Psychosis - Knowledge

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severity include the Revised Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-R), a 24-item self-report instrument with six scales: psychosis, depression/functioning, interpersonal problems, alcohol/drug use, self-harm, and emotional lability. The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), a 90-item self assessment tool that measures psychoticism and paranoid ideation in addition to seven other symptom scales. Finally, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), a 53-item self-administered scale developed from the SCL-90-R. The BSI has good psychometric properties and is an acceptable brief alternative to the SCL-90-R. These seem to be the most accurate tools at the moment, but a research in 2007 that focused on quantifying self-reports of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in persons with psychosis, suggest that The Hamilton Program for Schizophrenia Voices Questionnaire (HPSVQ) is also potentially a reliable and useful measure for specifically quantifying AVHs in relation to psychosis.

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physical or sexual abuse, physical or emotional neglect) than those in the general population. Increased individual vulnerability toward psychosis may interact with traumatic experiences promoting an onset of future psychotic symptoms, particularly during sensitive developmental periods. Importantly, the relationship between traumatic life events and psychotic symptoms appears to be dose-dependent in which multiple traumatic life events accumulate, compounding symptom expression and severity. However, acute, stressful events can also trigger brief psychotic episodes. Trauma prevention and early intervention may be an important target for decreasing the incidence of psychotic disorders and ameliorating its effects. A healthy person could become psychotic if he is placed in an empty room with no light and sound after 15 minutes, a phenomenon known as

1559:, and ACC are related to the lucidity of hallucinations, and indicate that activation or involvement of emotional circuitry are key to the impact of abnormal activity in sensory cortices. Together, these findings indicate abnormal processing of internally generated sensory experiences, coupled with abnormal emotional processing, results in hallucinations. One proposed model involves a failure of feedforward networks from sensory cortices to the inferior frontal cortex, which normally cancel out sensory cortex activity during internally generated speech. The resulting disruption in expected and perceived speech is thought to produce lucid hallucinatory experiences. 6236:, 3.3. Changes in regional brain response to cognitive tasks. "In the anterior part of the right insula and in the dorsal ACC there was hypoactivation relative to controls, whereas in the right basal ganglia/thalamus extending to the posterior part of the insula and in the medial frontal cortex, there was a relative reduction in deactivation... Patients also showed reductions in deactivation in the right inferior frontal and left precentral gyri, as well as hypoactivation in left precuneus. ... The analyses of robustness showed that all these results were highly replicable, with the possible exception of the abnormalities in right inferior frontal gyrus..." 1836:. Hierarchical Bayesian neurocomputational models of sensory feedback, in agreement with neuroimaging literature, link NMDA receptor hypofunction to delusional or hallucinatory symptoms via proposing a failure of NMDA mediated top down predictions to adequately cancel out enhanced bottom up AMPA mediated predictions errors. Excessive prediction errors in response to stimuli that would normally not produce such a response is thought to root from conferring excessive salience to otherwise mundane events. Dysfunction higher up in the hierarchy, where representation is more abstract, could result in delusions. The common finding of reduced 1944:-Muslim societies perceive those who act differently than the social norm as "crazy" or as abnormal behaviour. This differs from the lived experience of individuals in India and how they attain their perspectives on mental health issues through a variety of spiritual and healing traditions. In Cambodia, hallucinations are linked with spirit visitation, a term they call "cultural kindling". These examples of differences are attributed to culture and the way it shapes conceptions of mental disorders. These cultural differences can be useful in bridging the gap of cultural understanding and psychiatric signs and symptoms. 2606:, also prescribed bloodletting as a first-line treatment for psychosis. Although not a proponent of humoralism, Rush believed that active purging and bloodletting were efficacious corrections for disruptions in the circulatory system, a complication he believed was the primary cause of "insanity". Although Rush's treatment modalities are now considered antiquated and brutish, his contributions to psychiatry, namely the biological underpinnings of psychiatric phenomenon including psychosis, have been invaluable to the field. In honor of such contributions, Benjamin Rush's image is in the official seal of the 2332:). In relation to the success of CBT for psychosis, a randomized controlled trial for a Web-based CBTp (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis) skills program named Coping With Voices (CWV) suggest that the program has promise for increasing access to CBTp. It also associated benefits in the management of distressing psychotic symptoms and improved social functioning. When CBT and the other psychosocial interventions these are used without antipsychotic medications, they may be somewhat effective for some people, especially for CBT, need-adapted treatment, and soteria. 2637: 1382:

event such as severe insomnia or a period of hazardous alcohol use despite not relapsing back to methamphetamine. Individuals who have a long history of methamphetamine use and who have experienced psychosis in the past from methamphetamine use are highly likely to re-experience methamphetamine psychosis if drug use is recommenced. Methamphetamine-induced psychosis is likely gated by genetic vulnerability, which can produce long-term changes in brain neurochemistry following repetitive use.

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have never used cannabis. Some debate exists regarding the causal relationship between cannabis use and psychosis with some studies suggesting that cannabis use hastens the onset of psychosis primarily in those with pre-existing vulnerability. Indeed, cannabis use plays an important role in the development of psychosis in vulnerable individuals, and cannabis use in adolescence should be discouraged. Some studies indicate that the effects of two active compounds in cannabis,

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significantly, especially across cultures and demographics. People who experience auditory hallucinations can frequently identify the loudness, location of origin, and may settle on identities for voices. Western cultures are associated with auditory experiences concerning religious content, frequently related to sin. Hallucinations may command a person to do something potentially dangerous when combined with delusions.

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circles to the exclusion of anything else with a level of mental preoccupation (meaning not focused on anything relevant to the situation) that was not typical of the person prior to the symptom onset. In both types of catatonia, there is generally no reaction to anything that happens outside of them. It is important to distinguish catatonic agitation from severe bipolar mania, although someone could have both.

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demonstrates that individuals with psychosis can be taught to attend to their hallucinations differently, which in turn alters the hallucinations themselves. Such research creates pathways for social or community-based treatment, such as reality monitoring, for individuals with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, providing alternatives to, or supplementing traditional pharmacologic management.

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typical behavior including throwing feces and fighting. After the procedure, both chimps were pacified and less violent. During the Q&A, Moniz asked if such a procedure could be extended to human subjects, a question that Fulton admitted was quite startling. Moniz would go on to extend the controversial practice to humans with various psychotic disorders, an endeavor for which he received a

1711: 1616: 2713:(also known as second generation antipsychotics) came a dopamine antagonist with a comparable response rate but a far different, though still extensive, side-effect profile that included a lower risk of Parkinsonian symptoms but a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Atypical antipsychotics remain the first-line treatment for psychosis associated with various psychiatric and 2149:. It is based on the clinician's interview with the patient and observations of the patient's behavior over the previous 2–3 days. The patient's family can also answer questions on the behavior report. During the initial assessment and the follow-up, both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis can be assessed using the 30 item Positive and Negative Symptom Scale ( 2543:

the cause of their psychotic symptoms to evil spirits. Many of these patients underwent exorcistic healing rituals that, though largely regarded as positive experiences by the patients, had no effect on symptomology. Results did, however, show a significant worsening of psychotic symptoms associated with exclusion of medical treatment for coercive forms of exorcism.

2766:'s former student Wilhelm Reich explored independent insights into the physical effects of neurotic and traumatic upbringing, and published his holistic psychoanalytic treatment with a schizophrenic. With his incorporation of breathwork and insight with the patient, a young woman, she achieved sufficient self-management skills to end the therapy. 1513:

attention in psychosis and overall contribute to more negative reactions. In congruence with studies on grey matter volume, hypoactivity in the right insula, and right inferior parietal lobe is also reported. During cognitive tasks, hypoactivities in the right insula, dACC, and the left precuneus, as well as reduced deactivations in the right

531:, which does not change even when presented with incontrovertible evidence to the contrary. Delusions are context- and culture-dependent: a belief that inhibits critical functioning and is widely considered delusional in one population may be common (and even adaptive) in another, or in the same population at a later time. Since 964:. While proposed as a distinct entity, clinically separate from schizophrenia and affective disorders, cycloid psychosis is not formally acknowledged by current ICD or DSM criteria. Its unclear place in psychiatric nosology has likely contributed to the limited scientific investigation and literature on the topic. 706:. If an adolescent is experiencing psychosis, they most likely have comorbidity, meaning that they could have multiple mental illnesses. Because of this, it may be difficult to determine whether it is psychosis or autism spectrum disorder, social or generalized anxiety disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder. 6248:, 3.4. Multimodal analysis of grey matter volume and brain response. "Specifically, the anterior parts of the insulae and the dorsal part of the MeF/ACC showed hypoactivation, whereas the posterior parts of the insulae and the ventral part of the MeF/ACC showed reductions in deactivation (Fig. 3 and Table 1)." 2542:

madness" by casting out the demons and hurling them into a herd of swine. Exorcism is still utilized in some religious circles as a treatment for psychosis presumed to be demonic possession. A research study of out-patients in psychiatric clinics found that 30 percent of religious patients attributed

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Potential benefits of specialised supported education found from this study include coordination with other service providers (e.g. income support, housing, etc.) to prevent disrupting education, providing specialised career counselling, development of coping skills in the academic environment. These

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The treatment of psychosis depends on the specific diagnosis (such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or substance intoxication). The first-line treatment for many psychotic disorders is antipsychotic medication, which can reduce the positive symptoms of psychosis in about 7 to 14 days. For youth or

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in regards to goals and the motivation to achieve them, has demonstrated that when a reward is not present, a strong reaction is noted in the ventral striatum; reinforcement learning is intact when contingencies about stimulus-reward are implicit, but not when they require explicit neural processing;

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The DSM-5 characterizes certain delusions as "bizarre" if they are clearly implausible, or are incompatible with the surrounding cultural context. The concept of bizarre delusions has many criticisms, the most prominent being judging its presence is not highly reliable even among trained individuals.

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Up to 15% of the general population may experience auditory hallucinations (though not all are due to psychosis). The prevalence of auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia is generally put around 70%, but may go as high as 98%. Reported prevalence in bipolar disorder ranges between 11%

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with psychosis. Through 10 randomized clinical trials, studies showed that Early Intervention Services (EIS) for patients with early-phase schizophrenia spectrum disorders have generated promising outcomes. EIS are specifically intended to fulfill the needs of patients with early-phase psychosis. In

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Social disability by way of social disconnection is a significant public health concern and is associated with a broad range of negative outcomes, including premature mortality. Social disconnection refers to the ongoing absence of family or social relationships with marginal participation in social

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Dopamine is now one of the primary neurotransmitters implicated in psychotic symptomology. Blocking dopamine receptors (namely, the dopamine D2 receptors) and decreasing dopaminergic activity continues to be an effective but highly unrefined effect of antipsychotics, which are commonly used to treat

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to the rest of the brain were severed. Moniz's primary inspiration stemmed from a demonstration by neuroscientists John Fulton and Carlyle's 1935 experiment in which two chimpanzees were given leucotomies and pre- and post-surgical behavior was compared. Prior to the leucotomy, the chimps engaged in

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Traumatic life events have been linked with an elevated risk of developing psychotic symptoms. Childhood trauma has specifically been shown to be a predictor of adolescent and adult psychosis. Individuals with psychotic symptoms are three times more likely to have experienced childhood trauma (e.g.,

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Psychosis is rare in adolescents. Young people who have psychosis may have trouble connecting with the world around them and may experience hallucinations or delusions. Adolescents with psychosis may also have cognitive deficits that may make it harder for the youth to socialize and work. Potential

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The other type of catatonia is more of an outward presentation of the profoundly agitated state described above. It involves excessive and purposeless motor behaviour, as well as an extreme mental preoccupation that prevents an intact experience of reality. An example is someone walking very fast in

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may be more effective for positive symptoms but result in more side effects. Typical antipsychotics have equal drop-out and symptom relapse rates to atypicals when used at low to moderate dosages. There is a good response in 40–50%, a partial response in 30–40%, and treatment resistance (failure of

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is believed to play an important role. Acute psychosis is termed primary if it results from a psychiatric condition and secondary if it is caused by another medical condition or drugs. The diagnosis of a mental-health condition requires excluding other potential causes. Testing may be done to check

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Raghavan R, Brown B, Horne F, Kamal SR, Parameswaran U, Raghu A, Wilson A, Venkateswaran C, Svirydzenka N, Lakhanpaul M and Dasan C (2022) 'Multiple mental health literacies in a traditional temple site in Kerala: the intersection between beliefs, spiritual and healing regimes', Culture, Medicine,

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Men ought to know that from the brain, and from the brain only, arise our pleasures, joys, laughter, and jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, griefs and tears. Through it, in particular, we think, see, hear, and distinguish the ugly from the beautiful, the bad from the good, the pleasant from the

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in the nerve cell, which takes time. Hence antipsychotic drugs take a week or two to reduce the symptoms of psychosis. Moreover, newer and equally effective antipsychotic drugs actually block slightly less dopamine in the brain than older drugs whilst also blocking 5-HT2A receptors, suggesting the

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were recorded, there were significant irregularities in the left VS. Anhedonia, the inability to feel pleasure, is a commonly reported symptom in psychosis; experiences are present in most people with schizophrenia. Anhedonia arises as a result of the inability to feel motivation and drive towards

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and left precentral gyri are observed. These results are highly consistent and replicable possibly except the abnormalities of the right inferior frontal gyrus. Decreased grey matter volume in conjunction with bilateral hypoactivity is observed in anterior insula, dorsal medial frontal cortex, and

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From a diagnostic standpoint, organic disorders were believed to be caused by physical illness affecting the brain (that is, psychiatric disorders secondary to other conditions) while functional disorders were considered disorders of the functioning of the mind in the absence of physical disorders

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The subject matter of delusions seems to reflect the current culture in a particular time and location. For example, in the US, during the early 1900s syphilis was a common topic, during the Second World War Germany, during the Cold War communists, and in recent years, technology has been a focus.

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Waghorn et al. suggest that education interventions can be a building block to support those with psychosis to successfully participate in society. In their study they analyse the relationship between successful education attainment and psychosis. Findings suggest proportionately more school aged

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induces a psychosis in 26–46 percent of heavy users. Some of these people develop a long-lasting psychosis that can persist for longer than six months. Those who have had a short-lived psychosis from methamphetamine can have a relapse of the methamphetamine psychosis years later after a stressful

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According to current studies, cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychotic disorders, and the more often cannabis is used the more likely a person is to develop a psychotic illness. Furthermore, people with a history of cannabis use develop psychotic symptoms earlier than those who

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or incoherence. Disorganized motor behavior includes repetitive, odd, or sometimes purposeless movement. Disorganized motor behavior rarely includes catatonia, and although it was a historically prominent symptom, it is rarely seen today. Whether this is due to historically used treatments or the

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Visual hallucinations occur in roughly a third of people with schizophrenia, although rates as high as 55% are reported. The prevalence in bipolar disorder is around 15%. Content commonly involves animate objects, although perceptual abnormalities such as changes in lighting, shading, streaks, or

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in frequency, but they are now the most common manifestation of schizophrenia, although rates vary between cultures and regions. Auditory hallucinations are most commonly intelligible voices. When voices are present, the average number has been estimated at three. Content, like frequency, differs

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Patients with an FEP showed large and robust bilateral decreases of GMV in a peri-Sylvian cluster that included the insula, operculum and the superior temporal gyrus, and in the medial frontal and anterior cingulate cortices (MeF/ACC) (Fig. 2A and Supplementary Table S2). Patients had relatively

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Research on psychosis found that reduced participation in social networks, not only negatively effects the individual on a physical and mental level, it has been shown that failure to be included in social networks influences the individual's ability to participate in the wider community through

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Waghorn et al. finds that specialised supported education for those with psychotic disorders can help lead to successful education attainment. Additionally, future employment outcomes are relative to such education attainment. Established approaches to supported education in the US include three

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The PSQ (Psychosis Screening Questionnaire) is the most common tool in detecting psychotic symptoms and it includes five root questions that assess the presence of PLE (mania, thought insertion, paranoia, strange experiences and perceptual disturbances) The different tools used to assess symptom

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symptoms to respond satisfactorily after six weeks to two or three different antipsychotics) in 20% of people. Clozapine is an effective treatment for those who respond poorly to other drugs ("treatment-resistant" or "refractory" schizophrenia), but it has the potentially serious side effect of

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characterizes disorders as psychotic or on the schizophrenia spectrum if they involve hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, grossly disorganized motor behavior, or negative symptoms. The DSM-5 does not include psychosis as a definition in the glossary, although it defines "psychotic

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The two-factor model of delusions posits that dysfunction in both belief formation systems and belief evaluation systems are necessary for delusions. Dysfunction in evaluations systems localized to the right lateral prefrontal cortex, regardless of delusion content, is supported by neuroimaging

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is a rare yet serious and debilitating form of psychosis. Symptoms range from fluctuating moods and insomnia to mood-incongruent delusions related to the individual or the infant. Women experiencing postpartum psychosis are at increased risk for suicide or infanticide. Many women who experience

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describes a profoundly agitated state in which the experience of reality is generally considered impaired. There are two primary manifestations of catatonic behavior. The classic presentation is a person who does not move or interact with the world in any way while awake. This type of catatonia

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types. Primary delusions are defined as arising suddenly and not being comprehensible in terms of normal mental processes, whereas secondary delusions are typically understood as being influenced by the person's background or current situation (e.g., ethnicity; also religious, superstitious, or

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where there exists a predominantly biomedical understanding of the body, the mind and in turn, mental health, subjects were found to report their hallucinations as having 'violent content' and self-describing as 'crazy'. This lived experience is at odds with the lived experience of subjects in

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During attentional tasks, first episode psychosis is associated with hypoactivation in the right middle frontal gyrus, a region generally described as encompassing the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC).Altered Behavioral Inhibition System functioning could possibly cause reduced sustained

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reward prediction errors are what the actual reward is versus what the reward was predicted to be. In most cases positive prediction errors are considered an abnormal occurrence. A positive prediction error response occurs when there is an increased activation in a brain region, typically the

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Equal opportunity to participate in meaningful relationships with friends, family and partners, as well as engaging in social constructs such as employment, can provide significant physical and mental value to people's lives. And how breaking the disability mindset around people experiencing

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should be ruled out, which can be distinguished by visual hallucinations, acute onset and fluctuating level of consciousness, indicating other underlying factors, including medical illnesses. Excluding medical illnesses associated with psychosis is performed by using blood tests to measure:

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may worsen symptoms in those with schizophrenia and cause psychosis at very high doses in people without the condition. Cannabis and other illicit recreational drugs are often associated with psychosis in adolescents and cannabis use before 15 years old may increase the risk of psychosis in

440:. Early treatment appears to improve outcomes. Medications appear to have a moderate effect. Outcomes depend on the underlying cause. In the United States about 3% of people develop psychosis at some point in their lives. The condition has been described since at least the 4th century BC by 2804:

Psychosis is considered to be among the top 10 causes of social disability among adult men and women in developed countries. And the traditional, negative narrative around disability has been shown to strongly and adversely influence the pathways through employment and education for people

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These differences are attributed to 'social kindling' or how one's social context shapes how an individual interprets and experiences sensations such as hallucinations. This concept aligns with pre-existing cognitive theory such as reality modelling and is supported by recent research that

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deficiency. It is possible that hazardous alcohol use via a kindling mechanism can cause the development of a chronic substance-induced psychotic disorder, i.e. schizophrenia. The effects of an alcohol-related psychosis include an increased risk of depression and suicide as well as causing

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and perceptual distortions, which are the misperception of external stimuli. Hallucinations may occur in any of the senses and take on almost any form. They may consist of simple sensations (such as lights, colors, sounds, tastes, or smells) or more detailed experiences (such as seeing and

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majority countries, they each share alternative epistemologies. These are known as knowledge systems that focus on the connections between mind, body, culture, nature, and society. Cultural perceptions of mental disorders such as psychosis or schizophrenia are believed to be caused by

2697:(brand name: Thorazine) passed clinical trials and became the first antipsychotic medication approved for the treatment of both acute and chronic psychosis. Although the mechanism of action was not discovered until 1963, the administration of chlorpromazine marked the advent of the 8243:

Gottlieb, J. D., Gidugu, V., Maru, M., Tepper, M. C., Davis, M. J., Greenwold, J., Barron, R. A., Chiko, B. P., & Mueser, K. T. (2017). Randomized controlled trial of an internet cognitive behavioral skills-based program for auditory hallucinations in persons with psychosis.

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is made questionable by grey matter abnormalities in bipolar and schizophrenia; schizophrenia is distinguishable from bipolar in that regions of grey matter reduction are generally larger in magnitude, although adjusting for gender differences reduces the difference to the left

1956:. An initial assessment includes a comprehensive history and physical examination by a health care provider. Tests may be done to exclude substance use, medication, toxins, surgical complications, or other medical illnesses. A person with psychosis is referred to as psychotic. 2783:

has criticised pharmaceutical companies for promoting simplified biological theories of mental illness that seem to imply the primacy of pharmaceutical treatments while ignoring social and developmental factors that are known important influences in the etiology of psychosis.

2749:, but rather attenuates the reward mechanisms involved in the development of delusional thinking; that is, connecting or finding meaningful relationships between unrelated stimuli or ideas. The author of this research paper acknowledges the importance of future investigation: 2195:

psychosis appeared inconclusive. But psychosis caused by drugs can be prevented. Whilst early intervention in those with a psychotic episode might improve short-term outcomes, little benefit was seen from these measures after five years. However, there is evidence that

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Cross-cultural studies explore the way in which psychosis varies in different cultures, countries and religions. The cultural differences are based on the individual or shared illness narratives surrounding cultural meanings of illness experience. In countries such as

4491:"Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants" 9829: 639:. Waxy flexibility is when someone physically moves part of a catatonic person's body and the person stays in the position even if it is bizarre and otherwise nonfunctional (such as moving a person's arm straight up in the air and the arm staying there). 2567:

unpleasant.... It is the same thing which makes us mad or delirious, inspires us with dread and fear, whether by night or by day, brings sleeplessness, inopportune mistakes, aimless anxieties, absentmindedness, and acts that are contrary to habit.

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or seizure disorders. Burckhardt would go on to publish his clinical outcomes in a scholarly paper. This procedure was met with criticism from the medical community and his academic and surgical endeavors were largely ignored. In the late 1930s,

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is based on the observation that identifying and treating someone in the early stages of a psychosis can improve their longer term outcome. This approach advocates the use of an intensive multi-disciplinary approach during what is known as the

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Studies during acute experiences of hallucinations demonstrate increased activity in primary or secondary sensory cortices. As auditory hallucinations are most common in psychosis, most robust evidence exists for increased activity in the left

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Misiak B, Krefft M, Bielawski T, Moustafa AA, Sąsiadek MM, Frydecka D (April 2017). "Toward a unified theory of childhood trauma and psychosis: A comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, neuropsychological and biological findings".

1226:(both legal and illegal) have been implicated in causing, exacerbating, or precipitating psychotic states or disorders in users, with varying levels of evidence. This may be upon intoxication for a more prolonged period after use, or upon 1576:. Furthermore, lesions to this region are associated with "jumping to conclusions", damage to this region is associated with post-stroke delusions, and hypometabolism this region associated with caudate strokes presenting with delusions. 1485:(ACC) are observed in high risk populations. Reductions in first episode psychosis span a region from the right STG to the right insula, left insula, and cerebellum, and are more severe in the right ACC, right STG, insula and cerebellum. 7368: 2514:. These are characterised by problems with mood control and the psychotic episodes appear associated with disturbances in mood, and patients often have periods of normal functioning between psychotic episodes even without medication. 514:

A visceral hallucination, also called a cenesthetic hallucination, is characterized by visceral sensations in the absence of stimuli. Cenesthetic hallucinations may include sensations of burning, or re-arrangement of internal organs.

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basic models, self-contained classrooms, onsite support model and the mobile support model. Each model includes the participation of mental health service staff or educational facility staff in the student's education arrangements.

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Blajeski S (September 2020). "Family support, forming careers, and breaking the disability mindset: implications for addressing structural barriers to employment pathways in coordinated specialty care for first-episode psychosis".

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addition, one meta-analysis that consisted of four randomized clinical trials has examined and discovered the efficacy of EIS to Therapy as Usual (TAU) for early-phase psychosis, revealing that EIS techniques are superior to TAU.

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So-called "minor hallucinations", such as extracampine hallucinations, or false perceptions of people or movement occurring outside of one's visual field, frequently occur in neurocognitive disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.

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Thungana, Y., Zingela, Z., van Wyk, S., Kim, H. H., Ametaj, A., Stevenson, A., Stroud, R. E., Stein, D. J., & Gelaye, B. (2023). Psychosis screening questionnaire: Exploring its factor structure among South African adults.

2595:" has temperamental or behavioral correlates. In the case of psychosis, symptoms are thought to be caused by an excess of both blood and yellow bile. Thus, the proposed surgical intervention for psychotic or manic behavior was 2833:

A study suggests that combining cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with SlowMo, an app that helps notice their "unhelpful quick-thinking", might be more effective for treating paranoia in people with psychosis than CBT alone.

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from speech. Characteristics of disorganized speech include rapidly switching topics, called derailment or loose association; switching to topics that are unrelated, called tangential thinking; incomprehensible speech, called

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Del Casale A, Kotzalidis GD, Rapinesi C, Sorice S, Girardi N, Ferracuti S, Girardi P (2016). "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlates of First-Episode Psychoses during Attentional and Memory Task Performance".

1461:, and high risk status is associated with reductions in grey matter volume (GMV). First episode psychotic and high risk populations are associated with similar but distinct abnormalities in GMV. Reductions in the right 589:

method, believe that the content of psychosis represents an underlying thought process that may, in part, be responsible for psychosis, though the accepted medical position is that psychosis is due to a brain disorder.

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Cycloid psychosis is typically an acute, self-limiting form of psychosis with psychotic and mood symptoms that progress from normal to full-blown, usually between a few hours to days, and not related to drug intake or

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may also induce psychosis or mania, but cannot be ruled out with laboratory tests, a psychotic individual's family, partner, or friends should be asked whether the patient is currently taking any dietary supplements.

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studies and is congruent with its role in conflict monitoring in healthy persons. Abnormal activation and reduced volume is seen in people with delusions, as well as in disorders associated with delusions such as

10123: 10104: 10081: 1856:'dopamine hypothesis' may be oversimplified. Soyka and colleagues found no evidence of dopaminergic dysfunction in people with alcohol-induced psychosis and Zoldan et al. reported moderately successful use of 10434: 7218:

Jenkins J (2018) 'Anthropology and Psychiatry: A contemporary convergence for global mental health', in Bhugra D and Bhui K (eds) Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry, 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press, London.

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Bora E, Fornito A, Yücel M, Pantelis C (February 2012). "The effects of gender on grey matter abnormalities in major psychoses: a comparative voxelwise meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder".

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Administration, or sometimes withdrawal, of a large number of medications may provoke psychotic symptoms. Drugs that can induce psychosis experimentally or in a significant proportion of people include:

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in high doses. Psychostimulants, especially in one already prone to psychotic thinking, can cause some "positive" symptoms, such as delusional beliefs, particularly those persecutory in nature.

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Ward K, Citrome L (February 2018). "Lisdexamfetamine: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability in the treatment of binge eating disorder".

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Shin EJ, Dang DK, Tran TV, Tran HQ, Jeong JH, Nah SY, et al. (April 2017). "Current understanding of methamphetamine-associated dopaminergic neurodegeneration and psychotoxic behaviors".

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Hinton D, Reis R and Jong J (2020) 'Ghost encounters among traumatised Cambodian refugees: severity, relationship to PTSD, and phenomenology', Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 44:333–359,

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psychosis is imperative for their overall, long-term health and well-being as well as the contributions they are able to make to their immediate social connections and the wider community.

1364:(CBD), have opposite effects with respect to psychosis. While THC can induce psychotic symptoms in healthy individuals, limited evidence suggests that CBD may have antipsychotic effects. 4301: 2179:

or schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The five factors are frequently labeled as hallucinations, delusions, disorganization, excitement, and emotional distress. The DSM-5 emphasizes a

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Osborne, K. Juston; Zhang, Wendy; Gupta, Tina; Farrens, Jaclyn; Geiger, McKena; Kraus, Brian; Krugel, Chloe; Nusslock, Robin; Kappenman, Emily S.; Mittal, Vijay A. (November 2023).

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Osborne, K. Juston; Zhang, Wendy; Gupta, Tina; Farrens, Jaclyn; Geiger, McKena; Kraus, Brian; Krugel, Chloe; Nusslock, Robin; Kappenman, Emily S.; Mittal, Vijay A. (November 2023).

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Lyne J, O'Donoghue B, Roche E, Renwick L, Cannon M, Clarke M (August 2018). "Negative symptoms of psychosis: A life course approach and implications for prevention and treatment".

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of symptoms generally regarded as psychosis frequently yields a five factor solution, albeit five factors that are distinct from the five domains defined by the DSM-5 to encompass

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Garety, Philippa; Ward, Thomas; Emsley, Richard; Greenwood, Kathryn; Freeman, Daniel; Fowler, David; Kuipers, Elizabeth; Bebbington, Paul; Dunn, Graham; Hardy, Amy (August 2021).

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Soyka M, Zetzsche T, Dresel S, Tatsch K (May 2000). "FDG-PET and IBZM-SPECT suggest reduced thalamic activity but no dopaminergic dysfunction in chronic alcohol hallucinosis".

2285:(ACT) are possibly useful in the treatment of psychosis, helping people to focus more on what they can do in terms of valued life directions despite challenging symptomology. 2753:

The model presented here is based on incomplete knowledge related to dopamine, schizophrenia, and antipsychotics—and as such will need to evolve as more is known about these.

7752: 7160:"Effectiveness of cognitive therapy with coping training for persistent auditory hallucinations: a retrospective study of attenders of a psychiatric out-patient department" 2518:

is characterized by psychotic episodes that appear unrelated to disturbances in mood, and most non-medicated patients show signs of disturbance between psychotic episodes.

806:

avoids the functional/organic distinction, and instead lists traditional psychotic illnesses, psychosis due to general medical conditions, and substance-induced psychosis.

3426:"Sixty Years of Placebo-Controlled Antipsychotic Drug Trials in Acute Schizophrenia: Systematic Review, Bayesian Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression of Efficacy Predictors" 4302:"The neural diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia revisited: An update on recent findings considering illness stage and neurobiological and methodological complexities" 2870: 1687:

response, taken as an indicator of effort allocation, does not increase with reward or reward probability increase, and is associated with negative symptoms; deficits in

1583:

suggests that delusions are a result of people assigning excessive importance to irrelevant stimuli. In support of this hypothesis, regions normally associated with the

7876:"Antipsychotics in adults with schizophrenia: comparative effectiveness of first-generation versus second-generation medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 7001: 5513:

Ortiz-Medina MB, Perea M, Torales J, Ventriglio A, Vitrani G, Aguilar L, Roncero C (November 2018). "Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development".

1683:, in response to unexpected rewards. A negative prediction error response occurs when there is a decreased activation in a region when predicted rewards do not occur. 1821:. NMDA receptor antagonism, in addition to producing symptoms reminiscent of psychosis, mimics the neurophysiological aspects, such as reduction in the amplitude of 10419: 1851:

receptor increases it. If D2-blocking drugs are administered, the blocked dopamine spills over to the D1 receptors. The increased adenylate cyclase activity affects

689:). Altered Behavioral Inhibition System functioning could possibly cause reduced sustained attention in psychosis and overall contribute to more negative reactions. 8872:"Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the "invention" of modern psychosurgery: a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources" 1350: 1337:, a symptom of chronic alcoholism that can appear in the acute withdrawal phase, shares many symptoms with alcohol-related psychosis suggesting a common mechanism. 11714: 4974:

Skikic M, Arriola JA (January 2020). "First Episode Psychosis Medical Workup: Evidence-Informed Recommendations and Introduction to a Clinically Guided Approach".

3574:

Toh WL, Thomas N, Rossell SL (September 2015). "Auditory verbal hallucinations in bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD): A systematic review".

2309: 798:(that is, primary psychological or psychiatric disorders). Subtle physical abnormalities have been found in illnesses traditionally considered functional, such as 2499:, by grouping diseases together based on classification of common symptoms. Kraepelin used the term 'manic depressive insanity' to describe the whole spectrum of 1902:

Cross-cultural studies into schizophrenia have found that individual experiences of psychosis and 'hearing voices' vary across cultures. In countries such as the

1882:

can alter normal functioning, making it similar to the manic phase of bipolar disorder. NMDA antagonists replicate some of the so-called "negative" symptoms like

7283: 7241:

Valaitė D and Berniūnas R (2022) 'Majnūn or mental disorders: between cultural traditions and western psychology in Jordan', Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry,

6926:

Zoldan J, Friedberg G, Livneh M, Melamed E (July 1995). "Psychosis in advanced Parkinson's disease: treatment with ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist".

1594:

Specific regions have been associated with specific types of delusions. The volume of the hippocampus and parahippocampus is related to paranoid delusions in

9864:

Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH (April 2012). "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.).

6764:

Kalkman HO, Loetscher E (July 2003). "GAD(67): the link between the GABA-deficit hypothesis and the dopaminergic- and glutamatergic theories of psychosis".

1488:

Another meta analysis reported bilateral reductions in insula, operculum, STG, medial frontal cortex, and ACC, but also reported increased GMV in the right

614:

Disorganization is split into disorganized speech (or thought), and grossly disorganized motor behavior. Disorganized speech or thought, also called formal

10598: 10429: 2701:, or first generation antipsychotic. While clinical trials showed a high response rate for both acute psychosis and disorders with psychotic features, the 2613:

Early 20th-century treatments for severe and persisting psychosis were characterized by an emphasis on shocking the nervous system. Such therapies include

2317: 1691:

activity and failure to improve performance on cognitive tasks when offered monetary incentives are present; and dopamine mediated functions are abnormal.

10349: 7921: 1307: 976:

first-time psychosis from postpartum often have bipolar disorder, meaning they could experience an increase of psychotic episodes even after postpartum.

2126:

using a person's family history, incorporating information from the person with psychosis, and information from family, friends, or significant others.

7227:

Scheper-Hughes N and Lock M (1987) 'The mindful body: a prolegomenon to future work in medical anthropology', Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 1(1):6–41

1526:

dorsal ACC. Decreased grey matter volume and bilateral hyperactivity is reported in posterior insula, ventral medial frontal cortex, and ventral ACC.

8295: 2201: 60: 9451:"Comparison of Early Intervention Services vs Treatment as Usual for Early-Phase Psychosis: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression" 7195: 6807:

Akbarian S, Huang HS (September 2006). "Molecular and cellular mechanisms of altered GAD1/GAD67 expression in schizophrenia and related disorders".

4600:"Unique and Overlapping Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum and Dissociative Disorders in Relation to Models of Psychopathology: A Systematic Review" 3074: 2362:

Addressing systematic reform is essential to creating effective prevention as well as supporting treatments and recovery for those with psychosis.

1729: 1634: 9141:"Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 8531: 6439:

Kapur S, Mizrahi R, Li M (November 2005). "From dopamine to salience to psychosis—linking biology, pharmacology and phenomenology of psychosis".

7777: 7630: 2909: 1230:. Individuals who experience substance-induced psychosis tend to have a greater awareness of their psychosis and tend to have higher levels of 5470:

Hasan A, von Keller R, Friemel CM, Hall W, Schneider M, Koethe D, et al. (June 2020). "Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of reviews".

2374:

examples provide beneficial ways for people with psychosis to finish studies successfully as well as counter future experiences of psychosis.

1602:

have been associated with occipito-temporal damage, and may be related to failure to elicit normal emotions or memories in response to faces.

10605: 10588: 10399: 8197:"Immediate and Sustained Outcomes and Moderators Associated With Metacognitive Training for Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 6358: 6056:"Multimodal meta-analysis of structural and functional brain changes in first episode psychosis and the effects of antipsychotic medication" 7349:"Final rule declaring dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids adulterated because they present an unreasonable risk. Final rule" 5444: 2825:

Further research in the form of randomized controlled trials is needed to determine the effectiveness of treatment approaches for helping

9199: 7562:

Van Lieshout, R. J., & Goldberg, J. O. (2007). Quantifying self-reports of auditory verbal hallucinations in persons with psychosis.

3517: 3354: 3316: 4798:

Karameh WK, Murari G, Schweizer TA, Munoz DG, Fischer CE (March 2019). "Psychosis in neurodegenerative disorders: recent developments".

1779:) tend to reduce the intensity of psychotic symptoms, and that drugs that accentuate dopamine release, or inhibit its reuptake (such as 742:

Brief hallucinations are not uncommon in those without any psychiatric disease, including healthy children. Causes or triggers include:

12186: 12142: 11245: 10354: 2562:, a holistic explanation for health and disease was developed to include madness and other "diseases of the mind". Hippocrates writes: 8260:"Psychosocial interventions for people with schizophrenia or psychosis on minimal or no antipsychotic medication: A systematic review" 2446:

In its adjective form "psychotic", references to psychosis can be found in both clinical and non-clinical discussions. However, in a

8498: 4555: 2686:

clinics and patient homes. Psychosurgery remained standard practice until the discovery of antipsychotic pharmacology in the 1950s.

12001: 11618: 11431: 10725: 10676: 9534:"Digitally supported CBT to reduce paranoia and improve reasoning for people with schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis: the SlowMo RCT" 2652:

was excised. Although some patients showed improvement of symptoms and became more subdued, one patient died and several developed

1321: 1669:(VS), which is the part of the brain that is involved with the desire to naturally satisfy the body's needs. When high reports of 553:(the belief that some element of one's experience represents a deliberate and specific act by or message from some other entity), 11411: 10798: 7748: 7322: 1317: 4257:

Cosgrave J, Wulff K, Gehrman P (May 2018). "Sleep, circadian rhythms, and schizophrenia: where we are and where we need to go".

11737: 11029: 5793: 3870:] (in German). Translated by Hoenig J, Hamilton M (Reprint ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2862: 1911:, who describe the voices they hear as having 'spiritual meaning' and are often reported as positive in nature; or subjects in 789:, a personality trait associated with vulnerability to stressors, is an independent predictor of the development of psychosis. 535:

views may contradict available evidence, a belief need not contravene cultural standards in order to be considered delusional.

2464:, which was considered a disorder of the nervous system. The psychoses thus became the modern equivalent of the old notion of 2066:

Because psychosis may be precipitated or exacerbated by common classes of medications, medication-induced psychosis should be

1674:

both the desire to engage in as well as to complete tasks and goals. Previous research has indicated that a deficiency in the

10359: 10041: 10017: 9973: 9951: 9927: 9892: 9873: 9854: 9786: 9747: 9712: 9669: 9622: 9232: 8931: 8811: 8786: 8761: 8728: 7131: 4582: 4473: 4141: 3875: 3627: 3558: 3511: 3484: 3348: 3310: 3058: 2183:, wherein the low end is characterized by schizoid personality disorder, and the high end is characterized by schizophrenia. 566: 8160:

Ost LG (October 2014). "The efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis".

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psychosis. Recent pharmacological research suggests that the decrease in dopaminergic activity does not eradicate psychotic

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Myers NA (May 2012). "Toward an Applied Neuroanthropology of Psychosis: the Interplay of Culture, Brains, and Experience".

3203:"Beyond the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia to three neural networks of psychosis: dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate" 2150: 1700: 9498: 3126: 12198: 11346: 10841: 10409: 10142: 1843:

The connection between dopamine and psychosis is generally believed to be complex. While dopamine receptor D2 suppresses

1450:

is drained from around the brain and replaced with air to allow the structure of the brain to show up more clearly on an

1840:

expression in psychotic disorders may explain enhanced AMPA mediated signaling, caused by reduced GABAergic inhibition.

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Palaniyappan L, Balain V, Liddle PF (October 2012). "The neuroanatomy of psychotic diathesis: a meta-analytic review".

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The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa

5758:"Chronic methamphetamine interacts with BDNF Val66Met to remodel psychosis pathways in the mesocorticolimbic proteome" 5113:"A clinical approach to new-onset psychosis associated with immune dysregulation: the concept of autoimmune psychosis" 4208:"Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake" 2678:

in 1949. Between the late 1930s and early 1970s, the leucotomy was a widely accepted practice, often performed in non-

1316:

experience psychosis during acute intoxication or withdrawal. Alcohol related psychosis may manifest itself through a

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Brown G, Thompson W. "Functional Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia: Selected Results and Methods". In Swerdlow N (ed.).

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The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines (CDDG)

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NMDA receptor dysfunction has been proposed as a mechanism in psychosis. This theory is reinforced by the fact that

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Guadalupe MT, Páramo IA (2020-03-23). "Corticosteroid-induced psychosis: Case report and review of the literature".

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compared to those who have a primary psychotic illness. Drugs commonly alleged to induce psychotic symptoms include

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Radua J, Ramella-Cravaro V, Ioannidis JP, Reichenberg A, Phiphopthatsanee N, Amir T, et al. (February 2018).

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of objects, persons, or environs that the afflicted should reasonably be able to recognize; such examples include

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Myers N (2019). "Beyond the "Crazy House": Mental/Moral Breakdowns and Moral Agency in First-Episode Psychosis".

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Seikkula J, Alakare B, Aaltonen J (2001). "Open Dialogue in Psychosis I: An Introduction and Case Illustration".

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Cannon BJ, Kramer LM (May 2012). "Delusion content across the 20th century in an American psychiatric hospital".

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Shitij Kapur, From dopamine to salience to psychosis—linking biology, pharmacology and phenomenology of psychosis

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Only after relevant and known causes of psychosis are excluded, a mental health clinician may make a psychiatric

1442:

The first brain image of an individual with psychosis was completed as far back as 1935 using a technique called

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Turkel SB, Wong D, Randolph L (2020-09-01). "Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Inborn Errors of Metabolism".

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are also associated with weight gain. Risperidone has a similar rate of extrapyramidal symptoms to haloperidol.

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Radua J, Borgwardt S, Crescini A, Mataix-Cols D, Meyer-Lindenberg A, McGuire PK, Fusar-Poli P (November 2012).

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Most people on antipsychotics get side effects. People on typical antipsychotics tend to have a higher rate of

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Lewis S, Escalona R, Keith S (2017). "Phenomenology of Schizophrenia". In Sadock V, Sadock B, Ruiz P (eds.).

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impairments include reduced speed of mental processing, ability to focus without getting distracted (limited

478:, particularly experiences of hearing voices, are the most common and often prominent feature of psychosis. 12410: 11947: 11480: 11325: 11140: 11135: 10955: 10730: 10669: 10098: 8926:. Cambridge Studies in the History of Medicine. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–40. 8527: 7344: 2773: 2679: 2329: 2213:

adolescents, treatment options include medications, psychological interventions, and social interventions.

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Brown JA (June 2011). "Talking about life after early psychosis: the impact on occupational performance".

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Birchwood M, Todd P, Jackson C (1998). "Early intervention in psychosis. The critical period hypothesis".

8259: 1346: 11655: 11453: 11179: 10950: 10778: 7159: 2403:, and Canstatt was thus referring to what was considered a psychological manifestation of brain disease. 1967: 1217: 731: 12468: 9811: 12405: 11320: 10940: 10404: 9220: 2798: 2780: 2705:

were particularly harsh, which included high rates of often irreversible Parkinsonian symptoms such as

1591:, which is widely implicated in salience processing, is also widely implicated in psychotic disorders. 1259: 1092:; sex hormones also affect psychotic symptoms and sometimes giving birth can provoke psychosis, termed 500: 465:

is defined as sensory perception in the absence of external stimuli. Hallucinations are different from

339: 31: 5972:"Neuroanatomical maps of psychosis onset: voxel-wise meta-analysis of antipsychotic-naive VBM studies" 538:

Prevalence in schizophrenia is generally considered at least 90%, and around 50% in bipolar disorder.

89: 12508: 12415: 12384: 11762: 11645: 11231: 11145: 10768: 10583: 10480: 10475: 10248: 10243: 7800:"Schizophrenia: Full national clinical guideline on core interventions in primary and secondary care" 4546: 2722: 2622: 2473: 1684: 1482: 1458: 1016: 1006: 866: 652: 374: 68: 17: 8665:

Pfeifer S (September 1994). "Belief in demons and exorcism in psychiatric patients in Switzerland".

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A Clinical Introduction to Psychosis: Foundations for Clinical Psychologists and Neuropsychologists

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The word was also used to distinguish a condition considered a disorder of the mind, as opposed to

2399:. He used it as a shorthand for 'psychic neurosis'. At that time neurosis meant any disease of the 1798: 1282: 861: 851: 429: 354: 12400: 11907: 11757: 11752: 11709: 11526: 10846: 10662: 10615: 9731: 9696: 8744:

Spring B, Weinstein L, Lemon M, Haskell A (1991). "Schizophrenia from Hippocrates to Kraepelin".

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Moore MT, Nathan D, Elliott AR, Laubach C (1935). "Encephalographic studies in mental disease".

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extended Freud's ideas to create a psychoanalytic model of psychosis based upon the concept of "

2558:

proposed a natural, rather than supernatural, cause of human illness. In Hippocrates' work, the

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Not revisiting or questioning the initial diagnostic impression of primary psychiatric disorder.

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Lisanby SH, Kohler C, Swanson CL, Gur RE (January 1998). "Psychosis Secondary to Brain Tumor".

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Semple D, Smyth R (2019). "Schizophrenia and related psychoses". In Semple D, Smyth R (eds.).

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Taylor DM, Duncan-McConnell D (2000). "Refractory schizophrenia and atypical antipsychotics".

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Beauchamp G, Amaducci A, Cook M (2017-09-01). "Caffeine Toxicity: A Brief Review and Update".

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Ashinoff, Brandon K.; Singletary, Nicholas M.; Baker, Seth C.; Horga, Guillermo (July 2022).

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Rethinking Madness: Towards a Paradigm Shift In Our Understanding and Treatment of Psychosis

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Berrios GE, Beer D (March 1994). "The notion of a unitary psychosis: a conceptual history".

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Types of psychosis in psychiatric disorders may be established by formal rating scales. The

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Mashour GA, Walker EE, Martuza RL (June 2005). "Psychosurgery: past, present, and future".

6392: 5228: 2200:(CBT) may reduce the risk of becoming psychotic in those at high risk, and in 2014 the UK 2016: 1848: 1772: 1478: 1357: 1351:

Long-term effects of cannabis § Chronic psychosis and schizophrenia spectrum disorders

972: 915: 822: 723: 578: 558: 546: 410: 382: 378: 238: 4159:"What Is the Link Between Hallucinations, Dreams, and Hypnagogic–Hypnopompic Experiences?" 3424:

Leucht S, Leucht C, Huhn M, Chaimani A, Mavridis D, Helfer B, et al. (October 2017).

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18th-century physician, educator, and widely considered "founder of American psychiatry",

2472:

or many forms of the new disease. One type of broad usage would later be narrowed down by

2366:

persons with psychosis discontinued their education, compared to those without psychosis.

1267: 8: 12348: 12330: 12293: 12283: 12137: 12039: 12016: 11864: 11856: 11635: 11613: 11341: 11130: 10945: 10783: 10715: 10455: 10313: 10293: 10273: 10191: 10127: 9739: 9704: 9449:

Correll CU, Galling B, Pawar A, Krivko A, Bonetto C, Ruggeri M, et al. (June 2018).

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Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, Suttorp M, Hu JH, Ewing B, et al. (September 2011).

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Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 39

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Losurdo G, Principi M, Iannone A, Amoruso A, Ierardi E, Di Leo A, Barone M (April 2018).

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Renard SB, Huntjens RJ, Lysaker PH, Moskowitz A, Aleman A, Pijnenborg GH (January 2017).

3377:"The acute efficacy of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a review of recent meta-analyses" 2698: 2693:(also commonly known as neuroleptics) for the treatment of psychosis took place in 1952. 2666: 2645: 2526:

Written record of supernatural causes and resultant treatments can be traced back to the

2507: 2308:

There are many psychosocial interventions that seek to treat the symptoms of psychosis:

2138: 1830: 1826: 1788: 1447: 1373: 1190:

poisoning by a range of plants, fungi, metals, organic compounds, and a few animal toxins

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Hartling L, Abou-Setta AM, Dursun S, Mousavi SS, Pasichnyk D, Newton AS (October 2012).

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while some atypicals are associated with considerable weight gain, diabetes and risk of

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Vlachos IO, Beratis S, Hartocollis P (1997). "Magico-religious beliefs and psychosis".

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Smith T, Weston C, Lieberman J (August 2010). "Schizophrenia (maintenance treatment)".

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inborn errors of metabolism, such as Wilson's disease, porphyria, and homocysteinemia.

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Jensen J, McIntosh AR, Crawley AP, Mikulis DJ, Remington G, Kapur S (December 2003).

6208: 6172: 6164: 6129: 6117: 6077: 6036: 6032: 6001: 5917: 5886: 5874: 5843: 5831: 5789: 5777: 5730: 5699: 5687: 5638: 5587: 5530: 5499: 5487: 5428: 5408: 5389: 5340: 5305: 5256: 5197: 5144: 5093: 5046: 5034: 5003: 4991: 4953: 4902: 4850: 4815: 4780: 4724: 4680: 4629: 4578: 4510: 4469: 4437: 4394: 4321: 4274: 4239: 4188: 4137: 4095: 4043: 3985: 3973: 3965: 3918: 3871: 3845: 3833: 3790: 3755: 3699: 3674: 3623: 3591: 3554: 3507: 3480: 3447: 3406: 3344: 3306: 3281: 3224: 3183: 3118: 3054: 3026: 2977: 2469: 2450:-clinical context, "psychotic" is a nonspecific colloquialism used to mean "insane". 2298: 1992: 1844: 1580: 1231: 1223: 1152: 943: 764: 656: 562: 532: 386: 335: 242: 174: 11223: 10136: 10132: 9430: 9076: 9027: 8984: 8905: 8856: 8616: 8484: 8345: 8048: 7842: 7191: 6955: 6836: 6793: 6732: 6422: 6323: 6072: 6055: 5757: 5756:

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in 1891 to the 'psychopathic inferiorities'—later renamed abnormal personalities by

2225:

to use is based on benefits, risks, and costs. It is debatable whether, as a class,

1875:

A review found an association between a first-episode of psychosis and prediabetes.

12127: 12081: 12049: 11897: 11875: 11840: 11603: 11485: 11436: 11383: 11358: 11353: 11310: 11298: 11112: 11007: 10702: 10502: 9774: 9735: 9700: 9657: 9610: 9545: 9506: 9470: 9462: 9410: 9383: 9345: 9307: 9269: 9261: 9152: 9111: 9103: 9054: 9007: 8964: 8883: 8836: 8749: 8716: 8674: 8639: 8596: 8561: 8464: 8427: 8419: 8383: 8325: 8271: 8216: 8208: 8169: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8083: 8075: 8028: 7933: 7887: 7846: 7838: 7720: 7712: 7665: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7504: 7496: 7452: 7413: 7388: 7381: 7171: 7119: 7084: 7038: 6985: 6935: 6900: 6863: 6816: 6773: 6736: 6728: 6687: 6679: 6638: 6630: 6589: 6579: 6538: 6530: 6491: 6468: 6448: 6400: 6350: 6301: 6220: 6200: 6156: 6109: 6067: 6028: 5991: 5983: 5952: 5929: 5909: 5866: 5823: 5769: 5722: 5677: 5669: 5628: 5618: 5577: 5569: 5522: 5479: 5420: 5379: 5371: 5332: 5295: 5287: 5246: 5236: 5187: 5179: 5134: 5124: 5083: 5073: 5026: 4983: 4943: 4933: 4892: 4884: 4807: 4770: 4760: 4719: 4714: 4702: 4670: 4660: 4619: 4611: 4502: 4429: 4384: 4376: 4333: 4313: 4286: 4266: 4229: 4219: 4178: 4170: 4085: 4077: 4033: 4029: 4025: 3957: 3908: 3900: 3825: 3782: 3745: 3737: 3664: 3656: 3583: 3442: 3437: 3425: 3396: 3388: 3271: 3263: 3214: 3173: 3163: 3016: 3008: 2967: 2959: 2726: 2718: 2484: 2255: 1883: 1833: 1810: 1761: 1725: 1670: 1666: 1630: 1599: 1587:

demonstrate reduced grey matter in people with delusions, and the neurotransmitter

1584: 1552: 1493: 1400: 1334: 1255: 1144: 948: 923: 826: 636: 615: 414: 358: 327: 234: 75: 12256: 9311: 7348: 5913: 5827: 2636: 12303: 12261: 12132: 12119: 12066: 12061: 12044: 11924: 11719: 11691: 11492: 11315: 11254: 11107: 11102: 11074: 11058: 10907: 10552: 10512: 10470: 10318: 10308: 10263: 9814:"Psychosis Spectrum Disorders & Managing Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic" 9812:

Program for Risk Evaluation and Prevention (PREP) Early Psychosis Clinic (2021).

8753: 8275: 6452: 5241: 4811: 4559: 4270: 3741: 3660: 3048: 2734: 2649: 2351: 2251: 2172: 1975: 1598:, and has been reported to be abnormal post mortem in one person with delusions. 1548: 1470: 1378: 1325: 1239: 1227: 1136: 1077: 570: 398: 258: 12353: 8720: 8552:

Berrios GE (July 1987). "Historical aspects of psychoses: 19th century issues".

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A very large number of medical conditions can cause psychosis, sometimes called

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greater GMV than controls in the right lingual gyrus and left precentral gyrus.

5673: 5483: 5336: 5291: 5276:"Caffeine induces neurobehavioral effects through modulating neurotransmitters" 5030: 3106: 2694: 2492: 2477: 2400: 2325: 2161:

features", as well as "psychoticism" with respect to personality disorder. The

1971: 1418: 1235: 1132: 1073: 818: 699: 681:). Individuals with this condition lack interest and spontaneity, and have the 549:, in which a person believes that an entity seeks to harm them. Others include 504: 496: 482:

and 68%. During the early 20th century, auditory hallucinations were second to

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Stafford MR, Jackson H, Mayo-Wilson E, Morrison AP, Kendall T (January 2013).

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wherein disease is resultant of a shifting balance in bodily fluids including

2483:

The division of the major psychoses into manic depressive illness (now called

2407:

is also widely credited as introducing the term in 1845, as an alternative to

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information, and visions may include experiences such as the ground tilting.

462: 445: 433: 350: 331: 323: 269: 230: 199: 10117: 10113: 9661: 9614: 9499:"Mobile app combined with face-to-face therapy helped people with psychosis" 9265: 8941: 8423: 5987: 4615: 4174: 3643:

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and behavior that is inappropriate for a given situation. There may also be

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A delusion may involve diverse thematic content. The most common type is a

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Common mistakes made when diagnosing people who are psychotic include:

1887: 1817:

are also considered to mirror the symptoms of schizophrenia, including

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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

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The medical teachings of the fourth-century philosopher and physician

2305:

and functioning in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

1050:

infectious and postinfectious syndromes, including infections causing

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neurodevelopmental disorders and chromosomal abnormalities, including

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performed the first medically sanctioned psychosurgery in which the

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Psychosis has been traditionally linked to the overactivity of the

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Primary psychiatric causes of psychosis include the following:

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Corlett PR, Honey GD, Krystal JH, Fletcher PC (January 2011).

4597: 3890: 2546: 1940:(spirits) in Muslim majority countries. Furthermore, those in 12321: 11662: 10740: 10183: 9917: 9722:

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Adams RA, Stephan KE, Brown HR, Frith CD, Friston KJ (2013).

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The evidence for the effectiveness of early interventions to

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In Kraepelin's classification this would include 'unipolar'

2204:

recommended preventive CBT for people at risk of psychosis.

2112:

Not asking their family or others about dietary supplements,

760:, in which hallucinations of a deceased loved one are common 11835: 8743: 7157: 6665: 5604: 4797: 4746: 2096:

Not appreciating medical abnormalities (e.g., vital signs),

1941: 1937: 1320:. The mechanism of alcohol-related psychosis is due to the 345:

Psychosis can have several different causes. These include

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Missing a toxic psychosis by not screening for substances

2074:

to a high level of certainty, using toxicology screening.

495:

lines may be seen. Visual abnormalities may conflict with

10420:

Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists

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van der Steur SJ, Batalla A, Bossong MG (February 2020).

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Indiscriminate screening without an organizing framework,

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3423: 2776:", the rejection of the symbolic concept of the father. 2391:

was introduced to the psychiatric literature in 1841 by

2202:

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)

2023:

to rule out a systemic infection or chronic disease, and

12108: 6968: 4840: 4156: 3815: 3104: 2958:(3 Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry): 715–736. 425:

diseases, toxins, or other health problems as a cause.

200:

seeing or hearing things that others do not see or hear

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in subanesthetic doses (doses insufficient to induce

10430:

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4256: 338:, lack of motivation, and difficulties carrying out 10350:

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Not obtaining a medical history and family history,

1720:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

1625:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

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Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 7915: 7913: 7911: 7482: 7111: 6438: 5515:The International Journal of Social Psychiatry 5409:"Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder: a review" 4861: 4206:Waters F, Chiu V, Atkinson A, Blom JD (2018). 3775:The International Journal of Social Psychiatry 3691: 2316:, psychoanalysis/psychodynamic psychotherapy, 1111:other acquired metabolic disorders, including 74:Please review the contents of the article and 11239: 10670: 10400:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia 10199: 9592: 9394: 8912: 8318:The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement 7403: 6849: 6806: 6516: 5406: 5214: 4973: 4482: 3374: 2233:are better. Tentative evidence supports that 610:Disorganization of speech/thought or behavior 573:(the belief that oneself is partly or wholly 297:3% of people at some point in their life (US) 8869: 8713:History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology 7920:Barry SJ, Gaughan TM, Hunter R (June 2012). 7651: 7649: 7647: 7281: 6336: 5656:Chesney E, Oliver D, McGuire P (July 2021). 5155: 3772: 1787:) can trigger psychosis in some people (see 1446:(a painful and now obsolete procedure where 9686: 9364: 9326: 8829:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 8586: 8117:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7908: 7824: 7655: 7582:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7237: 7235: 7233: 5899: 4834: 4018:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3305:. Cambridge University Press. p. 279. 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 1312:Approximately three percent of people with 692: 318:and what is not real. Symptoms may include 12143:Other specified feeding or eating disorder 11410: 11246: 11232: 10677: 10663: 10355:American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology 10206: 10192: 7827:"Pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia" 7478: 7476: 7277: 7275: 7268:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-019-09661-6 7256:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-022-09800-6 7243:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-022-09787-0 7112:Luhrmann TM, Marrow J, eds. (2016-09-27). 4919: 3381:Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 2945: 2591:. According to humoralism, each fluid or " 9991:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9640:Lewandowski KE, Moustafa A, eds. 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In particular to its effect in the 1730:make it understandable to non-experts 1635:make it understandable to non-experts 1211: 1011:neurodegenerative disorders, such as 979: 922:, primarily associated with maternal 722:, a number of medical illnesses, and 470:interacting with animals and people, 451: 11590: 10026: 9912: 9844: 9832:from the original on 3 February 2021 9437: 9040: 8870:Gross D, Schäfer G (February 2011). 8776: 8454: 7576:Marshall M, Rathbone J (June 2011). 6717:"Toward a neurobiology of delusions" 5856: 5556:Hamilton I, Monaghan M (June 2019). 4843:Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 3818:Journal of Constructivist Psychology 3476:Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology 3145: 3143: 2912:from the original on 15 October 2018 2357: 2013:to rule out a metabolic disturbance, 1704: 1701:Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia 1609: 1025:focal neurological disease, such as 954: 773: 646: 597:classified psychotic delusions into 413:, can occur after giving birth. The 43: 12109:Physiological and physical behavior 10842:Depression (differential diagnoses) 10410:National Institute of Mental Health 10059:National Institute of Mental Health 9593:Badcock JC, Paulik G, eds. (2019). 9184:. 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Oxford University Press. 2946:Arciniegas DB (June 2015). 2820: 2682:environments such as small 2263:extrapyramidal side effects 1968:thyroid-stimulating hormone 1340: 1218:Substance-induced psychosis 1072:endocrine disease, such as 906: 746:Falling asleep and waking: 732:substance-induced psychosis 367:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 61:reliable medical references 10: 12525: 12454:Symptoms and uncategorized 11555:developmental disabilities 11321:Sexual maturation disorder 10941:General Behavior Inventory 10405:Indian Psychiatric Society 9511:10.3310/nihrevidence_50569 8969:10.1177/0957154X9700802905 8889:10.3171/2010.10.FOCUS10214 8601:10.1177/0957154X9400501702 8469:10.1177/0957154X9500602204 8174:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.018 8033:10.1177/026988110001400411 7115:Our Most Troubling Madness 6535:10.2174/092986712799462685 6496:10.2174/138161212799316244 5674:10.1007/s00213-021-05905-9 5562:Current Psychiatry Reports 5484:10.1007/s00406-019-01068-z 5337:10.1016/j.cpem.2017.07.002 5292:10.1016/j.jsps.2020.02.005 5031:10.1007/s42399-020-00403-z 4369:Clinical Psychology Review 4134:The Diagnosis of Psychosis 3302:The Diagnosis of Psychosis 2377: 2339: 1897: 1698: 1371: 1344: 1333:psychosocial impairments. 1305: 1301: 1215: 1201:intrudes into wakefulness) 1178:Hashimoto's encephalopathy 918:, occurring shortly after 769:Extreme stress (see below) 683:inability to feel pleasure 675:reduced spontaneous speech 661:Negative symptoms include 650: 501:Lilliputian hallucinations 36: 32:Psychosis (disambiguation) 29: 12459: 12448: 12424: 12416:Simple-type schizophrenia 12393: 12385:Schizophreniform disorder 12362: 12341: 12337: 12316: 12269: 12251: 12220: 12197: 12151: 12118: 12114: 12103: 12025: 11992: 11940: 11883: 11874: 11855: 11851: 11830: 11796: 11763:Mild cognitive impairment 11748:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 11728: 11690: 11686: 11675: 11646:Major depressive disorder 11599: 11585: 11551:Psychological development 11550: 11525: 11422: 11418: 11405: 11334: 11281: 11277: 11266: 11178: 11146:Electroconvulsive therapy 11123: 11072: 11023: 10978: 10969: 10921: 10827: 10807: 10769:Major depressive disorder 10759: 10701: 10692: 10624: 10576: 10481:Electroconvulsive therapy 10476:Biopsychiatry controversy 10448: 10342: 10249:Cross-cultural psychiatry 10244:Cognitive neuropsychiatry 10221: 10157: 10067: 9887:. 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StatPearls Publishing. 3588:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.040 3220:10.1017/S1092852918001013 3111:American Family Physician 2723:major depressive disorder 2717:including schizophrenia, 2623:electroconvulsive therapy 1799:NMDA receptor antagonists 1483:anterior cingulate cortex 1283:NMDA receptor antagonists 1017:dementia with Lewy bodies 1007:velocardiofacial syndrome 867:schizophreniform disorder 709: 653:Clouding of consciousness 628:lack thereof is unknown. 527:beliefs. A delusion is a 381:). Other causes include: 293: 283: 265: 222: 206: 189: 173: 161: 156: 67:or relies too heavily on 12464:Impulse-control disorder 12380:Schizoaffective disorder 12375:Brief reactive psychosis 12072:Mass psychogenic illness 12035:Body dysmorphic disorder 11814:Post-concussion syndrome 11424:Emotional and behavioral 10961:Young Mania Rating Scale 10936:Child Mania Rating Scale 10815:Schizoaffective disorder 10794:Major depressive episode 10528:Psychiatric epidemiology 10523:Philosophy of psychiatry 10415:Philadelphia Association 10254:Developmental disability 9763:Cambridge, Massachusetts 9646:Cambridge, Massachusetts 9599:Cambridge, Massachusetts 9415:10.2182/cjot.2011.78.3.3 8554:British Medical Bulletin 8530:. Douglas Harper. 2001. 6721:Progress in Neurobiology 6585:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00047 5624:10.3390/brainsci10020097 5527:10.1177/0020764018801690 5079:10.3748/wjg.v24.i14.1521 4225:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00303 3787:10.1177/0020764010396413 3393:10.1177/2045125318781475 3250:Grace AA (August 2016). 2805:experiencing psychosis. 2801:is a common occurrence. 2405:Ernst von Feuchtersleben 1045:paraneoplastic syndromes 862:brief psychotic disorder 852:schizoaffective disorder 693:Psychosis in adolescents 430:antipsychotic medication 355:schizoaffective disorder 37:Not to be confused with 12401:Childhood schizophrenia 11753:Frontotemporal dementia 11710:High-functioning autism 11527:Intellectual disability 11088:Atypical antipsychotics 10847:Emotional dysregulation 10594:Psychiatric medications 9732:Oxford University Press 9697:Oxford University Press 9662:10.1016/C2017-0-03061-6 9615:10.1016/C2017-0-01829-3 8501:A Greek-English Lexicon 7458:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261 6672:Neuropsychopharmacology 6572:Frontiers in Psychiatry 5413:Metabolic Brain Disease 4212:Frontiers in Psychiatry 3868:General Psychopathology 2711:atypical antipsychotics 2438: 2431: 2393:Karl Friedrich Canstatt 2231:atypical antipsychotics 2089:Not properly excluding 1581:aberrant salience model 1570:frontotemporal dementia 1541:superior temporal gyrus 1467:superior temporal gyrus 1459:first episode psychosis 1224:psychoactive substances 509:peduncular hallucinosis 476:Auditory hallucinations 11918:Specific social phobia 11809:Organic brain syndrome 11651:Melancholic depression 11412:Childhood and learning 11151:Involuntary commitment 10913:Reduced affect display 10789:Melancholic depression 10563:Psychosomatic medicine 10299:Nutritional psychiatry 10259:Descriptive psychiatry 10036:. New York: Hyperion. 9826:University of Michigan 9254:Schizophrenia Bulletin 9158:10.1001/jama.2011.1360 8412:Schizophrenia Bulletin 8264:Schizophrenia Research 7445:Schizophrenia Bulletin 6978:The Lancet. Psychiatry 6809:Brain Research Reviews 6441:Schizophrenia Research 6379:Schultz W (May 2017). 6102:Psychological Medicine 5976:Schizophrenia Bulletin 5364:The Lancet. Psychiatry 4604:Schizophrenia Bulletin 4495:Psychological Medicine 4163:Schizophrenia Bulletin 4064:Joyce EM (July 2018). 3830:10.1080/10720530125965 3730:Schizophrenia Research 3201:Stahl SM (June 2018). 3150:Davies W (June 2017). 2761: 2715:neurological disorders 2641: 2569: 2551: 2310:need adapted treatment 2287:Metacognitive training 2124:differential diagnosis 1775:blocking drugs (i.e., 1545:inferior frontal gyrus 1498:Kraepelinian dichotomy 934:Myxedematous psychosis 929:Monothematic delusions 728:substance use disorder 551:delusions of reference 523:Psychosis may involve 428:Treatment may include 423:central nervous system 306:is a condition of the 12474:Psychomotor agitation 12264:and substance-related 12207:Postpartum depression 12087:Somatization disorder 11973:Acute stress reaction 11738:AIDS dementia complex 10746:Mixed affective state 10486:Insulin shock therapy 10461:Clinical neuroscience 10380:Democratic Psychiatry 10234:Biological psychiatry 9266:10.1093/schbul/sbx082 8957:History of Psychiatry 8589:History of Psychiatry 8505:. Perseus.tufts.edu. 8457:History of Psychiatry 8424:10.1093/schbul/sbm136 7926:BMJ Clinical Evidence 7044:10.1192/bjp.185.3.196 6940:10.1212/WNL.45.7.1305 6869:10.1192/bjp.181.4.271 5988:10.1093/schbul/sbr134 4877:Critical Care Clinics 4666:10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.112 4616:10.1093/schbul/sbw063 4175:10.1093/schbul/sbw076 2751: 2709:. With the advent of 2639: 2615:insulin shock therapy 2564: 2549: 1699:Further information: 1676:neural representation 1537:middle temporal gyrus 1463:middle temporal gyrus 1444:pneumoencephalography 1345:Further information: 1306:Further information: 1155:, and failure of the 1115:disturbances such as 877:Personality disorders 793:Psychiatric disorders 716:psychiatric disorders 555:delusions of grandeur 484:visual hallucinations 409:. One type, known as 12469:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 12299:Substance dependence 12212:Postpartum psychosis 11758:Huntington's disease 11540:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 11389:Personality disorder 11208:Kay Redfield Jamison 11193:Frederick K. Goodwin 11013:Valproate semisodium 10903:Psychotic depression 10599:by condition treated 10538:Psychiatric hospital 10533:Psychiatric genetics 10279:Geriatric psychiatry 10269:Emergency psychiatry 10229:Addiction psychiatry 9922:. London: Gollancz. 9699:. pp. 179–240. 8922:Pressman JD (1998). 8748:. pp. 259–277. 8715:. pp. 175–197. 8463:(22 Pt 2): 177–200. 7485:"Focus on psychosis" 6684:10.1038/npp.2010.163 5762:Molecular Psychiatry 3169:10.5498/wjp.v7.i2.77 2908:. 23 December 2016. 2418:The term stems from 2301:as well as improved 2221:The choice of which 1773:dopamine receptor D2 1479:middle frontal gyrus 1395:stimulants, such as 1358:tetrahydrocannabinol 1094:postpartum psychosis 1037:, and some forms of 988:. Examples include: 973:Postpartum psychosis 968:Postpartum psychosis 916:Postpartum psychosis 823:psychotic depression 677:(poverty of speech, 667:decreased motivation 606:political beliefs). 579:clinical lycanthropy 559:thought broadcasting 547:persecutory delusion 411:postpartum psychosis 393:, and drugs such as 379:psychotic depression 30:For other uses, see 12349:Delusional disorder 12294:Stimulant psychosis 12284:Physical dependence 12138:Rumination syndrome 12040:Conversion disorder 12017:Psychogenic amnesia 11867:with depressed mood 11865:Adjustment disorder 11768:Parkinson's disease 11743:Alzheimer's disease 11636:Atypical depression 11472:Social functioning 11347:Munchausen syndrome 11342:Factitious disorder 11131:Clinical psychology 10946:Hypomania Checklist 10784:Atypical depression 10456:Behavioral medicine 10314:Palliative medicine 10294:Military psychiatry 10274:Forensic psychiatry 9983:Hinshaw SP (2002). 9946:. London: Picador. 9883:Williams P (2012). 9047:European Psychiatry 9041:Stip E (May 2002). 8876:Neurosurgical Focus 8746:Clinical Psychology 6397:2017CBio...27.R369S 5957:10.1176/ajp.92.1.43 5816:European Psychiatry 5233:2013PLoSO...863972K 4703:"Cycloid Psychosis" 3500:Giddens JF (2015). 3268:10.1038/nrn.2016.57 2788:Society and culture 2699:dopamine antagonist 2667:prefrontal lobotomy 2646:Gottlieb Burckhardt 2621:shock therapy, and 2550:Bust of Hippocrates 2508:clinical depression 2079:dietary supplements 1870:Parkinson's disease 1789:stimulant psychosis 1596:Alzheimer's disease 1551:). Activity in the 1448:cerebrospinal fluid 1374:Stimulant psychosis 1090:hyperparathyroidism 1021:Parkinson's disease 1013:Alzheimer's disease 986:secondary psychosis 939:Stimulant psychosis 857:delusional disorder 781:sensory deprivation 702:), and deficits in 363:sensory deprivation 249:, drugs (including 184:clinical psychology 12368:schizophrenia-like 12012:Dissociative fugue 11461:Movement disorders 11124:Non-pharmaceutical 10558:Psychopharmacology 10289:Liaison psychiatry 10158:External resources 9350:10.1111/etho.12225 9186:Character Analysis 8963:(29 pt 1): 61–81. 8802:Shorter E (1998). 8700:Hippocratic corpus 8595:(17 Pt 1): 13–36. 7621:NHS (2017-10-23). 7319:Medical News Today 7090:10.1111/tops.12158 6623:Psychopharmacology 6193:Neuropsychobiology 6161:10.1037/abn0000862 5662:Psychopharmacology 4558:2004-10-17 at the 3962:10.1037/abn0000862 3622:. Wolters Kluwer. 3337:Foster NL (2011). 2707:tardive dyskinesia 2642: 2560:Hippocratic corpus 2556:Hippocrates of Cos 2552: 2336:Early intervention 2318:major role therapy 2267:metabolic syndrome 2181:psychotic spectrum 2007:basic electrolytes 1987:serum and urinary 1853:genetic expression 1769:mesolimbic pathway 1574:Lewy body dementia 1318:kindling mechanism 1212:Psychoactive drugs 1206:neurocysticercosis 1086:hypoparathyroidism 1082:Cushing's syndrome 1056:viral encephalitis 1035:multiple sclerosis 992:disorders causing 980:Medical conditions 839:bipolar I disorder 452:Signs and symptoms 373:and in rare cases 12491: 12490: 12487: 12486: 12444: 12443: 12440: 12439: 12312: 12311: 12247: 12246: 12243: 12242: 12099: 12098: 12095: 12094: 11988: 11987: 11826: 11825: 11822: 11821: 11783:Vascular dementia 11705:Asperger syndrome 11671: 11670: 11581: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11515:Tourette syndrome 11401: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11221: 11220: 11174: 11173: 11098:Lithium carbonate 11044:Dextroamphetamine 10862:Suicidal ideation 10823: 10822: 10652: 10651: 10584:Counseling topics 10518:Pentylenetetrazol 10284:Immuno-psychiatry 10181: 10180: 10043:978-1-4013-0138-5 10019:978-1-86508-974-4 10006:McLean R (2003). 9975:978-0-940322-20-2 9953:978-0-679-76330-7 9929:978-0-679-73446-8 9904:Personal accounts 9894:978-0-9849867-0-5 9875:978-1-4377-0434-1 9856:978-0-7020-2627-0 9822:Michigan Medicine 9788:978-0-12-813201-2 9749:978-0-19-065327-9 9714:978-0-19-879555-1 9671:978-0-12-815315-4 9624:978-0-12-815012-2 9234:978-0-674-00619-5 9151:(12): 1359–1369. 8933:978-0-521-35371-7 8813:978-0-471-24531-5 8788:978-0-559-92167-4 8763:978-1-4757-9717-6 8730:978-0-387-34707-3 8644:10.1159/000285035 7973:(12): 1821–1829. 7664:(9690): 635–645. 7359:(28): 6787–6854. 7347:(February 2004). 7288:Psychiatric Times 7133:978-0-520-29108-9 6984:(11): 1049–1058. 6391:(10): R369–R371. 6246:Radua et al. 2012 6234:Radua et al. 2012 6205:10.1159/000448620 6066:(10): 2325–2333. 6027:(10): 1249–1256. 5370:(12): 1068–1080. 5072:(14): 1521–1530. 4584:978-0-89042-554-1 4501:(14): 2883–2906. 4475:978-0-89042-554-1 4143:978-0-521-16484-9 4082:10.1111/cns.12973 3905:10.1111/eip.12501 3877:978-0-8018-5775-1 3629:978-1-45-110047-1 3560:978-0-89042-554-1 3513:978-0-323-38946-4 3486:978-0-7817-6937-2 3473:Gibbs RS (2008). 3350:978-1-58562-952-7 3312:978-1-139-49790-9 3060:978-0-19-261294-6 3013:10.1002/wps.20490 2799:social disability 2727:anxiety disorders 2358:Systematic reform 2299:negative symptoms 1993:pernicious anemia 1845:adenylate cyclase 1834:evoked potentials 1819:negative symptoms 1758: 1757: 1750: 1671:negative symptoms 1663: 1662: 1655: 1606:Negative symptoms 1600:Capgras delusions 1268:κ-opioid receptor 1256:psychedelic drugs 1232:suicidal thinking 955:Cycloid psychosis 944:Tardive psychosis 774:Trauma and stress 765:sleep deprivation 657:Depression (mood) 647:Negative symptoms 571:Cotard's syndrome 567:misidentification 563:thought insertion 387:sleep deprivation 371:cerebral beriberi 336:social withdrawal 328:incoherent speech 301: 300: 243:sleep deprivation 165:Psychotic break ( 151:Medical condition 149: 148: 125: 16:(Redirected from 12516: 12509:1840s neologisms 12450: 12449: 12339: 12338: 12318: 12317: 12253: 12252: 12128:Anorexia nervosa 12116: 12115: 12105: 12104: 12082:Psychogenic pain 12050:Globus pharyngis 11898:Childhood phobia 11881: 11880: 11853: 11852: 11832: 11831: 11688: 11687: 11677: 11676: 11587: 11586: 11486:Selective mutism 11437:Conduct disorder 11420: 11419: 11407: 11406: 11384:Trichotillomania 11359:Gender dysphoria 11354:Fear of intimacy 11311:Sexual anhedonia 11279: 11278: 11268: 11267: 11255:Mental disorders 11248: 11241: 11234: 11225: 11224: 11113:Lithium toxicity 11075:mood stabilizers 11025:Sympathomimetics 11008:Sodium valproate 10976: 10975: 10703:Bipolar disorder 10699: 10698: 10679: 10672: 10665: 10656: 10655: 10642: 10641: 10632: 10503:Imaging genetics 10208: 10201: 10194: 10185: 10184: 10065: 10064: 10047: 10023: 10002: 9990: 9979: 9957: 9933: 9898: 9879: 9860: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9800: 9761:(1st ed.). 9753: 9726:(1st ed.). 9718: 9691:(4th ed.). 9683: 9644:(1st ed.). 9636: 9597:(1st ed.). 9580: 9579: 9553: 9551:10.3310/eme08110 9529: 9523: 9522: 9495: 9489: 9488: 9478: 9446: 9435: 9434: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9371: 9362: 9361: 9333: 9324: 9323: 9294: 9288: 9287: 9277: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9207: 9180:Reich W (1980). 9177: 9171: 9170: 9160: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9119: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9062: 9038: 9032: 9031: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8952: 8946: 8945: 8919: 8910: 8909: 8891: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8799: 8793: 8792: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8708: 8702: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8452: 8446: 8445: 8435: 8418:(6): 1200–1210. 8403: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8367: 8350: 8349: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8255: 8249: 8241: 8235: 8234: 8224: 8192: 8186: 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6507: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6436: 6427: 6426: 6408: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6309: 6300:(6): 1251–1257. 6285: 6279: 6278: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6155:(8): 1060–1071. 6140: 6134: 6133: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6075: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6016: 6010: 6009: 5999: 5982:(6): 1297–1307. 5967: 5961: 5960: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5768:(8): 4431–4447. 5753: 5747: 5746: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5685: 5668:(5): 1179–1190. 5653: 5647: 5646: 5636: 5626: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5585: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5467: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5387: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5303: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5254: 5244: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5142: 5132: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5091: 5081: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5025:(9): 1646–1660. 5014: 5008: 5007: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4951: 4941: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4900: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4795: 4789: 4788: 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Psychiatry 2992: 2986: 2985: 2975: 2943: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2898: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2859: 2759: 2719:bipolar disorder 2485:bipolar disorder 2441: 2434: 2256:white blood cell 2017:full blood count 1884:thought disorder 1880:psychostimulants 1811:dextromethorphan 1762:neurotransmitter 1753: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1713: 1712: 1705: 1667:ventral striatal 1658: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1585:salience network 1572:, psychosis and 1553:ventral striatum 1523:inferior frontal 1494:precentral gyrus 1401:sympathomimetics 1335:Delirium tremens 1145:hypophosphatemia 949:Shared psychosis 924:bipolar disorder 827:bipolar disorder 637:waxy flexibility 616:thought disorder 415:neurotransmitter 375:major depression 359:bipolar disorder 340:daily activities 289:Depends on cause 235:bipolar disorder 154: 153: 144: 143: 135: 132: 126: 124: 83: 52: 51: 44: 21: 12524: 12523: 12519: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12514: 12513: 12494: 12493: 12492: 12483: 12455: 12436: 12420: 12389: 12367: 12358: 12333: 12308: 12265: 12262:substance abuse 12239: 12216: 12193: 12147: 12133:Bulimia nervosa 12110: 12091: 12067:Hypochondriasis 12062:False pregnancy 12045:Ganser syndrome 12027:Somatic symptom 12021: 11984: 11936: 11925:Specific phobia 11870: 11847: 11818: 11792: 11724: 11720:Savant syndrome 11692:Autism spectrum 11682: 11667: 11595: 11573: 11552: 11546: 11521: 11414: 11393: 11369:Dermatillomania 11330: 11316:Sexual anorexia 11273: 11262: 11252: 11222: 11217: 11170: 11119: 11108:Lithium sulfate 11103:Lithium citrate 11068: 11059:Methylphenidate 11028: 11019: 10980:Anticonvulsants 10965: 10917: 10908:Racing thoughts 10819: 10803: 10755: 10688: 10683: 10653: 10648: 10620: 10616:Psychotherapies 10572: 10553:Psycho-oncology 10513:Neurophysiology 10471:Anti-psychiatry 10444: 10338: 10309:Neuropsychiatry 10264:Eating disorder 10217: 10212: 10182: 10177: 10176: 10153: 10152: 10076: 10055: 10050: 10044: 10020: 9999: 9976: 9954: 9930: 9901: 9895: 9876: 9857: 9845:Sims A (2002). 9835: 9833: 9807: 9805:Further reading 9789: 9750: 9715: 9672: 9625: 9589: 9584: 9583: 9530: 9526: 9497: 9496: 9492: 9455:JAMA Psychiatry 9447: 9438: 9399: 9395: 9372: 9365: 9334: 9327: 9295: 9291: 9246: 9242: 9235: 9218: 9214: 9205: 9203: 9196: 9178: 9174: 9137: 9133: 9088: 9084: 9039: 9035: 8996: 8992: 8953: 8949: 8934: 8920: 8913: 8868: 8864: 8825: 8821: 8814: 8800: 8796: 8789: 8777:Rush B (1830). 8775: 8771: 8764: 8742: 8738: 8731: 8709: 8705: 8698: 8694: 8663: 8659: 8632:Psychopathology 8628: 8624: 8585: 8581: 8550: 8546: 8537: 8535: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8512: 8510: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8453: 8449: 8404: 8397: 8368: 8353: 8314: 8310: 8301: 8299: 8256: 8252: 8242: 8238: 8201:JAMA Psychiatry 8193: 8189: 8158: 8154: 8123:(1): CD000059. 8109: 8105: 8074:(7610): 91–95. 8064:"Schizophrenia" 8060: 8056: 8017: 8013: 7990: 7986: 7963: 7959: 7922:"Schizophrenia" 7918: 7909: 7872: 7868: 7823: 7819: 7809: 7807: 7796: 7792: 7783: 7781: 7772: 7771: 7767: 7758: 7756: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7697: 7693: 7654: 7645: 7636: 7634: 7619: 7615: 7584:(6): CD004718. 7574: 7570: 7561: 7557: 7548: 7544: 7530: 7526: 7481: 7474: 7437: 7433: 7402: 7398: 7374: 7372: 7342: 7338: 7328: 7326: 7311: 7307: 7297: 7295: 7280: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7252: 7248: 7240: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7210: 7201: 7199: 7156: 7152: 7143: 7141: 7134: 7110: 7106: 7069: 7060: 7023: 7019: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6973: 6967: 6963: 6924: 6920: 6889: 6885: 6848: 6844: 6805: 6801: 6762: 6758: 6713: 6709: 6664: 6660: 6615: 6611: 6564: 6560: 6515: 6511: 6480: 6476: 6437: 6430: 6385:Current Biology 6377: 6373: 6364: 6362: 6335: 6331: 6286: 6282: 6271: 6267: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6188: 6184: 6141: 6137: 6097: 6093: 6052: 6048: 6017: 6013: 5968: 5964: 5941: 5937: 5898: 5894: 5855: 5851: 5812: 5808: 5799: 5797: 5754: 5750: 5711: 5707: 5654: 5650: 5603: 5599: 5554: 5550: 5511: 5507: 5468: 5459: 5450: 5448: 5405: 5401: 5356: 5352: 5321: 5317: 5272: 5268: 5213: 5209: 5160: 5156: 5109: 5105: 5058: 5054: 5015: 5011: 4972: 4965: 4926:Malaria Journal 4918: 4914: 4869: 4862: 4839: 4835: 4796: 4792: 4745: 4736: 4699: 4692: 4645: 4641: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4560:Wayback Machine 4545: 4541: 4532: 4530: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4417: 4406: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4341: 4298: 4294: 4255: 4251: 4204: 4200: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4130: 4107: 4062: 4055: 4024:(7): CD009533. 4010: 3993: 3942: 3938: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3862:(1997-11-27) . 3857: 3853: 3814: 3810: 3771: 3767: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3690: 3686: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3616: 3603: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3521: 3514: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3471: 3467: 3436:(10): 927–942. 3422: 3418: 3387:(11): 303–318. 3373: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3351: 3335: 3331: 3322: 3320: 3313: 3297: 3293: 3248: 3244: 3199: 3195: 3148: 3141: 3132: 3130: 3117:(12): 856–863. 3103: 3092: 3083: 3081: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3045: 3038: 2993: 2989: 2944: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2861: 2860: 2845: 2840: 2823: 2795: 2790: 2760: 2757: 2735:autism spectrum 2650:cerebral cortex 2524: 2456: 2385: 2380: 2360: 2352:critical period 2344: 2338: 2279: 2252:agranulocytosis 2219: 2210: 2189: 2173:Factor analysis 2000: 1985: 1976:hyperthyroidism 1950: 1900: 1863: 1754: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1726:help improve it 1723: 1714: 1710: 1703: 1697: 1659: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1631:help improve it 1628: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1565: 1532: 1471:parahippocampus 1440: 1435: 1433:Pathophysiology 1419:corticosteroids 1388: 1379:Methamphetamine 1376: 1370: 1368:Methamphetamine 1353: 1343: 1326:gene expression 1310: 1304: 1220: 1214: 1137:hypermagnesemia 1106: 1078:hyperthyroidism 1000:toxic psychosis 982: 970: 957: 909: 795: 776: 740: 712: 695: 659: 649: 612: 521: 459: 454: 152: 145: 141: 136: 130: 127: 84: 73: 69:primary sources 53: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12522: 12512: 12511: 12506: 12489: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12446: 12445: 12442: 12441: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12434: 12428: 12426: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12397: 12395: 12391: 12390: 12388: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12371: 12369: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12356: 12351: 12345: 12343: 12335: 12334: 12314: 12313: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12289:Rebound effect 12286: 12281: 12276: 12270: 12267: 12266: 12249: 12248: 12245: 12244: 12241: 12240: 12238: 12237: 12232: 12230:Hypersexuality 12226: 12224: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12214: 12209: 12203: 12201: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12191: 12190: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12169: 12164: 12158: 12156: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12124: 12122: 12112: 12111: 12101: 12100: 12097: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12037: 12031: 12029: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11998: 11996: 11990: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11975: 11965: 11963:Panic disorder 11960: 11955: 11950: 11944: 11942: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11934: 11933: 11932: 11930:Claustrophobia 11922: 11921: 11920: 11915: 11913:Anthropophobia 11905: 11903:Social anxiety 11900: 11895: 11889: 11887: 11878: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11868: 11861: 11859: 11849: 11848: 11828: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11820: 11819: 11817: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11800: 11798: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11773:Pick's disease 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11734: 11732: 11726: 11725: 11723: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11696: 11694: 11684: 11683: 11673: 11672: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11665: 11660: 11659: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11628: 11627: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11583: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11572: 11571: 11566: 11560: 11558: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11531: 11529: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11519: 11518: 11517: 11507: 11506: 11505: 11500: 11490: 11489: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11470: 11469: 11468: 11458: 11457: 11456: 11446: 11445: 11444: 11434: 11428: 11426: 11416: 11415: 11403: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11350: 11349: 11338: 11336: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11307: 11306: 11301: 11291: 11285: 11283: 11275: 11274: 11264: 11263: 11259:Classification 11251: 11250: 11243: 11236: 11228: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11188:Emil Kraepelin 11184: 11182: 11176: 11175: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11127: 11125: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11090: 11085: 11083:Antipsychotics 11079: 11077: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11035: 11033: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11015: 11010: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10984: 10982: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10927: 10925: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10880:Sleep disorder 10876: 10871: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10844: 10839: 10833: 10831: 10825: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10818: 10817: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10765: 10763: 10757: 10756: 10754: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10707: 10705: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10682: 10681: 10674: 10667: 10659: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10646: 10636: 10625: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10602: 10601: 10591: 10586: 10580: 10578: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10548:Psychoanalysis 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10463: 10458: 10452: 10450: 10449:Related topics 10446: 10445: 10443: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10346: 10344: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10336: 10334:Telepsychiatry 10331: 10329:Sleep medicine 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10225: 10223: 10222:Subspecialties 10219: 10218: 10211: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10188: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10155: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10139: 10120: 10101: 10077: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10068:Classification 10062: 10061: 10054: 10053:External links 10051: 10049: 10048: 10042: 10024: 10018: 10003: 9997: 9980: 9974: 9958: 9952: 9934: 9928: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9900: 9899: 9893: 9880: 9874: 9861: 9855: 9842: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9787: 9767:Academic Press 9754: 9748: 9719: 9713: 9684: 9670: 9650:Academic Press 9637: 9623: 9603:Academic Press 9588: 9585: 9582: 9581: 9524: 9490: 9461:(6): 555–565. 9436: 9409:(3): 156–163. 9393: 9382:(1): 113–130. 9363: 9325: 9289: 9260:(2): 242–249. 9240: 9233: 9212: 9194: 9172: 9131: 9102:(6): 434–439. 9082: 9053:(3): 115–119. 9033: 9006:(3): 409–419. 8990: 8947: 8932: 8911: 8862: 8819: 8812: 8794: 8787: 8769: 8762: 8736: 8729: 8703: 8692: 8673:(3): 247–258. 8657: 8622: 8579: 8560:(3): 484–498. 8544: 8519: 8490: 8447: 8395: 8382:(4): 443–458. 8351: 8308: 8250: 8236: 8207:(5): 417–429. 8187: 8152: 8103: 8054: 8027:(4): 409–418. 8011: 8000:(4): 338–339. 7984: 7957: 7954:on 2014-09-11. 7907: 7886:(7): 498–511. 7866: 7837:(3): 345–357. 7817: 7790: 7765: 7740: 7691: 7643: 7613: 7568: 7555: 7542: 7524: 7472: 7451:(2): 261–276. 7431: 7412:(3): 799–812. 7396: 7336: 7305: 7290:. UBM Medica. 7271: 7259: 7246: 7229: 7220: 7208: 7170:(5): 384–389. 7150: 7132: 7104: 7083:(4): 646–663. 7058: 7037:(3): 196–204. 7017: 6961: 6918: 6899:(2): 287–288. 6883: 6862:(4): 271–275. 6842: 6815:(2): 293–304. 6799: 6772:(7): 803–812. 6756: 6727:(3): 345–369. 6707: 6678:(1): 294–315. 6658: 6629:(4): 515–530. 6609: 6558: 6509: 6490:(4): 466–478. 6474: 6428: 6371: 6349:(4): 659–672. 6329: 6280: 6265: 6250: 6238: 6226: 6182: 6135: 6108:(2): 295–307. 6091: 6046: 6011: 5962: 5935: 5908:(2): 229–238. 5892: 5865:(3): 192–193. 5849: 5806: 5748: 5721:(4): 403–428. 5705: 5648: 5611:Brain Sciences 5597: 5548: 5521:(7): 690–704. 5505: 5478:(4): 403–412. 5457: 5419:(2): 231–243. 5399: 5350: 5331:(3): 197–202. 5327:. Toxicology. 5315: 5286:(4): 445–451. 5266: 5207: 5178:(1): 113–139. 5154: 5103: 5052: 5009: 4963: 4912: 4883:(3): 681–712. 4860: 4833: 4806:(2): 117–122. 4790: 4753:BMC Psychiatry 4734: 4713:(6): 502–505. 4690: 4659:(4): 112–119. 4639: 4610:(1): 108–121. 4590: 4583: 4564: 4539: 4481: 4474: 4455: 4404: 4350: 4292: 4265:(3): 176–182. 4249: 4198: 4149: 4142: 4105: 4076:(7): 598–603. 4053: 3991: 3936: 3899:(4): 561–571. 3883: 3876: 3851: 3824:(4): 247–265. 3808: 3765: 3716: 3684: 3655:(6): 259–266. 3635: 3628: 3601: 3566: 3559: 3530: 3512: 3492: 3485: 3465: 3416: 3367: 3349: 3329: 3311: 3291: 3262:(8): 524–532. 3242: 3213:(3): 187–191. 3193: 3139: 3090: 3066: 3059: 3036: 2987: 2923: 2884: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2822: 2819: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2755: 2747:hallucinations 2695:Chlorpromazine 2691:antipsychotics 2661:conceived the 2523: 2520: 2501:mood disorders 2493:Emil Kraepelin 2491:) was made by 2455: 2454:Classification 2452: 2401:nervous system 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2359: 2356: 2340:Main article: 2337: 2334: 2326:milieu therapy 2295:hallucinations 2278: 2275: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2188: 2185: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2064: 2063: 2053: 2039: 2038: 2024: 2014: 2004: 1998: 1983: 1979: 1949: 1946: 1913:Chennai, India 1899: 1896: 1861: 1847:activity, the 1777:antipsychotics 1756: 1755: 1717: 1715: 1708: 1696: 1693: 1661: 1660: 1622: 1620: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1564: 1561: 1531: 1530:Hallucinations 1528: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1387: 1384: 1372:Main article: 1369: 1366: 1342: 1339: 1303: 1300: 1216:Main article: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1191: 1188: 1172:(lupus, SLE), 1163: 1133:hypomagnesemia 1109: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1074:hypothyroidism 1070: 1048: 1041: 1023: 1009: 1003: 981: 978: 969: 966: 956: 953: 952: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 908: 905: 904: 903: 897: 892: 887: 870: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 835:mixed episodes 819:mood disorders 816: 794: 791: 775: 772: 771: 770: 767: 761: 755: 754:hallucinations 739: 736: 711: 708: 700:attention span 694: 691: 648: 645: 635:presents with 611: 608: 593:Historically, 520: 517: 505:encephalopathy 497:proprioceptive 472:hearing voices 458: 457:Hallucinations 455: 453: 450: 438:social support 347:mental illness 332:sleep problems 324:hallucinations 299: 298: 295: 291: 290: 287: 281: 280: 278:social support 270:Antipsychotics 267: 263: 262: 227:Mental illness 224: 220: 219: 210: 204: 203: 193: 187: 186: 177: 171: 170: 163: 159: 158: 150: 147: 146: 139: 137: 56: 54: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12521: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12461: 12458: 12451: 12447: 12433: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12423: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12394:Schizophrenia 12392: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12365: 12361: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12344: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12323:Schizophrenia 12319: 12315: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12274:Drug overdose 12272: 12271: 12268: 12263: 12259: 12254: 12250: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12223: 12222:Sexual desire 12219: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12200: 12196: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12174: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12159: 12157: 12155: 12150: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12123: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12106: 12102: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12042: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12024: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11995: 11991: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11939: 11931: 11928: 11927: 11926: 11923: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11908:Social phobia 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11886: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11873: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11843:-related and 11842: 11838: 11833: 11829: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11799: 11795: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11731: 11727: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11678: 11674: 11664: 11661: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11632: 11629: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11584: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11549: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11530: 11528: 11524: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11511: 11508: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11491: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11462: 11459: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11450: 11447: 11443: 11440: 11439: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11429: 11427: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11408: 11404: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11348: 11345: 11344: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11333: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11269: 11265: 11260: 11256: 11249: 11244: 11242: 11237: 11235: 11230: 11229: 11226: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11203:Karl Leonhard 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11177: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11161:Psychotherapy 11159: 11157: 11156:Light therapy 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11126: 11122: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11095: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11071: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11026: 11022: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11005: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10998:Oxcarbazepine 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10988:Carbamazepine 10986: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10968: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10924: 10920: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10869:Hallucination 10867: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10849: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10808:Comorbidities 10806: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10752: 10751:Rapid cycling 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10686:Mood disorder 10680: 10675: 10673: 10668: 10666: 10661: 10660: 10657: 10645: 10637: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10611:Psychiatrists 10609: 10607: 10604: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10575: 10569: 10568:Psychosurgery 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10447: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10343:Organizations 10341: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10324:Psychotherapy 10322: 10320: 10319:Pain medicine 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10209: 10204: 10202: 10197: 10195: 10190: 10189: 10186: 10173: 10169: 10168: 10164: 10163: 10160: 10156: 10149: 10145: 10144: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10078: 10075: 10070: 10066: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10045: 10039: 10035: 10034: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10015: 10011: 10010: 10004: 10000: 9998:9780521817806 9994: 9989: 9988: 9981: 9977: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9945: 9944: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9925: 9921: 9920: 9915: 9911: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9896: 9890: 9886: 9881: 9877: 9871: 9867: 9862: 9858: 9852: 9848: 9843: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9810: 9809: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9769:, imprint of 9768: 9764: 9760: 9755: 9751: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9720: 9716: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9652:, imprint of 9651: 9647: 9643: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9605:, imprint of 9604: 9600: 9596: 9591: 9590: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9528: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9503:NIHR Evidence 9500: 9494: 9486: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9397: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9370: 9368: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9332: 9330: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9306:(5): 461–81. 9305: 9301: 9293: 9285: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9244: 9236: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9216: 9201: 9197: 9195:9781466846876 9191: 9187: 9183: 9176: 9168: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9135: 9127: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9086: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9037: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8994: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8951: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8925: 8918: 8916: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8823: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8798: 8790: 8784: 8780: 8773: 8765: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8740: 8732: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8707: 8701: 8696: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8548: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8508: 8504: 8503:, at Perseus" 8502: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8451: 8443: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8400: 8390: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8324:(33): 53–59. 8323: 8319: 8312: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8232: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8191: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8156: 8148: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8107: 8099: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8058: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8015: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7988: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7903: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7862: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7821: 7805: 7801: 7794: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7754: 7750: 7744: 7736: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7617: 7609: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7572: 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5860: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5227:(8): e63972. 5226: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 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4253: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4058: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3879: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3631: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3562: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3496: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3333: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3207:CNS Spectrums 3204: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3144: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3043: 3041: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2800: 2785: 2782: 2779:Psychiatrist 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2671:frontal lobes 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2638: 2634: 2632: 2631:psychosurgery 2628: 2627:schizophrenia 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2604:Benjamin Rush 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528:New Testament 2519: 2517: 2516:Schizophrenia 2513: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2497:psychiatrists 2494: 2490: 2489:schizophrenia 2486: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2451: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2433: 2428: 2427:Ancient Greek 2424: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2355: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2314:Open Dialogue 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2277:Psychotherapy 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2223:antipsychotic 2214: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2143:hallucination 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077:Because some 2075: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2011:serum calcium 2008: 2005: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1904:United States 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868:psychosis in 1867: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1752: 1749: 1741: 1738:November 2019 1731: 1727: 1721: 1718:This section 1716: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1657: 1654: 1646: 1643:November 2019 1636: 1632: 1626: 1623:This section 1621: 1612: 1611: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515:basal ganglia 1510: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490:lingual gyrus 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469:(STG), right 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1352: 1348: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1328:, as well as 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287:phencyclidine 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141:hypercalcemia 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121:hypernatremia 1118: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1001: 997: 996: 991: 990: 989: 987: 977: 974: 965: 963: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 921: 917: 914: 913: 912: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 882: 878: 875: 874: 873: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 817: 815: 814:schizophrenia 812: 811: 810: 807: 805: 801: 800:schizophrenia 790: 788: 784: 782: 768: 766: 762: 759: 756: 753: 749: 745: 744: 743: 738:Normal states 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 720:schizophrenia 717: 707: 705: 704:verbal memory 701: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 658: 654: 644: 640: 638: 633: 629: 626: 621: 617: 607: 604: 600: 596: 591: 588: 587:Open Dialogue 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 543: 539: 536: 534: 530: 526: 516: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 492: 488: 485: 479: 477: 473: 468: 464: 463:hallucination 449: 447: 446:Ebers Papyrus 443: 439: 435: 434:psychotherapy 431: 426: 424: 419: 416: 412: 408: 404: 403:hallucinogens 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 351:schizophrenia 348: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 296: 292: 288: 286: 282: 279: 275: 271: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 231:schizophrenia 228: 225: 221: 218: 214: 211: 209: 208:Complications 205: 201: 197: 196:False beliefs 194: 192: 188: 185: 181: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 155: 138: 134: 131:February 2021 123: 120: 116: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: – 91: 87: 86:Find sources: 81: 77: 71: 70: 66: 62: 57:This article 55: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 12363: 12354:Folie à deux 12279:Intoxication 12260:substances, 12258:Psychoactive 12177:Night terror 11994:Dissociative 11958:Panic attack 11510:Tic disorder 11213:Mogens Schou 11049:Escitalopram 10897: 10878: 10543:Psychiatrist 10508:Neuroimaging 10165: 10141: 10122: 10103: 10080: 10032: 10008: 9986: 9965: 9942: 9918: 9884: 9865: 9846: 9834:. Retrieved 9817: 9758: 9723: 9688: 9641: 9594: 9587:Bibliography 9544:(11): 1–90. 9541: 9537: 9527: 9502: 9493: 9458: 9454: 9406: 9402: 9396: 9379: 9375: 9344:(1): 13–34. 9341: 9337: 9303: 9299: 9292: 9257: 9253: 9243: 9224: 9215: 9204:. Retrieved 9185: 9175: 9148: 9144: 9134: 9099: 9095: 9085: 9050: 9046: 9036: 9003: 8999: 8993: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8923: 8879: 8875: 8865: 8835:(1): 79–92. 8832: 8828: 8822: 8803: 8797: 8778: 8772: 8745: 8739: 8712: 8706: 8695: 8670: 8666: 8660: 8638:(2): 93–99. 8635: 8631: 8625: 8592: 8588: 8582: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8536:. Retrieved 8522: 8511:. Retrieved 8500: 8493: 8460: 8456: 8450: 8415: 8411: 8379: 8375: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8300:. Retrieved 8267: 8263: 8253: 8245: 8239: 8204: 8200: 8190: 8165: 8161: 8155: 8120: 8116: 8106: 8071: 8067: 8057: 8024: 8020: 8014: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7952:the original 7929: 7925: 7883: 7879: 7869: 7834: 7830: 7820: 7810:21 September 7808:. Retrieved 7793: 7782:. Retrieved 7768: 7757:. 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10857:Dysphoria 10852:Anhedonia 10774:Dysthymia 10736:Hypomania 10731:Childhood 10711:Bipolar I 10304:Narcology 9797:213499429 9680:239126550 9633:243510002 9576:238644547 9560:2050-4365 9519:249945572 9358:151061439 9320:221380722 8882:(2): E8. 8292:159040608 8270:: 15–30. 7686:208792724 7426:143531021 7329:March 16, 6928:Neurology 6169:2769-755X 6130:206252132 5887:243053658 5879:1357-3039 5844:232174454 5836:0924-9338 5790:209169489 5700:235807339 5617:(2): 97. 5568:(7): 48. 5500:203567900 5345:1522-8401 5123:(1): 40. 5047:221130135 5039:2523-8973 5004:207965670 3986:263669772 3970:2769-755X 3860:Jaspers K 3846:216136239 3838:1072-0537 3736:: 23–41. 3709:19 August 3649:Neurology 3582:: 18–28. 2952:Continuum 2743:delusions 2663:leucotomy 2619:cardiazol 2522:Treatment 2478:Schneider 2470:(unitary) 2423:psychosis 2389:psychosis 2387:The word 2383:Etymology 2291:delusions 2254:(lowered 2247:clozapine 2208:Treatment 2177:psychotic 2139:suspicion 2135:hostility 2068:ruled out 1997:vitamin B 1982:vitamin B 1948:Diagnosis 1892:catatonia 1563:Delusions 1492:and left 1409:agonists, 1285:(such as 1275:enadoline 1273:(such as 1258:(such as 1199:REM sleep 1103:vitamin B 843:bipolar I 804:DSM-IV-TR 687:anhedonia 671:avolition 632:Catatonia 603:secondary 533:normative 519:Delusions 467:illusions 320:delusions 304:Psychosis 294:Frequency 285:Prognosis 266:Treatment 213:Self-harm 175:Specialty 157:Psychosis 18:Psychotic 12167:Insomnia 11837:Neurotic 11804:Delirium 11730:Dementia 11569:Specific 10891:Insomnia 10837:Delusion 10829:Symptoms 10694:Spectrum 10030:(2007). 9964:(2000). 9940:(1995). 9916:(1981). 9830:Archived 9771:Elsevier 9654:Elsevier 9607:Elsevier 9568:34398537 9485:29800949 9431:34151007 9423:21699009 9284:28637195 9223:(2002). 9200:Archived 9167:21954480 9126:20513851 9077:29883863 9069:12052571 9028:10303872 9020:15914249 8985:22225524 8977:11619209 8942:36729044 8906:25332947 8898:21284454 8857:29727830 8849:11446267 8617:21417530 8609:11639278 8532:Archived 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The 1302:Alcohol 1244:cocaine 1236:alcohol 1161:kidneys 1153:hypoxia 1064:malaria 829:in the 763:Severe 673:), and 599:primary 395:alcohol 251:alcohol 217:suicide 115:scholar 80:removed 12120:Eating 11968:Stress 11885:Phobia 11841:stress 11700:Autism 11493:Speech 11282:Sexual 11073:Other 10634:Portal 10172:001553 10148:603342 10095:6A25.1 10091:6A25.0 10040: 10016: 9995: 9972: 9950: 9926: 9891: 9872: 9853: 9795: 9785: 9746: 9728:Oxford 9711: 9693:Oxford 9678: 9668: 9631: 9621: 9574: 9566: 9558: 9517: 9483: 9473: 9429: 9421: 9356: 9318: 9282: 9272: 9231: 9192: 9165: 9124: 9114: 9075: 9067: 9026: 9018: 8983: 8975: 8940: 8930: 8904: 8896: 8855: 8847: 8810: 8785: 8760: 8727: 8685: 8650: 8615: 8607: 8572: 8483: 8475: 8440: 8430: 8344: 8336: 8290: 8282: 8229: 8219: 8180: 8145: 8135: 8096: 8086: 8047: 8039: 8004: 7977: 7946: 7936: 7900: 7859: 7849: 7733: 7723: 7684: 7676: 7658:Lancet 7606: 7596: 7517: 7507: 7465: 7424: 7363: 7190: 7182: 7130: 7097: 7051: 6996: 6954: 6946: 6911: 6876: 6835: 6827: 6792: 6784: 6749: 6739: 6700: 6690: 6651: 6641: 6602: 6592: 6578:: 47. 6551: 6541: 6502: 6467: 6459: 6421: 6413: 6322: 6314: 6294:Neuron 6219: 6211: 6175: 6167: 6128: 6120: 6080: 6039: 6004: 5994: 5928: 5920: 5885: 5877: 5842: 5834: 5788: 5780: 5741: 5733: 5698: 5690: 5680: 5641: 5631: 5590: 5580: 5541: 5533: 5498: 5490: 5439: 5431: 5392: 5382: 5343: 5308: 5298: 5259: 5249: 5200: 5190: 5147: 5137: 5096: 5086: 5045: 5037: 5002: 4994: 4956: 4946: 4905: 4895: 4853: 4826: 4818: 4783: 4773: 4727: 4683: 4673: 4632: 4622: 4581: 4521: 4513: 4472: 4448: 4440: 4397: 4387: 4332: 4324: 4285: 4277: 4242: 4232: 4191: 4181: 4140: 4098: 4088: 4046: 4036: 3984: 3976: 3968: 3929: 3921: 3874: 3844: 3836: 3801: 3793: 3758: 3748: 3702: 3677: 3667: 3626: 3594: 3557: 3510: 3483: 3458: 3450: 3409: 3399: 3347: 3309: 3284: 3274: 3235: 3227: 3186: 3176: 3121: 3057: 3029: 3019: 2980: 2970: 2593:humour 2587:, and 2581:phlegm 2536:Christ 2532:Mark 5 2432:psyche 2429:ψυχή ( 2163:ICD-10 2145:, and 1933:Muslim 1829:, and 1547:(i.e. 1349:, and 1281:) and 1184:, and 1143:, and 1027:stroke 1019:, and 802:. The 724:trauma 710:Causes 679:alogia 577:) and 436:, and 405:, and 383:trauma 312:psyche 239:trauma 223:Causes 117: 110: 103: 96: 88: 12425:Other 12154:sleep 11941:Other 11797:Other 11663:Mania 11335:Other 11030:SSRIs 10741:Mania 10577:Lists 9919:VALIS 9793:S2CID 9676:S2CID 9629:S2CID 9572:S2CID 9515:S2CID 9427:S2CID 9354:S2CID 9338:Ethos 9316:S2CID 9073:S2CID 9024:S2CID 8981:S2CID 8902:S2CID 8853:S2CID 8613:S2CID 8481:S2CID 8342:S2CID 8288:S2CID 8045:S2CID 7682:S2CID 7422:S2CID 7188:S2CID 7005:(PDF) 6974:(PDF) 6952:S2CID 6833:S2CID 6790:S2CID 6465:S2CID 6419:S2CID 6320:S2CID 6217:S2CID 6126:S2CID 5926:S2CID 5883:S2CID 5840:S2CID 5786:S2CID 5739:S2CID 5696:S2CID 5539:S2CID 5496:S2CID 5437:S2CID 5043:S2CID 5000:S2CID 4824:S2CID 4519:S2CID 4446:S2CID 4330:S2CID 4283:S2CID 3982:S2CID 3927:S2CID 3866:[ 3842:S2CID 3799:S2CID 3456:S2CID 3233:S2CID 2770:Lacan 2764:Freud 2665:(AKA 2577:blood 2413:mania 2158:DSM-5 2151:PANSS 1972:hypo- 1925:India 1838:GAD67 1457:Both 1452:X-ray 1157:liver 831:manic 122:JSTOR 108:books 12329:and 11978:PTSD 11592:Mood 11432:ADHD 10143:OMIM 10128:9-CM 10099:6A2Z 10038:ISBN 10014:ISBN 9993:ISBN 9970:ISBN 9948:ISBN 9924:ISBN 9889:ISBN 9870:ISBN 9851:ISBN 9838:2021 9783:ISBN 9744:ISBN 9709:ISBN 9666:ISBN 9619:ISBN 9564:PMID 9556:ISSN 9481:PMID 9419:PMID 9280:PMID 9229:ISBN 9190:ISBN 9163:PMID 9145:JAMA 9122:PMID 9065:PMID 9016:PMID 8973:PMID 8938:OCLC 8928:ISBN 8894:PMID 8845:PMID 8808:ISBN 8783:ISBN 8758:ISBN 8725:ISBN 8683:PMID 8648:PMID 8605:PMID 8570:PMID 8473:PMID 8438:PMID 8334:PMID 8280:PMID 8227:PMID 8178:PMID 8143:PMID 8121:2009 8094:PMID 8037:PMID 8002:PMID 7975:PMID 7944:PMID 7930:2012 7898:PMID 7857:PMID 7812:2022 7731:PMID 7674:PMID 7604:PMID 7515:PMID 7463:PMID 7392:6818 7385:6814 7380:(69 7361:PMID 7331:2017 7300:2017 7180:PMID 7128:ISBN 7095:PMID 7049:PMID 6994:PMID 6944:PMID 6909:PMID 6874:PMID 6825:PMID 6782:PMID 6747:PMID 6698:PMID 6649:PMID 6600:PMID 6549:PMID 6500:PMID 6457:PMID 6411:PMID 6312:PMID 6209:PMID 6173:PMID 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