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severity include the
Revised Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-R), a 24-item self-report instrument with six scales: psychosis, depression/functioning, interpersonal problems, alcohol/drug use, self-harm, and emotional lability. The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), a 90-item self assessment tool that measures psychoticism and paranoid ideation in addition to seven other symptom scales. Finally, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), a 53-item self-administered scale developed from the SCL-90-R. The BSI has good psychometric properties and is an acceptable brief alternative to the SCL-90-R. These seem to be the most accurate tools at the moment, but a research in 2007 that focused on quantifying self-reports of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in persons with psychosis, suggest that The Hamilton Program for Schizophrenia Voices Questionnaire (HPSVQ) is also potentially a reliable and useful measure for specifically quantifying AVHs in relation to psychosis.
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physical or sexual abuse, physical or emotional neglect) than those in the general population. Increased individual vulnerability toward psychosis may interact with traumatic experiences promoting an onset of future psychotic symptoms, particularly during sensitive developmental periods. Importantly, the relationship between traumatic life events and psychotic symptoms appears to be dose-dependent in which multiple traumatic life events accumulate, compounding symptom expression and severity. However, acute, stressful events can also trigger brief psychotic episodes. Trauma prevention and early intervention may be an important target for decreasing the incidence of psychotic disorders and ameliorating its effects. A healthy person could become psychotic if he is placed in an empty room with no light and sound after 15 minutes, a phenomenon known as
1559:, and ACC are related to the lucidity of hallucinations, and indicate that activation or involvement of emotional circuitry are key to the impact of abnormal activity in sensory cortices. Together, these findings indicate abnormal processing of internally generated sensory experiences, coupled with abnormal emotional processing, results in hallucinations. One proposed model involves a failure of feedforward networks from sensory cortices to the inferior frontal cortex, which normally cancel out sensory cortex activity during internally generated speech. The resulting disruption in expected and perceived speech is thought to produce lucid hallucinatory experiences.
6236:, 3.3. Changes in regional brain response to cognitive tasks. "In the anterior part of the right insula and in the dorsal ACC there was hypoactivation relative to controls, whereas in the right basal ganglia/thalamus extending to the posterior part of the insula and in the medial frontal cortex, there was a relative reduction in deactivation... Patients also showed reductions in deactivation in the right inferior frontal and left precentral gyri, as well as hypoactivation in left precuneus. ... The analyses of robustness showed that all these results were highly replicable, with the possible exception of the abnormalities in right inferior frontal gyrus..."
1836:. Hierarchical Bayesian neurocomputational models of sensory feedback, in agreement with neuroimaging literature, link NMDA receptor hypofunction to delusional or hallucinatory symptoms via proposing a failure of NMDA mediated top down predictions to adequately cancel out enhanced bottom up AMPA mediated predictions errors. Excessive prediction errors in response to stimuli that would normally not produce such a response is thought to root from conferring excessive salience to otherwise mundane events. Dysfunction higher up in the hierarchy, where representation is more abstract, could result in delusions. The common finding of reduced
1944:-Muslim societies perceive those who act differently than the social norm as "crazy" or as abnormal behaviour. This differs from the lived experience of individuals in India and how they attain their perspectives on mental health issues through a variety of spiritual and healing traditions. In Cambodia, hallucinations are linked with spirit visitation, a term they call "cultural kindling". These examples of differences are attributed to culture and the way it shapes conceptions of mental disorders. These cultural differences can be useful in bridging the gap of cultural understanding and psychiatric signs and symptoms.
2606:, also prescribed bloodletting as a first-line treatment for psychosis. Although not a proponent of humoralism, Rush believed that active purging and bloodletting were efficacious corrections for disruptions in the circulatory system, a complication he believed was the primary cause of "insanity". Although Rush's treatment modalities are now considered antiquated and brutish, his contributions to psychiatry, namely the biological underpinnings of psychiatric phenomenon including psychosis, have been invaluable to the field. In honor of such contributions, Benjamin Rush's image is in the official seal of the
2332:). In relation to the success of CBT for psychosis, a randomized controlled trial for a Web-based CBTp (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis) skills program named Coping With Voices (CWV) suggest that the program has promise for increasing access to CBTp. It also associated benefits in the management of distressing psychotic symptoms and improved social functioning. When CBT and the other psychosocial interventions these are used without antipsychotic medications, they may be somewhat effective for some people, especially for CBT, need-adapted treatment, and soteria.
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event such as severe insomnia or a period of hazardous alcohol use despite not relapsing back to methamphetamine. Individuals who have a long history of methamphetamine use and who have experienced psychosis in the past from methamphetamine use are highly likely to re-experience methamphetamine psychosis if drug use is recommenced. Methamphetamine-induced psychosis is likely gated by genetic vulnerability, which can produce long-term changes in brain neurochemistry following repetitive use.
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have never used cannabis. Some debate exists regarding the causal relationship between cannabis use and psychosis with some studies suggesting that cannabis use hastens the onset of psychosis primarily in those with pre-existing vulnerability. Indeed, cannabis use plays an important role in the development of psychosis in vulnerable individuals, and cannabis use in adolescence should be discouraged. Some studies indicate that the effects of two active compounds in cannabis,
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significantly, especially across cultures and demographics. People who experience auditory hallucinations can frequently identify the loudness, location of origin, and may settle on identities for voices. Western cultures are associated with auditory experiences concerning religious content, frequently related to sin. Hallucinations may command a person to do something potentially dangerous when combined with delusions.
50:
142:
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circles to the exclusion of anything else with a level of mental preoccupation (meaning not focused on anything relevant to the situation) that was not typical of the person prior to the symptom onset. In both types of catatonia, there is generally no reaction to anything that happens outside of them. It is important to distinguish catatonic agitation from severe bipolar mania, although someone could have both.
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demonstrates that individuals with psychosis can be taught to attend to their hallucinations differently, which in turn alters the hallucinations themselves. Such research creates pathways for social or community-based treatment, such as reality monitoring, for individuals with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, providing alternatives to, or supplementing traditional pharmacologic management.
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typical behavior including throwing feces and fighting. After the procedure, both chimps were pacified and less violent. During the Q&A, Moniz asked if such a procedure could be extended to human subjects, a question that Fulton admitted was quite startling. Moniz would go on to extend the controversial practice to humans with various psychotic disorders, an endeavor for which he received a
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2713:(also known as second generation antipsychotics) came a dopamine antagonist with a comparable response rate but a far different, though still extensive, side-effect profile that included a lower risk of Parkinsonian symptoms but a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Atypical antipsychotics remain the first-line treatment for psychosis associated with various psychiatric and
2149:. It is based on the clinician's interview with the patient and observations of the patient's behavior over the previous 2–3 days. The patient's family can also answer questions on the behavior report. During the initial assessment and the follow-up, both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis can be assessed using the 30 item Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (
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the cause of their psychotic symptoms to evil spirits. Many of these patients underwent exorcistic healing rituals that, though largely regarded as positive experiences by the patients, had no effect on symptomology. Results did, however, show a significant worsening of psychotic symptoms associated with exclusion of medical treatment for coercive forms of exorcism.
2766:'s former student Wilhelm Reich explored independent insights into the physical effects of neurotic and traumatic upbringing, and published his holistic psychoanalytic treatment with a schizophrenic. With his incorporation of breathwork and insight with the patient, a young woman, she achieved sufficient self-management skills to end the therapy.
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attention in psychosis and overall contribute to more negative reactions. In congruence with studies on grey matter volume, hypoactivity in the right insula, and right inferior parietal lobe is also reported. During cognitive tasks, hypoactivities in the right insula, dACC, and the left precuneus, as well as reduced deactivations in the right
531:, which does not change even when presented with incontrovertible evidence to the contrary. Delusions are context- and culture-dependent: a belief that inhibits critical functioning and is widely considered delusional in one population may be common (and even adaptive) in another, or in the same population at a later time. Since
964:. While proposed as a distinct entity, clinically separate from schizophrenia and affective disorders, cycloid psychosis is not formally acknowledged by current ICD or DSM criteria. Its unclear place in psychiatric nosology has likely contributed to the limited scientific investigation and literature on the topic.
706:. If an adolescent is experiencing psychosis, they most likely have comorbidity, meaning that they could have multiple mental illnesses. Because of this, it may be difficult to determine whether it is psychosis or autism spectrum disorder, social or generalized anxiety disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder.
6248:, 3.4. Multimodal analysis of grey matter volume and brain response. "Specifically, the anterior parts of the insulae and the dorsal part of the MeF/ACC showed hypoactivation, whereas the posterior parts of the insulae and the ventral part of the MeF/ACC showed reductions in deactivation (Fig. 3 and Table 1)."
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madness" by casting out the demons and hurling them into a herd of swine. Exorcism is still utilized in some religious circles as a treatment for psychosis presumed to be demonic possession. A research study of out-patients in psychiatric clinics found that 30 percent of religious patients attributed
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Potential benefits of specialised supported education found from this study include coordination with other service providers (e.g. income support, housing, etc.) to prevent disrupting education, providing specialised career counselling, development of coping skills in the academic environment. These
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The treatment of psychosis depends on the specific diagnosis (such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or substance intoxication). The first-line treatment for many psychotic disorders is antipsychotic medication, which can reduce the positive symptoms of psychosis in about 7 to 14 days. For youth or
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in regards to goals and the motivation to achieve them, has demonstrated that when a reward is not present, a strong reaction is noted in the ventral striatum; reinforcement learning is intact when contingencies about stimulus-reward are implicit, but not when they require explicit neural processing;
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The DSM-5 characterizes certain delusions as "bizarre" if they are clearly implausible, or are incompatible with the surrounding cultural context. The concept of bizarre delusions has many criticisms, the most prominent being judging its presence is not highly reliable even among trained individuals.
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Up to 15% of the general population may experience auditory hallucinations (though not all are due to psychosis). The prevalence of auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia is generally put around 70%, but may go as high as 98%. Reported prevalence in bipolar disorder ranges between 11%
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with psychosis. Through 10 randomized clinical trials, studies showed that Early
Intervention Services (EIS) for patients with early-phase schizophrenia spectrum disorders have generated promising outcomes. EIS are specifically intended to fulfill the needs of patients with early-phase psychosis. In
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Social disability by way of social disconnection is a significant public health concern and is associated with a broad range of negative outcomes, including premature mortality. Social disconnection refers to the ongoing absence of family or social relationships with marginal participation in social
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Dopamine is now one of the primary neurotransmitters implicated in psychotic symptomology. Blocking dopamine receptors (namely, the dopamine D2 receptors) and decreasing dopaminergic activity continues to be an effective but highly unrefined effect of antipsychotics, which are commonly used to treat
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to the rest of the brain were severed. Moniz's primary inspiration stemmed from a demonstration by neuroscientists John Fulton and
Carlyle's 1935 experiment in which two chimpanzees were given leucotomies and pre- and post-surgical behavior was compared. Prior to the leucotomy, the chimps engaged in
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Traumatic life events have been linked with an elevated risk of developing psychotic symptoms. Childhood trauma has specifically been shown to be a predictor of adolescent and adult psychosis. Individuals with psychotic symptoms are three times more likely to have experienced childhood trauma (e.g.,
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Psychosis is rare in adolescents. Young people who have psychosis may have trouble connecting with the world around them and may experience hallucinations or delusions. Adolescents with psychosis may also have cognitive deficits that may make it harder for the youth to socialize and work. Potential
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The other type of catatonia is more of an outward presentation of the profoundly agitated state described above. It involves excessive and purposeless motor behaviour, as well as an extreme mental preoccupation that prevents an intact experience of reality. An example is someone walking very fast in
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may be more effective for positive symptoms but result in more side effects. Typical antipsychotics have equal drop-out and symptom relapse rates to atypicals when used at low to moderate dosages. There is a good response in 40–50%, a partial response in 30–40%, and treatment resistance (failure of
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is believed to play an important role. Acute psychosis is termed primary if it results from a psychiatric condition and secondary if it is caused by another medical condition or drugs. The diagnosis of a mental-health condition requires excluding other potential causes. Testing may be done to check
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Raghavan R, Brown B, Horne F, Kamal SR, Parameswaran U, Raghu A, Wilson A, Venkateswaran C, Svirydzenka N, Lakhanpaul M and Dasan C (2022) 'Multiple mental health literacies in a traditional temple site in Kerala: the intersection between beliefs, spiritual and healing regimes', Culture, Medicine,
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Men ought to know that from the brain, and from the brain only, arise our pleasures, joys, laughter, and jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, griefs and tears. Through it, in particular, we think, see, hear, and distinguish the ugly from the beautiful, the bad from the good, the pleasant from the
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in the nerve cell, which takes time. Hence antipsychotic drugs take a week or two to reduce the symptoms of psychosis. Moreover, newer and equally effective antipsychotic drugs actually block slightly less dopamine in the brain than older drugs whilst also blocking 5-HT2A receptors, suggesting the
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were recorded, there were significant irregularities in the left VS. Anhedonia, the inability to feel pleasure, is a commonly reported symptom in psychosis; experiences are present in most people with schizophrenia. Anhedonia arises as a result of the inability to feel motivation and drive towards
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and left precentral gyri are observed. These results are highly consistent and replicable possibly except the abnormalities of the right inferior frontal gyrus. Decreased grey matter volume in conjunction with bilateral hypoactivity is observed in anterior insula, dorsal medial frontal cortex, and
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From a diagnostic standpoint, organic disorders were believed to be caused by physical illness affecting the brain (that is, psychiatric disorders secondary to other conditions) while functional disorders were considered disorders of the functioning of the mind in the absence of physical disorders
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The subject matter of delusions seems to reflect the current culture in a particular time and location. For example, in the US, during the early 1900s syphilis was a common topic, during the Second World War
Germany, during the Cold War communists, and in recent years, technology has been a focus.
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Waghorn et al. suggest that education interventions can be a building block to support those with psychosis to successfully participate in society. In their study they analyse the relationship between successful education attainment and psychosis. Findings suggest proportionately more school aged
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induces a psychosis in 26–46 percent of heavy users. Some of these people develop a long-lasting psychosis that can persist for longer than six months. Those who have had a short-lived psychosis from methamphetamine can have a relapse of the methamphetamine psychosis years later after a stressful
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According to current studies, cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychotic disorders, and the more often cannabis is used the more likely a person is to develop a psychotic illness. Furthermore, people with a history of cannabis use develop psychotic symptoms earlier than those who
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or incoherence. Disorganized motor behavior includes repetitive, odd, or sometimes purposeless movement. Disorganized motor behavior rarely includes catatonia, and although it was a historically prominent symptom, it is rarely seen today. Whether this is due to historically used treatments or the
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Visual hallucinations occur in roughly a third of people with schizophrenia, although rates as high as 55% are reported. The prevalence in bipolar disorder is around 15%. Content commonly involves animate objects, although perceptual abnormalities such as changes in lighting, shading, streaks, or
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in frequency, but they are now the most common manifestation of schizophrenia, although rates vary between cultures and regions. Auditory hallucinations are most commonly intelligible voices. When voices are present, the average number has been estimated at three. Content, like frequency, differs
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Patients with an FEP showed large and robust bilateral decreases of GMV in a peri-Sylvian cluster that included the insula, operculum and the superior temporal gyrus, and in the medial frontal and anterior cingulate cortices (MeF/ACC) (Fig. 2A and
Supplementary Table S2). Patients had relatively
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Research on psychosis found that reduced participation in social networks, not only negatively effects the individual on a physical and mental level, it has been shown that failure to be included in social networks influences the individual's ability to participate in the wider community through
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Waghorn et al. finds that specialised supported education for those with psychotic disorders can help lead to successful education attainment. Additionally, future employment outcomes are relative to such education attainment. Established approaches to supported education in the US include three
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The PSQ (Psychosis
Screening Questionnaire) is the most common tool in detecting psychotic symptoms and it includes five root questions that assess the presence of PLE (mania, thought insertion, paranoia, strange experiences and perceptual disturbances) The different tools used to assess symptom
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symptoms to respond satisfactorily after six weeks to two or three different antipsychotics) in 20% of people. Clozapine is an effective treatment for those who respond poorly to other drugs ("treatment-resistant" or "refractory" schizophrenia), but it has the potentially serious side effect of
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characterizes disorders as psychotic or on the schizophrenia spectrum if they involve hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, grossly disorganized motor behavior, or negative symptoms. The DSM-5 does not include psychosis as a definition in the glossary, although it defines "psychotic
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The two-factor model of delusions posits that dysfunction in both belief formation systems and belief evaluation systems are necessary for delusions. Dysfunction in evaluations systems localized to the right lateral prefrontal cortex, regardless of delusion content, is supported by neuroimaging
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is a rare yet serious and debilitating form of psychosis. Symptoms range from fluctuating moods and insomnia to mood-incongruent delusions related to the individual or the infant. Women experiencing postpartum psychosis are at increased risk for suicide or infanticide. Many women who experience
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describes a profoundly agitated state in which the experience of reality is generally considered impaired. There are two primary manifestations of catatonic behavior. The classic presentation is a person who does not move or interact with the world in any way while awake. This type of catatonia
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types. Primary delusions are defined as arising suddenly and not being comprehensible in terms of normal mental processes, whereas secondary delusions are typically understood as being influenced by the person's background or current situation (e.g., ethnicity; also religious, superstitious, or
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where there exists a predominantly biomedical understanding of the body, the mind and in turn, mental health, subjects were found to report their hallucinations as having 'violent content' and self-describing as 'crazy'. This lived experience is at odds with the lived experience of subjects in
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During attentional tasks, first episode psychosis is associated with hypoactivation in the right middle frontal gyrus, a region generally described as encompassing the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC).Altered
Behavioral Inhibition System functioning could possibly cause reduced sustained
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reward prediction errors are what the actual reward is versus what the reward was predicted to be. In most cases positive prediction errors are considered an abnormal occurrence. A positive prediction error response occurs when there is an increased activation in a brain region, typically the
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Equal opportunity to participate in meaningful relationships with friends, family and partners, as well as engaging in social constructs such as employment, can provide significant physical and mental value to people's lives. And how breaking the disability mindset around people experiencing
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should be ruled out, which can be distinguished by visual hallucinations, acute onset and fluctuating level of consciousness, indicating other underlying factors, including medical illnesses. Excluding medical illnesses associated with psychosis is performed by using blood tests to measure:
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may worsen symptoms in those with schizophrenia and cause psychosis at very high doses in people without the condition. Cannabis and other illicit recreational drugs are often associated with psychosis in adolescents and cannabis use before 15 years old may increase the risk of psychosis in
440:. Early treatment appears to improve outcomes. Medications appear to have a moderate effect. Outcomes depend on the underlying cause. In the United States about 3% of people develop psychosis at some point in their lives. The condition has been described since at least the 4th century BC by
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Psychosis is considered to be among the top 10 causes of social disability among adult men and women in developed countries. And the traditional, negative narrative around disability has been shown to strongly and adversely influence the pathways through employment and education for people
1918:
These differences are attributed to 'social kindling' or how one's social context shapes how an individual interprets and experiences sensations such as hallucinations. This concept aligns with pre-existing cognitive theory such as reality modelling and is supported by recent research that
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deficiency. It is possible that hazardous alcohol use via a kindling mechanism can cause the development of a chronic substance-induced psychotic disorder, i.e. schizophrenia. The effects of an alcohol-related psychosis include an increased risk of depression and suicide as well as causing
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and perceptual distortions, which are the misperception of external stimuli. Hallucinations may occur in any of the senses and take on almost any form. They may consist of simple sensations (such as lights, colors, sounds, tastes, or smells) or more detailed experiences (such as seeing and
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majority countries, they each share alternative epistemologies. These are known as knowledge systems that focus on the connections between mind, body, culture, nature, and society. Cultural perceptions of mental disorders such as psychosis or schizophrenia are believed to be caused by
2697:(brand name: Thorazine) passed clinical trials and became the first antipsychotic medication approved for the treatment of both acute and chronic psychosis. Although the mechanism of action was not discovered until 1963, the administration of chlorpromazine marked the advent of the
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Gottlieb, J. D., Gidugu, V., Maru, M., Tepper, M. C., Davis, M. J., Greenwold, J., Barron, R. A., Chiko, B. P., & Mueser, K. T. (2017). Randomized controlled trial of an internet cognitive behavioral skills-based program for auditory hallucinations in persons with psychosis.
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is made questionable by grey matter abnormalities in bipolar and schizophrenia; schizophrenia is distinguishable from bipolar in that regions of grey matter reduction are generally larger in magnitude, although adjusting for gender differences reduces the difference to the left
1956:. An initial assessment includes a comprehensive history and physical examination by a health care provider. Tests may be done to exclude substance use, medication, toxins, surgical complications, or other medical illnesses. A person with psychosis is referred to as psychotic.
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has criticised pharmaceutical companies for promoting simplified biological theories of mental illness that seem to imply the primacy of pharmaceutical treatments while ignoring social and developmental factors that are known important influences in the etiology of psychosis.
2749:, but rather attenuates the reward mechanisms involved in the development of delusional thinking; that is, connecting or finding meaningful relationships between unrelated stimuli or ideas. The author of this research paper acknowledges the importance of future investigation:
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psychosis appeared inconclusive. But psychosis caused by drugs can be prevented. Whilst early intervention in those with a psychotic episode might improve short-term outcomes, little benefit was seen from these measures after five years. However, there is evidence that
1922:
Cross-cultural studies explore the way in which psychosis varies in different cultures, countries and religions. The cultural differences are based on the individual or shared illness narratives surrounding cultural meanings of illness experience. In countries such as
4491:"Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants"
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639:. Waxy flexibility is when someone physically moves part of a catatonic person's body and the person stays in the position even if it is bizarre and otherwise nonfunctional (such as moving a person's arm straight up in the air and the arm staying there).
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unpleasant.... It is the same thing which makes us mad or delirious, inspires us with dread and fear, whether by night or by day, brings sleeplessness, inopportune mistakes, aimless anxieties, absentmindedness, and acts that are contrary to habit.
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or seizure disorders. Burckhardt would go on to publish his clinical outcomes in a scholarly paper. This procedure was met with criticism from the medical community and his academic and surgical endeavors were largely ignored. In the late 1930s,
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is based on the observation that identifying and treating someone in the early stages of a psychosis can improve their longer term outcome. This approach advocates the use of an intensive multi-disciplinary approach during what is known as the
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Studies during acute experiences of hallucinations demonstrate increased activity in primary or secondary sensory cortices. As auditory hallucinations are most common in psychosis, most robust evidence exists for increased activity in the left
4419:
Misiak B, Krefft M, Bielawski T, Moustafa AA, Sąsiadek MM, Frydecka D (April 2017). "Toward a unified theory of childhood trauma and psychosis: A comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, neuropsychological and biological findings".
1226:(both legal and illegal) have been implicated in causing, exacerbating, or precipitating psychotic states or disorders in users, with varying levels of evidence. This may be upon intoxication for a more prolonged period after use, or upon
1576:. Furthermore, lesions to this region are associated with "jumping to conclusions", damage to this region is associated with post-stroke delusions, and hypometabolism this region associated with caudate strokes presenting with delusions.
1485:(ACC) are observed in high risk populations. Reductions in first episode psychosis span a region from the right STG to the right insula, left insula, and cerebellum, and are more severe in the right ACC, right STG, insula and cerebellum.
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2514:. These are characterised by problems with mood control and the psychotic episodes appear associated with disturbances in mood, and patients often have periods of normal functioning between psychotic episodes even without medication.
514:
A visceral hallucination, also called a cenesthetic hallucination, is characterized by visceral sensations in the absence of stimuli. Cenesthetic hallucinations may include sensations of burning, or re-arrangement of internal organs.
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basic models, self-contained classrooms, onsite support model and the mobile support model. Each model includes the participation of mental health service staff or educational facility staff in the student's education arrangements.
9297:
Blajeski S (September 2020). "Family support, forming careers, and breaking the disability mindset: implications for addressing structural barriers to employment pathways in coordinated specialty care for first-episode psychosis".
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addition, one meta-analysis that consisted of four randomized clinical trials has examined and discovered the efficacy of EIS to
Therapy as Usual (TAU) for early-phase psychosis, revealing that EIS techniques are superior to TAU.
490:
So-called "minor hallucinations", such as extracampine hallucinations, or false perceptions of people or movement occurring outside of one's visual field, frequently occur in neurocognitive disorders, such as
Parkinson's disease.
4337:
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Thungana, Y., Zingela, Z., van Wyk, S., Kim, H. H., Ametaj, A., Stevenson, A., Stroud, R. E., Stein, D. J., & Gelaye, B. (2023). Psychosis screening questionnaire: Exploring its factor structure among South
African adults.
2595:" has temperamental or behavioral correlates. In the case of psychosis, symptoms are thought to be caused by an excess of both blood and yellow bile. Thus, the proposed surgical intervention for psychotic or manic behavior was
2833:
A study suggests that combining cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with SlowMo, an app that helps notice their "unhelpful quick-thinking", might be more effective for treating paranoia in people with psychosis than CBT alone.
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from speech. Characteristics of disorganized speech include rapidly switching topics, called derailment or loose association; switching to topics that are unrelated, called tangential thinking; incomprehensible speech, called
9813:
6190:
Del Casale A, Kotzalidis GD, Rapinesi C, Sorice S, Girardi N, Ferracuti S, Girardi P (2016). "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlates of First-Episode Psychoses during Attentional and Memory Task Performance".
1461:, and high risk status is associated with reductions in grey matter volume (GMV). First episode psychotic and high risk populations are associated with similar but distinct abnormalities in GMV. Reductions in the right
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method, believe that the content of psychosis represents an underlying thought process that may, in part, be responsible for psychosis, though the accepted medical position is that psychosis is due to a brain disorder.
959:
Cycloid psychosis is typically an acute, self-limiting form of psychosis with psychotic and mood symptoms that progress from normal to full-blown, usually between a few hours to days, and not related to drug intake or
2081:
may also induce psychosis or mania, but cannot be ruled out with laboratory tests, a psychotic individual's family, partner, or friends should be asked whether the patient is currently taking any dietary supplements.
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studies and is congruent with its role in conflict monitoring in healthy persons. Abnormal activation and reduced volume is seen in people with delusions, as well as in disorders associated with delusions such as
10123:
10104:
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1856:'dopamine hypothesis' may be oversimplified. Soyka and colleagues found no evidence of dopaminergic dysfunction in people with alcohol-induced psychosis and Zoldan et al. reported moderately successful use of
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7218:
Jenkins J (2018) 'Anthropology and Psychiatry: A contemporary convergence for global mental health', in Bhugra D and Bhui K (eds) Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry, 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press, London.
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Bora E, Fornito A, Yücel M, Pantelis C (February 2012). "The effects of gender on grey matter abnormalities in major psychoses: a comparative voxelwise meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder".
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Administration, or sometimes withdrawal, of a large number of medications may provoke psychotic symptoms. Drugs that can induce psychosis experimentally or in a significant proportion of people include:
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in high doses. Psychostimulants, especially in one already prone to psychotic thinking, can cause some "positive" symptoms, such as delusional beliefs, particularly those persecutory in nature.
7137:
5900:
Ward K, Citrome L (February 2018). "Lisdexamfetamine: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability in the treatment of binge eating disorder".
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Shin EJ, Dang DK, Tran TV, Tran HQ, Jeong JH, Nah SY, et al. (April 2017). "Current understanding of methamphetamine-associated dopaminergic neurodegeneration and psychotoxic behaviors".
10922:
8506:
7266:
Hinton D, Reis R and Jong J (2020) 'Ghost encounters among traumatised Cambodian refugees: severity, relationship to PTSD, and phenomenology', Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 44:333–359,
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psychosis is imperative for their overall, long-term health and well-being as well as the contributions they are able to make to their immediate social connections and the wider community.
1364:(CBD), have opposite effects with respect to psychosis. While THC can induce psychotic symptoms in healthy individuals, limited evidence suggests that CBD may have antipsychotic effects.
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or schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The five factors are frequently labeled as hallucinations, delusions, disorganization, excitement, and emotional distress. The DSM-5 emphasizes a
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Osborne, K. Juston; Zhang, Wendy; Gupta, Tina; Farrens, Jaclyn; Geiger, McKena; Kraus, Brian; Krugel, Chloe; Nusslock, Robin; Kappenman, Emily S.; Mittal, Vijay A. (November 2023).
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Osborne, K. Juston; Zhang, Wendy; Gupta, Tina; Farrens, Jaclyn; Geiger, McKena; Kraus, Brian; Krugel, Chloe; Nusslock, Robin; Kappenman, Emily S.; Mittal, Vijay A. (November 2023).
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Lyne J, O'Donoghue B, Roche E, Renwick L, Cannon M, Clarke M (August 2018). "Negative symptoms of psychosis: A life course approach and implications for prevention and treatment".
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of symptoms generally regarded as psychosis frequently yields a five factor solution, albeit five factors that are distinct from the five domains defined by the DSM-5 to encompass
9532:
Garety, Philippa; Ward, Thomas; Emsley, Richard; Greenwood, Kathryn; Freeman, Daniel; Fowler, David; Kuipers, Elizabeth; Bebbington, Paul; Dunn, Graham; Hardy, Amy (August 2021).
6891:
Soyka M, Zetzsche T, Dresel S, Tatsch K (May 2000). "FDG-PET and IBZM-SPECT suggest reduced thalamic activity but no dopaminergic dysfunction in chronic alcohol hallucinosis".
2285:(ACT) are possibly useful in the treatment of psychosis, helping people to focus more on what they can do in terms of valued life directions despite challenging symptomology.
2753:
The model presented here is based on incomplete knowledge related to dopamine, schizophrenia, and antipsychotics—and as such will need to evolve as more is known about these.
7752:
7160:"Effectiveness of cognitive therapy with coping training for persistent auditory hallucinations: a retrospective study of attenders of a psychiatric out-patient department"
2518:
is characterized by psychotic episodes that appear unrelated to disturbances in mood, and most non-medicated patients show signs of disturbance between psychotic episodes.
806:
avoids the functional/organic distinction, and instead lists traditional psychotic illnesses, psychosis due to general medical conditions, and substance-induced psychosis.
3426:"Sixty Years of Placebo-Controlled Antipsychotic Drug Trials in Acute Schizophrenia: Systematic Review, Bayesian Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression of Efficacy Predictors"
4302:"The neural diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia revisited: An update on recent findings considering illness stage and neurobiological and methodological complexities"
2870:
1687:
response, taken as an indicator of effort allocation, does not increase with reward or reward probability increase, and is associated with negative symptoms; deficits in
1583:
suggests that delusions are a result of people assigning excessive importance to irrelevant stimuli. In support of this hypothesis, regions normally associated with the
7876:"Antipsychotics in adults with schizophrenia: comparative effectiveness of first-generation versus second-generation medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
7001:
5513:
Ortiz-Medina MB, Perea M, Torales J, Ventriglio A, Vitrani G, Aguilar L, Roncero C (November 2018). "Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development".
1683:, in response to unexpected rewards. A negative prediction error response occurs when there is a decreased activation in a region when predicted rewards do not occur.
1821:. NMDA receptor antagonism, in addition to producing symptoms reminiscent of psychosis, mimics the neurophysiological aspects, such as reduction in the amplitude of
10419:
1851:
receptor increases it. If D2-blocking drugs are administered, the blocked dopamine spills over to the D1 receptors. The increased adenylate cyclase activity affects
689:). Altered Behavioral Inhibition System functioning could possibly cause reduced sustained attention in psychosis and overall contribute to more negative reactions.
8872:"Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources"
1350:
1337:, a symptom of chronic alcoholism that can appear in the acute withdrawal phase, shares many symptoms with alcohol-related psychosis suggesting a common mechanism.
11714:
4974:
Skikic M, Arriola JA (January 2020). "First Episode Psychosis Medical Workup: Evidence-Informed Recommendations and Introduction to a Clinically Guided Approach".
3574:
Toh WL, Thomas N, Rossell SL (September 2015). "Auditory verbal hallucinations in bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD): A systematic review".
2309:
798:(that is, primary psychological or psychiatric disorders). Subtle physical abnormalities have been found in illnesses traditionally considered functional, such as
2499:, by grouping diseases together based on classification of common symptoms. Kraepelin used the term 'manic depressive insanity' to describe the whole spectrum of
1902:
Cross-cultural studies into schizophrenia have found that individual experiences of psychosis and 'hearing voices' vary across cultures. In countries such as the
1882:
can alter normal functioning, making it similar to the manic phase of bipolar disorder. NMDA antagonists replicate some of the so-called "negative" symptoms like
7283:
7241:
Valaitė D and Berniūnas R (2022) 'Majnūn or mental disorders: between cultural traditions and western psychology in Jordan', Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry,
6926:
Zoldan J, Friedberg G, Livneh M, Melamed E (July 1995). "Psychosis in advanced Parkinson's disease: treatment with ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist".
1594:
Specific regions have been associated with specific types of delusions. The volume of the hippocampus and parahippocampus is related to paranoid delusions in
9864:
Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH (April 2012). "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.).
6764:
Kalkman HO, Loetscher E (July 2003). "GAD(67): the link between the GABA-deficit hypothesis and the dopaminergic- and glutamatergic theories of psychosis".
1488:
Another meta analysis reported bilateral reductions in insula, operculum, STG, medial frontal cortex, and ACC, but also reported increased GMV in the right
614:
Disorganization is split into disorganized speech (or thought), and grossly disorganized motor behavior. Disorganized speech or thought, also called formal
10598:
10429:
2701:, or first generation antipsychotic. While clinical trials showed a high response rate for both acute psychosis and disorders with psychotic features, the
2613:
Early 20th-century treatments for severe and persisting psychosis were characterized by an emphasis on shocking the nervous system. Such therapies include
2317:
1691:
activity and failure to improve performance on cognitive tasks when offered monetary incentives are present; and dopamine mediated functions are abnormal.
10349:
7921:
1307:
976:
first-time psychosis from postpartum often have bipolar disorder, meaning they could experience an increase of psychotic episodes even after postpartum.
2126:
using a person's family history, incorporating information from the person with psychosis, and information from family, friends, or significant others.
7227:
Scheper-Hughes N and Lock M (1987) 'The mindful body: a prolegomenon to future work in medical anthropology', Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 1(1):6–41
1526:
dorsal ACC. Decreased grey matter volume and bilateral hyperactivity is reported in posterior insula, ventral medial frontal cortex, and ventral ACC.
8295:
2201:
60:
9451:"Comparison of Early Intervention Services vs Treatment as Usual for Early-Phase Psychosis: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression"
7195:
6807:
Akbarian S, Huang HS (September 2006). "Molecular and cellular mechanisms of altered GAD1/GAD67 expression in schizophrenia and related disorders".
4600:"Unique and Overlapping Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum and Dissociative Disorders in Relation to Models of Psychopathology: A Systematic Review"
3074:
2362:
Addressing systematic reform is essential to creating effective prevention as well as supporting treatments and recovery for those with psychosis.
1729:
1634:
9141:"Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
8531:
6439:
Kapur S, Mizrahi R, Li M (November 2005). "From dopamine to salience to psychosis—linking biology, pharmacology and phenomenology of psychosis".
7777:
7630:
2909:
1230:. Individuals who experience substance-induced psychosis tend to have a greater awareness of their psychosis and tend to have higher levels of
5470:
Hasan A, von Keller R, Friemel CM, Hall W, Schneider M, Koethe D, et al. (June 2020). "Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of reviews".
2374:
examples provide beneficial ways for people with psychosis to finish studies successfully as well as counter future experiences of psychosis.
1602:
have been associated with occipito-temporal damage, and may be related to failure to elicit normal emotions or memories in response to faces.
10605:
10588:
10399:
8197:"Immediate and Sustained Outcomes and Moderators Associated With Metacognitive Training for Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
6358:
6056:"Multimodal meta-analysis of structural and functional brain changes in first episode psychosis and the effects of antipsychotic medication"
7349:"Final rule declaring dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids adulterated because they present an unreasonable risk. Final rule"
5444:
2825:
Further research in the form of randomized controlled trials is needed to determine the effectiveness of treatment approaches for helping
9199:
7562:
Van Lieshout, R. J., & Goldberg, J. O. (2007). Quantifying self-reports of auditory verbal hallucinations in persons with psychosis.
3517:
3354:
3316:
4798:
Karameh WK, Murari G, Schweizer TA, Munoz DG, Fischer CE (March 2019). "Psychosis in neurodegenerative disorders: recent developments".
1779:) tend to reduce the intensity of psychotic symptoms, and that drugs that accentuate dopamine release, or inhibit its reuptake (such as
742:
Brief hallucinations are not uncommon in those without any psychiatric disease, including healthy children. Causes or triggers include:
12186:
12142:
11245:
10354:
2562:, a holistic explanation for health and disease was developed to include madness and other "diseases of the mind". Hippocrates writes:
8260:"Psychosocial interventions for people with schizophrenia or psychosis on minimal or no antipsychotic medication: A systematic review"
2446:
In its adjective form "psychotic", references to psychosis can be found in both clinical and non-clinical discussions. However, in a
8498:
4555:
2686:
clinics and patient homes. Psychosurgery remained standard practice until the discovery of antipsychotic pharmacology in the 1950s.
12001:
11618:
11431:
10725:
10676:
9534:"Digitally supported CBT to reduce paranoia and improve reasoning for people with schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis: the SlowMo RCT"
2652:
was excised. Although some patients showed improvement of symptoms and became more subdued, one patient died and several developed
1321:
1669:(VS), which is the part of the brain that is involved with the desire to naturally satisfy the body's needs. When high reports of
553:(the belief that some element of one's experience represents a deliberate and specific act by or message from some other entity),
11411:
10798:
7748:
7322:
1317:
4257:
Cosgrave J, Wulff K, Gehrman P (May 2018). "Sleep, circadian rhythms, and schizophrenia: where we are and where we need to go".
11737:
11029:
5793:
3870:] (in German). Translated by Hoenig J, Hamilton M (Reprint ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2862:
1911:, who describe the voices they hear as having 'spiritual meaning' and are often reported as positive in nature; or subjects in
789:, a personality trait associated with vulnerability to stressors, is an independent predictor of the development of psychosis.
535:
views may contradict available evidence, a belief need not contravene cultural standards in order to be considered delusional.
2464:, which was considered a disorder of the nervous system. The psychoses thus became the modern equivalent of the old notion of
2066:
Because psychosis may be precipitated or exacerbated by common classes of medications, medication-induced psychosis should be
1674:
both the desire to engage in as well as to complete tasks and goals. Previous research has indicated that a deficiency in the
10359:
10041:
10017:
9973:
9951:
9927:
9892:
9873:
9854:
9786:
9747:
9712:
9669:
9622:
9232:
8931:
8811:
8786:
8761:
8728:
7131:
4582:
4473:
4141:
3875:
3627:
3558:
3511:
3484:
3348:
3310:
3058:
2183:, wherein the low end is characterized by schizoid personality disorder, and the high end is characterized by schizophrenia.
566:
8160:
Ost LG (October 2014). "The efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis".
6970:
2741:
psychosis. Recent pharmacological research suggests that the decrease in dopaminergic activity does not eradicate psychotic
2354:, where intervention is the most effective, and prevents the long-term morbidity associated with chronic psychotic illness.
10205:
9374:
Myers NA (May 2012). "Toward an Applied Neuroanthropology of Psychosis: the Interplay of Culture, Brains, and Experience".
3203:"Beyond the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia to three neural networks of psychosis: dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate"
2150:
1700:
9498:
3126:
12198:
11346:
10841:
10409:
10142:
1843:
The connection between dopamine and psychosis is generally believed to be complex. While dopamine receptor D2 suppresses
1450:
is drained from around the brain and replaced with air to allow the structure of the brain to show up more clearly on an
1840:
expression in psychotic disorders may explain enhanced AMPA mediated signaling, caused by reduced GABAergic inhibition.
474:, and having complex tactile sensations). Hallucinations are generally characterized as being vivid and uncontrollable.
121:
11448:
11423:
11258:
10394:
10369:
6019:
Palaniyappan L, Balain V, Liddle PF (October 2012). "The neuroanatomy of psychotic diathesis: a meta-analytic review".
483:
7534:
The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa
5758:"Chronic methamphetamine interacts with BDNF Val66Met to remodel psychosis pathways in the mesocorticolimbic proteome"
5113:"A clinical approach to new-onset psychosis associated with immune dysregulation: the concept of autoimmune psychosis"
4208:"Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake"
2678:
in 1949. Between the late 1930s and early 1970s, the leucotomy was a widely accepted practice, often performed in non-
1316:
experience psychosis during acute intoxication or withdrawal. Alcohol related psychosis may manifest itself through a
93:
12234:
12054:
11952:
11165:
10930:
10058:
9996:
9193:
6971:"The association between first-episode psychosis and abnormal glycaemic control: systematic review and meta-analysis"
6258:
Brown G, Thompson W. "Functional Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia: Selected Results and Methods". In Swerdlow N (ed.).
4552:
The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines (CDDG)
2625:. Despite considerable risk, shock therapy was considered highly efficacious in the treatment of psychosis including
2282:
1794:
NMDA receptor dysfunction has been proposed as a mechanism in psychosis. This theory is reinforced by the fact that
1747:
1652:
894:
7951:
7803:
5814:
Guadalupe MT, Páramo IA (2020-03-23). "Corticosteroid-induced psychosis: Case report and review of the literature".
1234:
compared to those who have a primary psychotic illness. Drugs commonly alleged to induce psychotic symptoms include
79:
12326:
11563:
11534:
11475:
10384:
10364:
2607:
880:
7553:. MIRECC / CoE Home. https://www.mirecc.va.gov/visn22/Assessment_Tools_for_Measuring_Outcomes_in_Psychosis.asp#top
2995:
Radua J, Ramella-Cravaro V, Ioannidis JP, Reichenberg A, Phiphopthatsanee N, Amir T, et al. (February 2018).
569:
of objects, persons, or environs that the afflicted should reasonably be able to recognize; such examples include
11568:
11363:
11288:
10593:
10389:
10238:
9336:
Myers N (2019). "Beyond the "Crazy House": Mental/Moral Breakdowns and Moral Agency in First-Episode Psychosis".
3816:
Seikkula J, Alakare B, Aaltonen J (2001). "Open Dialogue in Psychosis I: An Introduction and Case Illustration".
3773:
Cannon BJ, Kramer LM (May 2012). "Delusion content across the 20th century in an American psychiatric hospital".
2758:
Shitij Kapur, From dopamine to salience to psychosis—linking biology, pharmacology and phenomenology of psychosis
2346:
2341:
2321:
2122:
Only after relevant and known causes of psychosis are excluded, a mental health clinician may make a psychiatric
1442:
The first brain image of an individual with psychosis was completed as far back as 1935 using a technique called
1181:
884:
370:
366:
100:
17:
5017:
Turkel SB, Wong D, Randolph L (2020-09-01). "Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Inborn Errors of Metabolism".
2273:
are also associated with weight gain. Risperidone has a similar rate of extrapyramidal symptoms to haloperidol.
12221:
12006:
11977:
11238:
10495:
10465:
10424:
6054:
Radua J, Borgwardt S, Crescini A, Mataix-Cols D, Meyer-Lindenberg A, McGuire PK, Fusar-Poli P (November 2012).
2404:
2261:
Most people on antipsychotics get side effects. People on typical antipsychotics tend to have a higher rate of
2130:
2020:
1688:
1506:
899:
889:
471:
4526:
11747:
11465:
11441:
10970:
10490:
10439:
10374:
6145:"Clinical high risk for psychosis syndrome is associated with reduced neural responding to unpleasant images"
3946:"Clinical high risk for psychosis syndrome is associated with reduced neural responding to unpleasant images"
3618:
Lewis S, Escalona R, Keith S (2017). "Phenomenology of Schizophrenia". In Sadock V, Sadock B, Ruiz P (eds.).
1502:
1185:
1177:
698:
impairments include reduced speed of mental processing, ability to focus without getting distracted (limited
478:, particularly experiences of hearing voices, are the most common and often prominent feature of psychosis.
12410:
11947:
11480:
11325:
11140:
11135:
10955:
10730:
10669:
10098:
8926:. Cambridge Studies in the History of Medicine. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–40.
8527:
7344:
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2679:
2329:
2213:
adolescents, treatment options include medications, psychological interventions, and social interventions.
2197:
1169:
107:
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Brown JA (June 2011). "Talking about life after early psychosis: the impact on occupational performance".
8316:
Birchwood M, Todd P, Jackson C (1998). "Early intervention in psychosis. The critical period hypothesis".
8259:
1346:
11655:
11453:
11179:
10950:
10778:
7159:
2403:, and Canstatt was thus referring to what was considered a psychological manifestation of brain disease.
1967:
1217:
731:
12468:
9811:
12405:
11320:
10940:
10404:
9220:
2798:
2780:
2705:
were particularly harsh, which included high rates of often irreversible Parkinsonian symptoms such as
1591:, which is widely implicated in salience processing, is also widely implicated in psychotic disorders.
1259:
1092:; sex hormones also affect psychotic symptoms and sometimes giving birth can provoke psychosis, termed
500:
465:
is defined as sensory perception in the absence of external stimuli. Hallucinations are different from
339:
31:
5972:"Neuroanatomical maps of psychosis onset: voxel-wise meta-analysis of antipsychotic-naive VBM studies"
538:
Prevalence in schizophrenia is generally considered at least 90%, and around 50% in bipolar disorder.
89:
12508:
12415:
12384:
11762:
11645:
11231:
11145:
10768:
10583:
10480:
10475:
10248:
10243:
7800:"Schizophrenia: Full national clinical guideline on core interventions in primary and secondary care"
4546:
2722:
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652:
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68:
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Pfeifer S (September 1994). "Belief in demons and exorcism in psychiatric patients in Switzerland".
7773:
7622:
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Waters F, Blom JD, Dang-Vu TT, Cheyne AJ, Alderson-Day B, Woodruff P, Collerton D (September 2016).
2070:, particularly for first-episode psychosis. Both substance- and medication-induced psychosis can be
1915:, who describe their hallucinations as kin, family members or close friends, and offering guidance.
12463:
12379:
12374:
12071:
12034:
12026:
11844:
11813:
11554:
11539:
10960:
10935:
10814:
10793:
10527:
10522:
10414:
10253:
10198:
9762:
9645:
9598:
9595:
A Clinical Introduction to Psychosis: Foundations for Clinical Psychologists and Neuropsychologists
9092:"Efficacy of atypical v. typical antipsychotics in the treatment of early psychosis: meta-analysis"
2458:
The word was also used to distinguish a condition considered a disorder of the mind, as opposed to
2399:. He used it as a shorthand for 'psychic neurosis'. At that time neurosis meant any disease of the
1798:
1282:
861:
851:
429:
354:
12400:
11907:
11757:
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5607:"Factors Moderating the Association Between Cannabis Use and Psychosis Risk: A Systematic Review"
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2495:, who attempted to create a synthesis of the various mental disorders identified by 19th-century
2392:
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Moore MT, Nathan D, Elliott AR, Laubach C (1935). "Encephalographic studies in mental disease".
3550:
3544:
2772:
extended Freud's ideas to create a psychoanalytic model of psychosis based upon the concept of "
2558:
proposed a natural, rather than supernatural, cause of human illness. In Hippocrates' work, the
2118:
Not revisiting or questioning the initial diagnostic impression of primary psychiatric disorder.
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11917:
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11650:
11150:
11087:
10912:
10788:
10562:
10298:
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Lisanby SH, Kohler C, Swanson CL, Gur RE (January 1998). "Psychosis Secondary to Brain Tumor".
4365:"Trauma and the psychosis spectrum: A review of symptom specificity and explanatory mechanisms"
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2006:
1996:
1953:
1869:
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1544:
1522:
1497:
1102:
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1012:
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3645:"Minor hallucinations in Parkinson disease: A subtle symptom with major clinical implications"
3501:
3474:
3338:
3300:
2629:. The acceptance of high-risk treatments led to more invasive medical interventions including
12473:
12206:
12086:
11993:
11972:
10745:
10643:
10610:
10485:
10460:
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3724:
Ashinoff, Brandon K.; Singletary, Nicholas M.; Baker, Seth C.; Horga, Guillermo (July 2022).
3252:"Dysregulation of the dopamine system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression"
2714:
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7875:
4922:"Psychiatric effects of malaria and anti-malarial drugs: historical and modern perspectives"
3726:"Rethinking delusions: A selective review of delusion research through a computational lens"
2192:
2129:
Types of psychosis in psychiatric disorders may be established by formal rating scales. The
12298:
12211:
11967:
11787:
11388:
11368:
11207:
11192:
11092:
11024:
11012:
10902:
10537:
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2200:(CBT) may reduce the risk of becoming psychotic in those at high risk, and in 2014 the UK
2016:
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1478:
1357:
1351:
Long-term effects of cannabis § Chronic psychosis and schizophrenia spectrum disorders
972:
915:
822:
723:
578:
558:
546:
410:
382:
378:
238:
4159:"What Is the Link Between Hallucinations, Dreams, and Hypnagogic–Hypnopompic Experiences?"
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3152:"Understanding the pathophysiology of postpartum psychosis: Challenges and new approaches"
2602:
18th-century physician, educator, and widely considered "founder of American psychiatry",
2472:
or many forms of the new disease. One type of broad usage would later be narrowed down by
2366:
persons with psychosis discontinued their education, compared to those without psychosis.
1267:
8:
12348:
12330:
12293:
12283:
12137:
12039:
12016:
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11856:
11635:
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11341:
11130:
10945:
10783:
10715:
10455:
10313:
10293:
10273:
10191:
10127:
9739:
9704:
9449:
Correll CU, Galling B, Pawar A, Krivko A, Bonetto C, Ruggeri M, et al. (June 2018).
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Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 39
5163:
5062:"Extra-intestinal manifestations of non-celiac gluten sensitivity: An expanding paradigm"
5060:
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4598:
Renard SB, Huntjens RJ, Lysaker PH, Moskowitz A, Aleman A, Pijnenborg GH (January 2017).
3377:"The acute efficacy of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a review of recent meta-analyses"
2698:
2693:(also commonly known as neuroleptics) for the treatment of psychosis took place in 1952.
2666:
2645:
2526:
Written record of supernatural causes and resultant treatments can be traced back to the
2507:
2308:
There are many psychosocial interventions that seek to treat the symptoms of psychosis:
2138:
1830:
1826:
1788:
1447:
1373:
1190:
poisoning by a range of plants, fungi, metals, organic compounds, and a few animal toxins
1093:
1089:
938:
856:
780:
362:
311:
183:
7874:
Hartling L, Abou-Setta AM, Dursun S, Mousavi SS, Pasichnyk D, Newton AS (October 2012).
6396:
5232:
2265:
while some atypicals are associated with considerable weight gain, diabetes and risk of
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12011:
11608:
11460:
10710:
10693:
10557:
10288:
10031:
10007:
9792:
9778:
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9628:
9571:
9514:
9475:
9450:
9426:
9353:
9315:
9274:
9249:
9116:
9091:
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8901:
8852:
8699:
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8630:
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7725:
7700:
7681:
7598:
7577:
7509:
7484:
7421:
7187:
7175:
6951:
6832:
6789:
6741:
6716:
6692:
6667:
6643:
6619:"From drugs to deprivation: a Bayesian framework for understanding models of psychosis"
6618:
6594:
6567:
6543:
6518:
6464:
6418:
6319:
6216:
6144:
6125:
5996:
5971:
5925:
5882:
5839:
5785:
5738:
5695:
5682:
5657:
5633:
5606:
5582:
5557:
5538:
5495:
5436:
5384:
5359:
5300:
5275:
5251:
5216:
5192:
5167:
5139:
5112:
5088:
5061:
5042:
4999:
4948:
4921:
4897:
4872:
4823:
4775:
4748:
4675:
4648:
4624:
4599:
4518:
4445:
4389:
4364:
4329:
4282:
4234:
4207:
4183:
4158:
4090:
4065:
4038:
4013:
4012:
Datta SS, Daruvala R, Kumar A, et al. (Cochrane Schizophrenia Group) (July 2020).
3981:
3945:
3926:
3841:
3798:
3750:
3725:
3669:
3644:
3455:
3401:
3376:
3276:
3251:
3232:
3178:
3151:
3021:
2996:
2972:
2963:
2947:
2706:
2559:
2555:
2266:
2180:
2176:
2078:
1988:
1852:
1822:
1768:
1573:
1205:
1085:
1055:
1034:
838:
557:(the belief that one possesses special power or influence beyond one's actual limits),
190:
114:
9533:
9505:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2022-05-19.
9059:
9042:
9011:
7669:
7500:
7391:
7384:
7314:
6989:
6820:
6354:
6306:
6289:
5375:
4572:
4463:
2534::8–13 describes a man displaying what would today be described as psychotic symptoms.
1098:
inborn errors of metabolism, such as Wilson's disease, porphyria, and homocysteinemia.
12257:
11782:
11772:
11704:
11630:
11514:
11097:
11043:
10861:
10760:
10633:
10629:
10517:
10283:
10037:
10013:
9992:
9985:
9969:
9947:
9941:
9923:
9888:
9869:
9850:
9821:
9796:
9782:
9743:
9708:
9679:
9665:
9632:
9618:
9575:
9563:
9555:
9518:
9480:
9466:
9418:
9387:
9357:
9319:
9279:
9228:
9189:
9162:
9121:
9064:
9015:
8972:
8955:
Berrios GE (March 1997). "The origins of psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz".
8937:
8927:
8893:
8844:
8807:
8782:
8757:
8724:
8682:
8647:
8604:
8569:
8472:
8437:
8333:
8291:
8279:
8226:
8212:
8177:
8142:
8093:
8036:
8001:
7974:
7943:
7897:
7856:
7730:
7685:
7673:
7603:
7514:
7462:
7425:
7360:
7179:
7127:
7094:
7048:
6993:
6943:
6908:
6904:
6873:
6824:
6781:
6746:
6697:
6648:
6599:
6548:
6499:
6456:
6410:
6311:
6288:
Jensen J, McIntosh AR, Crawley AP, Mikulis DJ, Remington G, Kapur S (December 2003).
6208:
6172:
6164:
6129:
6117:
6077:
6036:
6032:
6001:
5917:
5886:
5874:
5843:
5831:
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5777:
5730:
5699:
5687:
5638:
5587:
5530:
5499:
5487:
5428:
5408:
5389:
5340:
5305:
5256:
5197:
5144:
5093:
5046:
5034:
5003:
4991:
4953:
4902:
4850:
4815:
4780:
4724:
4680:
4629:
4578:
4510:
4469:
4437:
4394:
4321:
4274:
4239:
4188:
4137:
4095:
4043:
3985:
3973:
3965:
3918:
3871:
3845:
3833:
3790:
3755:
3699:
3674:
3623:
3591:
3554:
3507:
3480:
3447:
3406:
3344:
3306:
3281:
3224:
3183:
3118:
3054:
3026:
2977:
2469:
2450:-clinical context, "psychotic" is a nonspecific colloquialism used to mean "insane".
2298:
1992:
1844:
1580:
1231:
1223:
1152:
943:
764:
656:
562:
532:
386:
335:
242:
174:
11223:
10136:
10132:
9430:
9076:
9027:
8984:
8905:
8856:
8616:
8484:
8345:
8048:
7842:
7191:
6955:
6836:
6793:
6732:
6422:
6323:
6072:
6055:
5757:
5756:
Greening DW, Notaras M, Chen M, Xu R, Smith JD, Cheng L, et al. (August 2021).
5742:
5542:
5440:
4827:
4522:
4449:
4433:
4317:
3930:
3809:
3802:
3459:
3236:
2476:
in 1891 to the 'psychopathic inferiorities'—later renamed abnormal personalities by
2225:
to use is based on benefits, risks, and costs. It is debatable whether, as a class,
1875:
A review found an association between a first-episode of psychosis and prediabetes.
12127:
12081:
12049:
11897:
11875:
11840:
11603:
11485:
11436:
11383:
11358:
11353:
11310:
11298:
11112:
11007:
10702:
10502:
9774:
9735:
9700:
9657:
9610:
9545:
9506:
9470:
9462:
9410:
9383:
9345:
9307:
9269:
9261:
9152:
9111:
9103:
9054:
9007:
8964:
8883:
8836:
8749:
8716:
8674:
8639:
8596:
8561:
8464:
8427:
8419:
8383:
8325:
8271:
8216:
8208:
8169:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8083:
8075:
8028:
7933:
7887:
7846:
7838:
7720:
7712:
7665:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7504:
7496:
7452:
7413:
7388:
7381:
7171:
7119:
7084:
7038:
6985:
6935:
6900:
6863:
6816:
6773:
6736:
6728:
6687:
6679:
6638:
6630:
6589:
6579:
6538:
6530:
6491:
6468:
6448:
6400:
6350:
6301:
6220:
6200:
6156:
6109:
6067:
6028:
5991:
5983:
5952:
5929:
5909:
5866:
5823:
5769:
5722:
5677:
5669:
5628:
5618:
5577:
5569:
5522:
5479:
5420:
5379:
5371:
5332:
5295:
5287:
5246:
5236:
5187:
5179:
5134:
5124:
5083:
5073:
5026:
4983:
4943:
4933:
4892:
4884:
4807:
4770:
4760:
4719:
4714:
4702:
4670:
4660:
4619:
4611:
4502:
4429:
4384:
4376:
4333:
4313:
4286:
4266:
4229:
4219:
4178:
4170:
4085:
4077:
4033:
4029:
4025:
3957:
3908:
3900:
3825:
3782:
3745:
3737:
3664:
3656:
3583:
3442:
3437:
3425:
3396:
3388:
3271:
3263:
3214:
3173:
3163:
3016:
3008:
2967:
2959:
2726:
2718:
2484:
2255:
1883:
1833:
1810:
1761:
1725:
1670:
1666:
1630:
1599:
1587:
demonstrate reduced grey matter in people with delusions, and the neurotransmitter
1584:
1552:
1493:
1400:
1334:
1255:
1144:
948:
923:
826:
636:
615:
414:
358:
327:
234:
75:
12256:
9311:
7348:
5913:
5827:
2636:
12303:
12261:
12132:
12119:
12066:
12061:
12044:
11924:
11719:
11691:
11492:
11315:
11254:
11107:
11102:
11074:
11058:
10907:
10552:
10512:
10470:
10318:
10308:
10263:
9814:"Psychosis Spectrum Disorders & Managing Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic"
9812:
Program for Risk Evaluation and Prevention (PREP) Early Psychosis Clinic (2021).
8753:
8275:
6452:
5241:
4811:
4559:
4270:
3741:
3660:
3048:
2734:
2649:
2351:
2251:
2172:
1975:
1598:, and has been reported to be abnormal post mortem in one person with delusions.
1548:
1470:
1378:
1325:
1239:
1227:
1136:
1077:
570:
398:
258:
12353:
8720:
8552:
Berrios GE (July 1987). "Historical aspects of psychoses: 19th century issues".
8079:
5870:
3693:
984:
A very large number of medical conditions can cause psychosis, sometimes called
726:. Psychosis may also be temporary or transient, and be caused by medications or
565:(the belief that one's thoughts are not one's own). A delusion may also involve
12288:
12229:
12153:
11962:
11929:
11912:
11902:
11187:
10979:
10879:
10547:
10333:
10328:
9913:
9766:
9649:
9602:
9510:
8968:
8888:
8871:
8827:
Stone JL (March 2001). "Dr. Gottlieb Burckhardt—the pioneer of psychosurgery".
8600:
8468:
8195:
Penney D, Sauvé G, Mendelson D, Thibaudeau É, Moritz S, Lepage M (March 2022).
8173:
8032:
7797:
7701:"Early interventions to prevent psychosis: systematic review and meta-analysis"
6534:
6495:
6290:"Direct activation of the ventral striatum in anticipation of aversive stimuli"
6087:
greater GMV than controls in the right lingual gyrus and left precentral gyrus.
5673:
5483:
5336:
5291:
5276:"Caffeine induces neurobehavioral effects through modulating neurotransmitters"
5030:
3106:
2694:
2492:
2477:
2400:
2325:
2161:
features", as well as "psychoticism" with respect to personality disorder. The
1971:
1418:
1235:
1132:
1073:
818:
699:
681:). Individuals with this condition lack interest and spontaneity, and have the
549:, in which a person believes that an entity seeks to harm them. Others include
504:
496:
482:
and 68%. During the early 20th century, auditory hallucinations were second to
437:
394:
346:
277:
250:
226:
10435:
Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
9107:
8840:
8329:
7699:
Stafford MR, Jackson H, Mayo-Wilson E, Morrison AP, Kendall T (January 2013).
7457:
7440:
7417:
6777:
6634:
6405:
6380:
6113:
5773:
5726:
5573:
5558:"Cannabis and Psychosis: Are We any Closer to Understanding the Relationship?"
5424:
5183:
5129:
4987:
4938:
4888:
4765:
4506:
4380:
3587:
3219:
3202:
2575:
wherein disease is resultant of a shifting balance in bodily fluids including
2483:
The division of the major psychoses into manic depressive illness (now called
2407:
is also widely credited as introducing the term in 1845, as an alternative to
12497:
12322:
12273:
11591:
11202:
11160:
11155:
11082:
10997:
10987:
10868:
10750:
10685:
10567:
10323:
9559:
9414:
7267:
7255:
7242:
6584:
6273:
Naasan G. "The Anatomy of Delusions". In Lehner T, Miller B, State M (eds.).
6168:
5878:
5835:
5623:
5526:
5344:
5078:
5038:
4224:
3969:
3837:
3786:
3392:
2769:
2763:
2746:
2690:
2630:
2626:
2603:
2527:
2515:
2500:
2488:
2426:
2313:
2294:
2222:
2142:
2010:
1903:
1806:
1776:
1675:
1514:
1489:
1286:
1140:
1120:
834:
813:
799:
719:
703:
586:
499:
information, and visions may include experiences such as the ground tilting.
462:
445:
433:
350:
331:
323:
269:
230:
199:
10117:
10113:
9661:
9614:
9499:"Mobile app combined with face-to-face therapy helped people with psychosis"
9265:
8941:
8423:
5987:
4615:
4174:
3643:
Lenka A, Pagonabarraga J, Pal PK, Bejr-Kasem H, Kulisvesky J (August 2019).
3549:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. p.
1813:(at large overdoses) induce a psychotic state. The symptoms of dissociative
330:
and behavior that is inappropriate for a given situation. There may also be
12176:
11957:
11509:
11212:
11048:
10542:
10507:
9567:
9484:
9422:
9283:
9166:
9157:
9140:
9125:
9068:
9019:
8976:
8897:
8848:
8608:
8476:
8455:
Beer MD (June 1995). "Psychosis: from mental disorder to disease concept".
8441:
8283:
8230:
8181:
8146:
8097:
8040:
8005:
7978:
7947:
7901:
7860:
7734:
7677:
7607:
7518:
7364:
7098:
7052:
6997:
6912:
6877:
6828:
6785:
6750:
6701:
6652:
6603:
6552:
6503:
6460:
6414:
6339:"Hedonic deficit in anhedonia: support for the role of approach motivation"
6315:
6212:
6176:
6121:
6081:
6040:
6005:
5921:
5781:
5734:
5691:
5642:
5591:
5534:
5491:
5432:
5393:
5309:
5260:
5201:
5148:
5097:
4995:
4957:
4906:
4854:
4819:
4784:
4728:
4684:
4633:
4514:
4441:
4398:
4325:
4278:
4243:
4192:
4099:
4047:
3977:
3922:
3859:
3829:
3794:
3759:
3703:
3678:
3595:
3451:
3410:
3285:
3228:
3187:
3122:
3030:
2981:
2901:
2670:
2596:
1795:
1278:
1148:
1124:
1116:
961:
594:
545:
A delusion may involve diverse thematic content. The most common type is a
402:
9248:
Green MF, Horan WP, Lee J, McCleery A, Reddy LF, Wynn JK (February 2018).
8686:
8651:
8573:
8372:"Specialised Supported Education for Australians with Psychotic Disorders"
8337:
7749:"Offer talking therapies to people at risk of psychosis and schizophrenia"
7466:
7183:
7043:
7026:
6947:
6939:
6868:
6851:
6668:"Glutamatergic model psychoses: prediction error, learning, and inference"
6482:
Egerton A, Fusar-Poli P, Stone JM (2012). "Glutamate and psychosis risk".
4665:
2997:"What causes psychosis? An umbrella review of risk and protective factors"
1771:. The two major sources of evidence given to support this theory are that
503:
are less common in schizophrenia, and are more common in various types of
12161:
11892:
11623:
11373:
10992:
10885:
10720:
10166:
7965:
Schultz SH, North SW, Shields CG (June 2007). "Schizophrenia: a review".
7799:
7315:"What Is Schizoaffective Disorder? What Causes Schizoaffective Disorder?"
6715:
Corlett PR, Taylor JR, Wang XJ, Fletcher PC, Krystal JH (November 2010).
6683:
5658:"Cannabidiol (CBD) as a novel treatment in the early phases of psychosis"
3340:
The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry
3168:
2702:
2675:
2588:
2511:
2302:
2242:
2234:
2146:
1981:
1857:
1780:
1556:
1474:
1396:
1361:
1247:
1173:
1128:
1112:
1030:
786:
751:
441:
273:
38:
8804:
A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac
8258:
Cooper RE, Laxhman N, Crellin N, Moncrieff J, Priebe S (November 2020).
5956:
4747:
VanderKruik R, Barreix M, Chou D, Allen T, Say L, Cohen LS (July 2017).
3913:
3267:
2994:
2133:(BPRS) assesses the level of 18 symptom constructs of psychosis such as
12478:
12171:
12076:
11777:
11502:
11497:
11293:
11063:
11053:
10873:
10214:
9349:
7089:
7072:
6160:
3961:
2683:
2658:
2584:
2572:
2496:
2270:
2238:
2085:
Common mistakes made when diagnosing people who are psychotic include:
1887:
1817:
are also considered to mirror the symptoms of schizophrenia, including
1425:
1313:
1263:
1194:
1165:
919:
846:
747:
624:
390:
246:
179:
78:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
10073:
8643:
6204:
4081:
3904:
3012:
2554:
The medical teachings of the fourth-century philosopher and physician
2305:
and functioning in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
1050:
infectious and postinfectious syndromes, including infections causing
1005:
neurodevelopmental disorders and chromosomal abnormalities, including
12431:
12181:
11640:
11378:
11303:
11197:
11038:
11002:
10856:
10851:
10773:
10735:
10303:
10027:
9987:
The Years of Silence are Past: My Father's Life with Bipolar Disorder
9550:
7716:
3107:"Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis in Primary Care"
2662:
2618:
2419:
2246:
2134:
1891:
1879:
1308:
Long-term effects of alcohol consumption § Mental health effects
1274:
1251:
1198:
842:
803:
686:
682:
670:
666:
631:
406:
284:
212:
9847:
Symptoms in the mind: An introduction to descriptive psychopathology
7798:
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (12 February 2014).
7441:"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia"
7404:
Overall JE, Gorham DR (1962). "The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale".
7073:"Hearing Voices in Different Cultures: A Social Kindling Hypothesis"
4749:"The global prevalence of postpartum psychosis: a systematic review"
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
2648:
performed the first medically sanctioned psychosurgery in which the
12166:
11836:
11803:
11729:
10890:
10836:
9770:
9724:
Psychotic Disorders: Comprehensive Conceptualization and Treatments
9653:
9606:
8408:"The concept of psychosis: historical and phenomenological aspects"
8113:"Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia"
5358:
Castillo-Carniglia A, Keyes KM, Hasin DS, Cerdá M (December 2019).
4490:
2742:
2730:
2465:
2460:
2408:
2290:
2090:
2049:
2030:
2026:
1959:
1928:
1865:
1802:
1764:
1760:
Psychosis has been traditionally linked to the overactivity of the
1680:
1588:
1518:
1412:
1406:
1329:
1294:
1290:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1038:
994:
524:
466:
417:
319:
254:
195:
7698:
6189:
5512:
4574:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5
4465:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5
3692:
Joseph, Shawn M.; Siddiqui, Waquar (2024). "Delusional Disorder".
3546:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5
2425:, "a giving soul or life to, animating, quickening" and that from
1952:
To make a diagnosis of a mental illness in someone with psychosis
10828:
9759:
Risk Factors for Psychosis: Paradigms, Mechanisms, and Prevention
9250:"Social Disconnection in Schizophrenia and the General Community"
6245:
6233:
6053:
5357:
4106:
2653:
2269:; this is most pronounced with olanzapine, while risperidone and
2059:
1912:
1784:
1270:
1243:
1063:
315:
216:
10654:
10147:
9043:"Happy birthday neuroleptics! 50 years later: la folie du doute"
7284:"Differential Diagnosis of Psychotic Symptoms: Medical "Mimics""
6969:
Perry BI, McIntosh G, Weich S, Singh S, Rees K (November 2016).
4066:"Organic psychosis: The pathobiology and treatment of delusions"
3542:
2468:, and hence there was much debate on whether there was only one
609:
581:(the belief that oneself is or has transformed into an animal).
11884:
11699:
10108:
10085:
9727:
9721:
9692:
8251:
7873:
5970:
Fusar-Poli P, Radua J, McGuire P, Borgwardt S (November 2012).
5969:
4577:. Arlington, VA : American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
4468:. Arlington, VA : American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
3642:
3042:
3040:
2592:
2580:
2535:
2531:
2510:, as well as bipolar disorder and other mood disorders such as
2162:
1932:
1160:
1026:
809:
Primary psychiatric causes of psychosis include the following:
678:
674:
8194:
6666:
Corlett PR, Honey GD, Krystal JH, Fletcher PC (January 2011).
4597:
3890:
2546:
1940:(spirits) in Muslim majority countries. Furthermore, those in
12321:
11662:
10740:
10183:
9917:
9722:
Tamminga CA, van Os J, Reininghaus U, Ivleva E, eds. (2020).
9089:
8257:
8110:
6566:
Adams RA, Stephan KE, Brown HR, Frith CD, Friston KJ (2013).
5059:
4418:
2576:
2539:
2437:
2430:
2412:
2191:
The evidence for the effectiveness of early interventions to
2157:
1924:
1908:
1837:
1451:
1156:
830:
757:
574:
8779:
Medical Inquiries and Observations upon Diseases of the Mind
8711:
Bennet S (2008). "Mind and Madness in Classical Antiquity".
8111:
Essali A, Al-Haj Haasan N, Li C, Rathbone J (January 2009).
7071:
Luhrmann TM, Padmavati R, Tharoor H, Osei A (October 2015).
7070:
6925:
6287:
6275:
Genomics, Circuits, and Pathways in Clinical Neuropsychiatry
4873:"Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Infectious Diseases: An Update"
3723:
3037:
2506:
In Kraepelin's classification this would include 'unipolar'
2204:
recommended preventive CBT for people at risk of psychosis.
2112:
Not asking their family or others about dietary supplements,
760:, in which hallucinations of a deceased loved one are common
11835:
8743:
7157:
6665:
5604:
4797:
4746:
2096:
Not appreciating medical abnormalities (e.g., vital signs),
1941:
1937:
1320:. The mechanism of alcohol-related psychosis is due to the
345:
Psychosis can have several different causes. These include
307:
9138:
9090:
Crossley NA, Constante M, McGuire P, Power P (June 2010).
8369:
7549:
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2024, February 15).
6260:
Behavioral Neurobiology of Schizophrenia and its Treatment
5469:
5111:
Najjar S, Steiner J, Najjar A, Bechter K (February 2018).
5110:
4300:
Pruessner M, Cullen AE, Aas M, Walker EF (February 2017).
4014:"Psychological interventions for psychosis in adolescents"
2105:
Missing a toxic psychosis by not screening for substances
2074:
to a high level of certainty, using toxicology screening.
495:
lines may be seen. Visual abnormalities may conflict with
10420:
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists
9531:
9448:
8629:
6893:
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
6890:
6714:
5942:
5605:
van der Steur SJ, Batalla A, Bossong MG (February 2020).
5472:
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
4976:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
3766:
3047:
Gelder, Michael G.; Gath, Dennis; Mayou, Richard (1983).
2102:
Indiscriminate screening without an organizing framework,
2055:
2045:
2034:
7540:, 2051. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v29i0.2051
7343:
7158:
Jenner JA, van de Willige G, Wiersma D (November 1998).
6142:
6098:
6018:
4489:
Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Ormel J (October 2016).
4488:
4299:
3943:
3620:
Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry
3423:
2776:", the rejection of the symbolic concept of the father.
2391:
was introduced to the psychiatric literature in 1841 by
2202:
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
2023:
to rule out a systemic infection or chronic disease, and
12108:
6968:
4840:
4156:
3815:
3104:
2958:(3 Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry): 715–736.
425:
diseases, toxins, or other health problems as a cause.
200:
seeing or hearing things that others do not see or hear
8018:
6565:
6481:
4870:
4205:
2503:, in a far wider sense than it is usually used today.
11253:
9247:
9188:. Translated by Carfango VR. Macmillan. p. 437.
8924:
Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine
5755:
5322:
1886:
in subanesthetic doses (doses insufficient to induce
10430:
Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
10063:
10009:
Recovered Not Cured: A Journey Through Schizophrenia
8997:
8315:
7991:
7024:
6616:
5655:
5217:"Psychedelics and mental health: a population study"
5162:
Grant KM, LeVan TD, Wells SM, Li M, Stoltenberg SF,
4256:
338:, lack of motivation, and difficulties carrying out
10350:
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
10033:
The Center Cannot Hold – My Journey Through Madness
9639:
7964:
6617:Corlett PR, Frith CD, Fletcher PC (November 2009).
5360:"Psychiatric comorbidities in alcohol use disorder"
5053:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
2324:, psychosocial outpatient and inpatient treatment,
2099:
Not obtaining a medical history and family history,
1720:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1625:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
714:The symptoms of psychosis may be caused by serious
585:Some psychologists, such as those who practice the
11271:
9984:
9863:
7919:
7656:van Os J, Kapur S (August 2009). "Schizophrenia".
7214:
7212:
6852:"Dopamine and antipsychotic drug action revisited"
5902:Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
5016:
4649:"Eating disorders and psychosis: Seven hypotheses"
4131:
4011:
3617:
3479:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 508.
3105:Griswold KS, Del Regno PA, Berger RC (June 2015).
9849:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier Science Ltd.
8370:Waghorn G, Still M, Chant D, Whiteford H (2004).
7025:Curran C, Byrappa N, McBride A (September 2004).
6919:
5857:Gray LA (2020-03-01). "Anticonvulsant toxicity".
5161:
4866:
4864:
4362:
561:(the belief that one's thoughts are audible) and
444:and possibly as early as 1500 BC in the Egyptian
314:that results in difficulties determining what is
12495:
11680:
8917:
8915:
8499:"Psychosis, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
8248:(3), 283-292. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000258
7575:
7438:
6763:
5712:
5555:
4700:
4363:Gibson LE, Alloy LB, Ellman LM (November 2016).
3602:
3573:
3298:
1324:resulting in distortions to neuronal membranes,
326:, among other features. Additional symptoms are
8061:
7566:(1), 73-77. https://doi.org/10.1037/cjbs2007006
7209:
6149:Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science
5813:
4871:Munjal S, Ferrando SJ, Freyberg Z (July 2017).
3950:Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science
3046:
1043:malignancy (typically via masses in the brain,
342:. Psychosis can have serious adverse outcomes.
12453:
9943:An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness
9756:
9369:
9367:
9331:
9329:
8806:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
7915:
7913:
7911:
7482:
7111:
6438:
5515:The International Journal of Social Psychiatry
5409:"Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder: a review"
4861:
4206:Waters F, Chiu V, Atkinson A, Blom JD (2018).
3775:The International Journal of Social Psychiatry
3691:
2316:, psychoanalysis/psychodynamic psychotherapy,
1111:other acquired metabolic disorders, including
74:Please review the contents of the article and
11239:
10670:
10400:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia
10199:
9592:
9394:
8912:
8318:The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement
7403:
6849:
6806:
6516:
5406:
5214:
4973:
4482:
3374:
2233:are better. Tentative evidence supports that
610:Disorganization of speech/thought or behavior
573:(the belief that oneself is partly or wholly
297:3% of people at some point in their life (US)
8869:
8713:History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology
7920:Barry SJ, Gaughan TM, Hunter R (June 2012).
7651:
7649:
7647:
7281:
6336:
5656:Chesney E, Oliver D, McGuire P (July 2021).
5155:
3772:
1787:) can trigger psychosis in some people (see
1446:(a painful and now obsolete procedure where
9686:
9364:
9326:
8829:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
8586:
8117:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7908:
7824:
7655:
7582:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7237:
7235:
7233:
5899:
4834:
4018:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3305:. Cambridge University Press. p. 279.
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
1312:Approximately three percent of people with
692:
318:and what is not real. Symptoms may include
12143:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
11410:
11246:
11232:
10677:
10663:
10355:American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
10206:
10192:
7827:"Pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia"
7478:
7476:
7277:
7275:
7268:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-019-09661-6
7256:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-022-09800-6
7243:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-022-09787-0
7112:Luhrmann TM, Marrow J, eds. (2016-09-27).
4919:
3381:Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
2945:
2591:. According to humoralism, each fluid or "
9991:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9640:Lewandowski KE, Moustafa A, eds. (2019).
9549:
9474:
9273:
9156:
9115:
9058:
8887:
8667:The British Journal of Medical Psychology
8431:
8401:
8399:
8387:
8220:
8136:
8087:
7937:
7891:
7850:
7724:
7644:
7597:
7508:
7456:
7312:
7306:
7124:10.1525/california/9780520291089.001.0001
7088:
7042:
6867:
6740:
6691:
6642:
6593:
6583:
6542:
6404:
6305:
6257:
6071:
5995:
5681:
5632:
5622:
5581:
5383:
5299:
5250:
5240:
5191:
5138:
5128:
5087:
5077:
4947:
4937:
4896:
4774:
4764:
4718:
4674:
4664:
4623:
4388:
4233:
4223:
4182:
4089:
4037:
3912:
3749:
3668:
3543:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
3506:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 348.
3441:
3400:
3343:. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 523.
3275:
3218:
3177:
3167:
3020:
2971:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2165:has no specific definition of psychosis.
1864:receptor antagonist, in the treatment of
1748:Learn how and when to remove this message
1732:, without removing the technical details.
1653:Learn how and when to remove this message
1637:, without removing the technical details.
618:, is disorganization of thinking that is
12406:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
12002:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
9960:
9882:
9403:Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy
9296:
8921:
7230:
7027:"Stimulant psychosis: systematic review"
6568:"The computational anatomy of psychosis"
6434:
6432:
5273:
3075:"Korsakoff Psychosis – Special Subjects"
2924:
2844:
2813:employment and education opportunities.
2635:
2545:
1322:long-term effects of alcohol consumption
872:Psychotic symptoms may also be seen in:
792:
10799:Depression in childhood and adolescence
9982:
9936:
9868:(6th ed.). Butterworth Heinemann.
9444:
9442:
9440:
9227:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
8954:
8801:
8664:
8551:
7893:10.7326/0003-4819-157-7-201210020-00525
7774:"Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults"
7473:
7272:
6378:
3858:
3852:
3499:
3375:Haddad PM, Correll CU (November 2018).
3091:
2443:), in this case "abnormal condition".
1954:other potential causes must be excluded
1347:Causes of schizophrenia § Cannabis
967:
14:
12496:
10005:
9968:. New York: New York Review of Books.
9000:Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews
8710:
8396:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8355:
8246:Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 40
8055:
7985:
7958:
7791:
7623:"Psychosis – Prevention – NHS Choices"
6850:Jones HM, Pilowsky LS (October 2002).
6343:Personality and Individual Differences
6060:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
5168:"Methamphetamine-associated psychosis"
4742:
4740:
4738:
4646:
4540:
4422:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
4306:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
4059:
4057:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3503:Concepts for Nursing Practice – E-Book
3336:
3149:
2885:
2787:
1689:Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (dlPFC)
1605:
1421:(often with mood changes in addition),
1002:), in which consciousness is disturbed
12452:
12320:
12255:
12107:
11834:
11679:
11589:
11409:
11270:
11227:
10658:
10589:Neurological conditions and disorders
10360:American Neuropsychiatric Association
10187:
9757:Thompson AD, Broome MR, eds. (2020).
9400:
9373:
9335:
9219:
9179:
8826:
8405:
8062:Picchioni MM, Murray RM (July 2007).
7806:from the original on 1 September 2022
7439:Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA (1987).
7066:
7064:
7062:
6429:
6277:. Elsevier Science. pp. 366–369.
6047:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5325:Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
5215:Krebs TS, Johansen PØ (August 2013).
4969:
4967:
4701:El-Mallakh RS, Furdek C (June 2018).
4696:
4694:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4063:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3472:
3249:
3200:
2797:The classification of psychosis as a
2669:) in which the fibers connecting the
2335:
2328:, and cognitive behavioral therapy (
2062:of the head to exclude brain lesions.
1767:. In particular to its effect in the
1730:make it understandable to non-experts
1635:make it understandable to non-experts
1211:
1011:neurodegenerative disorders, such as
979:
922:, primarily associated with maternal
722:, a number of medical illnesses, and
470:interacting with animals and people,
451:
11590:
10026:
9912:
9844:
9832:from the original on 3 February 2021
9437:
9040:
8870:Gross D, Schäfer G (February 2011).
8776:
8454:
7576:Marshall M, Rathbone J (June 2011).
6717:"Toward a neurobiology of delusions"
5856:
5556:Hamilton I, Monaghan M (June 2019).
4843:Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry
3818:Journal of Constructivist Psychology
3476:Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology
3145:
3143:
2912:from the original on 15 October 2018
2357:
2013:to rule out a metabolic disturbance,
1704:
1701:Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
1609:
1025:focal neurological disease, such as
954:
773:
646:
597:classified psychotic delusions into
413:, can occur after giving birth. The
43:
12109:Physiological and physical behavior
10842:Depression (differential diagnoses)
10410:National Institute of Mental Health
10059:National Institute of Mental Health
9593:Badcock JC, Paulik G, eds. (2019).
9184:. In Higgins M, Raphael CM (eds.).
8376:Australian Journal of Social Issues
8352:
8159:
7620:
7483:Gaebel W, Zielasek J (March 2015).
6519:"NAAG, NMDA receptor and psychosis"
6372:
6337:Germans MK, Kring AM (April 2000).
6330:
6281:
5172:Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology
4735:
4070:CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
4054:
3567:
3531:
2873:from the original on 8 October 2019
2487:) and dementia praecox (now called
1529:
389:, some medical conditions, certain
245:, some medical conditions, certain
24:
12055:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
11449:Emotional and behavioral disorders
10395:Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists
10370:Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse
9804:
9779:10.1016/B978-0-12-813201-2.00001-6
9740:10.1093/med/9780190653279.001.0001
9705:10.1093/med/9780198795551.003.0005
9376:Annals of Anthropological Practice
9225:The Creation of Psychopharmacology
8679:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1994.tb01794.x
8566:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072197
8389:10.1002/j.1839-4655.2004.tb01193.x
7831:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
7578:"Early intervention for psychosis"
7489:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
7282:Freudenreich O (3 December 2012).
7176:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10103.x
7118:. University of California Press.
7059:
6272:
5458:
5407:Jordaan GP, Emsley R (June 2014).
5019:SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine
4964:
4707:The American Journal of Psychiatry
4691:
4405:
4351:
4132:Cardinal RN, Bullmore, ET (2011).
3992:
3430:The American Journal of Psychiatry
2964:10.1212/01.CON.0000466662.89908.e7
2258:count) in less than 4% of people.
1432:
1367:
25:
12520:
12235:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
11166:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
10931:Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale
10684:
10052:
9538:Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation
9096:The British Journal of Psychiatry
9012:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.09.002
8781:. Philadelphia. pp. 98–190.
7325:from the original on June 5, 2010
7031:The British Journal of Psychiatry
6856:The British Journal of Psychiatry
6821:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.04.001
5066:World Journal of Gastroenterology
3781:(3). SAGE Publications: 323–327.
3299:Cardinal RN, Bullmore ET (2011).
3140:
2571:Hippocrates espoused a theory of
2453:
2435:), "soul" and the suffix -ωσις (-
2397:Handbuch der Medizinischen Klinik
2289:(MCT) is associated with reduced
2283:acceptance and commitment therapy
2281:Psychological treatments such as
2115:Premature diagnostic closure, and
1424:and some anticonvulsants such as
529:fixed, false idiosyncratic belief
456:
11535:X-linked intellectual disability
10638:
10628:
10385:European Psychiatric Association
10365:American Psychiatric Association
10012:. Australia: Allen & Unwin.
9525:
9491:
9467:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0623
9388:10.1111/j.2153-9588.2012.01095.x
9290:
9241:
9213:
9173:
9132:
9083:
9034:
8991:
8948:
8863:
8820:
8795:
8770:
8737:
8704:
8693:
8658:
8623:
8580:
8545:
8520:
8491:
8448:
8309:
8237:
8213:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0277
8188:
8153:
8104:
8012:
7867:
7818:
7766:
7741:
7692:
7614:
7569:
7556:
7543:
7525:
7432:
7397:
7337:
7294:from the original on 4 June 2013
7260:
7247:
7221:
6905:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12.2.287
6033:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.06.007
4920:Nevin RL, Croft AM (June 2016).
3893:Early Intervention in Psychiatry
2608:American Psychiatric Association
2276:
1709:
1614:
1101:nutritional deficiency, such as
881:Schizotypal personality disorder
841:and depressive episodes of both
737:
202:, incoherent speech and behavior
140:
48:
11364:Intermittent explosive disorder
11289:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
10639:
10390:Global Initiative on Psychiatry
10239:Child and adolescent psychiatry
9586:
9202:from the original on 2022-04-29
8534:from the original on 2007-10-11
8509:from the original on 2021-10-18
8298:from the original on 2020-06-25
7780:from the original on 2014-03-05
7755:from the original on 2014-03-05
7633:from the original on 2018-10-15
7501:10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.1/wgaebel
7371:from the original on 2021-08-29
7198:from the original on 2021-08-26
7151:
7140:from the original on 2021-10-18
7105:
7018:
7007:from the original on 2020-10-01
6962:
6884:
6843:
6800:
6757:
6733:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.007
6708:
6659:
6610:
6559:
6510:
6475:
6361:from the original on 2018-07-01
6266:
6251:
6239:
6227:
6183:
6136:
6092:
6073:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.012
6021:Journal of Psychiatric Research
6012:
5963:
5936:
5893:
5850:
5807:
5796:from the original on 2020-08-06
5749:
5706:
5649:
5598:
5549:
5506:
5447:from the original on 2021-10-18
5400:
5351:
5316:
5267:
5208:
5104:
5010:
4913:
4791:
4640:
4591:
4565:
4529:from the original on 2019-07-24
4456:
4434:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.015
4340:from the original on 2022-06-30
4318:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.013
4293:
4250:
4199:
4150:
3937:
3884:
3717:
3685:
3636:
3520:from the original on 2020-08-19
3493:
3466:
3417:
3368:
3357:from the original on 2020-08-19
3330:
3319:from the original on 2020-08-06
3292:
3243:
3129:from the original on 2021-02-22
3079:MSD Manual Professional Edition
2640:Gottlieb Burckhardt (1836–1907)
2347:Early intervention in psychosis
2342:Early intervention in psychosis
2216:
1694:
1685:Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
1437:
1182:anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis
1168:and related disorders, such as
911:Subtypes of psychosis include:
885:borderline personality disorder
12007:Dissociative identity disorder
11272:Adult personality and behavior
10606:Psychiatric survivors movement
10496:Psychiatric survivors movement
10466:Controversies about psychiatry
10425:Royal College of Psychiatrists
10213:
9866:Neurology in Clinical Practice
8162:Behaviour Research and Therapy
8129:10.1002/14651858.CD000059.pub2
7590:10.1002/14651858.CD004718.pub3
7313:Nordqvist C (August 8, 2016).
7164:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
6766:Journal of Neural Transmission
5945:American Journal of Psychiatry
5715:Archives of Pharmacal Research
4720:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030282
4136:. Cambridge University Press.
4030:10.1002/14651858.CD009533.pub2
3576:Journal of Affective Disorders
3443:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16121358
3194:
3067:
2988:
2521:
2131:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
2041:Other investigations include:
1878:Prolonged or high dose use of
1562:
1507:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
900:dissociative identity disorder
890:Post-traumatic stress disorder
76:add the appropriate references
27:Abnormal condition of the mind
13:
1:
10491:Political abuse of psychiatry
10440:World Psychiatric Association
10375:Chinese Society of Psychiatry
9966:Memoirs of My Nervous Illness
9689:Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry
9642:Social Cognition in Psychosis
9312:10.1080/15332985.2020.1785603
9060:10.1016/S0924-9338(02)00639-9
8528:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
8021:Journal of Psychopharmacology
7843:10.31887/DCNS.2010.12.3/jkane
7670:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60995-8
7345:Food Drug Administration, HHS
6990:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30262-0
6517:Bergeron R, Coyle JT (2012).
6484:Current Pharmaceutical Design
6355:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00129-4
6307:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00724-4
6262:. Springer. pp. 185–189.
5914:10.1080/17425255.2018.1420163
5828:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1659
5376:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30222-6
4800:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
4587:– via Internet Archive.
4259:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
3050:Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry
2863:"RAISE Questions and Answers"
2837:
2792:
2186:
1665:Psychosis is associated with
1503:dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
1385:
1186:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
895:obsessive–compulsive disorder
12411:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
11948:Generalized anxiety disorder
11681:Neurological and symptomatic
11326:Sexual relationship disorder
11141:Dialectical behavior therapy
11136:Cognitive behavioral therapy
10956:Rating scales for depression
9300:Social Work in Mental Health
8754:10.1007/978-1-4757-9715-2_10
8276:10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.020
7825:Kane JM, Correll CU (2010).
6453:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.003
5280:Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal
5242:10.1371/journal.pone.0063972
5166:, et al. (March 2012).
5117:Journal of Neuroinflammation
4812:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000476
4271:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000419
3742:10.1016/j.schres.2021.01.023
3661:10.1212/WNL.0000000000007913
3256:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
2689:The first clinical trial of
2644:In 1888, Swiss psychiatrist
2382:
2207:
2198:cognitive behavioral therapy
1947:
1204:parasitic diseases, such as
1193:sleep disorders, such as in
1170:systemic lupus erythematosus
663:reduced emotional expression
518:
7:
12187:REM sleep behavior disorder
11656:Seasonal affective disorder
11454:Separation anxiety disorder
10951:Mood Disorder Questionnaire
10779:Seasonal affective disorder
8721:10.1007/978-0-387-34708-0_3
8080:10.1136/bmj.39227.616447.BE
7880:Annals of Internal Medicine
7776:. Nice.org.uk. 2014-03-31.
7751:. Nice.org.uk. 2014-02-12.
7077:Topics in Cognitive Science
6523:Current Medicinal Chemistry
5871:10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.12.011
4653:World Journal of Psychiatry
4647:Seeman MV (December 2014).
3864:Allgemeine Psychopathologie
3156:World Journal of Psychiatry
3053:. Oxford University Press.
2946:Arciniegas DB (June 2015).
2820:
2682:environments such as small
2263:extrapyramidal side effects
1968:thyroid-stimulating hormone
1340:
1218:Substance-induced psychosis
1072:endocrine disease, such as
906:
746:Falling asleep and waking:
732:substance-induced psychosis
367:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
61:reliable medical references
10:
12525:
12454:Symptoms and uncategorized
11555:developmental disabilities
11321:Sexual maturation disorder
10941:General Behavior Inventory
10405:Indian Psychiatric Society
9511:10.3310/nihrevidence_50569
8969:10.1177/0957154X9700802905
8889:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214
8601:10.1177/0957154X9400501702
8469:10.1177/0957154X9500602204
8174:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.018
8033:10.1177/026988110001400411
7115:Our Most Troubling Madness
6535:10.2174/092986712799462685
6496:10.2174/138161212799316244
5674:10.1007/s00213-021-05905-9
5562:Current Psychiatry Reports
5484:10.1007/s00406-019-01068-z
5337:10.1016/j.cpem.2017.07.002
5292:10.1016/j.jsps.2020.02.005
5031:10.1007/s42399-020-00403-z
4369:Clinical Psychology Review
4134:The Diagnosis of Psychosis
3302:The Diagnosis of Psychosis
2377:
2339:
1897:
1698:
1371:
1344:
1333:psychosocial impairments.
1305:
1301:
1215:
1201:intrudes into wakefulness)
1178:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
918:, occurring shortly after
769:Extreme stress (see below)
683:inability to feel pleasure
675:reduced spontaneous speech
661:Negative symptoms include
650:
501:Lilliputian hallucinations
36:
32:Psychosis (disambiguation)
29:
12459:
12448:
12424:
12416:Simple-type schizophrenia
12393:
12385:Schizophreniform disorder
12362:
12341:
12337:
12316:
12269:
12251:
12220:
12197:
12151:
12118:
12114:
12103:
12025:
11992:
11940:
11883:
11874:
11855:
11851:
11830:
11796:
11763:Mild cognitive impairment
11748:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
11728:
11690:
11686:
11675:
11646:Major depressive disorder
11599:
11585:
11551:Psychological development
11550:
11525:
11422:
11418:
11405:
11334:
11281:
11277:
11266:
11178:
11146:Electroconvulsive therapy
11123:
11072:
11023:
10978:
10969:
10921:
10827:
10807:
10769:Major depressive disorder
10759:
10701:
10692:
10624:
10576:
10481:Electroconvulsive therapy
10476:Biopsychiatry controversy
10448:
10342:
10249:Cross-cultural psychiatry
10244:Cognitive neuropsychiatry
10221:
10157:
10067:
9887:. Sky's Edge Publishing.
9182:"The Schizophrenic Split"
9108:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.066217
8841:10.1076/jhin.10.1.79.5634
8406:Bürgy M (November 2008).
8330:10.1192/S0007125000297663
7994:American Family Physician
7967:American Family Physician
7551:VA.gov | Veterans affairs
7418:10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799
6778:10.1007/s00702-003-0826-8
6635:10.1007/s00213-009-1561-0
6406:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.064
6381:"Reward prediction error"
6114:10.1017/S0033291711001450
5774:10.1038/s41380-019-0617-8
5727:10.1007/s12272-017-0897-y
5574:10.1007/s11920-019-1044-x
5425:10.1007/s11011-013-9457-4
5274:Alasmari F (April 2020).
5184:10.1007/s11481-011-9288-1
5130:10.1186/s12974-018-1067-y
4988:10.1016/j.chc.2019.08.010
4939:10.1186/s12936-016-1391-6
4889:10.1016/j.ccc.2017.03.007
4766:10.1186/s12888-017-1427-7
4547:World Health Organization
4507:10.1017/S0033291716001653
4381:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.08.003
3698:. StatPearls Publishing.
3588:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.040
3220:10.1017/S1092852918001013
3111:American Family Physician
2723:major depressive disorder
2717:including schizophrenia,
2623:electroconvulsive therapy
1799:NMDA receptor antagonists
1483:anterior cingulate cortex
1283:NMDA receptor antagonists
1017:dementia with Lewy bodies
1007:velocardiofacial syndrome
867:schizophreniform disorder
709:
653:Clouding of consciousness
628:lack thereof is unknown.
527:beliefs. A delusion is a
381:). Other causes include:
293:
283:
265:
222:
206:
189:
173:
161:
156:
67:or relies too heavily on
12464:Impulse-control disorder
12380:Schizoaffective disorder
12375:Brief reactive psychosis
12072:Mass psychogenic illness
12035:Body dysmorphic disorder
11814:Post-concussion syndrome
11424:Emotional and behavioral
10961:Young Mania Rating Scale
10936:Child Mania Rating Scale
10815:Schizoaffective disorder
10794:Major depressive episode
10528:Psychiatric epidemiology
10523:Philosophy of psychiatry
10415:Philadelphia Association
10254:Developmental disability
9763:Cambridge, Massachusetts
9646:Cambridge, Massachusetts
9599:Cambridge, Massachusetts
9415:10.2182/cjot.2011.78.3.3
8554:British Medical Bulletin
8530:. Douglas Harper. 2001.
6721:Progress in Neurobiology
6585:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00047
5624:10.3390/brainsci10020097
5527:10.1177/0020764018801690
5079:10.3748/wjg.v24.i14.1521
4225:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00303
3787:10.1177/0020764010396413
3393:10.1177/2045125318781475
3250:Grace AA (August 2016).
2805:experiencing psychosis.
2801:is a common occurrence.
2405:Ernst von Feuchtersleben
1045:paraneoplastic syndromes
862:brief psychotic disorder
852:schizoaffective disorder
693:Psychosis in adolescents
430:antipsychotic medication
355:schizoaffective disorder
37:Not to be confused with
12401:Childhood schizophrenia
11753:Frontotemporal dementia
11710:High-functioning autism
11527:Intellectual disability
11088:Atypical antipsychotics
10847:Emotional dysregulation
10594:Psychiatric medications
9732:Oxford University Press
9697:Oxford University Press
9662:10.1016/C2017-0-03061-6
9615:10.1016/C2017-0-01829-3
8501:A Greek-English Lexicon
7458:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261
6672:Neuropsychopharmacology
6572:Frontiers in Psychiatry
5413:Metabolic Brain Disease
4212:Frontiers in Psychiatry
3868:General Psychopathology
2711:atypical antipsychotics
2438:
2431:
2393:Karl Friedrich Canstatt
2231:atypical antipsychotics
2089:Not properly excluding
1581:aberrant salience model
1570:frontotemporal dementia
1541:superior temporal gyrus
1467:superior temporal gyrus
1459:first episode psychosis
1224:psychoactive substances
509:peduncular hallucinosis
476:Auditory hallucinations
11918:Specific social phobia
11809:Organic brain syndrome
11651:Melancholic depression
11412:Childhood and learning
11151:Involuntary commitment
10913:Reduced affect display
10789:Melancholic depression
10563:Psychosomatic medicine
10299:Nutritional psychiatry
10259:Descriptive psychiatry
10036:. New York: Hyperion.
9826:University of Michigan
9254:Schizophrenia Bulletin
9158:10.1001/jama.2011.1360
8412:Schizophrenia Bulletin
8264:Schizophrenia Research
7445:Schizophrenia Bulletin
6978:The Lancet. Psychiatry
6809:Brain Research Reviews
6441:Schizophrenia Research
6379:Schultz W (May 2017).
6102:Psychological Medicine
5976:Schizophrenia Bulletin
5364:The Lancet. Psychiatry
4604:Schizophrenia Bulletin
4495:Psychological Medicine
4163:Schizophrenia Bulletin
4064:Joyce EM (July 2018).
3830:10.1080/10720530125965
3730:Schizophrenia Research
3201:Stahl SM (June 2018).
3150:Davies W (June 2017).
2761:
2715:neurological disorders
2641:
2569:
2551:
2310:need adapted treatment
2287:Metacognitive training
2124:differential diagnosis
1775:blocking drugs (i.e.,
1545:inferior frontal gyrus
1498:Kraepelinian dichotomy
934:Myxedematous psychosis
929:Monothematic delusions
728:substance use disorder
551:delusions of reference
523:Psychosis may involve
428:Treatment may include
423:central nervous system
306:is a condition of the
12474:Psychomotor agitation
12264:and substance-related
12207:Postpartum depression
12087:Somatization disorder
11973:Acute stress reaction
11738:AIDS dementia complex
10746:Mixed affective state
10486:Insulin shock therapy
10461:Clinical neuroscience
10380:Democratic Psychiatry
10234:Biological psychiatry
9266:10.1093/schbul/sbx082
8957:History of Psychiatry
8589:History of Psychiatry
8505:. Perseus.tufts.edu.
8457:History of Psychiatry
8424:10.1093/schbul/sbm136
7926:BMJ Clinical Evidence
7044:10.1192/bjp.185.3.196
6940:10.1212/WNL.45.7.1305
6869:10.1192/bjp.181.4.271
5988:10.1093/schbul/sbr134
4877:Critical Care Clinics
4666:10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.112
4616:10.1093/schbul/sbw063
4175:10.1093/schbul/sbw076
2751:
2709:. With the advent of
2639:
2615:insulin shock therapy
2564:
2549:
1699:Further information:
1676:neural representation
1537:middle temporal gyrus
1463:middle temporal gyrus
1444:pneumoencephalography
1345:Further information:
1306:Further information:
1155:, and failure of the
1115:disturbances such as
877:Personality disorders
793:Psychiatric disorders
716:psychiatric disorders
555:delusions of grandeur
484:visual hallucinations
409:. One type, known as
12469:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
12299:Substance dependence
12212:Postpartum psychosis
11758:Huntington's disease
11540:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
11389:Personality disorder
11208:Kay Redfield Jamison
11193:Frederick K. Goodwin
11013:Valproate semisodium
10903:Psychotic depression
10599:by condition treated
10538:Psychiatric hospital
10533:Psychiatric genetics
10279:Geriatric psychiatry
10269:Emergency psychiatry
10229:Addiction psychiatry
9922:. London: Gollancz.
9699:. pp. 179–240.
8922:Pressman JD (1998).
8748:. pp. 259–277.
8715:. pp. 175–197.
8463:(22 Pt 2): 177–200.
7485:"Focus on psychosis"
6684:10.1038/npp.2010.163
5762:Molecular Psychiatry
3169:10.5498/wjp.v7.i2.77
2908:. 23 December 2016.
2418:The term stems from
2301:as well as improved
2221:The choice of which
1773:dopamine receptor D2
1479:middle frontal gyrus
1395:stimulants, such as
1358:tetrahydrocannabinol
1094:postpartum psychosis
1037:, and some forms of
988:. Examples include:
973:Postpartum psychosis
968:Postpartum psychosis
916:Postpartum psychosis
823:psychotic depression
677:(poverty of speech,
667:decreased motivation
606:political beliefs).
579:clinical lycanthropy
559:thought broadcasting
547:persecutory delusion
411:postpartum psychosis
393:, and drugs such as
379:psychotic depression
30:For other uses, see
12349:Delusional disorder
12294:Stimulant psychosis
12284:Physical dependence
12138:Rumination syndrome
12040:Conversion disorder
12017:Psychogenic amnesia
11867:with depressed mood
11865:Adjustment disorder
11768:Parkinson's disease
11743:Alzheimer's disease
11636:Atypical depression
11472:Social functioning
11347:Munchausen syndrome
11342:Factitious disorder
11131:Clinical psychology
10946:Hypomania Checklist
10784:Atypical depression
10456:Behavioral medicine
10314:Palliative medicine
10294:Military psychiatry
10274:Forensic psychiatry
9983:Hinshaw SP (2002).
9946:. London: Picador.
9883:Williams P (2012).
9047:European Psychiatry
9041:Stip E (May 2002).
8876:Neurosurgical Focus
8746:Clinical Psychology
6397:2017CBio...27.R369S
5957:10.1176/ajp.92.1.43
5816:European Psychiatry
5233:2013PLoSO...863972K
4703:"Cycloid Psychosis"
3500:Giddens JF (2015).
3268:10.1038/nrn.2016.57
2788:Society and culture
2699:dopamine antagonist
2667:prefrontal lobotomy
2646:Gottlieb Burckhardt
2621:shock therapy, and
2550:Bust of Hippocrates
2508:clinical depression
2079:dietary supplements
1870:Parkinson's disease
1789:stimulant psychosis
1596:Alzheimer's disease
1551:). Activity in the
1448:cerebrospinal fluid
1374:Stimulant psychosis
1090:hyperparathyroidism
1021:Parkinson's disease
1013:Alzheimer's disease
986:secondary psychosis
939:Stimulant psychosis
857:delusional disorder
781:sensory deprivation
702:), and deficits in
363:sensory deprivation
249:, drugs (including
184:clinical psychology
12368:schizophrenia-like
12012:Dissociative fugue
11461:Movement disorders
11124:Non-pharmaceutical
10558:Psychopharmacology
10289:Liaison psychiatry
10158:External resources
9350:10.1111/etho.12225
9186:Character Analysis
8963:(29 pt 1): 61–81.
8802:Shorter E (1998).
8700:Hippocratic corpus
8595:(17 Pt 1): 13–36.
7621:NHS (2017-10-23).
7319:Medical News Today
7090:10.1111/tops.12158
6623:Psychopharmacology
6193:Neuropsychobiology
6161:10.1037/abn0000862
5662:Psychopharmacology
4558:2004-10-17 at the
3962:10.1037/abn0000862
3622:. Wolters Kluwer.
3337:Foster NL (2011).
2707:tardive dyskinesia
2642:
2560:Hippocratic corpus
2556:Hippocrates of Cos
2552:
2336:Early intervention
2318:major role therapy
2267:metabolic syndrome
2181:psychotic spectrum
2007:basic electrolytes
1987:serum and urinary
1853:genetic expression
1769:mesolimbic pathway
1574:Lewy body dementia
1318:kindling mechanism
1212:Psychoactive drugs
1206:neurocysticercosis
1086:hypoparathyroidism
1082:Cushing's syndrome
1056:viral encephalitis
1035:multiple sclerosis
992:disorders causing
980:Medical conditions
839:bipolar I disorder
452:Signs and symptoms
373:and in rare cases
12491:
12490:
12487:
12486:
12444:
12443:
12440:
12439:
12312:
12311:
12247:
12246:
12243:
12242:
12099:
12098:
12095:
12094:
11988:
11987:
11826:
11825:
11822:
11821:
11783:Vascular dementia
11705:Asperger syndrome
11671:
11670:
11581:
11580:
11577:
11576:
11515:Tourette syndrome
11401:
11400:
11397:
11396:
11221:
11220:
11174:
11173:
11098:Lithium carbonate
11044:Dextroamphetamine
10862:Suicidal ideation
10823:
10822:
10652:
10651:
10584:Counseling topics
10518:Pentylenetetrazol
10284:Immuno-psychiatry
10181:
10180:
10043:978-1-4013-0138-5
10019:978-1-86508-974-4
10006:McLean R (2003).
9975:978-0-940322-20-2
9953:978-0-679-76330-7
9929:978-0-679-73446-8
9904:Personal accounts
9894:978-0-9849867-0-5
9875:978-1-4377-0434-1
9856:978-0-7020-2627-0
9822:Michigan Medicine
9788:978-0-12-813201-2
9749:978-0-19-065327-9
9714:978-0-19-879555-1
9671:978-0-12-815315-4
9624:978-0-12-815012-2
9234:978-0-674-00619-5
9151:(12): 1359–1369.
8933:978-0-521-35371-7
8813:978-0-471-24531-5
8788:978-0-559-92167-4
8763:978-1-4757-9717-6
8730:978-0-387-34707-3
8644:10.1159/000285035
7973:(12): 1821–1829.
7664:(9690): 635–645.
7359:(28): 6787–6854.
7347:(February 2004).
7288:Psychiatric Times
7133:978-0-520-29108-9
6984:(11): 1049–1058.
6391:(10): R369–R371.
6246:Radua et al. 2012
6234:Radua et al. 2012
6205:10.1159/000448620
6066:(10): 2325–2333.
6027:(10): 1249–1256.
5370:(12): 1068–1080.
5072:(14): 1521–1530.
4584:978-0-89042-554-1
4501:(14): 2883–2906.
4475:978-0-89042-554-1
4143:978-0-521-16484-9
4082:10.1111/cns.12973
3905:10.1111/eip.12501
3877:978-0-8018-5775-1
3629:978-1-45-110047-1
3560:978-0-89042-554-1
3513:978-0-323-38946-4
3486:978-0-7817-6937-2
3473:Gibbs RS (2008).
3350:978-1-58562-952-7
3312:978-1-139-49790-9
3060:978-0-19-261294-6
3013:10.1002/wps.20490
2799:social disability
2727:anxiety disorders
2358:Systematic reform
2299:negative symptoms
1993:pernicious anemia
1845:adenylate cyclase
1834:evoked potentials
1819:negative symptoms
1758:
1757:
1750:
1671:negative symptoms
1663:
1662:
1655:
1606:Negative symptoms
1600:Capgras delusions
1268:κ-opioid receptor
1256:psychedelic drugs
1232:suicidal thinking
955:Cycloid psychosis
944:Tardive psychosis
774:Trauma and stress
765:sleep deprivation
657:Depression (mood)
647:Negative symptoms
571:Cotard's syndrome
567:misidentification
563:thought insertion
387:sleep deprivation
371:cerebral beriberi
336:social withdrawal
328:incoherent speech
301:
300:
243:sleep deprivation
165:Psychotic break (
151:Medical condition
149:
148:
125:
16:(Redirected from
12516:
12509:1840s neologisms
12450:
12449:
12339:
12338:
12318:
12317:
12253:
12252:
12128:Anorexia nervosa
12116:
12115:
12105:
12104:
12082:Psychogenic pain
12050:Globus pharyngis
11898:Childhood phobia
11881:
11880:
11853:
11852:
11832:
11831:
11688:
11687:
11677:
11676:
11587:
11586:
11486:Selective mutism
11437:Conduct disorder
11420:
11419:
11407:
11406:
11384:Trichotillomania
11359:Gender dysphoria
11354:Fear of intimacy
11311:Sexual anhedonia
11279:
11278:
11268:
11267:
11255:Mental disorders
11248:
11241:
11234:
11225:
11224:
11113:Lithium toxicity
11075:mood stabilizers
11025:Sympathomimetics
11008:Sodium valproate
10976:
10975:
10703:Bipolar disorder
10699:
10698:
10679:
10672:
10665:
10656:
10655:
10642:
10641:
10632:
10503:Imaging genetics
10208:
10201:
10194:
10185:
10184:
10065:
10064:
10047:
10023:
10002:
9990:
9979:
9957:
9933:
9898:
9879:
9860:
9841:
9839:
9837:
9800:
9761:(1st ed.).
9753:
9726:(1st ed.).
9718:
9691:(4th ed.).
9683:
9644:(1st ed.).
9636:
9597:(1st ed.).
9580:
9579:
9553:
9551:10.3310/eme08110
9529:
9523:
9522:
9495:
9489:
9488:
9478:
9446:
9435:
9434:
9398:
9392:
9391:
9371:
9362:
9361:
9333:
9324:
9323:
9294:
9288:
9287:
9277:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9217:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9207:
9180:Reich W (1980).
9177:
9171:
9170:
9160:
9136:
9130:
9129:
9119:
9087:
9081:
9080:
9062:
9038:
9032:
9031:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8952:
8946:
8945:
8919:
8910:
8909:
8891:
8867:
8861:
8860:
8824:
8818:
8817:
8799:
8793:
8792:
8774:
8768:
8767:
8741:
8735:
8734:
8708:
8702:
8697:
8691:
8690:
8662:
8656:
8655:
8627:
8621:
8620:
8584:
8578:
8577:
8549:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8539:
8524:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8452:
8446:
8445:
8435:
8418:(6): 1200–1210.
8403:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8367:
8350:
8349:
8313:
8307:
8306:
8304:
8303:
8255:
8249:
8241:
8235:
8234:
8224:
8192:
8186:
8185:
8157:
8151:
8150:
8140:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8091:
8059:
8053:
8052:
8016:
8010:
8009:
7989:
7983:
7982:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7950:. Archived from
7941:
7917:
7906:
7905:
7895:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7854:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7745:
7739:
7738:
7728:
7717:10.1136/bmj.f185
7696:
7690:
7689:
7653:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7618:
7612:
7611:
7601:
7573:
7567:
7560:
7554:
7547:
7541:
7529:
7523:
7522:
7512:
7480:
7471:
7470:
7460:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7401:
7395:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7353:Federal Register
7341:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7310:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7279:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7254:and Psychiatry,
7251:
7245:
7239:
7228:
7225:
7219:
7216:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7092:
7068:
7057:
7056:
7046:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7006:
6975:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6934:(7): 1305–1308.
6923:
6917:
6916:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6871:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6761:
6755:
6754:
6744:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6695:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6646:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6597:
6587:
6563:
6557:
6556:
6546:
6529:(9): 1360–1364.
6514:
6508:
6507:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6436:
6427:
6426:
6408:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6309:
6300:(6): 1251–1257.
6285:
6279:
6278:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6255:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6155:(8): 1060–1071.
6140:
6134:
6133:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6075:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6016:
6010:
6009:
5999:
5982:(6): 1297–1307.
5967:
5961:
5960:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5768:(8): 4431–4447.
5753:
5747:
5746:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5685:
5668:(5): 1179–1190.
5653:
5647:
5646:
5636:
5626:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5585:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5467:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5387:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5303:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5254:
5244:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5195:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5142:
5132:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5091:
5081:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5025:(9): 1646–1660.
5014:
5008:
5007:
4971:
4962:
4961:
4951:
4941:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4868:
4859:
4858:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4778:
4768:
4744:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4698:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4668:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4627:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4569:
4563:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4416:
4403:
4402:
4392:
4360:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4237:
4227:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4169:(5): 1098–1109.
4154:
4148:
4147:
4129:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4009:
3990:
3989:
3956:(8): 1060–1071.
3941:
3935:
3934:
3916:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3672:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3615:
3600:
3599:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3540:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3445:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3222:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3171:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3102:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3001:World Psychiatry
2992:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2943:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2898:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2859:
2759:
2719:bipolar disorder
2485:bipolar disorder
2441:
2434:
2256:white blood cell
2017:full blood count
1884:thought disorder
1880:psychostimulants
1811:dextromethorphan
1762:neurotransmitter
1753:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1667:ventral striatal
1658:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1585:salience network
1572:, psychosis and
1553:ventral striatum
1523:inferior frontal
1494:precentral gyrus
1401:sympathomimetics
1335:Delirium tremens
1145:hypophosphatemia
949:Shared psychosis
924:bipolar disorder
827:bipolar disorder
637:waxy flexibility
616:thought disorder
415:neurotransmitter
375:major depression
359:bipolar disorder
340:daily activities
289:Depends on cause
235:bipolar disorder
154:
153:
144:
143:
135:
132:
126:
124:
83:
52:
51:
44:
21:
12524:
12523:
12519:
12518:
12517:
12515:
12514:
12513:
12494:
12493:
12492:
12483:
12455:
12436:
12420:
12389:
12367:
12358:
12333:
12308:
12265:
12262:substance abuse
12239:
12216:
12193:
12147:
12133:Bulimia nervosa
12110:
12091:
12067:Hypochondriasis
12062:False pregnancy
12045:Ganser syndrome
12027:Somatic symptom
12021:
11984:
11936:
11925:Specific phobia
11870:
11847:
11818:
11792:
11724:
11720:Savant syndrome
11692:Autism spectrum
11682:
11667:
11595:
11573:
11552:
11546:
11521:
11414:
11393:
11369:Dermatillomania
11330:
11316:Sexual anorexia
11273:
11262:
11252:
11222:
11217:
11170:
11119:
11108:Lithium sulfate
11103:Lithium citrate
11068:
11059:Methylphenidate
11028:
11019:
10980:Anticonvulsants
10965:
10917:
10908:Racing thoughts
10819:
10803:
10755:
10688:
10683:
10653:
10648:
10620:
10616:Psychotherapies
10572:
10553:Psycho-oncology
10513:Neurophysiology
10471:Anti-psychiatry
10444:
10338:
10309:Neuropsychiatry
10264:Eating disorder
10217:
10212:
10182:
10177:
10176:
10153:
10152:
10076:
10055:
10050:
10044:
10020:
9999:
9976:
9954:
9930:
9901:
9895:
9876:
9857:
9845:Sims A (2002).
9835:
9833:
9807:
9805:Further reading
9789:
9750:
9715:
9672:
9625:
9589:
9584:
9583:
9530:
9526:
9497:
9496:
9492:
9455:JAMA Psychiatry
9447:
9438:
9399:
9395:
9372:
9365:
9334:
9327:
9295:
9291:
9246:
9242:
9235:
9218:
9214:
9205:
9203:
9196:
9178:
9174:
9137:
9133:
9088:
9084:
9039:
9035:
8996:
8992:
8953:
8949:
8934:
8920:
8913:
8868:
8864:
8825:
8821:
8814:
8800:
8796:
8789:
8777:Rush B (1830).
8775:
8771:
8764:
8742:
8738:
8731:
8709:
8705:
8698:
8694:
8663:
8659:
8632:Psychopathology
8628:
8624:
8585:
8581:
8550:
8546:
8537:
8535:
8526:
8525:
8521:
8512:
8510:
8497:
8496:
8492:
8453:
8449:
8404:
8397:
8368:
8353:
8314:
8310:
8301:
8299:
8256:
8252:
8242:
8238:
8201:JAMA Psychiatry
8193:
8189:
8158:
8154:
8123:(1): CD000059.
8109:
8105:
8074:(7610): 91–95.
8064:"Schizophrenia"
8060:
8056:
8017:
8013:
7990:
7986:
7963:
7959:
7922:"Schizophrenia"
7918:
7909:
7872:
7868:
7823:
7819:
7809:
7807:
7796:
7792:
7783:
7781:
7772:
7771:
7767:
7758:
7756:
7747:
7746:
7742:
7697:
7693:
7654:
7645:
7636:
7634:
7619:
7615:
7584:(6): CD004718.
7574:
7570:
7561:
7557:
7548:
7544:
7530:
7526:
7481:
7474:
7437:
7433:
7402:
7398:
7374:
7372:
7342:
7338:
7328:
7326:
7311:
7307:
7297:
7295:
7280:
7273:
7265:
7261:
7252:
7248:
7240:
7231:
7226:
7222:
7217:
7210:
7201:
7199:
7156:
7152:
7143:
7141:
7134:
7110:
7106:
7069:
7060:
7023:
7019:
7010:
7008:
7004:
6973:
6967:
6963:
6924:
6920:
6889:
6885:
6848:
6844:
6805:
6801:
6762:
6758:
6713:
6709:
6664:
6660:
6615:
6611:
6564:
6560:
6515:
6511:
6480:
6476:
6437:
6430:
6385:Current Biology
6377:
6373:
6364:
6362:
6335:
6331:
6286:
6282:
6271:
6267:
6256:
6252:
6244:
6240:
6232:
6228:
6188:
6184:
6141:
6137:
6097:
6093:
6052:
6048:
6017:
6013:
5968:
5964:
5941:
5937:
5898:
5894:
5855:
5851:
5812:
5808:
5799:
5797:
5754:
5750:
5711:
5707:
5654:
5650:
5603:
5599:
5554:
5550:
5511:
5507:
5468:
5459:
5450:
5448:
5405:
5401:
5356:
5352:
5321:
5317:
5272:
5268:
5213:
5209:
5160:
5156:
5109:
5105:
5058:
5054:
5015:
5011:
4972:
4965:
4926:Malaria Journal
4918:
4914:
4869:
4862:
4839:
4835:
4796:
4792:
4745:
4736:
4699:
4692:
4645:
4641:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4560:Wayback Machine
4545:
4541:
4532:
4530:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4417:
4406:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4341:
4298:
4294:
4255:
4251:
4204:
4200:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4130:
4107:
4062:
4055:
4024:(7): CD009533.
4010:
3993:
3942:
3938:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3862:(1997-11-27) .
3857:
3853:
3814:
3810:
3771:
3767:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3706:
3690:
3686:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3616:
3603:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3521:
3514:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3471:
3467:
3436:(10): 927–942.
3422:
3418:
3387:(11): 303–318.
3373:
3369:
3360:
3358:
3351:
3335:
3331:
3322:
3320:
3313:
3297:
3293:
3248:
3244:
3199:
3195:
3148:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3117:(12): 856–863.
3103:
3092:
3083:
3081:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3045:
3038:
2993:
2989:
2944:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2861:
2860:
2845:
2840:
2823:
2795:
2790:
2760:
2757:
2735:autism spectrum
2650:cerebral cortex
2524:
2456:
2385:
2380:
2360:
2352:critical period
2344:
2338:
2279:
2252:agranulocytosis
2219:
2210:
2189:
2173:Factor analysis
2000:
1985:
1976:hyperthyroidism
1950:
1900:
1863:
1754:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1726:help improve it
1723:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1659:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1631:help improve it
1628:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1565:
1532:
1471:parahippocampus
1440:
1435:
1433:Pathophysiology
1419:corticosteroids
1388:
1379:Methamphetamine
1376:
1370:
1368:Methamphetamine
1353:
1343:
1326:gene expression
1310:
1304:
1220:
1214:
1137:hypermagnesemia
1106:
1078:hyperthyroidism
1000:toxic psychosis
982:
970:
957:
909:
795:
776:
740:
712:
695:
659:
649:
612:
521:
459:
454:
152:
145:
141:
136:
130:
127:
84:
73:
69:primary sources
53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Psychotic break
15:
12:
11:
5:
12522:
12512:
12511:
12506:
12489:
12488:
12485:
12484:
12482:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12460:
12457:
12456:
12446:
12445:
12442:
12441:
12438:
12437:
12435:
12434:
12428:
12426:
12422:
12421:
12419:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12403:
12397:
12395:
12391:
12390:
12388:
12387:
12382:
12377:
12371:
12369:
12360:
12359:
12357:
12356:
12351:
12345:
12343:
12335:
12334:
12314:
12313:
12310:
12309:
12307:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12289:Rebound effect
12286:
12281:
12276:
12270:
12267:
12266:
12249:
12248:
12245:
12244:
12241:
12240:
12238:
12237:
12232:
12230:Hypersexuality
12226:
12224:
12218:
12217:
12215:
12214:
12209:
12203:
12201:
12195:
12194:
12192:
12191:
12190:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12169:
12164:
12158:
12156:
12149:
12148:
12146:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12124:
12122:
12112:
12111:
12101:
12100:
12097:
12096:
12093:
12092:
12090:
12089:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12058:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12037:
12031:
12029:
12023:
12022:
12020:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12004:
11998:
11996:
11990:
11989:
11986:
11985:
11983:
11982:
11981:
11980:
11975:
11965:
11963:Panic disorder
11960:
11955:
11950:
11944:
11942:
11938:
11937:
11935:
11934:
11933:
11932:
11930:Claustrophobia
11922:
11921:
11920:
11915:
11913:Anthropophobia
11905:
11903:Social anxiety
11900:
11895:
11889:
11887:
11878:
11872:
11871:
11869:
11868:
11861:
11859:
11849:
11848:
11828:
11827:
11824:
11823:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11800:
11798:
11794:
11793:
11791:
11790:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11773:Pick's disease
11770:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11745:
11740:
11734:
11732:
11726:
11725:
11723:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11696:
11694:
11684:
11683:
11673:
11672:
11669:
11668:
11666:
11665:
11660:
11659:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11628:
11627:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11600:
11597:
11596:
11583:
11582:
11579:
11578:
11575:
11574:
11572:
11571:
11566:
11560:
11558:
11548:
11547:
11545:
11544:
11543:
11542:
11531:
11529:
11523:
11522:
11520:
11519:
11518:
11517:
11507:
11506:
11505:
11500:
11490:
11489:
11488:
11483:
11478:
11470:
11469:
11468:
11458:
11457:
11456:
11446:
11445:
11444:
11434:
11428:
11426:
11416:
11415:
11403:
11402:
11399:
11398:
11395:
11394:
11392:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11350:
11349:
11338:
11336:
11332:
11331:
11329:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11307:
11306:
11301:
11291:
11285:
11283:
11275:
11274:
11264:
11263:
11259:Classification
11251:
11250:
11243:
11236:
11228:
11219:
11218:
11216:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11188:Emil Kraepelin
11184:
11182:
11176:
11175:
11172:
11171:
11169:
11168:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11127:
11125:
11121:
11120:
11118:
11117:
11116:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11090:
11085:
11083:Antipsychotics
11079:
11077:
11070:
11069:
11067:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11035:
11033:
11021:
11020:
11018:
11017:
11016:
11015:
11010:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10984:
10982:
10973:
10967:
10966:
10964:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10927:
10925:
10919:
10918:
10916:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10894:
10893:
10888:
10880:Sleep disorder
10876:
10871:
10866:
10865:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10844:
10839:
10833:
10831:
10825:
10824:
10821:
10820:
10818:
10817:
10811:
10809:
10805:
10804:
10802:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10765:
10763:
10757:
10756:
10754:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10707:
10705:
10696:
10690:
10689:
10682:
10681:
10674:
10667:
10659:
10650:
10649:
10647:
10646:
10636:
10625:
10622:
10621:
10619:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10602:
10601:
10591:
10586:
10580:
10578:
10574:
10573:
10571:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10548:Psychoanalysis
10545:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10499:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10463:
10458:
10452:
10450:
10449:Related topics
10446:
10445:
10443:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10346:
10344:
10340:
10339:
10337:
10336:
10334:Telepsychiatry
10331:
10329:Sleep medicine
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10225:
10223:
10222:Subspecialties
10219:
10218:
10211:
10210:
10203:
10196:
10188:
10179:
10178:
10175:
10174:
10162:
10161:
10159:
10155:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10139:
10120:
10101:
10077:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10068:Classification
10062:
10061:
10054:
10053:External links
10051:
10049:
10048:
10042:
10024:
10018:
10003:
9997:
9980:
9974:
9958:
9952:
9934:
9928:
9909:
9908:
9907:
9905:
9900:
9899:
9893:
9880:
9874:
9861:
9855:
9842:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9802:
9801:
9787:
9767:Academic Press
9754:
9748:
9719:
9713:
9684:
9670:
9650:Academic Press
9637:
9623:
9603:Academic Press
9588:
9585:
9582:
9581:
9524:
9490:
9461:(6): 555–565.
9436:
9409:(3): 156–163.
9393:
9382:(1): 113–130.
9363:
9325:
9289:
9260:(2): 242–249.
9240:
9233:
9212:
9194:
9172:
9131:
9102:(6): 434–439.
9082:
9053:(3): 115–119.
9033:
9006:(3): 409–419.
8990:
8947:
8932:
8911:
8862:
8819:
8812:
8794:
8787:
8769:
8762:
8736:
8729:
8703:
8692:
8673:(3): 247–258.
8657:
8622:
8579:
8560:(3): 484–498.
8544:
8519:
8490:
8447:
8395:
8382:(4): 443–458.
8351:
8308:
8250:
8236:
8207:(5): 417–429.
8187:
8152:
8103:
8054:
8027:(4): 409–418.
8011:
8000:(4): 338–339.
7984:
7957:
7954:on 2014-09-11.
7907:
7886:(7): 498–511.
7866:
7837:(3): 345–357.
7817:
7790:
7765:
7740:
7691:
7643:
7613:
7568:
7555:
7542:
7524:
7472:
7451:(2): 261–276.
7431:
7412:(3): 799–812.
7396:
7336:
7305:
7290:. UBM Medica.
7271:
7259:
7246:
7229:
7220:
7208:
7170:(5): 384–389.
7150:
7132:
7104:
7083:(4): 646–663.
7058:
7037:(3): 196–204.
7017:
6961:
6918:
6899:(2): 287–288.
6883:
6862:(4): 271–275.
6842:
6815:(2): 293–304.
6799:
6772:(7): 803–812.
6756:
6727:(3): 345–369.
6707:
6678:(1): 294–315.
6658:
6629:(4): 515–530.
6609:
6558:
6509:
6490:(4): 466–478.
6474:
6428:
6371:
6349:(4): 659–672.
6329:
6280:
6265:
6250:
6238:
6226:
6182:
6135:
6108:(2): 295–307.
6091:
6046:
6011:
5962:
5935:
5908:(2): 229–238.
5892:
5865:(3): 192–193.
5849:
5806:
5748:
5721:(4): 403–428.
5705:
5648:
5611:Brain Sciences
5597:
5548:
5521:(7): 690–704.
5505:
5478:(4): 403–412.
5457:
5419:(2): 231–243.
5399:
5350:
5331:(3): 197–202.
5327:. Toxicology.
5315:
5286:(4): 445–451.
5266:
5207:
5178:(1): 113–139.
5154:
5103:
5052:
5009:
4963:
4912:
4883:(3): 681–712.
4860:
4833:
4806:(2): 117–122.
4790:
4753:BMC Psychiatry
4734:
4713:(6): 502–505.
4690:
4659:(4): 112–119.
4639:
4610:(1): 108–121.
4590:
4583:
4564:
4539:
4481:
4474:
4455:
4404:
4350:
4292:
4265:(3): 176–182.
4249:
4198:
4149:
4142:
4105:
4076:(7): 598–603.
4053:
3991:
3936:
3899:(4): 561–571.
3883:
3876:
3851:
3824:(4): 247–265.
3808:
3765:
3716:
3684:
3655:(6): 259–266.
3635:
3628:
3601:
3566:
3559:
3530:
3512:
3492:
3485:
3465:
3416:
3367:
3349:
3329:
3311:
3291:
3262:(8): 524–532.
3242:
3213:(3): 187–191.
3193:
3139:
3090:
3066:
3059:
3036:
2987:
2923:
2884:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2822:
2819:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2755:
2747:hallucinations
2695:Chlorpromazine
2691:antipsychotics
2661:conceived the
2523:
2520:
2501:mood disorders
2493:Emil Kraepelin
2491:) was made by
2455:
2454:Classification
2452:
2401:nervous system
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2359:
2356:
2340:Main article:
2337:
2334:
2326:milieu therapy
2295:hallucinations
2278:
2275:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2188:
2185:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2039:
2038:
2024:
2014:
2004:
1998:
1983:
1979:
1949:
1946:
1913:Chennai, India
1899:
1896:
1861:
1847:activity, the
1777:antipsychotics
1756:
1755:
1717:
1715:
1708:
1696:
1693:
1661:
1660:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1564:
1561:
1531:
1530:Hallucinations
1528:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1387:
1384:
1372:Main article:
1369:
1366:
1342:
1339:
1303:
1300:
1216:Main article:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1191:
1188:
1172:(lupus, SLE),
1163:
1133:hypomagnesemia
1109:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1074:hypothyroidism
1070:
1048:
1041:
1023:
1009:
1003:
981:
978:
969:
966:
956:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
908:
905:
904:
903:
897:
892:
887:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
835:mixed episodes
819:mood disorders
816:
794:
791:
775:
772:
771:
770:
767:
761:
755:
754:hallucinations
739:
736:
711:
708:
700:attention span
694:
691:
648:
645:
635:presents with
611:
608:
593:Historically,
520:
517:
505:encephalopathy
497:proprioceptive
472:hearing voices
458:
457:Hallucinations
455:
453:
450:
438:social support
347:mental illness
332:sleep problems
324:hallucinations
299:
298:
295:
291:
290:
287:
281:
280:
278:social support
270:Antipsychotics
267:
263:
262:
227:Mental illness
224:
220:
219:
210:
204:
203:
193:
187:
186:
177:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
150:
147:
146:
139:
137:
56:
54:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12521:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12501:
12499:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12461:
12458:
12451:
12447:
12433:
12430:
12429:
12427:
12423:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12398:
12396:
12394:Schizophrenia
12392:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12372:
12370:
12365:
12361:
12355:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12346:
12344:
12340:
12336:
12332:
12328:
12324:
12323:Schizophrenia
12319:
12315:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12274:Drug overdose
12272:
12271:
12268:
12263:
12259:
12254:
12250:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12227:
12225:
12223:
12222:Sexual desire
12219:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12204:
12202:
12200:
12196:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12174:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12159:
12157:
12155:
12150:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12125:
12123:
12121:
12117:
12113:
12106:
12102:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12042:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12032:
12030:
12028:
12024:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11999:
11997:
11995:
11991:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11970:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11945:
11943:
11939:
11931:
11928:
11927:
11926:
11923:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11910:
11909:
11908:Social phobia
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11890:
11888:
11886:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11873:
11866:
11863:
11862:
11860:
11858:
11854:
11850:
11846:
11843:-related and
11842:
11838:
11833:
11829:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11801:
11799:
11795:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11735:
11733:
11731:
11727:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11697:
11695:
11693:
11689:
11685:
11678:
11674:
11664:
11661:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11633:
11632:
11629:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11606:
11605:
11602:
11601:
11598:
11593:
11588:
11584:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11549:
11541:
11538:
11537:
11536:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11528:
11524:
11516:
11513:
11512:
11511:
11508:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11495:
11494:
11491:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11473:
11471:
11467:
11464:
11463:
11462:
11459:
11455:
11452:
11451:
11450:
11447:
11443:
11440:
11439:
11438:
11435:
11433:
11430:
11429:
11427:
11425:
11421:
11417:
11413:
11408:
11404:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11348:
11345:
11344:
11343:
11340:
11339:
11337:
11333:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11296:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11286:
11284:
11280:
11276:
11269:
11265:
11260:
11256:
11249:
11244:
11242:
11237:
11235:
11230:
11229:
11226:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11203:Karl Leonhard
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11185:
11183:
11181:
11177:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11161:Psychotherapy
11159:
11157:
11156:Light therapy
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11128:
11126:
11122:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11095:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11080:
11078:
11076:
11071:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11026:
11022:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11005:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10998:Oxcarbazepine
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10988:Carbamazepine
10986:
10985:
10983:
10981:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10968:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10924:
10920:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10883:
10882:
10881:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10869:Hallucination
10867:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10849:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10834:
10832:
10830:
10826:
10816:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10808:Comorbidities
10806:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10766:
10764:
10762:
10758:
10752:
10751:Rapid cycling
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10708:
10706:
10704:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10691:
10687:
10686:Mood disorder
10680:
10675:
10673:
10668:
10666:
10661:
10660:
10657:
10645:
10637:
10635:
10631:
10627:
10626:
10623:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10611:Psychiatrists
10609:
10607:
10604:
10600:
10597:
10596:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10581:
10579:
10575:
10569:
10568:Psychosurgery
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10468:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10453:
10451:
10447:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10347:
10345:
10343:Organizations
10341:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10324:Psychotherapy
10322:
10320:
10319:Pain medicine
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10226:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10209:
10204:
10202:
10197:
10195:
10190:
10189:
10186:
10173:
10169:
10168:
10164:
10163:
10160:
10156:
10149:
10145:
10144:
10140:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10119:
10115:
10111:
10110:
10106:
10102:
10100:
10096:
10092:
10088:
10087:
10083:
10079:
10078:
10075:
10070:
10066:
10060:
10057:
10056:
10045:
10039:
10035:
10034:
10029:
10025:
10021:
10015:
10011:
10010:
10004:
10000:
9998:9780521817806
9994:
9989:
9988:
9981:
9977:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9955:
9949:
9945:
9944:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9925:
9921:
9920:
9915:
9911:
9910:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9896:
9890:
9886:
9881:
9877:
9871:
9867:
9862:
9858:
9852:
9848:
9843:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9810:
9809:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9769:, imprint of
9768:
9764:
9760:
9755:
9751:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9733:
9729:
9725:
9720:
9716:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9652:, imprint of
9651:
9647:
9643:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9626:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9605:, imprint of
9604:
9600:
9596:
9591:
9590:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9528:
9520:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9503:NIHR Evidence
9500:
9494:
9486:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9445:
9443:
9441:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9397:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9370:
9368:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9332:
9330:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9309:
9306:(5): 461–81.
9305:
9301:
9293:
9285:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9244:
9236:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9216:
9201:
9197:
9195:9781466846876
9191:
9187:
9183:
9176:
9168:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9135:
9127:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9086:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9037:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8994:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8951:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8929:
8925:
8918:
8916:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8866:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8823:
8815:
8809:
8805:
8798:
8790:
8784:
8780:
8773:
8765:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8740:
8732:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8707:
8701:
8696:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8661:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8626:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8583:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8548:
8533:
8529:
8523:
8508:
8504:
8503:, at Perseus"
8502:
8494:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8451:
8443:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8402:
8400:
8390:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8366:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8358:
8356:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8324:(33): 53–59.
8323:
8319:
8312:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8240:
8232:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8191:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8156:
8148:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8107:
8099:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8058:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8015:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7988:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7961:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7903:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7870:
7862:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7821:
7805:
7801:
7794:
7779:
7775:
7769:
7754:
7750:
7744:
7736:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7695:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7617:
7609:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7559:
7552:
7546:
7539:
7535:
7528:
7520:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7479:
7477:
7468:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7435:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7400:
7393:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7340:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7309:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7278:
7276:
7269:
7263:
7257:
7250:
7244:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7224:
7215:
7213:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7154:
7139:
7135:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7116:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7054:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7021:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6887:
6879:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6846:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6803:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6760:
6752:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6711:
6703:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6662:
6654:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6613:
6605:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6562:
6554:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6513:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6478:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6433:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6375:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6333:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6276:
6269:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6242:
6235:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6186:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6095:
6088:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6050:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6015:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5966:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5939:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5853:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5810:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5752:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5652:
5644:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5601:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5552:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5509:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5319:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5227:(8): e63972.
5226:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5013:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4968:
4959:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4865:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4695:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4643:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4586:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4145:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4058:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3879:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3333:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3207:CNS Spectrums
3204:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2785:
2782:
2779:Psychiatrist
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2671:frontal lobes
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2631:psychosurgery
2628:
2627:schizophrenia
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:Benjamin Rush
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:New Testament
2519:
2517:
2516:Schizophrenia
2513:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:psychiatrists
2494:
2490:
2489:schizophrenia
2486:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2427:Ancient Greek
2424:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:Open Dialogue
2311:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:Psychotherapy
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:antipsychotic
2214:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:hallucination
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:Because some
2075:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2011:serum calcium
2008:
2005:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1904:United States
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:psychosis in
1867:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1752:
1749:
1741:
1738:November 2019
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:This section
1716:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1657:
1654:
1646:
1643:November 2019
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:This section
1621:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:basal ganglia
1510:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:lingual gyrus
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:(STG), right
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1328:, as well as
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:phencyclidine
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:hypercalcemia
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:hypernatremia
1118:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:
991:
990:
989:
987:
977:
974:
965:
963:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
921:
917:
914:
913:
912:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
882:
878:
875:
874:
873:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:
815:
814:schizophrenia
812:
811:
810:
807:
805:
801:
800:schizophrenia
790:
788:
784:
782:
768:
766:
762:
759:
756:
753:
749:
745:
744:
743:
738:Normal states
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:schizophrenia
717:
707:
705:
704:verbal memory
701:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
658:
654:
644:
640:
638:
633:
629:
626:
621:
617:
607:
604:
600:
596:
591:
588:
587:Open Dialogue
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
539:
536:
534:
530:
526:
516:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
492:
488:
485:
479:
477:
473:
468:
464:
463:hallucination
449:
447:
446:Ebers Papyrus
443:
439:
435:
434:psychotherapy
431:
426:
424:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:hallucinogens
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:schizophrenia
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
296:
292:
288:
286:
282:
279:
275:
271:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:schizophrenia
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
211:
209:
208:Complications
205:
201:
197:
196:False beliefs
194:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
138:
134:
131:February 2021
123:
120:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92: –
91:
87:
86:Find sources:
81:
77:
71:
70:
66:
62:
57:This article
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
12363:
12354:Folie à deux
12279:Intoxication
12260:substances,
12258:Psychoactive
12177:Night terror
11994:Dissociative
11958:Panic attack
11510:Tic disorder
11213:Mogens Schou
11049:Escitalopram
10897:
10878:
10543:Psychiatrist
10508:Neuroimaging
10165:
10141:
10122:
10103:
10080:
10032:
10008:
9986:
9965:
9942:
9918:
9884:
9865:
9846:
9834:. Retrieved
9817:
9758:
9723:
9688:
9641:
9594:
9587:Bibliography
9544:(11): 1–90.
9541:
9537:
9527:
9502:
9493:
9458:
9454:
9406:
9402:
9396:
9379:
9375:
9344:(1): 13–34.
9341:
9337:
9303:
9299:
9292:
9257:
9253:
9243:
9224:
9215:
9204:. Retrieved
9185:
9175:
9148:
9144:
9134:
9099:
9095:
9085:
9050:
9046:
9036:
9003:
8999:
8993:
8960:
8956:
8950:
8923:
8879:
8875:
8865:
8835:(1): 79–92.
8832:
8828:
8822:
8803:
8797:
8778:
8772:
8745:
8739:
8712:
8706:
8695:
8670:
8666:
8660:
8638:(2): 93–99.
8635:
8631:
8625:
8592:
8588:
8582:
8557:
8553:
8547:
8536:. Retrieved
8522:
8511:. Retrieved
8500:
8493:
8460:
8456:
8450:
8415:
8411:
8379:
8375:
8321:
8317:
8311:
8300:. Retrieved
8267:
8263:
8253:
8245:
8239:
8204:
8200:
8190:
8165:
8161:
8155:
8120:
8116:
8106:
8071:
8067:
8057:
8024:
8020:
8014:
7997:
7993:
7987:
7970:
7966:
7960:
7952:the original
7929:
7925:
7883:
7879:
7869:
7834:
7830:
7820:
7810:21 September
7808:. Retrieved
7793:
7782:. Retrieved
7768:
7757:. Retrieved
7743:
7708:
7704:
7694:
7661:
7657:
7635:. Retrieved
7626:
7616:
7581:
7571:
7563:
7558:
7550:
7545:
7537:
7533:
7527:
7492:
7488:
7448:
7444:
7434:
7409:
7406:Psychol. Rep
7405:
7399:
7373:. Retrieved
7356:
7352:
7339:
7327:. Retrieved
7318:
7308:
7296:. Retrieved
7287:
7262:
7249:
7223:
7200:. Retrieved
7167:
7163:
7153:
7142:. Retrieved
7114:
7107:
7080:
7076:
7034:
7030:
7020:
7009:. Retrieved
6981:
6977:
6964:
6931:
6927:
6921:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6859:
6855:
6845:
6812:
6808:
6802:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6724:
6720:
6710:
6675:
6671:
6661:
6626:
6622:
6612:
6575:
6571:
6561:
6526:
6522:
6512:
6487:
6483:
6477:
6447:(1): 59–68.
6444:
6440:
6388:
6384:
6374:
6363:. Retrieved
6346:
6342:
6332:
6297:
6293:
6283:
6274:
6268:
6259:
6253:
6241:
6229:
6199:(1): 22–31.
6196:
6192:
6185:
6152:
6148:
6138:
6105:
6101:
6094:
6085:
6063:
6059:
6049:
6024:
6020:
6014:
5979:
5975:
5965:
5951:(1): 43–67.
5948:
5944:
5938:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5822:(S1): s840.
5819:
5815:
5809:
5798:. Retrieved
5765:
5761:
5751:
5718:
5714:
5708:
5665:
5661:
5651:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5565:
5561:
5551:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5475:
5471:
5449:. Retrieved
5416:
5412:
5402:
5367:
5363:
5353:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5175:
5171:
5164:Gendelman HE
5157:
5120:
5116:
5106:
5069:
5065:
5055:
5022:
5018:
5012:
4982:(1): 15–28.
4979:
4975:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4880:
4876:
4849:(1): 12–22.
4846:
4842:
4836:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4756:
4752:
4710:
4706:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4573:
4567:
4551:
4542:
4531:. Retrieved
4498:
4494:
4484:
4464:
4458:
4425:
4421:
4372:
4368:
4342:. Retrieved
4309:
4305:
4295:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4133:
4073:
4069:
4021:
4017:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3914:11343/293781
3896:
3892:
3886:
3867:
3863:
3854:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3707:. Retrieved
3694:
3687:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3619:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3545:
3522:. Retrieved
3502:
3495:
3475:
3468:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3359:. Retrieved
3339:
3332:
3321:. Retrieved
3301:
3294:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3162:(2): 77–88.
3159:
3155:
3131:. Retrieved
3114:
3110:
3082:. Retrieved
3078:
3069:
3049:
3007:(1): 49–66.
3004:
3000:
2990:
2955:
2951:
2914:. Retrieved
2905:
2875:. Retrieved
2866:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2815:
2811:
2809:activities.
2807:
2803:
2796:
2778:
2768:
2762:
2752:
2739:
2703:side effects
2688:
2643:
2612:
2601:
2597:bloodletting
2570:
2565:
2553:
2538:cured this "
2525:
2505:
2482:
2459:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2422:
2420:Modern Latin
2417:
2396:
2395:in his work
2388:
2386:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2345:
2307:
2280:
2260:
2220:
2211:
2190:
2171:
2167:
2155:
2128:
2121:
2109:medications,
2106:
2084:
2076:
2065:
2040:
1991:to role out
1958:
1951:
1921:
1917:
1909:Accra, Ghana
1901:
1877:
1874:
1842:
1815:intoxication
1796:dissociative
1793:
1781:amphetamines
1759:
1744:
1735:
1719:
1695:Neurobiology
1664:
1649:
1640:
1624:
1593:
1578:
1566:
1549:Broca's area
1533:
1511:
1505:, and right
1487:
1456:
1441:
1438:Neuroimaging
1389:
1377:
1354:
1311:
1279:salvinorin A
1248:amphetamines
1221:
1149:hypoglycemia
1125:hyponatremia
1117:hypocalcemia
1031:brain tumors
999:
993:
985:
983:
971:
962:brain injury
958:
920:giving birth
910:
871:
808:
796:
785:
777:
741:
713:
696:
660:
641:
630:
619:
613:
602:
598:
595:Karl Jaspers
592:
583:
544:
540:
537:
528:
522:
513:
493:
489:
480:
460:
427:
344:
303:
302:
166:
128:
118:
111:
104:
97:
85:
65:verification
58:
12327:schizotypal
12162:Hypersomnia
12152:Nonorganic
11893:Agoraphobia
11624:Cyclothymia
11619:Bipolar NOS
11594:(affective)
11466:Stereotypic
11374:Kleptomania
11032:and similar
10993:Lamotrigine
10886:Hypersomnia
10726:Bipolar NOS
10721:Cyclothymia
10167:MedlinePlus
9962:Schreber DP
9836:28 February
8168:: 105–121.
7495:(1): 9–18.
4428:: 393–406.
4312:: 191–218.
2948:"Psychosis"
2902:"Psychosis"
2827:adolescents
2781:David Healy
2774:foreclosure
2737:disorders.
2733:, and some
2676:Nobel Prize
2589:yellow bile
2512:cyclothymia
2303:self-esteem
2243:risperidone
2235:amisulpride
2147:grandiosity
2048:to exclude
2029:to exclude
1970:to exclude
1858:ondansetron
1557:hippocampus
1543:, and left
1481:, and left
1475:hippocampus
1397:amphetamine
1362:cannabidiol
1298:adulthood.
1174:sarcoidosis
1147:, but also
1129:hypokalemia
1113:electrolyte
787:Neuroticism
758:Bereavement
752:hypnopompic
442:Hippocrates
391:medications
274:counselling
247:medications
162:Other names
90:"Psychosis"
59:needs more
39:Psychopathy
12498:Categories
12479:Stereotypy
12342:Delusional
12331:delusional
12304:Withdrawal
12172:Parasomnia
12077:Nosophobia
11857:Adjustment
11845:somatoform
11778:Sundowning
11631:Depression
11614:Bipolar II
11503:Stuttering
11498:Cluttering
11294:Paraphilia
11064:Sertraline
11054:Fluoxetine
10874:Mood swing
10761:Depression
10716:Bipolar II
10215:Psychiatry
9938:Jamison KR
9818:Psychiatry
9206:2022-04-29
8538:2006-08-19
8513:2011-06-11
8302:2020-05-28
7784:2014-04-15
7759:2014-04-15
7637:2018-10-15
7627:www.nhs.uk
7375:2014-09-29
7202:2021-08-26
7144:2021-08-26
7011:2019-07-03
6365:2021-10-16
5800:2020-01-05
5451:2021-01-20
5068:(Review).
4759:(1): 272.
4533:2019-07-03
4375:: 92–105.
4344:2022-05-05
3695:StatPearls
3524:2020-06-25
3361:2020-06-25
3323:2020-06-25
3133:2021-12-06
3084:2024-04-10
2916:24 January
2877:23 January
2838:References
2793:Disability
2684:outpatient
2659:Egas Moniz
2585:black bile
2573:humoralism
2271:quetiapine
2239:olanzapine
2217:Medication
2187:Prevention
2037:infection.
2019:including
2001:deficiency
1888:anesthesia
1872:patients.
1454:picture).
1426:vigabatrin
1399:and other
1386:Medication
1360:(THC) and
1314:alcoholism
1264:psilocybin
1252:cathinones
1228:withdrawal
1197:(in which
1195:narcolepsy
1166:autoimmune
1107:deficiency
879:including
847:bipolar II
821:including
748:hypnagogic
651:See also:
625:word salad
525:delusional
507:, such as
407:stimulants
349:, such as
180:Psychiatry
167:colloquial
101:newspapers
12504:Psychosis
12432:Catatonia
12364:Psychosis
12199:Postnatal
12182:Nightmare
11788:Wandering
11641:Dysthymia
11609:Bipolar I
11564:Pervasive
11379:Pyromania
11304:Voyeurism
11299:Fetishism
11198:John Cade
11039:Bupropion
11003:Valproate
10971:Treatment
10923:Diagnosis
10898:Psychosis
10857:Dysphoria
10852:Anhedonia
10774:Dysthymia
10736:Hypomania
10731:Childhood
10711:Bipolar I
10304:Narcology
9797:213499429
9680:239126550
9633:243510002
9576:238644547
9560:2050-4365
9519:249945572
9358:151061439
9320:221380722
8882:(2): E8.
8292:159040608
8270:: 15–30.
7686:208792724
7426:143531021
7329:March 16,
6928:Neurology
6169:2769-755X
6130:206252132
5887:243053658
5879:1357-3039
5844:232174454
5836:0924-9338
5790:209169489
5700:235807339
5617:(2): 97.
5568:(7): 48.
5500:203567900
5345:1522-8401
5123:(1): 40.
5047:221130135
5039:2523-8973
5004:207965670
3986:263669772
3970:2769-755X
3860:Jaspers K
3846:216136239
3838:1072-0537
3736:: 23–41.
3709:19 August
3649:Neurology
3582:: 18–28.
2952:Continuum
2743:delusions
2663:leucotomy
2619:cardiazol
2522:Treatment
2478:Schneider
2470:(unitary)
2423:psychosis
2389:psychosis
2387:The word
2383:Etymology
2291:delusions
2254:(lowered
2247:clozapine
2208:Treatment
2177:psychotic
2139:suspicion
2135:hostility
2068:ruled out
1997:vitamin B
1982:vitamin B
1948:Diagnosis
1892:catatonia
1563:Delusions
1492:and left
1409:agonists,
1285:(such as
1275:enadoline
1273:(such as
1258:(such as
1199:REM sleep
1103:vitamin B
843:bipolar I
804:DSM-IV-TR
687:anhedonia
671:avolition
632:Catatonia
603:secondary
533:normative
519:Delusions
467:illusions
320:delusions
304:Psychosis
294:Frequency
285:Prognosis
266:Treatment
213:Self-harm
175:Specialty
157:Psychosis
12167:Insomnia
11837:Neurotic
11804:Delirium
11730:Dementia
11569:Specific
10891:Insomnia
10837:Delusion
10829:Symptoms
10694:Spectrum
10030:(2007).
9964:(2000).
9940:(1995).
9916:(1981).
9830:Archived
9771:Elsevier
9654:Elsevier
9607:Elsevier
9568:34398537
9485:29800949
9431:34151007
9423:21699009
9284:28637195
9223:(2002).
9200:Archived
9167:21954480
9126:20513851
9077:29883863
9069:12052571
9028:10303872
9020:15914249
8985:22225524
8977:11619209
8942:36729044
8906:25332947
8898:21284454
8857:29727830
8849:11446267
8617:21417530
8609:11639278
8532:Archived
8507:Archived
8485:36424931
8477:11639691
8442:18174608
8346:32411917
8296:Archived
8284:31126806
8231:35320347
8182:25193001
8147:19160174
8098:17626963
8049:27270415
8041:11198061
8006:20704164
7979:17619525
7948:23870705
7902:22893011
7861:20954430
7804:Archived
7778:Archived
7753:Archived
7735:23335473
7711:: f185.
7678:19700006
7631:Archived
7608:21678345
7519:25987859
7369:Archived
7365:14968803
7323:Archived
7298:16 March
7292:Archived
7196:Archived
7192:39279836
7138:Archived
7099:26349837
7053:15339823
7002:Archived
6998:27720402
6956:45540572
6913:11001615
6878:12356650
6837:25771139
6829:16759710
6794:31685339
6786:12811640
6751:20558235
6702:20861831
6653:19475401
6604:23750138
6553:22304714
6504:22239577
6461:16005191
6423:29170534
6415:28535383
6359:Archived
6324:14691522
6316:14687557
6213:27698323
6177:37796541
6122:21835091
6082:22910680
6041:22790253
6006:22080494
5922:29258368
5859:Medicine
5794:Archived
5782:31822818
5743:22791168
5735:28243833
5692:34255100
5643:32059350
5592:31161275
5543:53563635
5535:30442059
5492:31563981
5445:Archived
5441:17239167
5433:24307180
5394:31630984
5310:32273803
5261:23976938
5221:PLOS ONE
5202:21728034
5149:29433523
5098:29662290
4996:31708044
4958:27335053
4907:28601141
4855:10085187
4828:54560300
4820:30520740
4785:28754094
4729:29869551
4685:25540726
4634:27209638
4556:Archived
4527:Archived
4523:23548727
4515:27523506
4450:21614845
4442:28216171
4399:27632064
4338:Archived
4326:27993603
4279:29537983
4244:30042701
4193:27358492
4100:29766653
4048:32633858
3978:37796541
3931:38777906
3923:29076240
3803:42421925
3795:21421637
3760:33676820
3704:30969677
3679:31289146
3596:26066781
3518:Archived
3460:27256686
3452:28541090
3411:30344997
3355:Archived
3317:Archived
3286:27256556
3237:49599226
3229:29954475
3188:28713685
3127:Archived
3123:26131945
3031:29352556
2982:26039850
2910:Archived
2871:Archived
2821:Research
2756:—
2731:dementia
2461:neurosis
2409:insanity
2091:delirium
2072:excluded
2052:, and an
2050:epilepsy
2031:syphilis
2027:serology
1960:Delirium
1929:Cambodia
1866:levodopa
1860:, a 5-HT
1803:ketamine
1801:such as
1765:dopamine
1681:striatum
1589:dopamine
1521:, right
1519:thalamus
1517:, right
1477:, right
1473:, right
1465:, right
1413:ketamine
1407:dopamine
1341:Cannabis
1330:thiamine
1295:Caffeine
1291:ketamine
1271:agonists
1240:cannabis
1222:Various
1068:syphilis
1060:HIV/AIDS
1052:delirium
1039:epilepsy
995:delirium
907:Subtypes
718:such as
620:inferred
418:dopamine
399:cannabis
259:cannabis
255:caffeine
191:Symptoms
11876:Anxiety
11715:PDD-NOS
11604:Bipolar
11257: (
11180:History
11093:Lithium
10644:Outline
10028:Saks ER
9914:Dick PK
9476:6137532
9275:5814840
9221:Healy D
9117:2878818
8687:7803317
8652:9168565
8574:3322481
8433:2632489
8338:9764127
8222:8943641
8138:7065592
8089:1914490
7939:3385413
7852:3085113
7726:3548617
7599:4163966
7510:4421906
7467:3616518
7387:and 69
7184:9845177
6948:7617188
6742:3676875
6693:3055519
6644:2755113
6595:3667557
6544:3424071
6469:2654713
6393:Bibcode
6221:5806628
5997:3494061
5930:3494618
5683:9110455
5634:7071602
5583:6546656
5385:7006178
5301:7132598
5252:3747247
5229:Bibcode
5193:3280383
5140:5809809
5089:5897856
4949:4918116
4932:: 332.
4898:5771230
4776:5534064
4676:4274583
4625:5216848
4562:, 1992.
4390:5157832
4334:3971965
4287:4414751
4235:6048360
4218:: 303.
4184:4988750
4091:6489844
4039:7388907
3751:8413395
3670:6709995
3402:6180374
3277:5166560
3179:5491479
3022:5775150
2973:4455840
2680:sterile
2654:aphasia
2540:demonic
2466:madness
2378:History
2322:soteria
2227:typical
2193:prevent
2060:CT scan
1898:Culture
1890:), and
1785:cocaine
1724:Please
1629:Please
1539:, left
1496:. The
1302:Alcohol
1244:cocaine
1236:alcohol
1161:kidneys
1153:hypoxia
1064:malaria
829:in the
763:Severe
673:), and
599:primary
395:alcohol
251:alcohol
217:suicide
115:scholar
80:removed
12120:Eating
11968:Stress
11885:Phobia
11841:stress
11700:Autism
11493:Speech
11282:Sexual
11073:Other
10634:Portal
10172:001553
10148:603342
10095:6A25.1
10091:6A25.0
10040:
10016:
9995:
9972:
9950:
9926:
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9853:
9795:
9785:
9746:
9728:Oxford
9711:
9693:Oxford
9678:
9668:
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7658:Lancet
7606:
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7465:
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6592:
6578:: 47.
6551:
6541:
6502:
6467:
6459:
6421:
6413:
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6314:
6294:Neuron
6219:
6211:
6175:
6167:
6128:
6120:
6080:
6039:
6004:
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5928:
5920:
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5877:
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3057:
3029:
3019:
2980:
2970:
2593:humour
2587:, and
2581:phlegm
2536:Christ
2532:Mark 5
2432:psyche
2429:ψυχή (
2163:ICD-10
2145:, and
1933:Muslim
1829:, and
1547:(i.e.
1349:, and
1281:) and
1184:, and
1143:, and
1027:stroke
1019:, and
802:. The
724:trauma
710:Causes
679:alogia
577:) and
436:, and
405:, and
383:trauma
312:psyche
239:trauma
223:Causes
117:
110:
103:
96:
88:
12425:Other
12154:sleep
11941:Other
11797:Other
11663:Mania
11335:Other
11030:SSRIs
10741:Mania
10577:Lists
9919:VALIS
9793:S2CID
9676:S2CID
9629:S2CID
9572:S2CID
9515:S2CID
9427:S2CID
9354:S2CID
9338:Ethos
9316:S2CID
9073:S2CID
9024:S2CID
8981:S2CID
8902:S2CID
8853:S2CID
8613:S2CID
8481:S2CID
8342:S2CID
8288:S2CID
8045:S2CID
7682:S2CID
7422:S2CID
7188:S2CID
7005:(PDF)
6974:(PDF)
6952:S2CID
6833:S2CID
6790:S2CID
6465:S2CID
6419:S2CID
6320:S2CID
6217:S2CID
6126:S2CID
5926:S2CID
5883:S2CID
5840:S2CID
5786:S2CID
5739:S2CID
5696:S2CID
5539:S2CID
5496:S2CID
5437:S2CID
5043:S2CID
5000:S2CID
4824:S2CID
4519:S2CID
4446:S2CID
4330:S2CID
4283:S2CID
3982:S2CID
3927:S2CID
3866:[
3842:S2CID
3799:S2CID
3456:S2CID
3233:S2CID
2770:Lacan
2764:Freud
2665:(AKA
2577:blood
2413:mania
2158:DSM-5
2151:PANSS
1972:hypo-
1925:India
1838:GAD67
1457:Both
1452:X-ray
1157:liver
831:manic
122:JSTOR
108:books
12329:and
11978:PTSD
11592:Mood
11432:ADHD
10143:OMIM
10128:9-CM
10099:6A2Z
10038:ISBN
10014:ISBN
9993:ISBN
9970:ISBN
9948:ISBN
9924:ISBN
9889:ISBN
9870:ISBN
9851:ISBN
9838:2021
9783:ISBN
9744:ISBN
9709:ISBN
9666:ISBN
9619:ISBN
9564:PMID
9556:ISSN
9481:PMID
9419:PMID
9280:PMID
9229:ISBN
9190:ISBN
9163:PMID
9145:JAMA
9122:PMID
9065:PMID
9016:PMID
8973:PMID
8938:OCLC
8928:ISBN
8894:PMID
8845:PMID
8808:ISBN
8783:ISBN
8758:ISBN
8725:ISBN
8683:PMID
8648:PMID
8605:PMID
8570:PMID
8473:PMID
8438:PMID
8334:PMID
8280:PMID
8227:PMID
8178:PMID
8143:PMID
8121:2009
8094:PMID
8037:PMID
8002:PMID
7975:PMID
7944:PMID
7930:2012
7898:PMID
7857:PMID
7812:2022
7731:PMID
7674:PMID
7604:PMID
7515:PMID
7463:PMID
7392:6818
7385:6814
7380:(69
7361:PMID
7331:2017
7300:2017
7180:PMID
7128:ISBN
7095:PMID
7049:PMID
6994:PMID
6944:PMID
6909:PMID
6874:PMID
6825:PMID
6782:PMID
6747:PMID
6698:PMID
6649:PMID
6600:PMID
6549:PMID
6500:PMID
6457:PMID
6411:PMID
6312:PMID
6209:PMID
6173:PMID
6165:ISSN
6118:PMID
6078:PMID
6037:PMID
6002:PMID
5918:PMID
5875:ISSN
5832:ISSN
5778:PMID
5731:PMID
5688:PMID
5639:PMID
5588:PMID
5531:PMID
5488:PMID
5429:PMID
5390:PMID
5341:ISSN
5306:PMID
5257:PMID
5198:PMID
5145:PMID
5094:PMID
5035:ISSN
4992:PMID
4954:PMID
4903:PMID
4851:PMID
4816:PMID
4781:PMID
4725:PMID
4681:PMID
4630:PMID
4579:ISBN
4511:PMID
4470:ISBN
4438:PMID
4395:PMID
4322:PMID
4275:PMID
4240:PMID
4189:PMID
4138:ISBN
4096:PMID
4044:PMID
3974:PMID
3966:ISSN
3919:PMID
3872:ISBN
3834:ISSN
3791:PMID
3756:PMID
3711:2024
3700:PMID
3675:PMID
3624:ISBN
3592:PMID
3555:ISBN
3508:ISBN
3481:ISBN
3448:PMID
3407:PMID
3345:ISBN
3307:ISBN
3282:PMID
3225:PMID
3184:PMID
3119:PMID
3055:ISBN
3027:PMID
2978:PMID
2918:2018
2879:2018
2867:NIMH
2474:Koch
2439:osis
2411:and
2297:and
2245:and
2156:The
2009:and
1942:Arab
1938:jinn
1931:and
1827:P300
1809:and
1783:and
1579:The
1289:and
1277:and
1262:and
1088:and
883:and
845:and
833:and
825:and
750:and
655:and
601:and
575:dead
421:for
322:and
316:real
308:mind
257:and
94:news
63:for
12366:and
11953:OCD
11481:RAD
11476:DAD
11442:ODD
10137:299
10133:290
10124:ICD
10118:F29
10114:F20
10105:ICD
10082:ICD
9828:).
9775:doi
9736:doi
9701:doi
9658:doi
9611:doi
9546:doi
9507:doi
9471:PMC
9463:doi
9411:doi
9384:doi
9346:doi
9308:doi
9270:PMC
9262:doi
9153:doi
9149:306
9112:PMC
9104:doi
9100:196
9055:doi
9008:doi
8965:doi
8884:doi
8837:doi
8750:doi
8717:doi
8675:doi
8640:doi
8597:doi
8562:doi
8465:doi
8428:PMC
8420:doi
8384:doi
8326:doi
8322:172
8272:doi
8268:225
8217:PMC
8209:doi
8170:doi
8133:PMC
8125:doi
8084:PMC
8076:doi
8072:335
8068:BMJ
8029:doi
7934:PMC
7888:doi
7884:157
7847:PMC
7839:doi
7721:PMC
7713:doi
7709:346
7705:BMJ
7666:doi
7662:374
7594:PMC
7586:doi
7505:PMC
7497:doi
7453:doi
7414:doi
7172:doi
7120:doi
7085:doi
7039:doi
7035:185
6986:doi
6936:doi
6901:doi
6864:doi
6860:181
6817:doi
6774:doi
6770:110
6737:PMC
6729:doi
6688:PMC
6680:doi
6639:PMC
6631:doi
6627:206
6590:PMC
6580:doi
6539:PMC
6531:doi
6492:doi
6449:doi
6401:doi
6351:doi
6302:doi
6201:doi
6157:doi
6153:132
6110:doi
6068:doi
6029:doi
5992:PMC
5984:doi
5953:doi
5910:doi
5867:doi
5824:doi
5770:doi
5723:doi
5678:PMC
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