs, stations fill in varying amounts of local and other programming. A number of public stations are completely independent of these programming services, producing all or most of their content themselves. Public radio stations in the United States tend to broadcast a mixture of news and talk programs along with music and arts/cultural programming. Some of the larger operations split off these formats into separate stations or networks. Music stations are probably best known for playing
543:, which both have three PBS member stations); in these conflict markets, PBS members which participate in the service's Program Differentiation Plan (PDP) are allocated a percentage of PBS-distributed programming for their weekly schedule – the highest total of which is usually allocated to the market's "primary" PBS station – often resulting certain programs airing on the PDP outlets on a delayed basis, unless the primary or an additional member station holds market exclusivity over a particular program.
66:
352:. From the beginning, the network has refused corporate funding of any kind, and has relied mainly on listener support. KPFA gave away free FM radios to build a listener base and to encourage listeners to "subscribe" (support the station directly with donations). It is the world's oldest listener-supported radio network. Since the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Pacifica has sometimes received CPB support. Pacifica runs other stations in
567:
series, documentaries and theatrically released feature films, political and current affairs shows, and home improvement, gardening and cooking programs – fill the remainder of the station's broadcast day. PBS and public independent stations also produce programs of local interest, including local newscasts and/or newsmagazines, public affairs shows, documentaries, and in some areas, gavel-to-gavel coverage of state legislative proceedings.
195:
viewers in rural areas where educational funding is even lower than that of urbanized areas and do not have access to arts education. Previous estimates by the
Corporation for Public Broadcasting have illustrated that removing federal funding to the CPB would severely hamstring rural PBS, NPR and independent public broadcasting stations, and may result in the gradual collapse of the public broadcasting system. Comprehensive studies by the
24:
109:(NPR), respectively – operate as separate entities. Some of the funding comes from community support to hundreds of public radio and public television stations, each of which is an individual entity licensed to one of several different non-profit organizations, municipal or state governments, or universities. Sources of funding also include on-air and online
484:
Foundation to begin withdrawing its financial support of the network in 1966, shouldering much of the responsibility for providing revenue for NET onto its affiliated stations, prior to the foundation of the CPB, which intended to create its own public television service. PBS' incorporation coincided with the merger of NET's
534:
throughout the entirety or a sub-region of an individual state; this model is also used by some public radio station groups (mainly those co-owned with a PBS member network). In a deviation from the affiliation model that began to emerge in commercial broadcast television in the late 1950s, in which
525:
PBS and
American Public Television (formerly Eastern Educational Television Network) distribute television programs to a nationwide system of independently owned and operated television stations (some having the term "PBS" in their branding) supported largely by state and federal governments as well
116:
Individual stations and programs rely on highly varied proportions of funding. Program-by-program funding creates the potential for conflict-of-interest situations, which must be weighed program by program under standards such as the guidelines established by PBS. Donations are widely dispersed to
194:
Arts advocates and media observers opposed to defunding the CPB argue that PBS provides educational and arts programming that have limited availability on
American television, even as the advents of cable television and online streaming have led to the development of similar content, including to
566:
that the station may maintain or exclusively via the
Internet). PBS also provides a base prime time programming schedule, featuring a mix of documentaries, arts and how-to programming, and scripted dramas. Acquired programming distributed directly to public television stations – such as imported
529:
With the exception of a few secondary or tertiary stations in certain major and mid-sized cities that rely entirely on syndicated content from
American Public Television and other distributors, the vast majority of public television stations in the U.S. are member outlets of PBS. Of the 354 PBS
199:
and other organizations have concluded that private financing would not be universally available to public television and radio stations in less densely populated areas to sufficiently replace taxpayer funding that makes up 40% to 50% of the annual budgets of some stations, and ensure universal
483:
and the
Corporation for Public Broadcasting after the network refused to stop airing documentaries on varying social issues that had received critical acclaim for their hard-hitting focus, but alienated many of the network's affiliates. NET's constant need for additional funding led the Ford
315:(CPB), a private entity that is charged with facilitating programming diversity among public broadcasters, the development and expansion of non-commercial broadcasting, and providing funding to local stations to help them create programs; the CPB receives funding earmarked by the
570:
With the advent of digital television, additional public television networks – most of which have direct or indirect association with PBS – have also launched, to provide additional cultural, entertainment and instructional programming. PBS operates three such networks:
252:– for such stations; when the FM band moved in 1945 to 88-106 MHz (later expanded to 108 MHz), the frequencies from 88.1 to 91.9 MHz were set aside for non-commercial educational stations, though they are not limited to those frequencies (for example,
530:
members currently operating as of 2017 (which account for 97% of the 365 public television stations in the U.S.), roughly half belong to one of 40 state or regional networks, which carry programming fed by a parent station to a network of
124:(CPB), which operates as a separate organization. Public radio and television stations often produce their own programs as well as purchase additional programming from national producers and program distributors such as NPR, PBS,
496:), into National Educational Television, the impetus of which was to continue receiving funding by Ford and the CPB. PBS also took over the rights to certain programs that originated on NET prior to its disestablishment (such as
190:
has led to many of these efforts being defeated at the federal level, although there have been successful attempts to reduce – though not eliminate – funding for public television stations by some state legislatures.
331:
suggested changing the name of what was to be called the Public
Television Act, and last-minute changes were subsequently made to the bill (with references incorporating radio into the bill being re-added with
371:
A public radio network, National Public Radio (NPR), was created in
February 1970, as byproduct of the passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. This network – which replaced the Ford Foundation-backed
474:
In the United States, the Public
Broadcasting Service (PBS) serves as the nation's main public television provider. When it launched in October 1970, PBS assumed many of the functions of its predecessor,
535:
a single station holds the exclusive local rights to a network's programming schedule, PBS maintains memberships with more than one non-commercial educational station in select markets (such as
288:). The FCC had reserved almost 250 broadcast frequencies for use as educational television stations in 1953, though by 1960, only 44 stations allocated for educational use had begun operations.
899:
878:
587:, a full-time alternate feed of programming selected from the main PBS service, which is also carried on some member stations as an overnight programming feed. Independent services include
825:
419:
The U.S. government operates some limited direct broadcasting services, but all are either highly specialized (and, since the dawn of the millennium, automated) information services (
459:
began airing VOA News hourly, and is the only known public radio station in the United States to broadcast the VOA news service since the Smith–Mundt Act restrictions were lifted.
416:
is another traditional, but declining, public radio programming staple. Cultural Native American and Mexican American music and programming are also featured regionally.
380:
as a whole, when in fact "public radio" includes many organizations. Some independent local public radio stations buy their programming from distributors such as NPR;
1224:
178:) have made various efforts to defund or privatize the Corporation for Public Broadcasting through federal budget legislation. Support for continuing CPB funding by
272:. This phenomenon continued in other large cities in the 1950s; in rural areas, it was not uncommon for colleges to operate commercial stations instead (e.g., the
1064:
45:
1373:
172:
155:
bias. Partly because of this belief, although it accounts for only a small fraction of government spending overall, some conservatives (including Presidents
1000:
117:
stations and producers, giving the system a resilience and broad base of support but diffusing authority and impeding decisive change and priority-setting.
1294:
762:
708:
462:
Local stations derive some of the funding for their operations through regular pledge drives seeking individual and corporate donations, and corporate
101:
The U.S. public broadcasting system differs from such systems in other countries, in that the principal public television and radio broadcasters – the
1368:
576:
519:
74:
217:. Stations in this era were internally funded, and did not rely on listener contributions to operate; some accepted advertising. Networks such as
70:
443:, a restriction that has since been lifted. While NOAA Weather Radio has individual terrestrial repeaters across the United States (albeit on
920:
607:
and the National Educational Telecommunications Association that broadcasts science, nature, news, public affairs and documentary programs.
1027:
654:
1143:
32:
1347: – A documentary examining the history and development of public television in the United States. It was produced by
1352:
712:
316:
1100:
1034:
661:
312:
121:
1256:
900:"Federal Regulations Title 47, Part 73, §73.513 Noncommercial educational FM stations operating on unreserved channels"
373:
1266:
957:
793:
311:– precipitated the development of the current public broadcasting system in the U.S. The legislation established the
245:
144:
531:
308:
222:
213:
Early public stations were operated by state colleges and universities, and were often run as part of the schools'
196:
93:
is almost entirely decentralized and is not operated by the government, but does receive some government support.
591:, an American Public Television-operated network featuring how-to, home and garden, cooking and travel programs;
515:
476:
451:
facilities; none of these services can be heard on the AM or FM bands most common on U.S. radio. In early 2016,
319:
as well as through public and private donations. While the intention of the act was to develop public television
297:
179:
268:
was the nation's first public television station, and signed on the air on May 25, 1953, from the campus of the
1208:
826:"Corporation For Public Broadcasting: Reported Trump Privatization Plan Would Be "Devastating" To Public Media"
730:
619:
599:, which carries international dramatic series (particularly crime drama), news programs and documentaries; and
498:
301:
949:
An Historical-Analytical Study of the Legislative and Political Origins of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
214:
344:
The first public radio network in the United States was founded in 1949 in Berkeley, California, as station
143:
Public television and radio in the U.S. has, from the late 1960s onward, dealt with severe criticism from
604:
404:, although other formats are offered, including the time-honored "eclectic" music format that is rather
1319:
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233:
129:
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courses (since the 2000s, many public television stations have relegated these programs to
257:
8:
1324:
1200:
1148:
631:
588:
575:, a network featuring children's programs aired on the main PBS feed's daytime schedule;
440:
420:
90:
120:
U.S. federal government support for public radio and television is filtered through the
974:
716:
600:
563:
551:
514:, the latter two of which continue to air on PBS to this day). PBS would later acquire
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428:
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radio, a revision of the bill had removed all mention of radio from the original text;
285:
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1204:
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953:
547:
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456:
328:
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218:
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was authorized to begin normal broadcasting (before 1941, it was experimental). The
113:
and the sale of underwriting "spots" (typically running 15–30 seconds) to sponsors.
615:
432:
879:"Federal Regulations Title 47, Part 73, §73.501 Channels available for assignment"
1304:
1299:
947:
559:
504:
480:
448:
435:. From 1948 to 2013, foreign-targeted broadcasts, many of which were intended as
1229:
393:
349:
164:
348:, which became and remains the flagship station for a national network called
307:, and was modeled in part after a 1965 study on educational television by the
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789:
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510:
485:
444:
175:
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156:
152:
683:
1279:
596:
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409:
248:(FCC) reserved the lower 5 frequencies of the band – between 42.1 and 42.9
168:
110:
65:
1241:
803:
536:
333:
436:
798:
763:"America needs public broadcasting, and arts and humanities agencies"
249:
1065:"How Public Radio Scotch-Taped Its Way Into Public Broadcasting Act"
396:, most often distributed through the Public Radio Satellite System (
767:
735:
324:
1117:
Public Broadcasting; The Role of the Federal Government, 1919–1976
368:, as well as repeater stations and a large network of affiliates.
655:"Alternative Sources of Funding for Public Broadcasting Stations"
540:
452:
261:
241:
23:
336:) before the law was passed by Congress and signed by Johnson.
1141:
1258:
The Vanishing Vision: The Inside Story of Public Television
622:
and sometimes supported in part through citizen donations.
603:, a joint venture of American Public Television, WNET, the
493:
424:
413:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
277:
265:
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and broadcast nationally in 1982 and is in the catalog of
1144:"Articles of Incorporation of Public Broadcasting Service"
1348:
1069:
687:
281:
106:
102:
82:
78:
89:
In the United States, other than a few direct services,
397:
1194:
1130:
NPR: The trials and triumphs of National Public Radio
794:"PBS and NPR are ready to fight budget cuts -- again"
376:– is colloquially though inaccurately conflated with
1142:Public Broadcasting PolicyBase (January 14, 2000).
558:programs for use in public and private schools and
291:
945:
439:, were barred from U.S. audiences because of the
240:did not show up in U.S. law until 1941, when the
1360:
520:National Association of Educational Broadcasters
75:National Association of Educational Broadcasters
1062:
857:UNC-Chapel Hill Master of Public Administration
1093:Future Active: Media Activism and the Internet
788:
1374:History of broadcasting in the United States
760:
684:"Guidelines for programs distributed by PBS"
1320:"PBS discount plan a 'no-brainer' for WLVT"
1292:
728:
447:), WWV, VOA and others operate from single
445:a special band reserved for such broadcasts
151:), which allege that its programming has a
1317:
921:"About Us: 50 Years of HoustonPBS History"
823:
71:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
1254:
618:systems, which are generally paid for by
260:has its FM frequency at 103.7 MHz).
1369:Public broadcasting in the United States
709:"Public Broadcasting and Public Affairs"
431:) or targeted at foreign audiences like
200:access to public broadcasting services.
64:
48:of all important aspects of the article.
1353:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
713:Berkman Center for Internet and Society
1361:
1188:
1090:
44:Please consider expanding the lead to
1295:"WQPT to eliminate several PBS shows"
147:politicians and think-tanks (such as
1063:Emily Hellewell (November 8, 2012).
853:"The History of Public Broadcasting"
17:
1035:Corporation for Public Broadcasting
923:. KUHT – HoustonPBS. Archived from
731:"Defunding NPR? It's not that easy"
662:Corporation for Public Broadcasting
313:Corporation for Public Broadcasting
122:Corporation for Public Broadcasting
73:hosted an important meeting of the
13:
1261:. University of California Press.
374:National Educational Radio Network
284:-affiliated television station in
69:The Gregory Hall on the campus of
14:
1385:
1336:
1132:(Columbia University Press, 2005)
1028:"Public Broadcasting Act of 1967"
1001:"Television in the United States"
579:, a dedicated feed consisting of
518:, an organization founded by the
246:Federal Communications Commission
1344:A Dream Called Public Television
1255:James Day (September 16, 1969).
1225:"Public TV Faces Fund Struggles"
1095:. Psychology Press. p. 71.
729:Keach Hagey (October 23, 2010).
479:(NET). NET was shut down by the
309:Carnegie Corporation of New York
208:
197:Government Accountability Office
77:in the 1940s, that spawned both
22:
1311:
1286:
1248:
1217:
1135:
1122:
1109:
1084:
1056:
1020:
993:
939:
913:
892:
824:Matt Gertz (January 19, 2017).
620:cable television franchise fees
516:Educational Television Stations
477:National Educational Television
298:Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
292:Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
36:may be too short to adequately
1195:Laurence Ariel Jarvik (1997).
871:
845:
817:
782:
754:
722:
701:
676:
647:
215:cooperative extension services
46:provide an accessible overview
1:
1293:David Burke (June 27, 2008).
761:Michael Fedo (June 2, 2017).
640:
492:-licensed WNDT (which became
469:
96:
229:began under this structure.
7:
1318:Dru Sefton (July 9, 2012).
1119:(Praeger Publishers, 1977).
625:
610:Most communities also have
605:WGBH Educational Foundation
499:Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
234:non-commercial, educational
103:Public Broadcasting Service
10:
1390:
1355:(not yet available online)
946:John Edward Burke (1980).
902:. United States Government
881:. United States Government
382:Public Radio International
203:
186:and many conservatives in
130:American Public Television
126:Public Radio International
505:Washington Week in Review
223:South Dakota Public Radio
707:Aufderheide & Clark.
612:public-access television
556:instructional television
339:
1091:Meikle, Graham (2002).
1006:Encyclopædia Britannica
408:in nature common among
149:The Heritage Foundation
1197:PBS, behind the screen
532:satellite transmitters
300:– which was signed by
274:University of Missouri
227:Wisconsin Public Radio
86:
1128:Michael P. McCauley,
595:, a network owned by
585:PBS Satellite Service
390:Public Radio Exchange
386:American Public Media
270:University of Houston
138:Public Radio Exchange
134:American Public Media
107:National Public Radio
68:
741:Capitol News Company
258:Bloomington, Indiana
173:Speaker of the House
1201:Rocklin, California
952:. Ayer Publishing.
564:digital subchannels
546:As with commercial
296:The passage of the
91:public broadcasting
1230:The Morning Record
1180:has generic name (
1115:George H. Gibson,
859:. October 21, 2013
792:(March 16, 2017).
717:Harvard University
614:channels on local
552:distance education
548:network affiliates
490:Newark, New Jersey
429:NOAA Weather Radio
317:federal government
232:The concept of a "
87:
1102:978-0-415-94322-2
583:content; and the
522:(NAEB), in 1973.
457:Las Vegas, Nevada
305:Lyndon B. Johnson
219:Iowa Public Radio
63:
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1156:on April 6, 2001
1152:. Archived from
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1037:. Archived from
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616:cable television
433:Voice of America
362:Washington, D.C.
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1305:Lee Enterprises
1300:Quad-City Times
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1047:
1045:
1044:on Oct 17, 2017
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927:on May 11, 2011
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664:. June 20, 2012
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581:high-definition
560:adult education
481:Ford Foundation
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441:Smith–Mundt Act
402:classical music
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31:This article's
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1328:. Current LLC.
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