Public broadcasting

2047:. In the past Radio Pakistan was partly funded through money obtained from License fees. In 1999, the Nawaz Sharif government abolished license fees for Radio Pakistan and also abolished its tax exempt status protected under PBC Act 1973. The license fees for Pakistan Television continued. The license fees collection for PTV was given to WAPDA during Musharraf government. Currently WAPDA collects Rs. 35 per house hold on electricity bills as PTV license fees. Television Broadcasting started in Pakistan with a small pilot TV Station established at Lahore Radio from where transmission was first beamed in black-and-white with effect from 26 November 1964. Television centres were established in Dhaka, Karachi and Rawalpindi/Islamabad in 1967 and in Peshawar and Quetta in 1974. PTV has various channels transmitting throughout the world including 3867:, niche programmes; programmes for children; programmes promoting different points of view and diversity; programmes for different religious and national groups; live coverage of the parliament's session on its dedicated channel: TVP Parlament; etc.). It has to be politically neutral, although in the past there have been cases of political pressure on TVP and Polskie Radio from the governing party. Recently, a new law has been passed by the ruling Law & Justice party, that in public perception allowed the party to take a much larger control over the media that has been possible before. The party states this law to be the first step to a complete public media overdo. Many worry no such improvements are actually coming and that these recent laws are only another step in taking control over the whole country by the Law & Justice party. 454:

Program, with the intention of carrying out studies about the possibility of privatization of the public broadcaster. Some states often had problems with their public broadcasting services. In São Paulo, FPA had sometimes dealt with budget cuts, labor disputes and strikes. In Rio Grande do Sul, TVE-RS and FM Cultura were managed by the Piratini Foundation, a non-profit state foundation. However, due to the public debt crisis in the state, in 2018, the Piratini Foundation had its activities closed, and TVE-RS and FM Cultura started to be managed by the Secretariat of Communication of the state government.

582:, dedicated to science and culture respectively. CBC's national television operations and some radio operations are funded partly by advertisements, in addition to the subsidy provided by the federal government. The cable channels are commercial entities owned and operated by the CBC and do not receive any direct public funds, however, they do benefit from synergies with resources from the other CBC operations. The CBC has frequently dealt with budget cuts and labour disputes, often resulting in a debate about whether the service has the resources necessary to properly fulfill its mandate. 3886: 4446:). Community radio stations typically cover a small geographical area with a coverage radius of up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) and run on a nonprofit basis. They can cater for whole communities or for different areas of interest – such as a particular ethnic group, age group or interest group. Community radio stations reflect a diverse mix of cultures and interests. There are stations catering to urban or experimental music, while others are aimed at younger people, religious communities or the armed forces and their families. 2220:, also called Taiwan Public Television Service Foundation, is the first independent public broadcasting institution in Taiwan, which broadcasts the Public Television Service Taiwan. Since its creation in 1998, PTS has produced several critically acclaimed dramatic programmes and mini-series despite experiencing funding difficulties. PTS is bound up in speaking for the minorities, including the promotion of Hakka Chinese and Formosan-language programming, an effort that has contributed much to the "Taiwanization" movement. 4379: 729: 1289: 3586: 2433:, the first Israeli television channel. It was created by the Rothschild fund to aid the ministry's work in teaching children from kindergarten to high school and to promote the television's use in Israel at a time the government considered the device a "cultural decadence". It is funded and operated by the ministry, and since the 1980s it has widened its orientation to adults as well as children. In August 2018, the Educational Television was shut down and replaced by 1446:. From the beginning, the network has refused corporate funding of any kind, and has relied mainly on listener support. KPFA gave away free FM radios to build a listener base and to encourage listeners to "subscribe" (support the station directly with donations). It is the world's oldest listener-supported radio network. Since the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Pacifica has sometimes received CPB support. Pacifica runs other stations in 9068: 7982: 4337: 80:. Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on the country and the station. In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting. Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages. Historically, public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries (with the notable exceptions of the United States, Mexico, and Brazil). 2077: 1975: 1858: 1602: 1236: 1057: 976: 9078: 3338: 9057: 9088: 7994: 3131: 4329: 799:. SCN was sold to Bluepoint Investment Corporation in 2010, and like CTV Two Alberta did when it became privatized, incorporated a limited schedule of entertainment programming during the late afternoon and nighttime hours, while retaining educational and children's programs during the morning until mid-afternoon to fulfill its licensing conditions; Bluepoint later sold the channel to 630:(CRTC) does require cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry CBC and Radio-Canada stations as part of their basic tier, regardless of terrestrial availability in an individual market. Of the three major French-language television networks in Canada, Ici Radio-Canada Télé is the only one that maintains terrestrial owned-and-operated stations and affiliates in all ten 1706: 919:, is the first and oldest station on Chile, transmitting since 5 October 1957. As soon as 1961 universities began transmitting advertisements between their programmes, the first of them being the Channel 9, showing a Motorola TV set. This kind of disguised advertising took the name of "Payola". This situation, added to the fact that TV was only reaching 2267:. It operates comprehensive media services comprising radio, public television networks (terrestrial and satellite), online services and social media. NBT TV (or NBT (Digital) 2 HD), formerly TVT11, is the television division and free-to-air channel of NBT. The broadcasting of TVT11 began on 11 July 1988, when TV9 (currently known as 2209:, or EBS. Originally considered to be an extension channel of the KBS, it was spun-off as an educational channel but retained its public broadcasting tasks. KBS and EBS mainly are funded by the commercials that they provide in their channels, but due to growing competitions, this is becoming an issue for them as well. 3870:

There is an ongoing debate in Poland about the semi-commercial nature of TVP and PR. Many people fear that making them into totally non-commercial broadcasters would result in the licence fee payable by households being increased, and fewer people being interested in programmes they offer; others say

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that the public broadcaster is allegedly a "job hanger" (public company existing only for the purpose of securing positions for political allies) and has proposed to privatize or extinguish the public company. On April 9, 2021, the president inserted the public company into the National Privatization

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in the United Kingdom. DR runs six nationwide television channels and eight radio channels. Financing comes primarily from a yearly licence fee, that everyone who owns either a television set, a computer or other devices that can access the internet, has to pay. A part of collected fees is also used

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Czech Radio broadcasts four nationwide stations Radiožurnál, Dvojka, Vltava, and Plus, several regional and topical digital stations. It also provides an international service Radio Prague International, which broadcasts abroad in six languages. Czech Radio is funded through a monthly fee of 45 CZK.

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One of the principles of public broadcasting is to provide coverage of interests for which there are missing or small markets. Public broadcasting attempts to supply topics of social benefit that are otherwise not provided by commercial broadcasters. Typically, such underprovision is argued to exist

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While the application of certain principles may be straightforward, as in the case of accessibility, some of the principles may be poorly defined or difficult to implement. In the context of a shifting national identity, the role of public broadcasting may be unclear. Likewise, the subjective nature

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in each of them. For most of its history, RNE and TVE were funded both from public sources and private advertising; however, from September 2009, RTVE have been funded by a mixture of public tax revenue and funds collected from Spain's private television stations, thus removing advertising from its

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focused on entertainment, information and major sport competitions. In 2004, after a great restructuring period, RTP started its current branding. That year the two thematic channels of the group were also created – RTPN, a 24 hour-news channel which became RTP Informação in 2011 and

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ERT operates 8 television studios in three buildings in Athens: five of them in the headquarters called "Radiomegaro" ("Ραδιομέγαρο" that means "radio palace") located in Agia Paraskevi area, two of them in Katehaki str. facility and one small one in the center of Athens near the Parliament, in the

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public broadcasting company. It operates several radio and television channels, over a domestic transmitter network as well as satellite. As of 2002, 70% of HRT's funding comes from broadcast user fees with each house in Croatia required to pay 79 HRK, kuna, per month for a single television (radio

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Yle focuses highly on developing its digital services. In 2016 a Reuters Institute study of European public service companies show that Yle and BBC are the public service pioneers in digital development and performing the best while introducing innovative digital services in their news operations,

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created in 1927. Much like the BBC, NHK is funded by a "receiving fee" from every Japanese household, with no commercial advertising and the maintenance of a position of strict political impartiality. However, rampant non-payment by a large amount of households has led the receiving fee to become

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by the CBC directly. The number of privately owned CBC Television affiliates has gradually declined in recent years, as the network has moved its programming to stations opened by the corporation or has purchased certain affiliates from private broadcasting groups; budgetary issues led the CBC to

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was again renamed RTP2 and became an alternative channel dedicated to culture, science, arts, documentaries, sports (except football), minorities and children. Since then, RTP2 has carried no advertising. Canal 1, renamed back RTP1 also in 1995, remained the commercial channel of RTP group,

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national public service media company. Founded in 1926, it is a public limited company majority owned by the Finnish state, employing around 2,800 people. Yle is funded by a special Yle tax. Yle has four television channels, three television channel slots, six nationwide radio channels and three

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Chilean television was founded through universities, in an attempt to bring public television without the state having to pay directly and control content. The University of Chile (owner of the former channels 9 and 11 until 1993), the Catholic University of Chile on channels 2 and 13 until

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In addition, several provinces operate public broadcasters; these are not CBC subentities, but distinct networks in their own right. Most of the provincial services maintain an educational programming format, differing from the primarily entertainment-based CBC/Radio-Canada operations, but more

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that does not have editorial independence from its government. It operates a total of five television channels (RTS1, RTS2, RTS Digital, RTS HD and RTS SAT) and five radio stations (Radio Belgrade 1, Radio Belgrade 2, Radio Belgrade 3, Radio Belgrade 202, and Stereorama). RTS is

1721:. It operates seven radio channels and produces television programmes and broadcast on commercial television channels, as these channels are required by law to provide timeslots for RTHK television programmes. RTHK would be assigned a digital terrestrial television channel during 2013 to 2015. 4131:

that does not have editorial independence from its government. This organisation was created in 2011 by merger of Slovak Television and Slovak Radio. RTVS broadcasts four television channels (STV1, STV2, RTVS 24, RTVS Šport), five FM radio stations (Rádio Slovensko, Rádio Devín, Rádio Regina,

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operates four nationwide radio channels (which are also available via the broadcaster's website). There are also 17 public radio stations broadcasting in particular regions. Polish Radio (and TVP) are funded from several sources: state funding, advertising, obligatory tax on all TV and radio

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Within public broadcasting there are two different views regarding commercial activity. One is that public broadcasting is incompatible with commercial objectives. The other is that public broadcasting can and should compete in the marketplace with commercial broadcasters. This dichotomy is

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in Toronto also operated as a public government-owned radio station for many years; while no longer funded by the provincial government, it still solicits most of its budget from listener and corporate donations and is permitted to air only a very small amount of commercial advertising.

3429:, and the freedom of speech and opinion" – carries a substantial amount of arts, media, and current affairs programming, in addition to which it also supplies general entertainment in the form of feature films and such internationally popular television drama series as 3388:), and 21 local radio stations (two of them located in Thessaloniki, the second major city of Greece). All national television and radio stations are broadcast through ERT digital multiplexes across the country and through satellite, via the two digital platforms (NOVA and Cosmote). 1411:(CPB), a private entity that is charged with facilitating programming diversity among public broadcasters, the development and expansion of non-commercial broadcasting, and providing funding to local stations to help them create programs; the CPB receives funding earmarked by the 3653:(all available in high definition on DTT). RAI also broadcasts via satellite and is involved in radio, publishing and cinema. RAI has the largest audience share (45%) of any Italian television network. Funding used to be collected through a special yearly TV tax (the so-called 2198:, or KBS. Originally a government-controlled channel, it is now an independent broadcasting system. KBS began broadcasting radio in 1947 and opened up to television industry in 1961, and officially founded its own identity by 1973. Another public broadcasting channel is the 142:

fee, individual contributions, government funding or commercial sources. Public broadcasters do not rely on advertising to the same degree as commercial broadcasters, or at all; this allows public broadcasters to transmit programmes that are not commercially viable to the

3025:(ORTF), a more independent structure, in 1964. ORTF oversaw the introduction of a third television channel in 1972, two years before the dissolution of the structure in 1974. At that time a network of local and regional channels was created, nationally grouped under the 1117:

Salvadoran broadcasting has a public service radio and television channel. On 1 March 1926 began the operation as the first Central American broadcasting network called "Radio Nacional de El Salvador" with a frequency of 96.9 FM MHz founded by the president of that era,

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in 1995, which initially acquired the channel through a majority-owned subsidiary, Learning and Skills Television of Alberta Limited (LSTA). To fulfill its license conditions as an educational station, it broadcasts educational and children's programming during the

892:, these television producers went into crisis, causing many to end their activities or produce content for the private television channels. Currently, Colombia has three public channels (one is operated by a private company formed by the shares of four former 202:

is legally required to 'encourage and promote the musical, dramatic and other performing arts in Australia' and 'broadcasting programmes that contribute to a sense of national identity' with specific emphasis on regional and rural Australia'. Furthermore, the

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in each licensed market. Such channels have traditionally aired community talk shows, city council meetings and other locally oriented programming, although it is becoming increasingly common for them to adopt the format and branding of a local news channel.

4136:) and three digital only radio stations (Rádio Klasika, Rádio Litera and Rádio Junior). RTVS is funded through monthly fee of €4.64, which every household with electricity connection must pay. The director of RTVS is Václav Mika. RTVS is a full member of 4478:

sector, funded in part by federal grants via the Community Broadcasting Foundation, but largely sustained via subscriptions, donations and business sponsorship. As of February 2020, there are 450+ fully licensed community radio stations and a number of

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that they felt would jeopardize the editorial independence of the broadcaster. While many members have significant editorial independence, the Alliance includes organizations that have significant state control, especially with regard to island nations.

3529:, this fund receives 7% of the licence fee. The fund is used to assist broadcasters to commission public service broadcast programming. It is open to all independent producers provided they the backing of a free-to-air or community broadcaster, such as 2909:

itself, however, is a commercial government-owned television funded by subscriptions and advertising, with particular public service duties such as allowing regional stations to air their newscasts within specific timeslots of the main TV 2 channel.

2256:(TVT or TV 11 Thailand) at TVT New Phetchaburi Road Broadcasting Station. (presently National News Bureau of Thailand headquarters and NBT World TV Station and formerly UHF Channel 29, from 15 to 31 January 2008. Programs began on 1 February 2008.) 1790:

There are also independent local public broadcasters which founded by local government in several cities or regencies. They are obligated to network with either RRI or TVRI, depending on the medium, though they are not owned and operated by the two.

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was created and used the remaining time on the same frequencies. La cinquième and ARTE subsequently shared the same channels with the exception of satellite, cable, and internet channels where both could be broadcast all day long. As 31 March 2005

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in addition to supporting and financing a network of community channels as well as Ávila Television belonging to the Metropolitan Mayor's Office of Caracas. United States politicians have commented that TeleSUR is a propaganda tool in favor of the

4260:, and they usually tend to reproduce the model set up by RTVE. In the Autonomous Communities that have their own official language besides (Castilian) Spanish, those channels may broadcast in that co-official language. For example, this occurs in 3783:

The Netherlands uses a rather unusual system of public broadcasting. Public-broadcasting associations are allocated money and time to broadcast their programmes on the publicly owned television and radio channels, collectively known under the

4356:(SR), having previously had government monopoly. SVT is the national public television broadcaster with 4 channels (SVT 1, SVT 2, SVT BarnKanalen, and SVT 24). The aim is to make programmes for everybody. For example, Sweden has the historic 3414:'s national public-service broadcasting organisation. RÚV began radio broadcasting in 1930 and its first television transmissions were made in 1966. In both cases coverage quickly reached nearly every household in Iceland. RÚV is funded by a 1787:(TVRI). RRI currently operates four radio networks carried by some or all of more than 90 local stations, one of them is a national programming network. TVRI operates three national television channels, plus more than 32 regional stations. 2766:

was founded in 1935. BNT broadcasts 4 national programs (BNT 1, BNT 2, BNT 3, BNT 4 - broadcasts internationally). The BNR broadcasts 2 national programs (Horizont and Hristo Botev Program), 9 regional programs and Internet Radio Binar.

725:. TVO and Télé-Québec operate through conventional transmitters and cable, while TFO and Knowledge Network are cable-only channels. Beyond these and other provincial services, Canada does not have a national public educational network. 5547: 2990:

developing mobile services and promoting the development of new digital approaches. Yle's Voitto robot based on machine learning is the first personal news assistant in the world to give recommendations directly on the lock screen in

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Both Irish public service broadcasters receive part of the licence fee, with RTÉ taking the lion's share of the funding. Advertising makes up 50% of RTÉ's income and just 6% of TG4's income. 7% of the licence fee is provided to the

2689: – the state-owned broadcasting organization was established by law on 18 June 1930. Television broadcasting from Brussels began in 1953, with two hours of programming each day. In 1960 the INR was subsumed into RTB ( 5138: 5880: 3396:

Mourouzi str. facility. In Thessaloniki, ERT operates two television studios in the L. Stratou avenue and another three studios in smaller cities (Heraclion, Patras and Corfu) that can be used only for television correspondences.

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name. The time and money is allocated in proportion to their membership numbers. The system is intended to reflect the diversity of all the groups composing the nation and maintains editorial independence from the government.

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Also, operates a web TV service with a live transmition of all the terrestrial and satellite channels as well as 4 independent OTT channels (ERT PLAY 1, 2, 3 and 4) that carries mostly sport events and older archived shows.

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in 2012, expanding a relationship it began with SCN in January of that year, when Rogers began supplying entertainment programming to the channel through an affiliation agreement with its English-language broadcast network,

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in Montreal; CBFT was the first television station in Canada to initiate full-time broadcasts, which initially served as a primary affiliate of the French language Télévision de Radio-Canada and a secondary affiliate of the

1489:, most often distributed through the Public Radio Satellite System. Cultural Native American and Mexican American music and programming are also featured regionally. NPR is colloquially though inaccurately conflated with 167:

when the benefits to viewers are relatively high in comparison to the benefits to advertisers from contacting viewers. This frequently is the case in undeveloped countries that normally have low benefits to advertising.

3295:, or Hans-Bredow-Institute for Media Research at the University of Hamburg (HBI) is an independent non-profit foundation with the mission on media research on public communication, particularly for radio and television 437:

metropolitan area) are the two public broadcasters in the state. Regional public television channels in Brazil often broadcast part of TV Brasil or TV Cultura programming among with some hours of local programming.

5077: 3657:), but due to the high rates of evasion the government linked its payment to every household's electricity bill (90 euros for each household in 2017), as well as from advertising. The main competitors of RAI are 3287:

relevant groups". Public TV and radio stations spend about 60% of the ≈10bn € spent altogether for broadcasting in Germany per year, making it the most well funded public broadcasting system in the world.

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The primary mission of public broadcasting is that of public service, speaking to and engaging as a citizen. The British model is often referenced in definitions. The model embodies the following principles:

4509:. This is because of NZ On Air's requirement for public-service programmes across all channels and stations, instead of being put into one single network. The former public broadcaster BCNZ (formerly NZBC – 2141:(PTV). Created in 1974 as Government Television (GTV), PTV is no longer state subsidised except for a one-time equity funding for capital outlay in 1992. Aside from PTV, the other public broadcaster is the 4247:

service created in 2008. Although almost all the programming is the same for all of Spain, RTVE has territorial centers in every autonomous community and produces and broadcasts some local programming in

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receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing, and commercial financing, and claim to avoid both political interference and commercial influence.

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As an industry organization for public media, the Public Media Alliance supports its members and the industry of public media more broadly. For example, the Alliance advocated against a proposal on the

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and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting after the network refused to stop airing documentaries on varying social issues that had alienated many of the network's affiliates. PBS would later acquire

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ERT operates several radio studios in "Radiomegaro", in Thessaloniki (located at Aggelaki str., besides International Exhibition facility) and in 19 Greek cities, as well as a national news web site.

5643: 6179: 2271:) split into two channels. It was firstly aimed at viewers in the countryside. Some elements such as sex and violence are censored as NBT is one of the government departments under direct control. 5108: 5047: 590:

choose not to launch new rebroadcast transmitters in markets where the network disaffiliated from a private station after 2006; the network dropped its remaining private affiliates in 2016, when

1400:). The FCC had reserved almost 250 broadcast frequencies for use as educational television stations in 1953, though by 1960, only 44 stations allocated for educational use had begun operations. 677:(PBS), which itself is available terrestrially and – under a CRTC rule that requires Canadian cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry affiliates of the four major U.S. commercial networks ( 6095: 4987: 765:, and the fact that the service had mandatory carriage on television providers serving Alberta regardless of whether it ran over-the-air transmitters. The service has since operated as part of 5017: 2175:

The government is currently planning to propose the creation of a law that will merge and integrate PTV and PBS into a single entity, to be called the People's Broadcasting Corporation (PBC).

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RÚV – which by the terms of its charter is obliged to "promote the Icelandic language, Icelandic history, and Iceland's cultural heritage" and "honour basic democratic rules,

5130: 3676:(LRT) is the national broadcaster of Lithuania. It was founded in 1926 as radio broadcaster, and opened a television broadcasting subdivision in 1957. LRT broadcasts three radio stations ( 5168: 1761:. Prasar Bharati was established on 23 November 1997, following a demand that the government owned broadcasters in India should be given autonomy like those in many other countries. The 1166:

satellite, Telesecundaria began transmitting on one of its analog channels in 1988; in 1994, it began broadcasting in digital format with the advent of the Solidaridad I satellite, and

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in 1993, both broadcasters coexisted with their federal Czechoslovak counterparts, after which they also took over the channels previously occupied by the common federal broadcasting.

4676: 2252:, TITV and TV Thai television station. Thai PBS tested its broadcast by connecting to a temporary signal for broadcasting to the special programs chart which had been appropriated by 622:, respectively). The CBC's decision to disaffiliate from these and other privately owned stations, as well as the corporation decommissioning its network of rebroadcasters following 309: 5228: 3863:

receivers, and money from authors/copyright associations. The public broadcaster offers a mix of commercial shows and programmes they are, by law, required to broadcast (i.e.,

2478:(TVSH) is the name of the first public channel of Albania. The domestic TV programme is distributed analogically throughout the country and digitally in Tirana through RTSH HD. 6120: 2063:

etc. Radio Pakistan has stations covering all the major cities, it covers 80% of the country serving 95.5 Million listeners. It has world service in eleven languages daily.

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insisted on a de-centralised, independent structure for German public broadcasting and created regional public broadcasting agencies that, by and large, still exist today.

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Some local community stations also operate non-commercially with funding from corporate and individual donors. In addition, cable companies are required to produce a local

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TVR and Radio Romania are funded through a hybrid financing system, drawing from the state budget, a special tax (incorporated in electricity bills), and advertising too.

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In most countries in Europe, public broadcasters are funded through a mix of advertising and public finance, either through a license fee or directly from the government.

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is the name of the third programme, broadcasting the international service on short wave radio in Albanian, English, French. Greek, German, Italian, Serbian, and Turkish

831:'Corporation for the Advancement of New Language Applications Ltd.'), a private not-for-profit consortium of educational institutions in the province of Quebec. 627: 6304: 514:. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation took over operation of the CRBC's nine radio stations (which were largely concentrated in major cities across Canada, including 6844: 5870: 4957: 2982:

the most popular radio channel. Yle was the first of the Nordic public broadcasters to implement the Eurovision's portability regulation on its online media service

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as the public broadcaster Access. In 1993, the provincial government agreed to cease to direct funding of Access after the 1994 fiscal year; the channel was sold to

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now also exists in most of these countries; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century.

2232:(TPBS), it was established by the Thai Public Broadcasting Service Act, BE 2551, which came into force on 15 January 2008. Under this act, TPBS holds the status of 3283:

propaganda stations in 1994. All services are mainly financed through licence fees paid by every household and are governed by councils of representatives of the "

927:, led to the creation of a state network that should serve the entire country. This network, created in 1964 and in operation since 24 October 1969, is known as " 5702: 943:(Channel 4, on 12 May 1991). The University of Chile's Channel 11 also was rented to a private operator on 1 October 1993 and is now known today as " 6812: 1765:

passed an Act to grant this autonomy in 1990, but it was not enacted until 15 September 1997. Though a public broadcaster, it airs commercial advertisements.

6142: 5250: 4919: 1683: 366:(TV Educação and Univesp TV, which is available on free-to-air digital TV in São Paulo and nationally by cable and satellite), and the children's TV channel 5633: 5445: 5397: 3020: 867:

had between 1955 and 1998 a public television system very similar to that adopted by the NPO in the Netherlands, where private television producers called "

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are the terrestrial broadcast channels, as well as ERT WORLD, a satellite channel focused to the Greek diaspora. ERT is broadcasting also five national (

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hours, while airing entertainment programming favoured by advertisers and viewers in prime time. The service discontinued its broadcast transmitters in

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despite being unrelated across different states). They are organised similarly to PBS and NPR stations in the United States, and take on the role that

2712: 1829: 1682:(BB) is the country's sole state radio broadcaster. Radio transmission in the region now forming Bangladesh started in Dhaka on December 16, 1939. The 6087: 5198: 4979: 5009: 4414: 3106: 2612:) is the public broadcaster in Austria. Despite the fact that private broadcasting companies were allowed in Austria in the late 1990s, ORF is still 401:) operates the public educational state-wide television network Rede Cultura do Pará (which covers the entire state of Pará, reaching many cities of 264:(FPA). EBC was created in 2007 to manage the Brazilian federal government's radio and television stations. EBC owns broadcast the television channel 4360:

minority and SVT make programmes in their language for them to watch. There are also a Finnish minority in Sweden, thus SVT show news in Finnish on

1469:(NPR), was created in February 1970, following the passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. This network replaced the Ford Foundation–backed 5461: 4521:(RNZ). While RNZ remains commercial-free, TVNZ is commercially funded through advertising. TVNZ continues to be a public broadcaster; however like 1734: 1518: 1430:

bias and there have been successful attempts to reduce – though not eliminate – funding for public television stations by some state legislatures.

1297: 207:(SBS) is intended to reflect the spirit and sense of multicultural richness and the unique international cultural values within Australian society. 1348:. Stations in this era were internally funded, and did not rely on listener contributions to operate, some accepted advertising. Networks such as 5979: 2700:

On 1 October 1945 INR-NIR began to broadcast some programmes in German. In 1961 RTB-BRT began a German-language radio channel, broadcasting from

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serves as the nation's main public television provider. When it launched in October 1970, PBS assumed many of the functions of its predecessor,

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announced that they were planning to merge TVNZ and Radio New Zealand to create a new public broadcasting service. In response, the opposition

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is the public service channel of Ecuador, established in October 2007. The channel was established at the same time as the installation of the

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was the nation's first public television station founded by Dr. John W. Meaney, and signed on the air on May 25, 1953, from the campus of the

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and La7d, owned by Cairo Editore; other competitors are Sky Italia (with three FTA channels) and Discovery Italia (with seven FTA channels).

2986:. Yle Areena is the most used streaming service in Finland, beating even Netflix that is the most popular streaming service everywhere else. 5568: 4684: 2866: 881:). In 1998, when the Colombian government allowed the opening of television to the private market by granting two broadcast licenses to the 445:, EBC has received several criticism from some politicians for having an alleged political bias. The president of Brazil from 2019 to 2022, 9040: 9012: 9007: 8032: 4557: 4003:(broadcasting contribution tax), which is incorporated in electricity bills. Funding from the government budget ceased in 2014, during the 2881:

which every household that owns a TV or a radio has to pay. Since October 2011 advertising on Czech TV is restricted to ČT 2 and ČT sport.

2664: 2161: 962:. It is meant to be independent of political pressures, although accusations of bias have been made, especially during election campaigns. 382: 20: 4152:(RTVE), that does not have editorial independence from the state, and many autonomic broadcasting corporations, owned by their respective 4148:

In Spain, being a highly decentralized country, two public broadcasting systems coexist: a national state-owned broadcasting corporation,

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In Mexico, public stations are operated by municipalities, state governments and universities, there are five national public channels.

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The RTP group is financed by the advertising revenues from RTP1, RTP3, RTP Memória, RTP África, and RTP Internacional, and also by the

3933: 2260: 6088:"Is your permanent place of residence in Finland? You can now take all video content on Areena with you when travelling within the EU" 5809: 5220: 328:

to the metropolitan areas of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Recife, important Brazilian regions which did not have EBC radio stations.

7502: 7020: 6260: 2142: 3441:. RÚV's lineup also includes sports coverage, documentaries, domestically produced entertainment shows, and children's programming. 3928:

Until the 1990s the state had a monopoly on TV broadcasting, so RTP1 and RTP2 were the only Portuguese channels, both with similar

3769:(Radio Television of Montenegro) is the public broadcaster in Montenegro and maintains editorial independence from its government. 3673: 3010:

responsibility for the operation of the country's three public radio networks and the introduction of a public television service.

1933:

As of 2021 RTM operates 6 national, 16 state and 11 district radio stations as well as 6 national terrestrial television channels:

1825: 1215: 1183: 623: 6116: 4525:

in Canada it is essentially a fully commercial network in continuous ratings battles with other stations, which continues to be a

4505:

In New Zealand all broadcasters are given a small slice of public broadcasting responsibility, because of the state-funded agency

7719: 6523: 6037: 6003: 5372: 4004: 3070: 2290: 1412: 1317: 6789: 6370: 3797:

National public broadcasters in Nordic countries were modeled after the BBC and established a decade later: Radioordningen (now

3352:: Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία Τηλεόραση ή ERT) is the state-owned public broadcaster in Greece. It broadcasts five television channels: 9034: 7072: 4564: 4172: 3932:. In 1990, RTP1 was renamed "Canal 1", and in 1992 RTP2 was renamed "TV2". With the creation of the two private channels, 3821:

is the official public broadcast service in Iceland. All five are funded from television licence fees costing (in 2007) around

1717:) is the sole public service broadcaster. Although being a government department under the administrative hierarchy, it enjoys 1321: 507: 496: 231: 6301: 6172:"The first of its kind in the world: Yle NewsWatch's smart Voitto assistant shows recommendations directly on the lock screen" 9029: 9019: 8999: 8801: 6957: 5780: 4827: 4529:

within New Zealand. With the shutdown of TVNZ 7, the only fully non-commercial public-service network in New Zealand is

4293: 2202:, or MBC. Known to be the second channel of the country, it also shares the roles of being national television with the KBS. 795:

originated as the Saskatchewan Communications Network, a cable-only educational and cultural public broadcaster owned by the

450: 6593: 5611: 5418: 4846: 1836:

services). NHK also runs 3 national radio services and a number of international radio and television services, akin to the

1537: 4510: 3571:

public service broadcaster that is funded by government subsidy, part of the licence fee, and through advertising revenue.

3041:) was sold to the private sector in 1987. (At the time, the channel with the largest audience was the other public channel 2098: 1996: 1879: 1623: 1253: 1078: 997: 8166: 4949: 4442:

In the UK there are also small community broadcasters. There are now 228 stations with FM broadcast licences (licensed by

9091: 9024: 8870: 6569: 5672: 4460: 4066: 1408: 1221: 631: 626:

in August 2011 have significantly reduced the terrestrial coverage of both CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé; the

199: 4709: 2896:

is the national public service broadcaster. The organisation was founded in 1925, on principles similar to those of the

8796: 6209: 5917: 5907: 5255: 4500: 3894: 3880: 3802: 1470: 247: 859: 8890: 7305: 7281: 6975: 6939: 6920: 5605: 4770: 4745: 3526: 3480: 3345: 2124: 2036: 2022: 1905: 1649: 1275: 1104: 1023: 480: 474: 6281: 5965: 5491: 2106: 2004: 1887: 1631: 1143: 1086: 1005: 8675: 8223: 8025: 7998: 3778: 3418:

fee collected from every income taxpayer, as well as advertising revenue. RÚV has been a full active member of the

2229: 1774: 1407:

precipitated the development of the current public broadcasting system in the U.S. The legislation established the

1353: 1344:

Early public stations were operated by state colleges and universities and were often run as part of the schools'

1167: 174:

is to give every citizen credits they can use to pay qualified media sources for civic information and reporting.

8786: 7442: 7290: 6627: 6321: 6234: 5442: 5393: 4549: 4188: 4180: 2206: 2199: 2157: 2044: 1514: 1506: 1404: 1040: 694: 5332: 5282: 4108:

primarily funded through public television licence fees bundled with electricity bills paid monthly, as well as

2535:(also, Radio Tirana 1) is the name of Albania's first radio programme, concentrating on news, talk, and features 1575: 928: 905: 465:

stations and several educational local TV channels (many of them belonging to public and private universities).

8781: 7286: 7144: 5854: 5735: 5290: 4791: 3557:

have also received funding for programming through the Fund provided they make that programming available on a

3029:

channel, and between this date and 2000, each national channel had its own direction structure, while being in

2426: 2138: 2102: 2000: 1883: 1627: 1257: 1082: 1001: 762: 130:

Public broadcasters in each jurisdiction may or may not be synonymous with government controlled broadcasters.

6876: 6058: 5597:

An Historical-Analytical Study of the Legislative and Political Origins of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967

3755: 1533: 8806: 7779: 7633: 7495: 7417: 7339: 4364:. SR is the radio equivalent of SVT, with channels P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and the Finnish channel SR Sisuradio. 4320:. All the autonomous community networks are funded by a mixture of public subsidies and private advertising. 4224: 4171:(TVE), as well as online and streaming services. RNE was founded in 1937 and broadcasts five radio stations: 4120: 3871:

that TVP in particular is too profit-driven and should concentrate on programming that benefits the society.

3515: 2944:(ETV), the public television station, made its first broadcast in 1955, and together with its sister channel 2831: 2759: 2751: 2285: 1345: 693:) and a PBS member station – through pay television providers in Canada via member stations located near the 678: 148: 6545: 4256:

Moreover, most autonomous communities have their own public broadcaster, almost all of these are members of

3993: 3901:

and maintains editorial independence from its government. In 1968 its second channel appeared, then called "

2991: 2921:

is the organisation in Faroe Islands with public service obligations. Formed in 1957 as a radio broadcaster

2263:(NBT) is the public broadcasting arm of the Government Public Relations Department (PRD), a division of the 1438:

The first public radio network in the United States was founded in 1949 in Berkeley, California, as station

373:

Many Brazilian states also have regional and statewide public radio and television stations. One example is

9112: 9081: 8842: 8739: 8282: 8077: 8049: 7384: 6419: 5190: 4468: 4133: 3704: 2937: 1804: 1418:

Public television and radio in the U.S. have, from the late 1960s onward, dealt with severe criticism from

1119: 331: 257: 251: 204: 3661:, the biggest national private broadcaster, divided in twelve channels (two of which are both SD and HD), 1779:

In Indonesia, there are three types of public broadcaster. The first two are national-scale broadcasters:

559: 9071: 8578: 8018: 7862: 7356: 6345: 6227:"International Connections for Public Media Research and Development [公共媒體研發之國際連線–以數位化知識為例(歐洲篇)]" 4789:

Simon P. Anderson; Stephen Coate (October 2005). "Market Provision of Broadcasting: A Welfare Analysis".

4402: 4397:, along with 24 regional channels. Suspilne broadcasts on 3 national and 1 international radio channels: 4137: 4086: 3785: 3419: 3271: 3164: 2446: 1784: 940: 6656: 6491: 4405:. The regional branches have their broadcasting slots in the broadcast schedule of the Ukrainian Radio. 4160: 3747: 3299:(including public service media providers) and other electronic media, in an interdisciplinary fashion. 3007: 1555: 8930: 8852: 8791: 8498: 7065: 4595: 4568: 4541: 4240: 4100: 3519: 3159: 2459: 2195: 2165: 1938: 1934: 1841: 1474: 1361: 1333: 835: 796: 586: 547: 351: 325: 261: 5986: 5638: 3240: 3011: 1146:. It started transmissions on 2 March 1959 as the first public broadcasting television in Mexico. The 8702: 8663: 8508: 8408: 8337: 8270: 8097: 7887: 7839: 7392: 7300: 6755: 4545: 4349: 4212: 4198: 3853: 2217: 2150: 1919: 1384:. In rural areas, it was not uncommon for colleges to operate commercial stations instead (e.g., the 936: 619: 603: 6756:"Television New Zealand Act 2003 No 1 (as at 28 October 2021), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation" 6467: 4273: 4082: 3937: 2160:(PBS) is the country's sole state radio broadcaster. Established in 1933 as KZFM by the US colonial 1473:. Some independent local public radio stations buy their programming from distributors such as NPR; 9061: 8303: 8238: 8191: 8151: 7986: 7882: 7691: 7638: 7488: 6981: 5966:"National Broadcasting Services of Thailand (NBT) on Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) website" 5131:"Extinções da Fundação Piratini e da Cientec são publicadas no Diário Oficial do Rio Grande do Sul" 4488: 4166: 3849: 3192: 2775: 2763: 2755: 2087: 1985: 1868: 1780: 1612: 1067: 986: 690: 500: 386: 324:, a news agency. Starting in 2021, EBC expanded the coverage of its radio stations through the new 7186: 4313: 4156:, which only broadcast within its own territory and many of which do have editorial independence. 3275:, ZDF) – was later created in 1961 and a national radio service with two networks ( 3265:, a second national television service – actually called Second German Television ( 1324:

sources, but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and

8900: 8885: 8729: 8680: 8603: 8503: 8181: 8067: 8062: 7583: 7220: 7210: 6677: 6443: 5572: 4866: 4464: 3318: 3303: 2823: 2518:, is the international version of the domestic programme broadcast to Eurovision free to air via 2091: 1989: 1872: 1694: 1616: 1423: 1246: 1127: 1071: 990: 574:) in both of Canada's official languages – English and French – and the French-language channels 81: 4439:

also have significant public service obligations imposed as part of their licence to broadcast.

4389:(Suspilne) is the national public broadcaster in Ukraine. It operates two national TV channels: 3052:, another European channel, was created, before being eaten by the French/German public channel 9117: 8822: 8608: 8423: 8368: 8363: 8176: 8141: 7618: 7256: 5337: 4585: 4553: 4514: 4484: 3953:, dedicated to classic RTP programming. In 2014 the headquarters of RTP2 were transferred from 3852:

by various press freedom organisations due its strong bias in favour of the ruling party, with

3373: 3214: 3210: 3155: 3139: 3124: 3094: 3056:

in 1991, originally broadcast on cable and satellite. In 1992, the fall of the private channel

3030: 2404: 2264: 2253: 1718: 1385: 1357: 1179: 1123: 781: 736:

Canada is also home to a number of former public broadcasting entities that have gone private.

669:, in some markets which are not directly served by their own CBC television or radio stations. 635: 492: 73: 1540:

is a network of radios with 20 different stations in AM and FM that cover the entire country.

1536:(TNU) is now linked to the Ministry of Education and Culture of the country. In addition, the 8724: 8528: 8493: 8413: 8393: 8315: 8203: 8124: 7731: 7674: 7568: 7553: 7058: 6725: 5665: 4893: 4611: 4600: 4419:

The United Kingdom has a strong tradition of public service broadcasting. In addition to the

4288:

has a radio station and a television channel, both branded as À Punt and broadcast mainly in

4081:

national, regional, and local radio channels. The regional and local stations are branded as

3716: 3431: 3377: 3369: 1803:(Japan Broadcasting Corporation). The broadcaster was set up in 1926 and was modelled on the 1663: 1580: 1482: 1478: 1466: 1381: 1130:

and 10. And since 1989, Channel 10 became the only public television channel in El Salvador.

741: 511: 335: 160: 8057: 5513: 4644: 2822:) are public broadcasters formed in 1992 to take over the Czech operations of the state-ran 2484:

is the second public TV channel dedicated mainly to sports and live events launched in 2003.

885: 8638: 8598: 8568: 8325: 8260: 8082: 7714: 7449: 7151: 5819: 5745: 4480: 4153: 4059: 3437: 3220: 3186: 3006:(RTF – French television and radio broadcasting) was created to take over from the earlier 2629: 2146: 740:, which is licensed as an educational television station in Alberta, was once owned by the 6256: 3885: 3182: 2145:(IBC), which the government has already put up for sale. The government no longer holds a 359: 339: 8: 8648: 8588: 8347: 8309: 8107: 8092: 7967: 7736: 7724: 7351: 7295: 7158: 5846: 5814: 4345: 4281: 4015: 3810: 3230: 2720: 2676: 2541:

is the name of the second radio program, broadcasting chiefly music and targeted at youth

2407:

owns its own broadcasting network known as IDF Waves which includes two radio stations:

2320: 1762: 1225: 1155: 1139: 826: 784:

CKUA Radio Foundation which continues to operate it as a community-funded radio network.

6701: 5010:"Com desenho animado e programas chapa-branca, para que serve a TV Brasil? | Tela Plana" 2926: 2918: 1930:, however it is currently state-subsidised, as television licences have been abolished. 710: 8875: 8832: 8763: 8633: 8563: 8538: 8473: 8320: 8041: 7932: 7464: 7432: 7139: 6881: 5944: 4289: 4249: 3929: 3415: 3151: 2922: 2902: 2308: 2288:

was the country's main public broadcasting service until 2017, when it was replaced by

1927: 1817: 1675: 1397: 955: 874: 777: 750: 363: 139: 6029: 5368: 5040:"Promessa de campanha, privatização da EBC fica para depois de 2022 | Radar Econômico" 4431:, a Welsh-language broadcaster in Wales. Furthermore, the two commercial broadcasters 4269: 3178: 3014:

and a fourth radio network was added in 1954 and a second television channel in 1963.

2172:(formerly Radyo ng Bayan) through its 32 stations and selected affiliates nationwide. 8915: 8837: 8751: 8734: 8697: 8543: 8373: 8342: 8208: 8102: 7834: 7814: 7759: 7469: 7437: 7424: 7407: 7374: 7344: 7334: 7329: 7271: 7246: 7237: 7129: 7117: 6971: 6953: 6935: 6916: 6817: 6785: 6205: 5913: 5850: 5776: 5601: 4823: 4766: 4741: 4590: 4537: 4530: 4518: 4317: 4232: 4228: 3965: 3739: 3326: 3262: 3261:

In addition to these nine regional radio and TV broadcasters, which cooperate within

2941: 2605: 2600: 2241: 2237: 1837: 1349: 805: 792: 718: 426: 191: 187: 152: 8583: 4471:(SBS), another public broadcaster, now accepts limited sponsorship and advertising. 3742:(TRM) is the public funded radio-TV broadcaster in Moldova. It owns the TV channels 2791:

device, computer or smartphone), with the remainder being made up from advertising.

2497:

a digital channel launched in 2012 broadcasts TVSH shows in high-definition quality.

889: 410: 402: 321: 317: 277: 8920: 8880: 8860: 8827: 8756: 8714: 8628: 8483: 8468: 8443: 8418: 8378: 8228: 8087: 8072: 7894: 7741: 7709: 7686: 7522: 7324: 7314: 7134: 5342: 4800: 4432: 4394: 4277: 4018:(TVR) is the national public TV broadcaster in Romania. It operates five channels: 3841: 3798: 3708: 3707:(PBS) is the national broadcaster of Malta. It operates three television services ( 3550: 3276: 2964: 2960: 2893: 2799: 2245: 2194:

South Korea's representative public broadcasting television network is meant to be

1679: 1532:

has a strong history of public broadcasting in South America. Inaugurated in 1963,

932: 722: 567: 536: 530:). The CBC eventually expanded to television in September 1952 with the sign-on of 495:– which originated as a radio network in November 1936. It is the successor to the 156: 6950:

Public Financing of Public Service Broadcasting and its Qualification as State Aid

6813:"New details revealed as Cabinet agrees on RNZ, TVNZ public broadcasting decision" 6254: 6143:"Can public service news organisations stay competitive in a digital environment?" 5544:"Federal Regulations Title 47, Part 73, §73.501 Channels available for assignment" 4300:'s Eusko Irratia stations and Euskal Telebista (ETB) channels broadcast in either 4195:

since 1942. TVE was founded in 1956 and broadcasts different television channels:

4176: 4051: 4039: 1328:(ranging from small shops to corporations), along with audience contributions via 935:, television was mostly deregulated. Thus, two new commercial channels were born: 367: 355: 127:

highlighted by the public service aspects of traditional commercial broadcasters.

8548: 8403: 8171: 8146: 8134: 7957: 7947: 7904: 7854: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7664: 7659: 7603: 7593: 7532: 7527: 7215: 7171: 7112: 6308: 5595: 5468: 5449: 4980:"EBC virou 'cabide de emprego' e símbolo de aparelhamento político, diz ministro" 4850: 4843: 4475: 4398: 4305: 4301: 4244: 4074: 4070: 3266: 2979: 2690: 2169: 1758: 1510: 1171: 951: 847: 817: 737: 658: 643: 484: 462: 390: 313: 183: 69: 65: 7037:, Public Radio Fan is a listing of public radio programs and stations worldwide. 4253:

channels. A TV licence fee has been suggested, but with little popular success.

4069:(Radio Romania). It does not have independence from its government. It operates 3511: 3499: 673:

closely formatted to (and carrying many of the same programs as) the U.S.-based

316:

radio station based in Brasília with programming aimed to the population of the

8746: 8618: 8593: 8553: 8523: 8398: 8233: 8186: 8161: 8119: 7942: 7911: 7899: 7867: 7809: 7774: 7769: 7701: 7563: 7558: 7511: 7379: 7225: 7176: 7162: 5875: 5251:"The Birth and Death of The Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (1932–1936)" 4522: 4436: 4353: 4192: 3864: 3806: 3685: 3568: 3554: 3381: 3349: 3254: 2906: 2835: 2815: 2803: 2735: 2249: 2040: 1813: 1812:

something of a political issue. NHK runs two national terrestrial TV stations (

1730: 1686:

is responsible for the administration of all government TV channels and Radio.

1486: 1443: 1151: 959: 543: 446: 297: 289: 269: 53: 3950: 3503: 3115:, when regional broadcasters had been merged into one national network by the 2561: 2164:, the radio station was passed to the Philippine government after the country 1442:, which became and remains the flagship station for a national network called 944: 896:) and eight public radio stations (three stations are regional broadcasters). 728: 9106: 8895: 8668: 8658: 8573: 8463: 8458: 8448: 8433: 8255: 8114: 7952: 7877: 7829: 7654: 7613: 7608: 7588: 7578: 7107: 7097: 4705: 4606: 4580: 4159:

RTVE provides multi-station radio and television services with its divisions

3985: 3859: 3837: 3751: 3724: 3693: 3574: 3530: 3475:(TnaG), it was renamed TG4 in 1999, and was made independent of RTÉ in 2007. 3200: 1840:. NHK has also been an innovator in television, developing the world's first 1313: 1199: 566:) and several cable television channels including two 24-hour news channels ( 551: 171: 49: 4804: 4378: 3969: 3922: 1844:

technology in 1964 and launching high definition services in Japan in 1981.

924: 916: 8773: 8613: 8558: 8488: 8453: 8388: 8287: 8277: 8129: 7937: 7872: 7824: 7819: 7751: 7628: 7623: 7319: 7242: 7230: 7205: 7081: 5930: 3558: 3426: 3296: 3250: 3143: 3112: 2645: 2412: 2233: 2048: 1419: 1329: 1288: 869: 843: 800: 745: 666: 607: 595: 503: 458: 442: 434: 374: 57: 6285: 1158:

to students in rural areas through broadcast television channels, such as

780:

in Alberta was also formerly operated by Access, before being sold to the

347: 293: 123:

of good programming may raise the question of individual or public taste.

8973: 8623: 8533: 8518: 8478: 8438: 8297: 7789: 7764: 7598: 7548: 7402: 7397: 7310: 7102: 6849: 6570:"Corporacion de Radio y Television Espanola (RTVE) – State Media Monitor" 5892: 5487: 4622: 4526: 4361: 4357: 4220: 4109: 4055: 3918: 3845: 3813:) in Sweden (all in 1925). In 1926 Yleisradio, (Swedish: Rundradion) now 3728: 3720: 3681: 3677: 3626: 3577:

is the only independent broadcaster that has public service commitments.

3172: 2811: 2697:) and BRT (lang-nl|Belgische Radio – en Televisieomroep). 2331:

Kan also includes the following 8 public radio stations, taken from IBA:

1923: 1742: 1738: 822:

Corporation pour l'Avancement de Nouvelles Applications des Langages Ltée

654: 575: 563: 555: 218: 182:

Additionally, public broadcasting may facilitate the implementation of a

144: 27: 6934:. Acamedia research monographs. Vol. 17. Indiana University Press. 4427:, a publicly owned, commercially funded public service broadcaster, and 4047: 3897:(RTP), which in 1957 began regular broadcasts of its first channel, now 3082: 761:

in August 2011, due to the expense of transitioning the two stations to

285: 273: 8978: 8685: 8383: 8292: 8248: 8218: 8196: 7962: 7844: 7784: 7573: 7459: 7261: 7024: 4871: 4231:

children's channel since 2005; and its international worldwide service

4128: 3989: 3981: 3650: 3638: 3622: 3120: 2708: 2570: 2056: 1950: 1671: 1260: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1163: 1036: 766: 405:) and Rádio Cultura, a public radio station which broadcasts in FM for 343: 342:

in 1967 and includes a national educational public television network (

45: 6845:"PM: Potential RNZ-TVNZ merger would not harm commercial broadcasters" 6617: 6226: 4867:"The Roundtable – What is the state of public media around the world?" 4336: 4184: 3968:, founded in 1992 and dedicated to Eurovision, Asia and Americas, and 3507: 2588: 1733:

is India's public broadcaster. It is an autonomous corporation of the

8963: 8428: 8243: 8010: 7454: 7412: 7041:

Radio College, Internet Resources for Radio Journalists and Producers

4920:"EBC inaugura banda estendida FM e estreia programação em 5 capitais" 4571:

announced that it would oppose any plans to merge Radio NZ and TVNZ.

4506: 4424: 4261: 4236: 3743: 3689: 3634: 3630: 3585: 3546: 3385: 3204: 3042: 2940:(ERR) organises the public radio and television stations of Estonia. 2519: 2418: 2228:

In Thailand, there are two primary public broadcasters. First is the

2183: 2060: 2052: 1946: 1821: 1667: 1493:

as a whole, when in fact "public radio" includes many organizations.

1175: 954:

frequency, is governed by a seven-member board appointed by both the

698: 697:. These educational public broadcasters include the English-language 662: 650: 519: 305: 265: 6394: 6257:"Hans-Bredow-Institut für Medienforschung feierte seinen Geburtstag" 6202:

Public Service Broadcasting: A German-Ukrainian Exchange of Opinions

5703:"How Public Radio Scotch-Taped Its Way Into Public Broadcasting Act" 4894:"Isle of Man's future of public service media report splits Tynwald" 4536:

Aside from television, New Zealand has a rich public radio culture,

3310:

for British military staff, Voice of Russia, RFE and Radio Liberty.

2874: 2076: 1974: 1857: 1666:

which also broadcasts worldwide through its satellite based branch,

1601: 1235: 1056: 975: 873:" were given hours on the country's two public television channels ( 8958: 8948: 8865: 8690: 8513: 7124: 5740: 5473: 4386: 4373: 4124: 4043: 3658: 3646: 3642: 3534: 3280: 3244: 3086: 3060:

freed the frequencies that it had used, witch has been affected to

3034: 3026: 2925:. Merged with Sjónvarp Føroya TV station on 1 January 2007 to form 2648:). ORF also takes part in the German-language satellite TV network 2248:. TPBS operates Thai PBS (ไทยพีบีเอส), which was formerly known as 1833: 1754: 1746: 1325: 1043:

so that the sessions could be transmitted live to all the country.

920: 864: 813: 758: 639: 579: 523: 381:), a public corporation created in 2016 modelled on EBC, formed by 77: 7480: 5797:

Public Broadcasting; The Role of the Federal Government, 1919–1976

3495: 3491: 3487: 3483:

since 2006. Up to 2006 the licence fee was given entirely to RTÉ.

3449:

In Ireland there are two state owned public service broadcasters,

2870: 2701: 2579: 2294:(Hebrew for "here"), the Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation. 1462:, as well as repeater stations and a large network of affiliates. 406: 19:"Public service broadcasting" redirects here. For other uses, see 8953: 8938: 8156: 7927: 7166: 6965:"Public service broadcasting in transition: a documentary reader" 6322:"Radio and Television of Montenegro (RTCG) – State Media Monitor" 4614:, non-profit distribution, peer review and licensing organization 4390: 4078: 3910: 3840:

was seen to be the last remaining form of public broadcasting as

3411: 3284: 3224: 3147: 3074: 3065: 3057: 3049: 2975: 2968: 2850: 2787: 2732:

Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep Nederlandstalige Uitzendingen

2641: 2616:

key player in the field. It has three nationwide radio channels (

2463: 2268: 1942: 1926:. RTM was previously funded publicly through money obtained from 1750: 1563: 1554:

Since 1998, the Venezuelan state had only one television channel

1529: 1427: 1373: 1369: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1159: 878: 809: 785: 770: 754: 706: 615: 611: 599: 591: 571: 531: 515: 138:

Public broadcasters may receive their funding from an obligatory

7034: 5101:"Funcionários da TV Cultura entram em greve por aumento e abono" 3940:

in 1993, the philosophy of the public service changed: in 1995,

3337: 2862: 2205:

South Korea also has another public broadcasting channel called

433:) and the public radio station FM Cultura (which broadcasts for 394: 16:

Electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service

8983: 8943: 8265: 7050: 6117:"New study: Netflix continues to dominate the streaming market" 4104: 4035: 3977: 3954: 3914: 3365: 3196: 3168: 2842: 2660:

Belgium has three networks, one for each linguistic community:

2385: 2313: 1186:(UNAM in Spanish) began transmissions as the sister channel of 714: 527: 301: 268:(launched in 2007, being the merger of TVE Brasil, launched in 7040: 4788: 3818: 3542: 3450: 3407: 2858: 2854: 2715:, the French-language section of RTB-BRT became RTBF (French: 2644:), one Eurovision-wide version of ORF 2 and a sports channel ( 1558:, and after 2002 the government decided to launch the channel 614:

disaffiliated in August of that year (to become affiliates of

8968: 8905: 8213: 7181: 7010: 6648: 4443: 4257: 3958: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3302:

In Germany foreign public broadcasters also exist. These are

3234: 3116: 3090: 2740:

Vlaamse Radio – en Televisieomroeporganisatie

2637: 2633: 2545:

Radio Tirana 3 (Programi i Tretë, Radio Tirana International)

2304:

Kan has inherited the two main public TV channels in Israel:

950:

Televisión Nacional, popularly known as Channel 7 due to its

585:

As of 2017, all of CBC Television's terrestrial stations are

41: 7045: 6546:"Radio and Television Slovakia (RTVS) – State Media Monitor" 5070:"EBC e Eletrobras são incluídas no programa de privatização" 3130: 2632:). Its TV portfolio includes two general interest channels ( 2621: 2617: 8910: 7669: 6622: 6420:"Radio e Televisao de Portugal (RTP) – State Media Monitor" 5909:

The Vanishing Vision: The Inside Story of Public Television

4765:. Asian Media Information and Communication Centre (AMIC). 4328: 4297: 4285: 4149: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 3973: 3946: 3906: 3898: 3766: 3712: 3598: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3317:

is a French/German cultural TV channel operated jointly by

3314: 3307: 3078: 3061: 3053: 2983: 2945: 2846: 2670: 2649: 1961:

History of public broadcasting in Nepal started from 1951.

1714: 1697:(RTB) is the only public broadcaster in Brunei Darussalam. 1571: 1567: 1559: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1389: 1377: 1178:

was founded and began operations eleven years later by the

1122:. On 4 November 1964 the Government of El Salvador founded 628:

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission

7029: 5810:"Articles of Incorporation of Public Broadcasting Service" 5283:"Broadcast Distribution Regulations (ss. 17(d) and 17(f))" 3486:

RTÉ offers a range of free to air services on television;

3329:. It is a binational channel broadcast in both countries. 2877:. Czech television is funded through a monthly fee of 135 6346:"Nederlandse Publieke Omroep (NPO) – State Media Monitor" 5707: 4428: 4420: 4132:

Rádio_FM and Rádio Patria), one satellite radio channel (

3814: 3662: 3594: 3564: 3538: 3469:(1960). TG4 was formed as a subsidiary of RTÉ in 1996 as 3454: 3322: 3038: 2956: 2897: 2878: 2625: 2137:

The Philippines' primary state television broadcaster is

2035:

In Pakistan, the public broadcasters are the state-owned

1808: 1800: 1502: 1393: 1316:, public broadcasters may receive some funding from both 1305: 1301: 702: 686: 682: 674: 385:, a statewide television network and the two stations of 256:

In Brazil, the two main national public broadcasters are

6492:"Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) – State Media Monitor" 6231:

Public Television Service Foundation (Taiwan) 公共電視台研究發展部

4513:) was broken up into separate state-owned corporations, 3909:. In the 1970s, TV arrived in the Portuguese islands of 3064:

each day from 19.00 to 3. In 1994 a new public channel,

2168:

in 1946. Currently, PBS broadcasts its flagship network

1198:

which is part of the university and cultural diffusion.

506:

in 1932, modeled on recommendations made in 1929 by the

106:

Contribution to national identity and sense of community

6913:

Public service broadcasting in the age of globalization

6911:

Banerjee, Indrajit; Seneviratne, Kalinga, eds. (2006).

6877:"National threatens to drop RNZ-TVNZ merger if elected" 4844:

Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983: Section 6

4763:

Public service broadcasting in the age of globalization

1705: 499:(CRBC), which was established by the administration of 479:

In Canada, the main public broadcaster is the national

7015: 7005: 5161:"Televisões universitárias e a força das transmissões" 3093:, a channel dedicated to kids, was partially owned by 1918:

The public broadcaster in Malaysia is the state-owned

1570:(2007) (a signal that until that year was occupied by 7046:

The Public Polish Radio Program Directors Association

5840: 4344:

Sweden has three public service broadcasters, namely

4062:. It does not have independence from its government. 1709:

Broadcasting House, the longtime headquarters of RTHK

1684:

Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)

816:, operates as an educational station owned by CANAL ( 6915:. Asian Media Information and Communication Centre. 6468:"Romanian Radio Company (SRR) – State Media Monitor" 1670:. There are also terrestrial state run TV channels: 1662:

The Bengali primary state television broadcaster is

1204:

Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano

6910: 6516:"Consumer protection group wants TV fees abolished" 6282:"RÚV's official website (English-language version)" 6199: 4650:. UNESCO & World Radio and Television Council. 4560:" network. All these networks are commercial-free. 4191:since 1989 and its international worldwide service 3410:("The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service") is 1678:that covers the proceedings of the Parliament. The 1174:and certain regions of the United States. In 1982, 429:, the state-wide public television channel TVE-RS ( 115:

Competition in good programming rather than numbers

5600:. Dissertations in Broadcasting. Ayer Publishing. 2841:Czech Television broadcasts from three studios in 1170:was established and began transmitting in Mexico, 665:, and the launch of online news services, such as 358:FM and Rádio Cultura Brasil, both broadcasting to 6678:"Sveriges Television (SVT) – State Media Monitor" 6444:"Romanian Television (TVR) – State Media Monitor" 5462:Citytv expanding into Quebec & Western Canada 4415:Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom 3457:. RTÉ was established in 1960 with the merger of 3107:Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio 2717:Radio-Télévision Belge de la Communauté française 2392:" – Multilingual, mostly Russian language station 2377:Kol Hamusika ("The Sound of Music"), as of 2017 " 2339:" – Podcasts and talk programs related to culture 1415:as well as through public and private donations. 1368:did not show up in U.S. law until 1941, when the 354:through its 135 affiliates), two radio stations ( 9104: 4540:being the main provider, with a varied network ( 4219:) since 1966, that offers cultural programming; 3972:, founded in 1998 focused on Africa, mainly the 3893:In Portugal, the national public broadcaster is 2425:In addition, the ministry of education owns the 1735:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India) 1519:National Association of Educational Broadcasters 1298:National Association of Educational Broadcasters 649:In recent years, the CBC has also expanded into 6904: 6786:"Media and politics - Ownership and Regulation" 6730:Community Broadcasting Association of Australia 5518:UNC-Chapel Hill Master of Public Administration 5191:"UPFTV transmitirá a programação da TV Cultura" 5076:(in Brazilian Portuguese). EBC. 10 April 2021. 4917: 4706:"BRU definition of public service broadcasting" 4467:and is 100% taxpayer funded. The multicultural 3964:The group also has two international channels: 3597:– Radiotelevisione Italiana, founded as URI in 2259:Second is the state-owned state media known as 1550:Bolivarian Communication and Information System 1126:as an educational television with the channels 606:defected from CBC Television that February and 542:CBC operates two national television networks ( 7030:AIR, the Association for Independents in Radio 7016:The Public Radio Program Directors Association 5773:Future Active: Media Activism and the Internet 4089:is the company's international radio station. 3917:, with the creation of two regional channels: 1713:In Hong Kong, the Radio Television Hong Kong ( 1360:began under this structure. The concept of a " 1206:(SPR), an agency from the Federal Government. 8026: 7496: 7066: 6147:Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism 5330: 4817: 4196: 4164: 4123:(RTVS) is the national public broadcaster in 3593:The Italian national broadcasting company is 3525:The Sound and Vision Fund is operated by the 3021:Office de radiodiffusion télévision française 2978:is the most viewed TV channel in Finland and 2750:There are two public media in Bulgaria - the 2186:is the only public broadcaster in Singapore. 1799:In Japan, the main public broadcaster is the 1372:was authorized to begin normal broadcasting. 915:on channels 8 and 4. Channel 8, in 118:Guidelines that liberate rather than restrict 6788:. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 4211:) since 1956, that is a generalist channel; 4103:(RTS) is the national public broadcaster in 3018: 913:Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso 653:ventures including the online radio service 642:) that serves the four provinces comprising 21:Public service broadcasting (disambiguation) 9041:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 6193: 5333:"Canada-U.S. cross-border station shake-up" 4740:. Indiana University Press. pp. 6–10. 4243:, and replaced in 2021 its previous online 3470: 3464: 3458: 2367:" – Persian language station, internet only 2105:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2003:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1886:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1630:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1426:), which allege that its programming has a 1202:was founded in 2012 and is operated by the 1085:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1004:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 9077: 8033: 8019: 7503: 7489: 7073: 7059: 6962: 5569:"About Us: 50 Years of HoustonPBS History" 5394:"Applicant response dated 6 December 2010" 4784: 4782: 4618:Public, educational, and government access 4548:). RNZ also provides the Pacific with its 2388:(Aliyah integration network), as of 2017 " 2261:National Broadcasting Services of Thailand 1294:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 1162:in Mexico City. With the launching of the 634:, although it maintains only one station ( 510:and stemming from lobbying efforts by the 338:created by the government of the state of 112:Direct funding and universality of payment 6963:Price, Monroe Edwin; Raboy, Marc (2003). 6810: 5905: 5700: 4986:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 June 2016. 4474:In addition, there is a large Australian 3801:) in Denmark, Kringkastingselskapet (now 2686:Institut national belge de radiodiffusion 2415:) – broadcasting news and current affairs 2297:In Arabic, the IPBC is known by the name 2143:Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation 2125:Learn how and when to remove this message 2023:Learn how and when to remove this message 1906:Learn how and when to remove this message 1650:Learn how and when to remove this message 1276:Learn how and when to remove this message 1182:as part of the "RED México". In 2005 the 1105:Learn how and when to remove this message 1024:Learn how and when to remove this message 939:(Channel 9, on 23 October 1990) and 624:Canada's transition to digital television 170:An alternative funding model proposed by 6932:Public broadcasting for the 21st century 6653:À Punt Mèdia, the public valencian media 6218: 5316:"Canadian cablecos to do the FOX trot". 4760: 4754: 4738:Public broadcasting for the 21st century 4639: 4637: 4377: 4335: 4327: 3884: 3684:, and LRT Opus), and three TV channels ( 3674:Lithuanian National Radio and Television 3584: 3336: 3129: 2730:BRT was renamed in 1991 to BRTN (Dutch: 2421:– broadcasting music and traffic reports 1737:, Government of India and comprises the 1704: 1332:. The great majority operate as private 1287: 1216:Public broadcasting in the United States 1184:National Autonomous University of Mexico 727: 397:, the state-funded foundation FUNTELPA ( 362:), two educational TV channels aimed at 211: 7021:A Model Public Service Broadcasting Law 7011:American Archive of Public Broadcasting 5715:from the original on September 21, 2017 5443:Citytv and SCN Sign Affiliate Agreement 5419:"Sask. TV network sold to Ontario firm" 4779: 4731: 4729: 4727: 2959:, (pronounced /yle/) or Yleisradio (in 2683:Originally named INR – 2640:), one cultural-instructional channel ( 2399:" – Jewish-related news and programming 1194:(both radio stations founded in 1959), 417:), with its television channel TVE-ES ( 9105: 8040: 6777: 6702:"Sveriges Radio – State Media Monitor" 6200:Khabyuk, Olexiy; Manfred Kops (2011). 6123:from the original on 20 September 2019 5883:from the original on September 6, 2015 5834: 5770: 5098: 4972: 4387:Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine 2957:Yle - The Finnish Broadcasting Company 2356:Reshet Dalet (Network D), as of 2017 " 2349:Reshet Gimel (Network C), as of 2017 " 508:Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting 497:Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission 272:in 1975, and TV Nacional, launched in 232:List of public broadcasters by country 8014: 7484: 7054: 6929: 6736:from the original on 28 February 2020 6368: 6248: 6004:"Zprávy z ekonomiky – ČeskéNoviny.cz" 5733: 5701:Hellewell, Emily (November 8, 2012). 5682:from the original on October 17, 2017 5593: 5263:from the original on October 17, 2017 4918:Ivo de Oliveira, Pedro (7 May 2021). 4735: 4657:from the original on 27 February 2012 4634: 4603:, on the democratic role of the media 4423:, established in 1922, there is also 4038:, along with six regional studios in 3518:, as well as a number of channels on 3033:group. In 1984, the European channel 2335:Reshet Alef (Network A), as of 2017 " 1422:politicians and think-tanks (such as 9087: 7993: 7006:America's Public Television Stations 6889:from the original on 29 January 2020 6857:from the original on 30 January 2020 6825:from the original on 28 January 2020 6792:from the original on 30 January 2020 6783: 6224: 6059:"The most used contents of the year" 6010:from the original on 22 October 2014 5646:from the original on October 3, 2013 5524:from the original on August 26, 2017 5514:"The History of Public Broadcasting" 4960:from the original on 21 October 2021 4930:from the original on 26 January 2022 4911: 4861: 4859: 4724: 4511:New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation 3856:calling it a government mouthpiece. 2628:), nine regional ones (one for each 2462:(RTSH) is the public broadcaster in 2363:Reshet Hey (Network E), as of 2017 " 2342:Reshet Bet (Network B), as of 2017 " 2103:adding citations to reliable sources 2070: 2001:adding citations to reliable sources 1968: 1884:adding citations to reliable sources 1851: 1689: 1628:adding citations to reliable sources 1595: 1258:adding citations to reliable sources 1229: 1083:adding citations to reliable sources 1050: 1002:adding citations to reliable sources 969: 931:". After the military government of 7510: 6811:Patterson, Jane (29 January 2020). 5736:"Defunding NPR? It's not that easy" 5673:Corporation for Public Broadcasting 5571:. KUHT – HoustonPBS. Archived from 5494:from the original on 16 August 2019 5221:"Radiodifusão: licenças e outorgas" 4544:) and a classical musical network ( 4461:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4067:Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company 3792: 3601:. RAI transmits thirteen channels: 3073:permitted to give plain channel to 3004:Radiodiffusion-télévision française 2905:operating under the brand of TV 2. 1409:Corporation for Public Broadcasting 1296:hosted an important meeting of the 1222:Corporation for Public Broadcasting 1124:Televisión Educativa de El Salvador 200:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 13: 6255:Mediennetz Hamburg (2010-09-27). 5912:. University of California Press. 5818:. January 14, 2000. Archived from 5812:. Public Broadcasting PolicyBase. 5752:from the original on July 17, 2017 5614:from the original on June 28, 2021 5349:from the original on July 26, 2017 5297:from the original on July 14, 2014 5256:Canadian Communications Foundation 5231:from the original on 10 April 2021 5201:from the original on 10 April 2021 5171:from the original on 10 April 2021 5141:from the original on 10 April 2021 5111:from the original on 10 April 2021 5080:from the original on 10 April 2021 5050:from the original on 10 April 2021 5020:from the original on 10 April 2021 4990:from the original on 10 April 2021 4842:Charter of the Corporation (ABC). 4712:from the original on 8 August 2020 4501:Public broadcasting in New Zealand 4401:, Radio Promin, Radio Kultura and 3805:) in Norway, and Radiotjänst (now 3306:for US-military staff in Germany, 2853:and operates several TV channels: 2719:), German-language section became 2711:and the establishment of separate 1471:National Educational Radio Network 1396:-affiliated television station in 1292:The Gregory Hall on the campus of 842:Canada also has a large number of 370:, available nationally on pay TV. 177: 97:Universal geographic accessibility 14: 9129: 6999: 5945:"Chavez bid to counter Hollywood" 5734:Hagey, Keach (October 23, 2010). 5666:"Public Broadcasting Act of 1967" 5634:"Television in the United States" 5320:. September 12, 1994. p. 43. 4856: 4822:. Disruption Books. p. 145. 4645:"Public Broadcasting – Why, How?" 4408: 3527:Broadcasting Authority of Ireland 3481:Broadcasting Authority of Ireland 3364:(located in Thessaloniki city), 3346:Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation 2794: 2149:in the former state broadcaster, 2037:Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation 1538:Radiodifusión Nacional de Uruguay 1517:, an organization founded by the 1503:Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) 1465:A national public radio network, 481:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 475:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 431:TV Educativa do Rio Grande do Sul 399:Fundação Paraense de Radiodifusão 9086: 9076: 9067: 9066: 9055: 8676:Free-space optical communication 7992: 7981: 7980: 7187:BitTorrent television and movies 7080: 5906:James Day (September 16, 1969). 5871:"Public TV Faces Fund Struggles" 5775:. Psychology Press. p. 71. 4085:. Broadcasting in 12 languages, 4065:The public radio broadcaster is 4001:taxa de contribuição audiovisual 3779:Dutch public broadcasting system 2913: 2903:regional public service stations 2727:) and Dutch-language stays BRT. 2569:is the local version of RTSH in 2560:is the local version of RTSH in 2230:Thai Public Broadcasting Service 2075: 1973: 1856: 1809:British Broadcasting Corporation 1775:Public broadcasting in Indonesia 1600: 1509:(NET). NET was shut down by the 1300:in the 1940s, that spawned both 1234: 1209: 1144:National Politechnical Institute 1055: 974: 415:Rádio e Televisão Espírito Santo 194:for culture). Examples include: 7443:Director of network programming 6869: 6837: 6804: 6766:from the original on 2023-04-18 6748: 6718: 6694: 6670: 6659:from the original on 2021-03-09 6641: 6630:from the original on 2022-04-03 6610: 6586: 6562: 6538: 6508: 6484: 6460: 6436: 6412: 6387: 6362: 6338: 6314: 6292: 6274: 6263:from the original on 2013-10-24 6237:from the original on 2013-10-19 6182:from the original on 2019-06-04 6164: 6153:from the original on 2023-03-06 6135: 6109: 6098:from the original on 2019-06-03 6080: 6069:from the original on 2023-03-07 6051: 6040:from the original on 2019-09-01 6022: 5996: 5972: 5958: 5937: 5899: 5863: 5802: 5789: 5764: 5727: 5694: 5658: 5626: 5587: 5561: 5550:from the original on 2017-02-08 5536: 5506: 5480: 5455: 5436: 5411: 5400:from the original on 2013-06-28 5386: 5375:from the original on 2012-10-04 5361: 5331:Etan Vlessing (July 31, 2009). 5324: 5309: 5275: 5243: 5213: 5183: 5153: 5123: 5099:Castro, Daniel (19 June 2015). 5092: 5062: 5032: 5002: 4942: 4886: 4565:Labour-led coalition government 4552:. Aside from RNZ almost all of 4550:Radio New Zealand International 3037:is created. The first channel ( 2207:Educational Broadcasting System 2200:Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation 2158:Philippine Broadcasting Service 1515:Educational Television Stations 1507:National Educational Television 1405:Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 1245:needs additional citations for 1041:Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly 860:RTVC Sistema de Medios Públicos 449:, said in his campaign for the 389:, which operates in AM, FM and 7145:Digital terrestrial television 6726:"About Community Broadcasting" 5841:Laurence Ariel Jarvik (1997). 4836: 4811: 4792:The Review of Economic Studies 4698: 4669: 4494: 4312:'s Radio Galega stations and 3772: 3279:) emerged from the remains of 3119:to create a powerful means of 2948:has about 20% audience share. 2587:is the local version of RT in 2578:is the local version of RT in 2427:Israeli Educational Television 2327:" – Arabic language TV channel 2286:Israeli Broadcasting Authority 2274: 2189: 2066: 1346:cooperative extension services 1046: 701:(TVO) and the French-language 419:TV Educativa do Espírito Santo 379:Empresa Mineira de Comunicação 109:Distance from vested interests 1: 7780:Needle and syringe programmes 7634:Universal access to education 7418:Television news screen layout 6594:"Spain – State Media Monitor" 6371:"Poland's State of the Media" 6369:Kalan, Dariusz (2019-11-25). 6302:Canone RAI a 90 euro dal 2017 5318:Alberta Report / Newsmagazine 4677:"Public Service Broadcasting" 4121:Radio and Television Slovakia 3895:Rádio e Televisão de Portugal 3881:Rádio e Televisão de Portugal 3761: 3017:RTF was transformed into the 2760:Bulgarian National Television 2752:Bulgarian National Television 2558:Radio Televizioni Gjirokastra 2395:Reshet Moreshet, as of 2017 " 1591: 1496: 1142:is owned and operated by the 451:presidential election in 2018 276:in 1960), the radio stations 258:Empresa Brasil de Comunicação 248:Empresa Brasil de Comunicação 87: 9062:Telecommunication portal 8843:Telecommunications equipment 7385:Broadcast television systems 7291:Children's television series 6970:. Kluwer Law International. 6905:General and cited references 5546:. United States Government. 5452:CNW press release 2011-12-20 4628: 4483:stations (most operating as 4469:Special Broadcasting Service 4454: 4316:(TVG) channels broadcast in 4134:Radio Slovakia International 3719:) and three radio services ( 3705:Public Broadcasting Services 3668: 2938:Estonian Public Broadcasting 2762:was founded in 1959 and the 2734:) and again in 1998 to VRT ( 2346:" – News and current affairs 2178: 1805:British Broadcasting Company 1768: 1700: 1576:Asamblea Nacional Televisión 1543: 929:Televisión Nacional de Chile 906:Televisión Nacional de Chile 350:, which is available in all 205:Special Broadcasting Service 133: 7: 8579:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 7863:Publicly funded health care 7287:Children's interest channel 5799:(Praeger Publishers, 1977). 5594:Burke, John Edward (1980). 5227:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5197:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5167:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5137:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5107:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5046:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5016:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4956:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4926:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4761:Banerjee, Indrajit (2006). 4574: 4403:Radio Ukraine International 4223:sports channel since 1994; 4138:European broadcasting union 4115: 4087:Radio Romania International 4005:Portuguese financial crisis 3874: 3756:Radio Moldova Internaţional 3420:European Broadcasting Union 3272:Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen 2745: 2707:In 1977, following Belgian 2447:European Broadcasting Union 2360:" – Arabic language station 2223: 2139:People's Television Network 1964: 1847: 1785:Televisi Republik Indonesia 1534:Televisión Nacional Uruguay 1362:non-commercial, educational 1334:not-for-profit corporations 853: 732:Amherst Island public radio 675:Public Broadcasting Service 421:) and an AM radio station ( 236: 225: 38:public service broadcasting 10: 9134: 8283:Telecommunications history 6225:Chen, (程宗明) (2001-05-25). 4596:International broadcasting 4563:In late January 2020, the 4542:Radio New Zealand National 4498: 4449: 4412: 4371: 4367: 4340:The logo of Sveriges Radio 4241:over-the-top media service 4101:Radio Television of Serbia 4010: 3878: 3829:) per household per year. 3776: 3734: 3553:, etc. Pay TV broadcaster 3444: 3402: 3189:), merged from SDR and SWF 3175:), merged from SFB and ORB 3104: 3100: 2951: 2932: 2929:. Funded by licence fees. 2901:to finance the network of 2888: 2830:, respectively. Until the 2770: 2655: 2598: 2594: 2460:Radio Televizioni Shqiptar 2454: 2444: 2196:Korean Broadcasting System 1842:high-definition television 1772: 1547: 1524: 1501:In the United States, the 1475:Public Radio International 1339: 1219: 1213: 965: 903: 857: 808:. One television station, 797:government of Saskatchewan 472: 310:Rádio Nacional da Amazônia 245: 229: 25: 18: 9050: 8992: 8929: 8891:Public Switched Telephone 8851: 8815: 8772: 8713: 8703:telecommunication circuit 8664:Fiber-optic communication 8647: 8409:Francis Blake (telephone) 8356: 8204:Optical telecommunication 8048: 7976: 7920: 7888:National health insurance 7853: 7840:Supervised injection site 7750: 7700: 7647: 7541: 7518: 7393:Digital on-screen graphic 7365: 7306:Movie television channels 7282:Adult television channels 7270: 7196: 7088: 5195:University of Passo Fundo 4954:Padre Anchieta Foundation 4546:Radio New Zealand Concert 4491:stations have in the US. 4350:Sveriges Utbildningsradio 4323: 4227:news channel since 1997; 4197: 4165: 4095: 3854:Reporters Without Borders 3832: 3750:, and the radio channels 3332: 3217:), split from former NWDR 2997: 2610:Österreichischer Rundfunk 2440: 2381:" – Classical music, jazz 2279: 2218:Public Television Service 2212: 2151:Radio Philippines Network 1920:Radio Televisyen Malaysia 1354:South Dakota Public Radio 1133: 604:Terrace, British Columbia 560:Ici Radio-Canada Première 468: 241: 52:whose primary mission is 8802:Orbital angular-momentum 8239:Satellite communications 8078:Communications satellite 7883:Single-payer health care 7692:Universal basic services 7639:Universal basic services 7357:Women's interest channel 7035:Public Radio Fan website 6948:Linke, Benjamin (2016), 5165:Observatório da Imprensa 4554:New Zealand's 16 regions 4489:public access television 4161:Radio Nacional de España 4150:Radiotelevisión Española 4143: 3817:was founded in Finland. 3699: 3580: 3516:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta 3008:Radiodiffusion française 2780:Hrvatska radiotelevizija 2776:Croatian Radiotelevision 2764:Bulgarian National Radio 2756:Bulgarian National Radio 1956: 1794: 1781:Radio Republik Indonesia 1724: 1556:Venezolana de Televisión 1433: 899: 550:), four radio networks ( 539:CBC Television service. 441:Since the government of 157:television documentaries 26:Not to be confused with 8681:Molecular communication 8504:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 8333:Undersea telegraph line 8068:Cable protection system 7584:Public good (economics) 7221:Multichannel television 7211:Commercial broadcasting 7182:Peer-to-peer television 5771:Meikle, Graham (2002). 5639:Encyclopædia Britannica 5488:"El Once y su historia" 4805:10.1111/0034-6527.00357 4127:, with headquarters in 3844:(TVP) has been seen as 3097:between 2005 and 2014. 2824:Czechoslovak Television 2567:Radio Televizioni Korça 1807:, the precursor to the 1695:Radio Television Brunei 1586: 1424:The Heritage Foundation 1120:Alfonso Quiñónez Molina 262:Fundação Padre Anchieta 252:Fundação Padre Anchieta 103:Attention to minorities 82:Commercial broadcasting 48:, and other electronic 8823:Communication protocol 8609:Charles Sumner Tainter 8424:Walter Houser Brattain 8369:Edwin Howard Armstrong 8177:Information revolution 7301:Men's interest channel 7257:Religious broadcasting 6204:. LIT Verlag Münster. 5980:"Funding Arrangements" 5843:PBS, behind the screen 5369:"Decision CRTC 95-472" 5338:The Hollywood Reporter 4818:Michael Slaby (2021). 4586:Editorial independence 4515:Television New Zealand 4463:(ABC) is owned by the 4383: 4341: 4333: 4276:channels broadcast in 4274:Televisió de Catalunya 4083:Radio România Regional 3938:Televisão Independente 3890: 3590: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3342: 3270: 3215:North Rhine-Westphalia 3207:), established in 1991 3156:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 3135: 3019: 2819: 2807: 2779: 2739: 2731: 2724: 2716: 2695:Radio-Télévision Belge 2694: 2405:Israeli Defense Forces 2301:(Arabic for "place"). 2254:Television of Thailand 1719:editorial independence 1710: 1674:owned and operated by 1386:University of Missouri 1358:Wisconsin Public Radio 1309: 821: 733: 636:Moncton, New Brunswick 488: 346:, launched in 1969 in 161:educational programmes 76:; television; and the 8797:Polarization-division 8529:Narinder Singh Kapany 8494:Erna Schneider Hoover 8414:Jagadish Chandra Bose 8394:Alexander Graham Bell 8125:online video platform 7732:Public infrastructure 7569:Public administration 7554:Free-culture movement 6706:statemediamonitor.com 6682:statemediamonitor.com 6598:statemediamonitor.com 6574:statemediamonitor.com 6550:statemediamonitor.com 6496:statemediamonitor.com 6472:statemediamonitor.com 6448:statemediamonitor.com 6424:statemediamonitor.com 6350:statemediamonitor.com 6326:statemediamonitor.com 5293:. February 28, 2014. 5291:Department of Justice 4612:Public Radio Exchange 4465:Australian Government 4381: 4339: 4331: 4314:Televisión de Galicia 3994:São Tomé and Príncipe 3930:generalist programmes 3888: 3588: 3340: 3158:), split from former 3133: 2963:) and Rundradion (in 2384:REKA - Reshet Klitat 2374:" – Alternative music 2039:(PBC), also known as 1741:television network ( 1708: 1664:Bangladesh Television 1581:Bolivarian Revolution 1483:Public Radio Exchange 1479:American Public Media 1467:National Public Radio 1382:University of Houston 1291: 776:Public radio station 731: 548:Ici Radio-Canada Télé 512:Canadian Radio League 457:Brazil also has many 377:, which has the EMC ( 336:non-profit foundation 212:Public Media Alliance 64:Common media include 8639:Vladimir K. Zworykin 8599:Almon Brown Strowger 8569:Charles Grafton Page 8224:Prepaid mobile phone 8152:Electrical telegraph 7450:Outside broadcasting 6930:Raboy, Marc (1995). 6732:. 14 November 2014. 5746:Capitol News Company 5520:. October 21, 2013. 5467:May 9, 2012, at the 5371:. CRTC. 1995-07-20. 5345:. Associated Press. 5287:Justice Laws Website 4736:Raboy, Marc (1995). 4481:community television 4382:The logo of Suspilne 4154:autonomous community 3438:Desperate Housewives 3293:Hans-Bredow-Institut 3187:Rhineland-Palatinate 2713:language communities 2476:Televizioni Shqiptar 2147:controlling interest 2099:improve this section 1997:improve this section 1928:television licensing 1880:improve this section 1624:improve this section 1254:improve this article 1148:government of Mexico 1079:improve this section 998:improve this section 489:Société Radio-Canada 423:Rádio Espírito Santo 9113:Public broadcasting 8589:Johann Philipp Reis 8348:Wireless revolution 8310:The Telephone Cases 8167:Hydraulic telegraph 7968:Public viewing area 7737:Public water system 7725:Municipal broadband 7682:Public broadcasting 7352:Sports broadcasting 7296:Documentary channel 7252:Public broadcasting 7159:Internet television 6885:. 29 January 2020. 6853:. 29 January 2020. 6760:legislation.govt.nz 6526:on October 19, 2013 6178:. 12 October 2018. 6119:. 17 January 2019. 5992:on October 9, 2009. 5847:Rocklin, California 5343:The Nielsen Company 4527:controversial issue 4346:Sveriges Television 4282:Valencian Community 4250:regional variations 4167:Televisión Española 4016:Romanian Television 3819:Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV) 3811:Sveriges Television 3472:Teilifís na Gaeilge 3408:Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV) 2725:Belgischer Rundfunk 2321:Channel 33 (Israel) 2317:" – Main TV channel 2045:Pakistan Television 1763:Parliament of India 1403:The passage of the 1226:Current (newspaper) 1180:Ministry of Culture 1156:secondary education 1154:in 1968 to provide 773:chain of stations. 387:Rádio Inconfidência 34:Public broadcasting 8787:Frequency-division 8764:Telephone exchange 8634:Charles Wheatstone 8564:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 8539:Innocenzo Manzetti 8474:Reginald Fessenden 8209:Optical telegraphy 8042:Telecommunications 7933:Government auction 7619:Public procurement 7465:Television licence 7433:Broadcast designer 6882:New Zealand Herald 6618:"RTVE corporation" 6307:2017-11-12 at the 6094:. 2 January 2019. 5876:The Morning Record 5795:George H. Gibson, 5448:2013-09-29 at the 4849:2007-11-23 at the 4820:For All the People 4459:In Australia, the 4384: 4342: 4334: 3891: 3591: 3567:is an independent 3541:Northern Ireland, 3416:television licence 3343: 3319:France Télévisions 3152:Schleswig-Holstein 3136: 3134:Map of ARD-members 2828:Czechoslovak Radio 2370:88FM, as of 2017 " 2166:became independent 2162:Insular Government 1711: 1676:Bengali parliament 1413:federal government 1310: 886:Caracol Televisión 742:Alberta government 734: 695:U.S.–Canada border 632:Canadian provinces 587:owned and operated 393:; in the state of 364:distance education 198:In Australia, the 140:television licence 9100: 9099: 8838:Store and forward 8833:Data transmission 8747:Network switching 8698:Transmission line 8544:Guglielmo Marconi 8509:Internet pioneers 8374:Mohamed M. Atalla 8343:Whistled language 8008: 8007: 7835:Public university 7815:Public open space 7760:Drinking fountain 7720:Telecommunication 7478: 7477: 7470:Television studio 7438:Broadcast license 7425:Network affiliate 7408:On-screen display 7375:Broadcast network 7345:Livestreamed news 7335:Business channels 7330:News broadcasting 7247:Pirate television 7238:News broadcasting 7118:Mobile television 6958:978-3-631-66568-8 6818:Radio New Zealand 6065:. 23 April 2019. 5782:978-0-415-94322-2 4829:978-1-63331-051-3 4591:Independent media 4538:Radio New Zealand 4531:Radio New Zealand 4519:Radio New Zealand 4233:TVE Internacional 3966:RTP Internacional 3740:Teleradio-Moldova 3183:Baden-Württemberg 3095:France Télévision 3031:France Télévision 2992:the Yle NewsWatch 2942:Eesti Televisioon 2601:ORF (broadcaster) 2353:" – Israeli music 2242:government agency 2238:legal personality 2135: 2134: 2127: 2033: 2032: 2025: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1838:BBC World Service 1690:Brunei Darussalam 1660: 1659: 1652: 1521:(NAEB), in 1973. 1350:Iowa Public Radio 1286: 1285: 1278: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1034: 1033: 1026: 836:community channel 830: 793:City Saskatchewan 719:Knowledge Network 493:crown corporation 427:Rio Grande do Sul 360:Greater São Paulo 192:investment policy 188:industrial policy 9125: 9090: 9089: 9080: 9079: 9070: 9069: 9060: 9059: 9058: 8931:Notable networks 8921:Wireless network 8861:Cellular network 8853:Types of network 8828:Computer network 8715:Network topology 8629:Thomas A. Watson 8484:Oliver Heaviside 8469:Philo Farnsworth 8444:Daniel Davis Jr. 8419:Charles Bourseul 8379:John Logie Baird 8088:Data compression 8083:Computer network 8035: 8028: 8021: 8012: 8011: 7996: 7995: 7984: 7983: 7895:Social insurance 7742:Waste management 7710:Electric utility 7687:Public transport 7604:Public ownership 7523:Municipalization 7505: 7498: 7491: 7482: 7481: 7325:Shopping channel 7315:Music television 7075: 7068: 7061: 7052: 7051: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6986: 6980:. Archived from 6969: 6945: 6926: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6784:McMillan, Kate. 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6522:. Archived from 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6318: 6312: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6288:on May 22, 2006. 6284:. Archived from 6278: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5985:. Archived from 5984: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5928: 5926: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5822:on April 6, 2001 5806: 5800: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5681: 5670: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5484: 5478: 5459: 5453: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4863: 4854: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4786: 4777: 4776: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4733: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4683:. Archived from 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4656: 4649: 4641: 4395:Suspilne Kultura 4202: 4201: 4170: 4169: 3903:segundo programa 3842:Telewizja Polska 3828: 3824: 3793:Nordic countries 3474: 3468: 3466:Teilifís Éireann 3462: 3277:Deutschlandradio 3024: 2972:radio services. 2927:Kringvarp Føroya 2919:Kringvarp Føroya 2800:Czech Television 2379:Kan Kol Hamusika 2246:state enterprise 2130: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2079: 2071: 2028: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2008: 1977: 1969: 1911: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1860: 1852: 1830:NHK BS Premium4K 1680:Bangladesh Betar 1655: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1604: 1596: 1456:Washington, D.C. 1281: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1238: 1230: 1110: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1090: 1059: 1051: 1029: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1009: 978: 970: 933:Augusto Pinochet 825: 723:British Columbia 568:CBC News Network 537:English language 413:has the RTV-ES ( 403:Brazilian Amazon 352:Brazilian states 326:FM extended band 100:Universal appeal 9133: 9132: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9103: 9102: 9101: 9096: 9056: 9054: 9046: 8988: 8925: 8847: 8811: 8768: 8717: 8709: 8650: 8643: 8549:Robert Metcalfe 8404:Tim Berners-Lee 8352: 8172:Information Age 8044: 8039: 8009: 8004: 7972: 7958:Public security 7948:Public offering 7916: 7905:Social security 7855:Social services 7849: 7805:Public hospital 7800:Public computer 7795:Public bookcase 7746: 7696: 7665:Law enforcement 7660:Fire department 7643: 7594:Public interest 7537: 7533:Progressive tax 7528:Nationalization 7514: 7512:Public services 7509: 7479: 7474: 7367: 7361: 7273: 7266: 7216:Community radio 7198: 7192: 7172:Streaming media 7084: 7079: 7002: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6967: 6942: 6923: 6907: 6902: 6892: 6890: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6860: 6858: 6843: 6842: 6838: 6828: 6826: 6809: 6805: 6795: 6793: 6782: 6778: 6769: 6767: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6737: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6710: 6708: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6686: 6684: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6662: 6660: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6633: 6631: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6602: 6600: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6578: 6576: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6554: 6552: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6500: 6498: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6476: 6474: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6452: 6450: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6428: 6426: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6404: 6402: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6379: 6377: 6367: 6363: 6354: 6352: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6330: 6328: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6309:Wayback Machine 6298: 6297: 6293: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6266: 6264: 6253: 6249: 6240: 6238: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6198: 6194: 6185: 6183: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6156: 6154: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6101: 6099: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6072: 6070: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6043: 6041: 6036:. 24 May 2018. 6028: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5989: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5950: 5948: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5904: 5900: 5886: 5884: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5839: 5835: 5825: 5823: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5769: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5699: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5649: 5647: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5608: 5592: 5588: 5578: 5576: 5575:on May 11, 2011 5567: 5566: 5562: 5553: 5551: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5469:Wayback Machine 5460: 5456: 5450:Wayback Machine 5441: 5437: 5428: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5403: 5401: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5378: 5376: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4916: 4912: 4903: 4901: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4878: 4876: 4865: 4864: 4857: 4851:Wayback Machine 4841: 4837: 4830: 4816: 4812: 4787: 4780: 4773: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4734: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4690: 4688: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4635: 4631: 4577: 4503: 4497: 4476:community radio 4457: 4452: 4417: 4411: 4399:Ukrainian Radio 4376: 4370: 4332:The logo of SVT 4326: 4304:or Spanish. In 4270:Catalunya Ràdio 4245:video on demand 4146: 4118: 4098: 4013: 3883: 3877: 3835: 3826: 3822: 3795: 3781: 3775: 3764: 3737: 3702: 3671: 3583: 3447: 3405: 3335: 3109: 3103: 3000: 2980:Yle Radio Suomi 2954: 2935: 2916: 2891: 2797: 2773: 2748: 2658: 2603: 2597: 2457: 2449: 2443: 2284:In Israel, the 2282: 2277: 2265:Thai Government 2240:, but is not a 2226: 2215: 2192: 2181: 2170:Radyo Pilipinas 2131: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2096: 2080: 2069: 2029: 2018: 2012: 2009: 1994: 1978: 1967: 1959: 1912: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1877: 1861: 1850: 1824:only services ( 1818:NHK Educational 1797: 1777: 1771: 1759:All India Radio 1727: 1703: 1692: 1656: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1621: 1605: 1594: 1589: 1552: 1546: 1527: 1511:Ford Foundation 1499: 1436: 1342: 1282: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1251: 1239: 1228: 1218: 1212: 1172:Central America 1136: 1111: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1076: 1060: 1049: 1030: 1019: 1013: 1010: 995: 979: 968: 908: 902: 862: 856: 848:community radio 738:CTV Two Alberta 659:music streaming 644:Atlantic Canada 477: 471: 463:community radio 409:. The state of 284:, broadcast to 254: 244: 239: 234: 228: 214: 184:cultural policy 180: 178:Cultural policy 136: 90: 74:shortwave radio 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9131: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9084: 9074: 9064: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9044: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9002: 8996: 8994: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8935: 8933: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8857: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8819: 8817: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8782:Space-division 8778: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8732: 8727: 8721: 8719: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8705: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8661: 8655: 8653: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8619:Camille Tissot 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8594:Claude Shannon 8591: 8586: 8584:Tivadar Puskás 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8554:Antonio Meucci 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8524:Charles K. Kao 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8499:Harold Hopkins 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8399:Emile Berliner 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8338:Videotelephony 8335: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8313: 8306: 8301: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8241: 8236: 8234:Radiotelephone 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8120:Internet video 8112: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8054: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8038: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8015: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8002: 7990: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7943:Public holiday 7940: 7935: 7930: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7912:Youth services 7909: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7900:Social pension 7892: 7891: 7890: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7868:Public housing 7865: 7859: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7810:Public library 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7775:Infrastructure 7772: 7770:Free education 7767: 7762: 7756: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7717: 7712: 7706: 7704: 7702:Public utility 7698: 7697: 7695: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7675:Savings system 7670:Postal service 7667: 7662: 7657: 7651: 7649: 7648:Basic services 7645: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7564:Product sample 7561: 7559:Free newspaper 7556: 7551: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7508: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7485: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7427: 7422: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7387: 7382: 7380:Broadcast-safe 7377: 7371: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7340:Public affairs 7337: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7284: 7278: 7276: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7240: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7226:Pay television 7218: 7213: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7184: 7179: 7177:Web television 7174: 7169: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7137: 7132: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7078: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7027: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7001: 7000:External links 6998: 6997: 6996: 6976: 6960: 6952:, Peter Lang, 6946: 6940: 6927: 6921: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6868: 6836: 6803: 6776: 6747: 6717: 6693: 6669: 6649:"À Punt Mèdia" 6640: 6609: 6585: 6561: 6537: 6507: 6483: 6459: 6435: 6411: 6395:"Poland | RSF" 6386: 6375:Foreign Policy 6361: 6337: 6313: 6291: 6273: 6247: 6217: 6211:978-3643800947 6210: 6192: 6163: 6134: 6108: 6079: 6050: 6021: 5995: 5971: 5957: 5936: 5919:978-0520086593 5918: 5898: 5862: 5855: 5833: 5801: 5788: 5781: 5763: 5726: 5693: 5657: 5625: 5606: 5586: 5560: 5535: 5505: 5479: 5477:, May 3, 2012. 5454: 5435: 5410: 5385: 5360: 5323: 5308: 5274: 5242: 5212: 5182: 5152: 5122: 5105:Notícias da TV 5091: 5074:Agência Brasil 5061: 5031: 5001: 4971: 4941: 4924:Agência Brasil 4910: 4885: 4855: 4835: 4828: 4810: 4799:(4): 947–972. 4778: 4771: 4753: 4746: 4723: 4697: 4668: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4576: 4573: 4569:National Party 4523:CBC Television 4499:Main article: 4496: 4493: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4413:Main article: 4410: 4409:United Kingdom 4407: 4372:Main article: 4369: 4366: 4354:Sveriges Radio 4325: 4322: 4294:Basque Country 4193:Radio Exterior 4173:Radio Nacional 4145: 4142: 4117: 4114: 4097: 4094: 4012: 4009: 3879:Main article: 3876: 3873: 3865:non-commercial 3850:PiS government 3834: 3831: 3807:Sveriges Radio 3794: 3791: 3777:Main article: 3774: 3771: 3763: 3760: 3736: 3733: 3701: 3698: 3686:LRT televizija 3670: 3667: 3582: 3579: 3569:Irish language 3555:Setanta Sports 3460:Raidió Éireann 3446: 3443: 3404: 3401: 3334: 3331: 3259: 3258: 3248: 3238: 3228: 3218: 3208: 3190: 3176: 3162: 3102: 3099: 2999: 2996: 2953: 2950: 2934: 2931: 2915: 2912: 2890: 2887: 2836:Czechoslovakia 2808:Česká televize 2796: 2795:Czech Republic 2793: 2772: 2769: 2754:(BNT) and the 2747: 2744: 2709:federalization 2681: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2657: 2654: 2599:Main article: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2549: 2548: 2542: 2539:Radio Tirana 2 2536: 2524: 2523: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2486: 2485: 2479: 2456: 2453: 2442: 2439: 2423: 2422: 2416: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2382: 2375: 2368: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2340: 2329: 2328: 2323:, as of 2017 " 2318: 2311:, as of 2017 " 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2225: 2222: 2214: 2211: 2191: 2188: 2180: 2177: 2133: 2132: 2083: 2081: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2041:Radio Pakistan 2031: 2030: 1981: 1979: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1914: 1913: 1864: 1862: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1796: 1793: 1773:Main article: 1770: 1767: 1731:Prasar Bharati 1726: 1723: 1702: 1699: 1691: 1688: 1658: 1657: 1608: 1606: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1545: 1542: 1526: 1523: 1498: 1495: 1487:Pacifica Radio 1444:Pacifica Radio 1435: 1432: 1341: 1338: 1284: 1283: 1242: 1240: 1233: 1214:Main article: 1211: 1208: 1152:Telesecundaria 1135: 1132: 1113: 1112: 1063: 1061: 1054: 1048: 1045: 1032: 1031: 982: 980: 973: 967: 964: 911:2010, and the 901: 898: 890:RCN Televisión 858:Main article: 855: 852: 544:CBC Television 501:Prime Minister 470: 467: 447:Jair Bolsonaro 411:Espírito Santo 322:Agência Brasil 298:Belo Horizonte 290:Rio de Janeiro 278:Rádio Nacional 270:Rio de Janeiro 260:(EBC) and the 243: 240: 238: 235: 227: 224: 213: 210: 209: 208: 179: 176: 149:public affairs 135: 132: 120: 119: 116: 113: 110: 107: 104: 101: 98: 89: 86: 54:public service 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9130: 9119: 9118:Radio formats 9116: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9093: 9085: 9083: 9075: 9073: 9065: 9063: 9053: 9052: 9049: 9042: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8928: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8807:Code-division 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8792:Time-division 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8718:and switching 8716: 8712: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8670: 8669:optical fiber 8667: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8659:Coaxial cable 8657: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8574:Radia Perlman 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8464:Lee de Forest 8462: 8460: 8459:Thomas Edison 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8449:Donald Davies 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8434:Claude Chappe 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8278:Smoke signals 8276: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8256:Semiconductor 8254: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8115:Digital media 8113: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8036: 8031: 8029: 8024: 8022: 8017: 8016: 8013: 8001: 8000: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7979: 7978: 7975: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7953:Public sector 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7878:Job guarantee 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7830:Public toilet 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7820:Public school 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7715:Oil & gas 7713: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7655:Civil service 7653: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7614:Public rights 7612: 7610: 7609:Public policy 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7589:Public health 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7579:Public domain 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7506: 7501: 7499: 7494: 7492: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7195: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7098:Radio program 7096: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7071: 7069: 7064: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7003: 6987:on 2012-01-17 6983: 6979: 6977:90-411-2212-5 6973: 6966: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6941:1-86020-006-0 6937: 6933: 6928: 6924: 6922:981-4136-01-8 6918: 6914: 6909: 6908: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6872: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6807: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6449: 6445: 6439: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6262: 6258: 6251: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6221: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6030:"This is Yle" 6025: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5988: 5981: 5975: 5967: 5961: 5946: 5940: 5932: 5921: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5902: 5894: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5866: 5858: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5805: 5798: 5792: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5730: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5661: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5613: 5609: 5607:0-405-11756-6 5603: 5599: 5598: 5590: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5439: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5319: 5312: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5246: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4839: 4831: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4785: 4783: 4774: 4772:981-4136-01-8 4768: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4747:1-86020-006-0 4743: 4739: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4687:on 2022-03-21 4686: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4653: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4607:Press freedom 4605: 4602: 4601:Mediatization 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4581:Citizen media 4579: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4338: 4330: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4272:stations and 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4177:Radio Clásica 4174: 4168: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4113: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3986:Guinea-Bissau 3983: 3979: 3976:countries of 3975: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3949:in 2015; and 3948: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3887: 3882: 3872: 3868: 3866: 3861: 3860:Polskie Radio 3857: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3838:Polskie Radio 3830: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3787: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3752:Radio Moldova 3749: 3745: 3741: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3725:Radju Malta 2 3722: 3718: 3717:Parliament TV 3714: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3695: 3694:LRT Lituanica 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366:ERT SPORTS HD 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3201:Saxony-Anhalt 3198: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2994:application. 2993: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2923:Útvarp Føroya 2920: 2914:Faroe Islands 2911: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2886: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820:Český rozhlas 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2590: 2586: 2585:Radio Shkodra 2583: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2210: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2129: 2126: 2118: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2084:This section 2082: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2027: 2024: 2016: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1982:This section 1980: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1962: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1910: 1907: 1899: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1865:This section 1863: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1707: 1698: 1696: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1654: 1651: 1643: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1609:This section 1607: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452:New York City 1449: 1445: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1330:pledge drives 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314:United States 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1280: 1277: 1269: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1243:This section 1241: 1237: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1210:United States 1207: 1205: 1201: 1200:Canal Catorce 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1109: 1106: 1098: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1064:This section 1062: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1028: 1025: 1017: 1007: 1003: 999: 993: 992: 988: 983:This section 981: 977: 972: 971: 963: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 907: 897: 895: 894:programadoras 891: 887: 884: 883:programadoras 880: 876: 872: 871: 870:programadoras 866: 861: 851: 849: 845: 840: 837: 832: 828: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 802: 798: 794: 790: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 743: 739: 730: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 552:CBC Radio One 549: 545: 540: 538: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 476: 466: 464: 460: 455: 452: 448: 444: 439: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 369: 368:TV Rá-Tim-Bum 365: 361: 357: 356:Rádio Cultura 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 253: 249: 233: 223: 220: 206: 201: 197: 196: 195: 193: 189: 185: 175: 173: 172:Michael Slaby 168: 164: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 131: 128: 124: 117: 114: 111: 108: 105: 102: 99: 96: 95: 94: 85: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 62: 59: 55: 51: 50:media outlets 47: 43: 39: 35: 29: 22: 8774:Multiplexing 8649:Transmission 8614:Nikola Tesla 8604:Henry Sutton 8559:Samuel Morse 8489:Robert Hooke 8454:Amos Dolbear 8389:John Bardeen 8308: 8288:Telautograph 8192:Mobile phone 8147:Edholm's law 8130:social media 8063:Broadcasting 7997: 7985: 7938:Public float 7873:Job creation 7825:Public space 7752:Public works 7681: 7629:Public value 7624:Public trust 7429:Occupations 7320:Quiz channel 7251: 7243:Pirate radio 7231:Pay-per-view 7206:Campus radio 7197:Broadcasting 7082:Broadcasting 6989:. 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Retrieved 6033: 6024: 6012:. Retrieved 5998: 5987:the original 5974: 5960: 5949:. Retrieved 5947:. 2006-06-04 5939: 5931:Google Books 5929:– via 5923:. Retrieved 5908: 5901: 5891:– via 5885:. Retrieved 5874: 5865: 5842: 5836: 5824:. Retrieved 5820:the original 5813: 5804: 5796: 5791: 5772: 5766: 5754:. Retrieved 5739: 5729: 5717:. Retrieved 5706: 5696: 5684:. Retrieved 5660: 5648:. Retrieved 5637: 5628: 5616:. Retrieved 5596: 5589: 5577:. Retrieved 5573:the original 5563: 5552:. Retrieved 5538: 5526:. Retrieved 5517: 5508: 5496:. Retrieved 5482: 5472: 5457: 5438: 5427:. Retrieved 5425:. 2010-06-21 5422: 5413: 5402:. Retrieved 5388: 5377:. Retrieved 5363: 5351:. Retrieved 5336: 5326: 5317: 5311: 5299:. Retrieved 5286: 5277: 5265:. Retrieved 5254: 5245: 5233:. Retrieved 5224: 5215: 5203:. Retrieved 5194: 5185: 5173:. Retrieved 5164: 5155: 5143:. Retrieved 5134: 5125: 5113:. Retrieved 5104: 5094: 5082:. Retrieved 5073: 5064: 5052:. Retrieved 5043: 5034: 5022:. 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