Psychopathy - Knowledge

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conclusion in this regard was made by a 2002 study of homicide offenders, which reported that the homicides committed by homicidal offenders with psychopathy were almost always (93.3%) primarily instrumental, significantly more than the proportion (48.4%) of those committed by non-psychopathic homicidal offenders, with the instrumentality of the homicide also correlated with the total PCL-R score of the offender as well as their scores on the Factor 1 "interpersonal-affective" dimension. However, contrary to the equating of this to mean exclusively "in cold blood", more than a third of the homicides committed by psychopathic offenders involved some component of emotional reactivity as well. In any case, FBI profilers indicate that serious victim injury is generally an emotional offense, and some research supports this, at least with regard to sexual offending. One study has found more serious offending by non-psychopathic offenders on average than by offenders with psychopathy (e.g. more homicides versus more armed robbery and property offenses) and another that the Affective facet of the PCL-R predicted reduced offense seriousness.

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This small to moderate effect appears to be due largely to the scale items that assess impulsive behaviors and past criminal history, which are well-established but very general risk factors. The aspects of core personality often held to be distinctively psychopathic generally show little or no predictive link to crime by themselves. For example, Factor 1 of the PCL-R and Fearless dominance of the PPI-R have smaller or no relationship to crime, including violent crime. In contrast, Factor 2 and Impulsive antisociality of the PPI-R are associated more strongly with criminality. Factor 2 has a relationship of similar strength to that of the PCL-R as a whole. The antisocial facet of the PCL-R is still predictive of future violence after controlling for past criminal behavior which, together with results regarding the PPI-R which by design does not include past criminal behavior, suggests that impulsive behaviors is an independent risk factor. Thus, the concept of psychopathy may perform poorly when attempted to be used as a general theory of crime.

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Some studies have found that high testosterone levels are associated with antisocial and aggressive behaviors, yet other research suggests that testosterone alone does not cause aggression but increases dominance-seeking. It is unclear from studies if psychopathy correlates with high testosterone levels, but a few studies have found that disruption of serotonin neurotransmission disrupts cortisol reactivity to a stress-inducing speech task. Thus, dysregulation of serotonin in the brain may contribute to the low cortisol levels observed in psychopathy. Cortisol increases withdrawal behavior and sensitivity to punishment and aversive conditioning, which are abnormally low in individuals with psychopathy and may underlie their impaired aversion learning and disinhibited behavior. High testosterone levels combined with low serotonin levels are associated with "impulsive and highly negative reactions", and may increase violent aggression when an individual is provoked or becomes frustrated. Several animal studies note the role of

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those referred to as the "emotional components", or interpersonal-affective traits, of psychopathy. Factors such as boldness, disinhibition, and meanness as defined in the triarchic model, in combination with other advantages such as a favorable upbringing and high intelligence, are thought to correlate with stress immunity and stability, and may contribute to this particular expression. Such individuals are sometimes referred to as "successful psychopaths" or "corporate psychopaths" and they may not always have extensive histories of traditional criminal or antisocial behavior characteristic of the traditional conceptualization of psychopathy. Robert Hare claims that the prevalence of psychopathic traits is higher in the business world than in the general population, reporting that while about 1% of the general population meet the clinical criteria for psychopathy, figures of around 3–4% have been cited for more senior positions in business. Hare considers newspaper tycoon

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pattern of results across studies indicates that people diagnosed with psychopathy demonstrate reduced MRI, fMRI, aMRI, PET, and SPECT activity in areas of the brain. Research has also shown that an approximate 18% smaller amygdala size contributes to a significantly lower emotional sensation in regards to fear, sadness, amongst other negative emotions, which may likely be the reason as to why psychopathic individuals have lower empathy. Some recent fMRI studies have reported that emotion perception deficits in psychopathy are pervasive across emotions (positives and negatives). Studies on children with psychopathic tendencies have also shown such associations. Meta-analyses have also found evidence of impairments in both vocal and facial emotional recognition for several emotions (i.e., not only fear and sadness) in both adults and children/adolescents.

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programs in correctional settings. It has been suggested that the treatments that may be most likely to be effective at reducing overt antisocial and criminal behavior are those that focus on self-interest, emphasizing the tangible, material value of prosocial behavior, with interventions that develop skills to obtain what the patient wants out of life in prosocial rather than antisocial ways. To this end, various therapies have been tried with the aim of reducing the criminal activity of incarcerated offenders with psychopathy, with mixed success. As psychopathic individuals are insensitive to sanction, reward-based management, in which small privileges are granted in exchange for good behavior, has been suggested and used to manage their behavior in institutional settings.

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component (including features such as lack of remorse or guilt, shallow affect, lack of empathy and failure to accept responsibility for one's actions) and lower scores on the other components than did a comparison group of the hospital's patients without Asperger syndrome. (...) In Sweden, however, Nilsson and Soderstrom et al (2005) found that the total PCL–R scores, as well as scores on the 'unemotionality' and 'behavioural dyscontrol' factors, were significantly correlated with high-functioning autistic traits. The 'interpersonal' factor of the PCL–R showed none of these correlations, leading the authors to conclude that scores on this factor may capture features that are specific to psychopathy, distinguishing core psychopathy from other diagnostic definitions.

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with an accuracy similar to the PCL-R and some of these are considerably easier, quicker, and less expensive to administer. This may even be done automatically by a computer simply based on data such as age, gender, number of previous convictions and age of first conviction. Some of these assessments may also identify treatment change and goals, identify quick changes that may help short-term management, identify more specific kinds of violence that may be at risk, and may have established specific probabilities of offending for specific scores. Nonetheless, the PCL-R may continue to be popular for risk assessment because of its pioneering role and the large amount of research done using it.

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contribute to the scoring of the Facet 1 (interpersonal) items, mainly through self-assurance, unrealistic optimism, brazenness and imperturbability. Indeed, while self-report studies have been inconsistent using the two-factor model of the PCL-R, studies which separate Factor 1 into interpersonal and affective facets, more regularly show modest associations between Facet 1 and low anxiety, boldness and fearless dominance (especially items assessing glibness/charm and grandiosity). When both psychopathy and low anxiety/boldness are measured using interviews, both interpersonal and affective facets are both associated with fearlessness and lack of internalizing disorders.

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students) rather than prisoners, though may be used with the latter. It was revised in 2005 to become the PPI-R and now comprises 154 items organized into eight subscales. The item scores have been found to group into two overarching and largely separate factors (unlike the PCL-R factors), Fearless-Dominance and Impulsive Antisociality, plus a third factor, Coldheartedness, which is largely dependent on scores on the other two. Factor 1 is associated with social efficacy while Factor 2 is associated with maladaptive tendencies. A person may score at different levels on the different factors, but the overall score indicates the extent of psychopathic personality.

1138:, and frontal-lobe dysfunction, which frequently results in underlying disorders being dismissed. Hare's conception of psychopathy has also been criticized for being reductionist, dismissive, tautological, and ignorant of context as well as the dynamic nature of human behavior. Some have called for rejection of the concept altogether, due to its vague, subjective and judgmental nature that makes it prone to misuse. A systematic review determined that the PCL is weakly predictive of criminal behavior, but not of lack of conscience, or treatment and rehabilitation outcomes. These findings contradict widespread beliefs amongst professionals in forensics. 2042:(such as the uncinate fasciculus). The evidence suggested that the degree of abnormality was significantly related to the degree of psychopathy and may explain the offending behaviors. Furthermore, changes in the amygdala have been associated with "callous-unemotional" traits in children. However, the amygdala has also been associated with positive emotions, and there have been inconsistent results in the studies in particular areas, which may be due to methodological issues. Others have cast doubt on the amygdala as important for psychopathy, with one meta-analysis suggesting that most studies on the amygdala and psychopathy find 1579:(since many of his patients were "well educated and from middle-class or upper-class backgrounds") and that "there is no obvious theoretical reason why the disorder described by Cleckley or other clinicians should be related to intelligence; some psychopaths are bright, others less so". Studies also indicate that different aspects of the definition of psychopathy (e.g. interpersonal, affective (emotion), behavioral and lifestyle components) can show different links to intelligence, and the result can depend on the type of intelligence assessment (e.g. verbal, creative, practical, analytical). 1465:

by parents or teachers for individuals aged 6–13 years. High psychopathy scores for both juveniles (as measured with these instruments) and adults (as measured with the PCL-R and other measurement tools) have similar associations with other variables, including similar ability in predicting violence and criminality. Juvenile psychopathy may also be associated with more negative emotionality such as anger, hostility, anxiety, and depression. Psychopathic traits in youth typically comprise three factors: callous/unemotional, narcissism, and impulsivity/irresponsibility.

2549:. They may be used for risk assessment and for assessing treatment potential and be used as part of the decisions regarding bail, sentence, which prison to use, parole, and regarding whether a youth should be tried as a juvenile or as an adult. There have been several criticisms against its use in legal settings. They include the general criticisms against the PCL-R, the availability of other risk assessment tools which may have advantages, and the excessive pessimism surrounding the prognosis and treatment possibilities of those who are diagnosed with psychopathy. 1497:

conduct disorder also have ADHD. Some evidence indicates that this group has deficits in behavioral inhibition, similar to that of adults with psychopathy. They may not be more likely than those with conduct disorder alone to have the interpersonal/affective features and the deficits in emotional processing characteristic of adults with psychopathy. Proponents of different types/dimensions of psychopathy have seen this type as possibly corresponding to adult secondary psychopathy and increased disinhibition in the triarchic model.

1954:, psychopathic individuals have also had difficulty switching from an ongoing action despite environmental cues signaling a need to do so. This may explain the difficulty responding to punishment, although it is unclear if it can explain findings such as deficient conditioning. There may be methodological issues regarding the research. While establishing a range of idiosyncrasies on average in linguistic and affective processing under certain conditions, this research program has not confirmed a common pathology of psychopathy. 1315:, which describes the emotional deficits and the callous and exploitative interpersonal style found in psychopathy. The prevalence of psychopathy among domestic abusers indicate that the core characteristics of psychopathy, such as callousness, remorselessness, and a lack of close interpersonal bonds, predispose those with psychopathy to committing domestic abuse, and suggest that the domestic abuses committed by these individuals are callously perpetrated (i.e. instrumentally aggressive) rather than a case of emotional 669:, though this usage is outdated in medicine and psychiatry. Psychopathy, however, is a highly popular construct in the psychology literature. Furthermore, the DSM-5 introduced the dimensional model of personality disorders in Section III, which includes a specifier for psychopathic traits. According to the DSM, psychopathy is not a standalone diagnosis, but the authors attempted to measure "psychopathic traits" via a specifier. In one study, the "Psychopathic Features Specifier" has been modeled on Factor 1 of the 1264: 1644:—an absence of, indifference towards, or disregard for moral beliefs. There are few firm data on patterns of moral judgment. Studies of developmental level (sophistication) of moral reasoning found all possible results—lower, higher or the same as non-psychopaths. Studies that compared judgments of personal moral transgressions versus judgments of breaking conventional rules or laws found that psychopaths rated them as equally severe, whereas non-psychopaths rated the rule-breaking as less severe. 1963: 912:(a meaner, more aggressive and disinhibited conception explicitly entailing persistent and sometimes serious criminal behavior). The latter conceptualization is typically used as the modern clinical concept and assessed by the Psychopathy Checklist. The label "psychopath" may have implications and stigma related to decisions about punishment severity for criminal acts, medical treatment, civil commitments, etc. Efforts have therefore been made to clarify the meaning of the term. 1708:

income, and coming from a disrupted family. Other significant factors included poor supervision, abuse, harsh discipline, large family size, delinquent sibling, young mother, depressed mother, low social class, and poor housing. There has also been association between psychopathy and detrimental treatment by peers. However, it is difficult to determine the extent of an environmental influence on the development of psychopathy because of evidence of its strong heritability.

1535:, including damage to these regions, with violent and psychopathic behavior. Patients with damage in such areas resembled "psychopathic individuals" whose brains were incapable of acquiring social and moral knowledge; those who acquired damage as children may have trouble conceptualizing social or moral reasoning, while those with adult-acquired damage may be aware of proper social and moral conduct but be unable to behave appropriately. Dysfunctions in the amygdala and 673:, known as Fearless Dominance. To some, it is evidence of psychopathy not being a more extreme version of ASPD, but as an emergent compound trait that manifests when Antisocial Personality Disorder is present in combination with high levels of Fearless Dominance (or Boldness as it's known in the Triarchic Model). Analyses showed that this Section III ASPD greatly outperformed Section II ASPD in predicting scores on Hare’s (2003) Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. 1110:

Nonsense. To this writer's mind, psychopathy and its synonyms (e.g., sociopathy and antisocial personality) are lazy diagnoses. Over the years the authors' team has seen scores of offenders who, prior to evaluation by the authors, were dismissed as psychopaths or the like. Detailed, comprehensive psychiatric, neurological, and neuropsychological evaluations have uncovered a multitude of signs, symptoms, and behaviors indicative of such disorders as

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tendencies stated, "With regard to psychopathy, we have clear indications regarding why the pathology gives rise to the emotional and behavioral disturbance and important insights into the neural systems implicated in this pathology". Dadds et al., remarks that despite a rapidly advancing neuroscience of empathy, little is known about the developmental underpinnings of the psychopathic disconnect between affective and cognitive empathy.

1178:, a clinical neuroscientist also at the University of Southern California, one of this study's implications is that society may have to rethink how it judges immoral people: "Psychopaths often feel no empathy or remorse. Without that awareness, people relying exclusively on reasoning seem to find it harder to sort their way through moral thickets. Does that mean they should be held to different standards of accountability?" 2120:, may interact with other serotoninergic genes to create a hyper-regulation and dampening of affective processes that results in psychopathy's emotional impairments. Furthermore, the combination of the 5-HTTLPR long allele and high testosterone levels has been found to result in a reduced response to threat as measured by cortisol reactivity, which mirrors the fear deficits found in those with psychopathy. 1651:) amount of welfare found no significant differences between subjects high and low in psychopathy. However, a further study using the same tests found that prisoners scoring high on the PCL were more likely to endorse impersonal harm or rule violations than non-psychopathic controls were. The psychopathic offenders who scored low in anxiety were also more willing to endorse personal harm on average. 2660:

prevalence of 0.6% scoring 13 or more. However, if the scoring was adjusted to the recommended 18 or more, this would have left the prevalence closer to 0.1%. The scores correlated with younger age, male gender, suicide attempts, violence, imprisonment, homelessness, drug dependence, personality disorders (histrionic, borderline and antisocial), and panic and obsessive–compulsive disorders.

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from psychopathy, for example". Psychopathy and machiavellianism were also correlated similarly in responses to affective stimuli, and both are negatively correlated with recognition of facial emotions. Many have suggested merging the dark triad traits (especially Machiavellianism and psychopathy) into one construct, given empirical studies which show immense overlap.

968:. Lacking empathy and close attachments with others, disdain of close attachments, use of cruelty to gain empowerment, exploitative tendencies, defiance of authority, and destructive excitement seeking. The PCL-R in general is related to this but in particular some elements in Factor 1. Similar to PPI, but also includes elements of subscales in impulsive antisociality. 1469:

mid-adolescence to adulthood. In one study most of the similarities were on the Impulsive- and Antisocial-Behavior scales. Of those adolescents who scored in the top 5% highest psychopathy scores at age 13, less than one third (29%) were classified as psychopathic at age 24. Some recent studies have also found poorer ability at predicting long-term, adult offending.

1016:). They suggest that while for legal or other practical purposes an arbitrary cut-off point on trait scores might be used, there is actually no clear scientific evidence for an objective point of difference by which to label some people "psychopaths"; in other words, a "psychopath" may be more accurately described as someone who is "relatively psychopathic". 996:, may underlie PCL-R psychopathy, allowing it to be measured and analyzed. However, this was only found for the behavioral Factor 2 items they identified, child problem behaviors; adult criminal behavior did not support the existence of a taxon. Marcus, John, and Edens more recently performed a series of statistical analyses on 1484:

DSM allows differentiating between childhood onset before age 10 and adolescent onset at age 10 and later. Childhood onset is argued to be more due to a personality disorder caused by neurological deficits interacting with an adverse environment. For many, but not all, childhood onset is associated with what is in

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However, psychologists Fritzon and Board, in their study comparing the incidence of personality disorders in business executives against criminals detained in a mental hospital, found that the profiles of some senior business managers contained significant elements of personality disorders, including

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are ineffective at modifying the behavior of psychopathic individuals as they are insensitive to punishment or threat. These failures have led to a widely pessimistic view on its treatment prospects, a view that is exacerbated by the little research being done into psychopathy compared to the efforts

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It has been suggested that psychopathy may be comorbid with several other conditions than these, but limited work on comorbidity has been carried out. This may be partly due to difficulties in using inpatient groups from certain institutions to assess comorbidity, owing to the likelihood of some bias

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to affect the predictive ability of the PCL-R. Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are enzymes that are involved in the breakdown of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine and are, therefore, capable of influencing feelings, mood, and behavior in individuals. Findings suggest that further research is

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individuals, relative to the population of psychopathic individuals, to be exploited. It is also suggested that some traits associated with psychopathy such as early, promiscuous, adulterous, and coercive sexuality may increase reproductive success. Robert Hare has stated that many psychopathic males

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have also been observed in psychopathy. For example, psychopathic antisocial personality traits are more noticeable in males while histrionic personality traits are more evident in females. In addition, women are more likely to experience internalizing psychopathology than men and males may exhibit a

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to emotional stimuli, deficits in aversive conditioning, similar preferences in moral and economic decision making, and diminished empathy and social emotions like guilt or shame. These emotional and moral impairments may be especially severe when the brain injury occurs at a young age. Children with

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studies of the personality characteristics typical of individuals with psychopathy have found moderate genetic (as well as non-genetic) influences. On the PPI, fearless dominance and impulsive antisociality were similarly influenced by genetic factors and uncorrelated with each other. Genetic factors

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The PCL:YV is an adaptation of the PCL-R for individuals aged 13–18 years. It is, like the PCL-R, done by a trained rater based on an interview and an examination of criminal and other records. The "Antisocial Process Screening Device" (APSD) is also an adaptation of the PCL-R. It can be administered

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Psychopaths are social predators who charm, manipulate, and ruthlessly plow their way through life, leaving a broad trail of broken hearts, shattered expectations, and empty wallets. Completely lacking in conscience and in feelings for others, they selfishly take what they want and do as they please,

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In the United Kingdom, "psychopathic disorder" was legally defined in the Mental Health Act (UK), under MHA1983, as "a persistent disorder or disability of mind (whether or not including significant impairment of intelligence) which results in abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct

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of the PCL-R can be high when used carefully in research but tend to be poor in applied settings. In particular Factor 1 items are somewhat subjective. In sexually violent predator cases the PCL-R scores given by prosecution experts were consistently higher than those given by defense experts in one

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may be effective in reducing various behavioral dysfunctions in a sample of high-security hospital inpatients with antisocial personality disorder and psychopathic traits. However, research into the pharmacological treatment of psychopathy and the related condition antisocial personality disorder is

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Although the core character deficits of highly psychopathic individuals are likely to be highly incorrigible to the currently available treatment methods, the antisocial and criminal behavior associated with it may be more amenable to management, the management of which being the main aim of therapy

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in terms of fearlessness, planning of acts, empathy deficits, callous behaviour, and sometimes superficial charisma. Studies investigating similarities and differences between psychopathy and autism indicate that autism and psychopathy are not part of the same construct. Rather both conditions might

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studies, experts are able to visualize specific brain differences and abnormalities of individuals with psychopathy in areas that control emotions, social interactions, ethics, morality, regret, impulsivity and conscience within the brain. Blair, a researcher who pioneered research into psychopathic

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Psychopathy is associated with several adverse life outcomes as well as increased risk of disability and death due to factors such as violence, accidents, homicides, and suicides. This, in combination with the evidence for genetic influences, is evolutionarily puzzling and may suggest that there are

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Psychopathy is a personality disorder of affective, interpersonal, and behavioral dimensions that begins in childhood and manifests as aggressive actions in early or late adolescence. Childhood trauma affects vulnerability to different forms of psychopathology and traits associated with it. Parental

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may be associated with life-course-persistent antisocial behaviors as well as psychopathy. There is evidence that this combination is more aggressive and antisocial than those with conduct disorder alone. However, it is not a particularly distinct group since the vast majority of young children with

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Conduct disorder is diagnosed based on a prolonged pattern of antisocial behavior in childhood and/or adolescence, and may be seen as a precursor to ASPD. Some researchers have speculated that there are two subtypes of conduct disorder which mark dual developmental pathways to adult psychopathy. The

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violence. In addition, studies conducted by the authors or translators of violence prediction measures, including the PCL, show on average more positive results than those conducted by more independent investigators. There are several other risk assessment instruments which can predict further crime

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with institutional misbehavior, postrelease crime, or postrelease violent crime with similar effects for the three outcomes. Individual studies give similar results for adult offenders, forensic psychiatric samples, community samples, and youth. The PCL-R is poorer at predicting sexual re-offending.

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is preferred by those who believe that there are psychological, biological, and genetic factors involved in addition to environmental factors. Hare also provides his own definitions: he describes psychopathy as lacking a sense of empathy or morality, but sociopathy as only differing from the average

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Psychopathy has a much higher prevalence in the convicted and incarcerated population, where it is thought that an estimated 15–25% of prisoners qualify for the diagnosis. A study on a sample of inmates in the UK found that 7.7% of the inmates interviewed met the PCL-R cut-off of 30 for a diagnosis

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metabolite). Studies have found that individuals with the traits meeting criteria for psychopathy show a greater dopamine response to potential "rewards" such as monetary promises or taking drugs such as amphetamines. This has been theoretically linked to increased impulsivity. A 2010 British study

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Considerable research has documented the presence of the two subtypes of primary and secondary psychopathy. Proponents of the primary-secondary psychopathy distinction and triarchic model argue that there are neurological differences between these subgroups of psychopathy which support their views.

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lack the ability to empathically feel their way to moral answers, and that when confronted with moral dilemmas, these brain-damaged patients coldly came up with "end-justifies-the-means" answers, leading Damasio to conclude that the point was not that they reached immoral conclusions, but that when

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Nioche A, Pham T, Ducro C, De Beaurepaire C, Chudzik L, Courtois R, Réveillère C (2010). "Psychopathie et troubles de la personnalité associés: Recherche d'un effet particulier au trouble borderline ?" [Psychopathy and associated personality disorders: Searching for a particular effect of

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Starting in the 1930s, before some modern concepts of psychopathy were developed, "sexual psychopath" laws, the term referring broadly to mental illness, were introduced by some states, and by the mid-1960s more than half of the states had such laws. Sexual offenses were considered to be caused by

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pattern. Studies on this have shown mixed results. PCL-R scores may be somewhat less predictive of violence and recidivism in women. On the other hand, psychopathy may have a stronger relationship with suicide and possibly internalizing symptoms in women. A suggestion is that psychopathy manifests

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The TriPM includes various components of other measures for assessing psychopathy, including meanness and disinhibition patterns within the psychopathic personality. However, there are differing approaches in the measurement of the boldness construct. The boldness construct is used to highlighting

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Criticism includes that it may be better to look at the contributing personality factors rather than treat psychopathy as a unitary concept due to poor testability. Furthermore, if psychopathy is caused by the combined effects of a very large number of adverse mutations then each mutation may have

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The importance of low anxiety/fearlessness to psychopathy has historically been underscored through behavioral and physiological studies showing diminished responses to threatening stimuli (interpersonal and affective facets both contributing). However, it is not known whether this is reflected in

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In the UK, Murphy (2007) found that none of the patients with Asperger syndrome at Broadmoor Hospital received an overall score on the PCL–R above the cut-off for psychopathy. Interestingly, in the different domains of the PCL–R these individuals frequently received higher scores on the affective

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Results indicated that primary psychopathy and Machiavellianism were positively associated with the experience of positive affect from sad stimuli, while secondary psychopathy and Machiavellianism were positively associated with the experience of negative affect in response to neutral stimuli"---

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rates, though it is noted that one of the frequently cited studies finding increased criminal recidivism after treatment, a 2011 retrospective study of a treatment program in the 1960s, had several serious methodological problems and likely would not be approved of today. However, some relatively

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Starting in 1970, many of these laws were modified or abolished in favor of more traditional responses such as imprisonment due to criticism of the "sexual psychopath" concept as lacking scientific evidence, the treatment being ineffective, and predictions of future offending being dubious. There

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Studies have also found that women in prison score significantly lower on psychopathy than men, with one study reporting only 11 percent of violent females in prison met the psychopathy criteria in comparison to 31 percent of violent males. Other studies have also indicated that high psychopathic

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The Triarchic Psychopathy Measure, otherwise known as the TriPM, is a 58-item, self-report assessment that measures psychopathy within the three traits identified in the triarchic model: boldness, meanness and disinhibition. Each trait is measured on separate subscales and added up resulting in a

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have been theorized as contributing factors. Testosterone is "associated with approach-related behavior, reward sensitivity, and fear reduction", and injecting testosterone "shift the balance from punishment to reward sensitivity", decreases fearfulness, and increases "responding to angry faces".

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across multiple settings and relationships. The specifier is based on research which suggests that those with conduct disorder who also meet criteria for the specifier tend to have a more severe form of the disorder with an earlier onset as well as a different response to treatment. Proponents of

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into homes with a non-offending parent and children, it has been advised that any sex offender with a significant criminal history should be assessed on the PCL-R, and if they score 18 or higher, then they should be excluded from any consideration of being placed in a home with children under any

1382:, psychopathy was associated with more offences. A study on the relationship between psychopathy scores and types of aggression in a sample of sexual murderers, in which 84.2% of the sample had PCL-R scores above 20 and 47.4% above 30, found that 82.4% of those with scores above 30 had engaged in 1275:

In terms of simple correlations, the PCL-R manual states an average score of 22.1 has been found in North American prisoner samples, and that 20.5% scored 30 or higher. An analysis of prisoner samples from outside North America found a somewhat lower average value of 17.5. Studies have found that

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has asserted that the difference that most miss is that while both are characterized by manipulativeness and unemotionality, psychopaths tend to be more reckless. One study asserted that "the ability to adapt, reappraise and reassess a situation may be key factors differentiating Machiavellianism

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Research on psychopathy has largely been done on men and the PCL-R was developed using mainly male criminal samples, raising the question of how well the results apply to women. Men score higher than women on both the PCL-R and the PPI and on both of their main scales. The differences tend to be

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studies have identified potential genetic and non-genetic contributors to psychopathy, including influences on brain function. Proponents of the triarchic model believe that psychopathy results from the interaction of genetic predispositions and an adverse environment. What is adverse may differ

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regions. The underlying biological surfaces for processing expressions of happiness are functionally intact in psychopaths, although less responsive than those of controls. The neuroimaging literature is unclear as to whether deficits are specific to particular emotions such as fear. The overall

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hospital in Georgia to provide a description for psychopathy. Cleckley used the metaphor of the "mask" to refer to the tendency of psychopaths to appear confident, personable, and well-adjusted compared to most psychiatric patients, while revealing underlying pathology through their actions over

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study of how individuals with psychopathy respond to emotional words, widespread differences in activation patterns have been shown across the temporal lobe when psychopathic criminals were compared to "normal" volunteers, which is consistent with views in clinical psychology. Additionally, the

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A study by Farrington of a sample of London males followed between age 8 and 48 included studying which factors scored 10 or more on the PCL:SV at age 48. The strongest factors included having a convicted parent, being physically neglected, low involvement of the father with the boy, low family

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The concept and subsequent reification of the diagnosis "psychopathy" has, to this author's mind, hampered the understanding of criminality and violence. According to Hare, in many cases one need not even meet the patient. Just rummage through his records to determine what items seemed to fit.

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to staff above their level in the workplace hierarchy, aiding their ascent through the organization, but abusive to staff below their level, and can do enormous damage when they are positioned in senior management roles. Psychopathy as measured by the PCL-R is associated with lower performance

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There is limited research on psychopathy in the general work populace, in part because the PCL-R includes antisocial behavior as a significant core factor (obtaining a PCL-R score above the threshold is unlikely without having significant scores on the antisocial-lifestyle factor) and does not

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A 2008 study using the PCL:SV found that 1.2% of a US sample scored 13 or more out of 24, indicating "potential psychopathy". The scores correlated significantly with violence, alcohol use, and lower intelligence. A 2009 British study by Coid et al., also using the PCL:SV, reported a community

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Unlike the PCL, the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI) was developed to comprehensively index personality traits without explicitly referring to antisocial or criminal behaviors themselves. It is a self-report scale that was developed originally for non-clinical samples (e.g. university

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in adulthood remains an active research question. According to Hervey M. Cleckley, a psychopathic person is someone who is able to imitate a normal functioning person, while masking or concealing their lack of internal personality structure. This results in an internal disorder with recurrent

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There is positive correlation between early negative life events of the ages 0–4 and the emotion-based aspects of psychopathy. There are moderate to high correlations between psychopathy rankings from late childhood to early adolescence. The correlations are considerably lower from early- or

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It has been suggested that psychopathy is associated with "instrumental aggression", also known as predatory, proactive, or "cold blooded" aggression, a form of aggression characterized by reduced emotion and conducted with a goal differing from but facilitated by the commission of harm. One

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repeated the study on a larger sample of prisoners, using the PCL-R and seeking to rule out other experimental or statistical issues that may have produced the previously different findings. They again found that the psychopathy measurements do not appear to be identifying a discrete type (a

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Factor 1 and the boldness scale of psychopathy measurements are associated with narcissism and histrionic personality disorder. This is due to a psychopath's cognitive and affective egocentrism. However, while a narcissistic individual might view themselves as confident, they might seek out

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violence (defined as enjoyment indicated by self-report or evidence) compared to 52.6% of those with scores below 30, and total PCL-R and Factor 1 scores correlated significantly with sadistic violence. Despite this, it is reported that offenders with psychopathy (both sexual and non-sexual

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Cleckley's (1941) original description of psychopathy included the absence of nervousness and neurotic disorders, and later theorists referred to psychopaths as fearless or thick-skinned. While it is often claimed that the PCL-R does not include low anxiety or fearlessness, such features do

10193: 2634:, including registration, housing restrictions, public notification, mandatory reporting by health care professionals, and civil commitment, which permits indefinite confinement after a sentence has been completed. Psychopathy measurements may be used in the confinement decision process. 1530:

regions of the brain have been associated with specific learning impairments in psychopathy. Damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which regulates the activity in the amygdala, leads to common characteristics in psychopathic individuals.Since the 1980s, scientists have linked

1741:

early damage in the prefrontal cortex may never fully develop social or moral reasoning and become "psychopathic individuals ... characterized by high levels of aggression and antisocial behavior performed without guilt or empathy for their victims". Additionally, damage to the

1378:, with some researchers arguing that it is correlated with a preference for violent sexual behavior. A 2011 study of conditional releases for Canadian male federal offenders found that psychopathy was related to more violent and non-violent offences but not more sexual offences. For 869:

argues that Hitler's actions do not warrant a diagnosis of psychopathy as, although he showed several characteristics of criminality, he was not always egocentric, callously disregarding of feelings or lacking impulse control, and there is no proof he could not learn from mistakes.

1174:

they were confronted by a difficult issue – in this case as whether to shoot down a passenger plane hijacked by terrorists before it hits a major city – these patients appear to reach decisions without the anguish that afflicts those with typically functioning brains. According to

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study. The scoring may also be influenced by other differences between raters. In one study it was estimated that of the PCL-R variance, about 45% was due to true offender differences, 20% was due to which side the rater testified for, and 30% was due to other rater differences.

1448:

fanaticism often to the extreme of sacrificing oneself for an ideological cause. Traits such as a self-centered disposition, unreliability, poor behavioral controls, and unusual behaviors may disadvantage or preclude psychopathic individuals in conducting organized terrorism.

1654:

Assessing accidents, where one person harmed another unintentionally, psychopaths judged such actions to be more morally permissible. This result has been considered a reflection of psychopaths' failure to appreciate the emotional aspect of the victim's harmful experience.

12447:

Boddy. C. R (2005) "'The Implications for Business Performance and Corporate Social Responsibility of Corporate Psychopaths" in 2nd International Conference on Business Performance and Corporate Social Responsibility, ed. M. Hopkins, Middlesex University Business School,

1994:

regions that are involved in emotional and learning processes, among others. Neuroimaging studies have found structural and functional differences between those scoring high and low on the PCL-R in a 2011 review by Skeem et al. stating that they are "most notably in the

2266:

The first edition of the DSM in 1952 had a section on sociopathic personality disturbances, then a general term that included such things as homosexuality and alcoholism as well as an "antisocial reaction" and "dyssocial reaction". The latter two eventually became

2748:

psychopaths have a natural advantage in workplaces overrun by abusive supervision, and are more likely to thrive under abusive bosses, being more resistant to stress, including interpersonal abuse, and having less of a need for positive relationships than others.

956:. Poor impulse control including problems with planning and foresight, lacking affect and urge control, demand for immediate gratification, and poor behavioral restraints. Similar to PCL-R Factor 2 and PPI impulsive antisociality. May correspond to impairments in 1019:

The PCL-R was developed for research, not clinical forensic diagnosis, and even for research purposes to improve understanding of the underlying issues, it is necessary to examine dimensions of personality in general rather than only a constellation of traits.

8393:

Decety, J., & Skelly, L. (2013). The neural underpinnings of the experience of empathy: Lessons for psychopathy. In K. N. Ochsner and S. M. Kosslyn (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Neuroscience – Volume 2 (pp. 228-243). New York: Oxford University

830:(DSM) had some key similarities to Cleckley's ideas, though in 1980 when renamed Antisocial Personality Disorder some of the underlying personality assumptions were removed. In 1980, Canadian psychologist Robert D. Hare introduced an alternative measure, the " 1732:, with psychopathic behavior and a deficient ability to make morally and socially acceptable decisions, a condition that has been termed "acquired sociopathy", or "pseudopsychopathy". Individuals with damage to the area of the prefrontal cortex known as the 2058:

notion of psychopathy being characterized by low fear is consistent with findings of abnormalities in the amygdala, since deficits in aversive conditioning and instrumental learning are thought to result from amygdala dysfunction, potentially compounded by

2033:

The amygdala and frontal areas have been suggested as particularly important. People scoring 25 or higher in the PCL-R, with an associated history of violent behavior, appear on average to have significantly reduced microstructural integrity between the

1250:

reduced experience of state fear or where it reflects impaired detection and response to threat-related stimuli. Moreover, such deficits in threat responding are known to be reduced or even abolished when attention is focused on the threatening stimuli.

2626:

underlying mental illnesses, and it was thought that sex offenders should be treated, in agreement with the general rehabilitative trends at this time. Courts committed sex offenders to a mental health facility for community protection and treatment.

1207:

Disagreement exists over which features should be considered as part of psychopathy, with researchers identifying around 40 traits supposedly indicative of the construct, though the following characteristics are almost universally considered central.

2651:. Various other studies have found improvements in risk factors for crime such as substance abuse. No study has yet examined whether the personality traits that form the core character disturbances of psychopathy could be changed by such treatments. 12333: 2818:

have varied over the years and continue to change even now, many of the characters characterized as psychopathic in notable works at the time of publication may no longer fit the current definition and conception of psychopathy. There are several

1186:

Socially, psychopathy typically involves extensive callous and manipulative self-serving behaviors with no regard for others, and often is associated with repeated delinquency, crime and violence. Mentally, impairments in processes related to

9955:

van de Giessen E, Rosell DR, Thompson JL, Xu X, Girgis RR, Ehrlich Y, Slifstein M, Abi-Dargham A, Siever LJ (November 2014). "Serotonin transporter availability in impulsive aggressive personality disordered patients: A PET study with DASB".

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Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., Hicks, B. M., Blonigen, D. M., & Krueger, R. F. (2003). Factor structure of the psychopathic personality inventory: validity and implications for clinical assessment. Psychological assessment, 15(3),

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in the ICD. Both manuals have stated that their diagnoses have been referred to, or include what is referred to, as psychopathy or sociopathy, although neither diagnostic manual has ever included a disorder officially titled as such.

2699:

Academics on this subject believe that although psychopathy is manifested in only a small percentage of workplace staff, it is more common at higher levels of corporate organizations, and its negative effects (for example, increased

2195:, and his own research on criminals and incarcerated offenders in Canada. The PCL-R is widely used and is referred to by some as the "gold standard" for assessing psychopathy. There are nonetheless numerous criticisms of the PCL-R 5630:

Kastner, Rebecca M., Martin Sellbom, and Scott O. Lilienfeld. "A comparison of the psychometric properties of the psychopathic personality inventory full-length and short-form versions." Psychological Assessment 24, no. 1 (2012):

1366:, and predatory behavior. It has also been found that the homicide victims of psychopathic offenders were disproportionately female in comparison to the more equitable gender distribution of victims of non-psychopathic offenders. 2111:

response, while inversely associated with impulsive and antisocial traits, were positively correlated with arrogant and deceitful traits, and, to a lesser extent, callous and remorseless traits. Bariş Yildirim theorizes that the

1216:

Cooke and Michie (2001) proposed a three-factor model of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised which has seen widespread application in other measures (e.g. Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory, Antisocial Process Screening Device).

1088:. Several psychologists have asserted that subclinical psychopathy and Machiavellianism are more or less interchangeable. There is a subscale on the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI) dubbed "Machiavellian Egocentricity". 5762:

Lewis D, Yeager C, Blake P, Bard B, Strenziok M (2004). "Ethics Questions Raised by the Neuropsychiatric, Neuropsychological, Educational, Developmental, and Family Characteristics of 18 Juveniles Awaiting Execution in Texas".

9234: 2263:(APA). Both list categories of disorders thought to be distinct types, and have deliberately converged their codes in recent revisions so that the manuals are often broadly comparable, although significant differences remain. 1543:

in psychopaths, whether punishment-based or reward-based. People scoring 25 or higher in the PCL-R, with an associated history of violent behavior, appear to have significantly reduced mean microstructural integrity in their

918:

The triarchic model suggests that different conceptions of psychopathy emphasize three observable characteristics to various degrees. Analyses have been made with respect to the applicability of measurement tools such as the

8270: 1903:

such a small effect that it escapes natural selection. The personality is thought to be influenced by a very large number of genes and may be disrupted by random mutations, and psychopathy may instead be a product of a high

1679:

may generally influence the development of psychopathy while environmental factors affect the specific expression of the traits that predominate. A study on a large group of children found more than 60% heritability for "

2382:

often co-occur with ASPD, and contrary to assumptions, psychopathy can sometimes be marked by anxiety; this appears to be related to items from Factor 2 but not Factor 1 of the PCL-R. Psychopathy is also associated with

5698:

Walker, Sarah A., et al. "Primary and secondary psychopathy relate to lower cognitive reappraisal: A meta-analysis of the Dark Triad and emotion regulation processes." Personality and Individual Differences 187 (2022):

1157:

were found to experience regret, but did not use the regret to guide their choice in behavior. There was no lack of regret but a problem to think through a range of potential actions and estimating the outcome values.

6619: 5610:

Miller, Joshua D.; Hyatt, Courtland S.; Maples-Keller, Jessica L.; Carter, Nathan T.; Lynam, Donald R. (2017). "Psychopathy and Machiavellianism: A Distinction Without a Difference?". Journal of Personality. 85 (4):

6555: 2581:

on the part of the person concerned". This term was intended to reflect the presence of a personality disorder in terms of conditions for detention under the Mental Health Act 1983. Amendments to MHA1983 within the

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To aid a criminal investigation, certain interrogation approaches may be used to exploit and leverage the personality traits of suspects thought to have psychopathy and make them more likely to divulge information.

2098:

However, some studies on animal and human subjects have suggested that the emotional-interpersonal traits and predatory aggression of psychopathy, in contrast to impulsive and reactive aggression, is related to

1456:. Such individuals are sometimes referred to as "successful psychopaths", and may not necessarily always have extensive histories of traditional antisocial behavior as characteristic of traditional psychopathy. 10695:

Miller AK, Rufino KA, Boccaccini MT, Jackson RL, Murrie DC (2011). "On Individual Differences in Person Perception: Raters' Personality Traits Relate to Their Psychopathy Checklist-Revised Scoring Tendencies".

2106:

functioning. A study by Dolan and Anderson, regarding the relationship between serotonin and psychopathic traits in a sample of personality disordered offenders, found that serotonin functioning as measured by

6253: 4686: 4808:

Yildirim, Bariş O., and Jan JL Derksen. "Clarifying the heterogeneity in psychopathic samples: Towards a new continuum of primary and secondary psychopathy." Aggression and Violent Behavior 24 (2015): 9-41.

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rigorous quasi-experimental studies using more modern treatment methods have found improvements regarding reducing future violent and other criminal behavior, regardless of PCL-R scores, although none were

1488:

referred to as "life-course- persistent" antisocial behavior as well as poorer health and economic status. Adolescent onset is argued to more typically be associated with short-term antisocial behavior.

841:

Famous individuals have sometimes been diagnosed, albeit at a distance, as psychopaths. As one example out of many possible from history, in a 1972 version of a secret report originally prepared for the

5709:

Ali, F., Amorim, I. S., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2009). Empathy deficits and trait emotional intelligence in psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Personality and individual differences, 47(7), 758-762.

2406:. Likewise, some people with an Asperger Syndrome Diagnosis have shown correlations with the "unemotional" factor and "behavioural dyscontrol" factor of psychopathy, but not the "interpersonal" factor. 438:

settings in some nations and may have important consequences for individuals. The study of psychopathy is an active field of research. The term is also used by the general public, popular press, and in

1667:

depending on the underlying predisposition: for example, it is hypothesized that persons having high boldness may respond poorly to punishment but may respond better to rewards and secure attachments.

1436:

are sometimes considered psychopathic, and comparisons may be drawn with traits such as antisocial violence, a selfish world view that precludes the welfare of others, a lack of remorse or guilt, and

8765:

Dawel A, O'Kearney R, McKone E, Palermo R (2012-11-01). "Not just fear and sadness: meta-analytic evidence of pervasive emotion recognition deficits for facial and vocal expressions in psychopathy".

1882:

have proposed several evolutionary explanations. According to one hypothesis, some traits associated with psychopathy may be socially adaptive, and psychopathy may be a frequency-dependent, socially

7405:

Edens John F (2010). "Inter-rater reliability of the PCL-R total and factor scores among psychopathic sex offenders: are personality features more prone to disagreement than behavioral features?".

2814:, where the general characteristics and stereotypes associated with psychopathy are useful to facilitate conflict and danger. Because the definitions, criteria, and popular conceptions throughout 4612: 4360:

Skilling TA, Harris GT, Rice ME, Quinsey VL (March 2002). "Identifying persistently antisocial offenders using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist and DSM antisocial personality disorder criteria".

1452:

It may be that a significant portion of people with psychopathy are socially successful and tend to express their antisocial behavior through more covert avenues such as social manipulation or

2304:(LSRP) and the Hare Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (HSRP), but in terms of self-report tests, the PPI/PPI-R has become more used than either of these in modern psychopathy research on adults. 792:. It was often used to imply an underlying "constitutional" or genetic origin. Disparate early descriptions likely set the stage for modern controversies about the definition of psychopathy. 763:

originally described any illness of the mind, but found its application to a narrow subset of mental conditions when it was used toward the end of the 19th century by the German psychiatrist

1300:, and the PCL-R emphasizes features that are somewhat predictive of violent behavior. Researchers, however, have noted that psychopathy is dissociable from and not synonymous with violence. 7903:

Hinshaw, S. P., & Lee, S. S. (2003). Conduct and oppositional defiant disorders. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (pp. 144-198). New York: Guilford Press.

6933:

Singh JP, Grann M, Fazel S (Apr 2011). "A comparative study of violence risk assessment tools: a systematic review and metaregression analysis of 68 studies involving 25,980 participants".

6437: 5860:

Larsen RR, Jalava J, Griffiths S (August 2020). "Are Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) psychopaths dangerous, untreatable, and without conscience? A systematic review of the empirical evidence".

1311:

find that abusers have high rates of psychopathy, with the prevalence estimated to be at around 15-30%. Furthermore, the commission of domestic violence is correlated with Factor 1 of the

984:. Furthermore, according to this view, psychopathy may be linked to at least some interpersonally successful outcomes, such as effective leadership, business accomplishments, and heroism. 4318: 7176:

Williams KM, Cooper BS, Howell TM, Yuille JC, Paulhus DL (2008). "Inferring Sexually Deviant Behavior from Corresponding Fantasies: The Role of Personality and Pornography Consumption".

2642:

The prognosis for psychopathy in forensic and clinical settings is quite poor, with some studies reporting that treatment may worsen the antisocial aspects of psychopathy as measured by

2426:

Many associations with other personality traits are similar, although in one study the antisocial factor was more strongly related with impulsivity in men and more strongly related with

11418: 11998: 10596: 11209: 9226: 7690: 2585:

abolished the term "psychopathic disorder", with all conditions for detention (e.g. mental illness, personality disorder, etc.) encompassed by the generic term of "mental disorder".

2070:, while the disinhibition factor is argued to be associated with impairment of frontal lobe tasks. There is evidence that boldness and disinhibition are genetically distinguishable. 13999: 13919: 8239: 5541:

Chabrol H., Van Leeuwen N., Rodgers R., Sejourne N. (2009). "Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency".

5306:

Aggressivity, Narcissism, and Self-Destructiveness in the Psychotherapeutic Relationship: New Developments in the Psychopathology and Psychotherapy of Severe Personality Disorders

6103: 2484:

for their condition, and can be uncooperative in therapy. Attempts to treat psychopathy with the current tools available to psychiatry have been disappointing. Harris and Rice's

6409: 11055:

Hildebrand M, De Ruiter C (2004). "PCL-R psychopathy and its relation to DSM-IV Axis I and II disorders in a sample of male forensic psychiatric patients in the Netherlands".

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include positive adjustment characteristics, and most researchers have studied psychopathy in incarcerated criminals, a relatively accessible population of research subjects.

1509:

different types/dimensions of psychopathy have seen this as possibly corresponding to adult primary psychopathy and increased boldness and/or meanness in the triarchic model.

12167: 1829:

deliberate and detrimental conduct. Despite presenting themselves as serious, bright, and charming, psychopathic people are unable to experience true emotions. Robert Hare's

915:

It has been suggested that those who share the same emotional deficiencies and psychopathic features, but are properly socialized, should not be designated as 'psychopaths'.

6547: 5718:

Wai, M., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2012). The affective and cognitive empathic nature of the dark triad of personality. Personality and individual differences, 52(7), 794-799.

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more as externalizing behaviors in men and more as internalizing behaviors in women. Furthermore, one study has suggested substantial gender differences were found in the

10865: 8993: 2066:

For instance, the boldness factor in the triarchic model is argued to be associated with reduced activity in the amygdala during fearful or aversive stimuli and reduced

1444:, argues that such comparisons could also then be drawn more widely: for example, to soldiers in wars. Coordinated terrorist activity requires organization, loyalty and 1101:

The current conceptions of psychopathy have been criticized for being poorly conceptualized, highly subjective, and encompassing a wide variety of underlying disorders.

6975: 11922: 10657:

Ethics Questions Raised by the Neuropsychiatric, Neuropsychological, Educational, Developmental, and Family Characteristics of 18 Juveniles Awaiting Execution in Texas

8573:

Blair R, E. Colledge, D.G. Mitchell (2001a). "Somatic markers and response reversal: is there orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in boys with psychopathic tendencies?".

7324:"Psychopathy and the combination of psychopathy and sexual deviance as predictors of sexual recidivism: Meta-analytic findings using the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised" 6243: 3384: 2508:

Psychiatric medications may also alleviate co-occurring conditions sometimes associated with psychopathy or with symptoms such as aggression or impulsivity, including

1837:

model have both been developed to better understand psychopathy; however, whether the root cause is primarily environmental or primarily genetic is still in question.

1406:

circumstances. There is, however, increasing concern that PCL scores are too inconsistent between different examiners, including in its use to evaluate sex offenders.

709:, whereas in other cases the two terms may be used with different meanings that reflect the user's views on its origins and determinants. Hare contended that the term 10156:"Systematic review, structural analysis, and new theoretical perspectives on the role of serotonin and associated genes in the etiology of psychopathy and sociopathy" 14024: 11892: 5727:

Glenn, A. L., & Sellbom, M. (2015). Theoretical and empirical concerns regarding the dark triad as a construct. Journal of personality disorders, 29(3), 360-377.

2608:

if they have committed serious crimes, but since such individuals are disruptive to other patients and not responsive to usual treatment methods this alternative to

578:

was also used in Germany from 1841, originally in a very general sense. The suffix -ωσις (-osis) meant in this case "abnormal condition". This term or its adjective

10272:

Buckholtz JW, Treadway MT, Cowan RL, Woodward ND, Benning SD, Li R, Ansari MS, Baldwin RM, Schwartzman AN, Shelby ES, Smith CE, Cole D, Kessler RM, Zald DH (2010).

2496:

might gain the skills to become more adept at the manipulation and deception of others and be more likely to commit crime. Some studies suggest that punishment and

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Lee R, Coccaro ER (2007). "Neurobiology of impulsive aggression: Focus on serotonin and the orbitofrontal cortex". In Flannery DJ, Vazsonyi AT, Waldman ID (eds.).

3649:

Delisi M, Vaughn MG, Beaver KM, Wright JP (2009). "The Hannibal Lecter Myth: Psychopathy and Verbal Intelligence in the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study".

415:. The creation of ASPD and DPD was driven by the fact that many of the classic traits of psychopathy were impossible to measure objectively. Canadian psychologist 12537: 1782: 9906:"The other allele: Exploring the long allele of the serotonin transporter gene as a potential risk factor for psychopathy: A review of the parallels in findings" 2501:

committed to other mental illnesses, which makes it more difficult to gain the understanding of this condition that is necessary to develop effective therapies.

2288:

that contain subscales relating to psychopathy, though they assess relatively non-specific tendencies towards antisocial or criminal behavior. These include the

11775: 6741:

Swogger MT, Walsh Z, Kosson DS (May 2007). "Domestic violence and psychopathic traits: distinguishing the antisocial batterer from other antisocial offenders".

4301:"Examining the DSM–5 alternative personality disorder model operationalization of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy in a male correctional sample" 1236:: impulsivity, sensation-seeking and risk-taking, irresponsible and unreliable behavior, financially parasitic lifestyle and lack of realistic, long-term goals. 1230:: lack of remorse or guilt, shallow affect (coldness and unemotionality), callousness and lack of empathy, and failure to accept responsibility for own actions. 13543: 2779:, and research. The character may be identified as having psychopathy within the fictional work itself, by its creators, or from the opinions of audiences and 8916: 13316: 9814: 4571: 2255: 1195:, particularly socially related mental processes, have also been found. Developmentally, symptoms of psychopathy have been identified in young children with 381: 7824: 3044:

Patrick C, Fowles D, Krueger R (August 2009). "Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness".

2492:

are known to or have been trialed for alleviating the emotional, interpersonal and moral deficits of psychopathy, and patients with psychopathy who undergo

944:. The PCL-R measures this relatively poorly and mainly through Facet 1 of Factor 1. Similar to PPI fearless dominance. May correspond to differences in the 834:" (PCL) based largely on Cleckley's criteria, which was revised in 1991 (PCL-R), and is the most widely used measure of psychopathy. There are also several 14185: 11593: 9177: 6319: 5985:

de Almeida RM, Cabral JC, Narvaes R (2015). "Behavioural, hormonal and neurobiological mechanisms of aggressive behaviour in human and nonhuman primates".

5105: 3651: 1571:, including with regards to verbal IQ, Hare and Neumann state that a large literature demonstrates at most only a weak association between psychopathy and 12129: 10739:

Lilienfeld SO, Widows MR (2005). "Psychopathic Personality Inventory—Revised (PPI-R) professional manual". Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

6218: 3827: 3761: 3731: 12731:

Stone, Michael H., M.D. & Brucato, Gary, Ph.D., The New Evil: Understanding the Emergence of Modern Violent Crime (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books).

10474: 7711:

Roose A, Bijttebier P, Van der Oord S, Claes L, Lilienfeld SO (2013-01-01). "Psychopathic Traits in Youth and Associations with Temperamental Features".

5643:"Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A Brief Measure of Dark Personality Traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28–41" 1857:

stronger association between boldness and the experience of neglect as a child, as well as between meanness and the experience of childhood maltreatment.

10523:"What are the differences between the psychopathy definitions designed by Hare and by Cleckley?" Editor: Ellsworth Lapham Fersch. iUniverse, 30 Oct 2006 7213:

Porter S, Woodworth M, Earle J, Drugge J, Boer D (2003). "Characteristics of sexual homicides committed by psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders".

3794: 1224:: impression management or superficial charm, inflated and grandiose sense of self-worth, pathological lying/deceit, and manipulation for personal gain. 13867: 11994: 10779: 7963: 11002: 10894: 6976:"Violence risk meta-meta: Instrument choice does matter: Despite popularity, psychopathy test and actuarials not superior to other prediction methods" 2728:. Employees with the disorder are self-serving opportunists, and may disadvantage their own organizations to further their own interests. They may be 13840: 13392: 11304:"Examining the genetic and environmental associations between autistic social and communication deficits and psychopathic callous-unemotional traits" 7122: 1485: 11746:"Punishment and psychopathy: a case-control functional MRI investigation of reinforcement learning in violent antisocial personality disordered men" 5833:

Martens W (June 2008). "The problem with Robert Hare's psychopathy checklist: incorrect conclusions, high risk of misuse, and lack of reliability".

4064: 3963: 2664:

of psychopathy. A study on a sample of inmates in Iran using the PCL:SV found a prevalence of 23% scoring 18 or more. A study by Nathan Brooks from

13735: 10429: 8037: 12022:"Clozapine: an effective treatment for seriously violent and psychopathic men with antisocial personality disorder in a UK high-security hospital" 5240:

Widiger TA, Lynam DR (2002). "Psychopathy and the Five-Factor Model of Personality". In Millon T, Simonsen E, Birket-Smith M, et al. (eds.).

3624: 2668:

found that around one in five corporate bosses display clinically significant psychopathic traits - a proportion similar to that among prisoners.

9407: 7147:

Porter S, Brinke L, Wilson K (2009). "Crime profiles and conditional release performance of psychopathic and non-psychopathic sexual offenders".

1043:—a theorized dimension referring to tough, aggressive or hostile tendencies. Aspects of this that appear associated with psychopathy are lack of 9724:"Multifinality in the development of personality disorders: A Biology × Sex × Environment interaction model of antisocial and borderline traits" 3488: 2630:

were also a series of cases where persons treated and released committed new sexual offenses. Starting in the 1990s, several states have passed

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to designate any criminal whose offenses are particularly abhorrent and unnatural, but that is not its original or general psychiatric meaning.

8668:

Stevens D, Charman T, Blair R (2001). "Recognition of emotion in facial expressions and vocal tones in children with psychopathic tendencies".

1840:

behaviors such as rejection, abuse, neglect or over protection show some relationship with the development of detrimental psychopathic traits.

14048: 14004: 13810: 13485: 10588: 9424:

Dadds M, et al. (2010). "Learning to 'talk the talk': the relationship of psychopathic traits to deficits in empathy across childhood".

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exposure, was a "positive correlate of psychopathy in females, and a positive correlate of callous affect (psychopathy sub-scale) in males".

976:

combination of superficial charm, poise, emotional resilience, and venturesomeness on the outside but deep-seated affective disturbances and

6474: 6285: 547:

initially had a very general meaning referring to all sorts of mental disorders and social aberrations, popularised from 1891 in Germany by

14906: 14031: 12418: 8295:

Blair RJ, Meffert H, Hwang S, White SF (2018). "Psychopathy and brain function: Insights from neuroimaging research". In Patrick CJ (ed.).

5678: 3347: 2451:

was attributable to environmental factors and just 0% of the variance was attributable to genetic factors. In boys, the link was reversed.

1825: 1759: 788:

came to be used to describe a diverse range of dysfunctional or antisocial behavior and mental and sexual deviances, including at the time

11838: 7071: 4566: 14073: 14014: 12859: 12308: 11984: 11451:

Fontaine NM, Rijsdijk FV, McCrory EJ, Viding E (2010). "Etiology of Different Developmental Trajectories of Callous-Unemotional Traits".

11117: 8827: 7301: 6809: 6582: 6380: 5487: 5441: 2823:

images of psychopathy in both lay and professional accounts which only partly overlap and can involve contradictory traits: the charming

2289: 10101:

Dolan MC, Anderson IM (1 June 2003). "The relationship between serotonergic function and the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version".

6857: 5395: 4757: 1276:

psychopathy scores correlated with repeated imprisonment, detention in higher security, disciplinary infractions, and substance misuse.

781:) to various chronic conditions and character disorders, and his work would influence the later conception of the personality disorder. 13828: 13720: 13387: 10400: 9111: 7851: 6529: 6073: 4950: 2419:

somewhat larger on the interpersonal-affective scale than on the antisocial scale. Most but not all studies have found broadly similar

6374:

Coid J, Yang M, Ullrich S, Roberts A, Moran P, Bebbington P, Brugha T, Jenkins R, Farrell M, Lewis G, Singleton N, Hare R (May 2009).

3897: 1149:. This was thought to be due to an inability to generate this emotion in response to negative outcomes. However, in 2016, people with 13360: 4127:

Psychopathy in the Treatment of Forensic Psychiatric Patients: Assessment, Prevalence, Predictive Validity, and Clinical Implications

1394:, wherein those high in psychopathy who also endorsed deviant sexual interests were more likely to recidivate sexually. A subsequent 9857:

Van Goozen SH, Fairchild G, Snoek H, Harold GT (2007). "The evidence for a neurobiological model of childhood antisocial behavior".

5512:

Jones DN, Paulhus DL (2010). "Differentiating the Dark Triad within the interpersonal circumplex". In Horowitz LM, Strack S (eds.).

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traits in the workplace, the others being narcissism and Machiavellianism, which, like psychopathy, can have negative consequences.

12941: 12147: 11547:"[Psychopathic personality in women. Diagnostics and experimental findings in the forensic setting and the business world]" 9498:"Prefrontal Structural and Functional Brain Imaging findings in Antisocial, Violent, and Psychopathic Individuals: A Meta-Analysis" 8221: 7359: 6052: 3863: 2363:

validation and attention from others to validate their self-worth, whereas a psychopathic individual usually lacks such ambitions.

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mediates the relationship between physical abuse and two components of psychopathy (social deviation and affective interpersonal).

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Smith SS, Newman JP (1990). "Alcohol and drug abuse-dependence disorders in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic criminal offenders".

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Deming P, Heilicher M, Koenigs M (2022). "How reliable are amygdala findings in psychopathy? A systematic review of MRI studies".

5175: 4088: 2374:(a theorized precursor to ASPD), and may also co-occur with psychopathic tendencies. This may be explained in part by deficits in 1930:

Some laboratory research demonstrates correlations between psychopathy and atypical responses to aversive stimuli, including weak

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Yang M, Wong SC, Coid J (2010). "The efficacy of violence prediction: A meta-analytic comparison of nine risk assessment tools".

4221: 4148: 1683:" and that conduct disorder among children with these traits has a higher heritability than among children without these traits. 1647:

A study comparing judgments of whether personal or impersonal harm would be endorsed in order to achieve the rationally maximum (

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Section III ASPD including the 'Psychopathic Traits Specifier' can be seen on page 765 of the DSM-5 or Page 885 of the DSM-5-TR.

12278: 11805: 1623:. This impaired recognition and reduced autonomic responsiveness might be partly accounted for by a decreased activation of the 582:

would come to refer to the more severe mental disturbances and then specifically to mental states or disorders characterized by

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Derefinko KJ (December 2015). "Psychopathy and Low Anxiety: Meta-Analytic Evidence for the Absence of Inhibition, Not Affect".

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Häkkänen-Nyholm, H. & Nyholm, J-O. (2012). Psychopathy and Law: A Practitioners Guide. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

12677: 12652: 12615: 12580: 12161: 11955: 11868: 11724: 11686: 11191: 11111: 10996: 10802:"Clarifying the content coverage of differing psychopathy inventories through reference to the triarchic psychopathy measure" 9995:"Reduced sensitivity to both positive and negative reinforcement in mice over-expressing the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter" 9841: 9351:

Smith SF, Lilienfeld SO (2015). "The response modulation hypothesis of psychopathy: A meta-analytic and narrative analysis".

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organization has sanctioned a diagnosis titled "psychopathy", assessments of psychopathic characteristics are widely used in

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The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments

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Blanchard A, Lyons M (2010). "An investigation into the relationship between digit length ratio (2D: 4D) and psychopathy".

8316: 8196: 4820:"Is fearless dominance relevant to the construct of psychopathy? Reconciling the dual roles of theory and clinical utility" 2952: 2297: 12300: 11281: 10504:

Stephen Strack, John Wiley & Sons, 21 Jan 2005. Chapter 15: Psychopathy as a Personality Construct (Ronald Blackburn).

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in general since 1847. A sense of "a subject of pathology, morbid, excessive" is attested from 1845, including the phrase

411:(DPD) respectively, stating that these diagnoses have been referred to (or include what is referred to) as psychopathy or 14300: 13994: 13397: 13204: 11745: 8496: 7149: 4278: 2783:, and may be based on undefined popular stereotypes of psychopathy. Characters with psychopathic traits have appeared in 2758: 440: 12259:"Evaluating the Screening Version of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL: SV): An Item Response Theory Analysis" 5955: 14437: 13900: 13465: 12601: 12529: 6893: 6711: 5335: 5147: 5077: 5032: 3203: 2293: 2212: 997: 924: 670: 408: 12869: 3989: 13682: 13295: 12725: 12632: 9227:"Psychopathic men have an extreme focus on mating at the expense of other domains and tend to be "parasitic" fathers" 8054: 2390: 2344: 2321: 1811: 1387:

offenders) are about 2.5 times more likely to be granted conditional release compared to non-psychopathic offenders.

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tests, with the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI) used more often among these in contemporary adult research.

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Woodworth M, Porter S (2002). "In cold blood: Characteristics of criminal homicides as a function of psychopathy".

6657: 4576: 3660: 3212: 2260: 1691: 7621: 5063: 3540: 3161:"Are psychopaths and heroes twigs off the same branch? Evidence from college, community, and presidential samples" 569:

defines "psychopath" only as a "former designation" for a person with an antisocial type of personality disorder.

14516: 14397: 14053: 13382: 13350: 10217:"Genetic and hormonal sensitivity to threat: Testing a serotonin transporter genotype × testosterone interaction" 9958: 7920: 7847:"Late childhood interpersonal callousness and conduct problem trajectories interact to predict adult psychopathy" 7816: 7067: 4984:

Harris GT, Rice ME, Quinsey VL (1994). "Psychopathy as a taxon: Evidence that psychopaths are a discrete class".

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scores and concluded that psychopathy may best be conceptualized as having a "dimensional latent structure" like

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Buss DM (2009). "How Can Evolutionary Psychology Successfully Explain Personality and Individual Differences?".

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Studies have suggested other correlations. Psychopathy was associated in two studies with an increased ratio of

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deficits on the inside. From this perspective, psychopathy is at least in part characterized by psychologically

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co-occur in some individuals. Recent studies indicate that some individuals with an autism diagnosis also show

2272: 1951: 1733: 1680: 1536: 1505: 1334:. A large systematic review and meta-regression found that the PCL performed the poorest out of nine tools for 1170: 1154: 1119: 816: 14356: 10441: 7644: 4908: 4683: 443:. While the abbreviated term "psycho" is often employed in common usage in general media along with "crazy", " 14911: 14790: 14541: 14447: 14422: 14170: 13914: 13795: 13601: 10462: 10215:

Josephs RA, Telch MJ, Hixon JG, Evans JJ, Lee H, Knopik VS, McGeary JE, Hariri AR, Beevers CG (1 June 2012).

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Craig MC, Catani M, Deeley Q, Latham R, Daly E, Kanaan R, Picchioni M, McGuire PK, Fahy T, Murphy DG (2009).

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A 2008 review by Weber et al. suggested that psychopathy is sometimes associated with brain abnormalities in

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functions normally, some studies have also found reduced reactivity to pleasurable stimuli. According to the

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An influential figure in shaping modern American conceptualizations of psychopathy was American psychiatrist

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Harris GT, Rice ME (2006). "Treatment of Psychopathy: A Review of Empirical Findings". In Patrick CJ (ed.).

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says that there is currently little evidence for a cure or effective treatment for psychopathy; as yet, no

843: 767:(1891) to describe various behavioral and moral dysfunction in the absence of an obvious mental illness or 562: 9459:

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The Psychopathy Construct in a Swedish Context - Conceptualization and Validation of Different Assessments

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while waiting for a painful stimulus but not when the stimulus occurs. While it has been argued that the

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and that studies finding a negative effect (that psychopaths display less amygdala activity) have lower

1911:, a byproduct, or side-effect, of the evolution of adaptive traits rather than an adaptation in itself. 14805: 14190: 13620: 13063: 12976: 12715: 12020:

Brown D, Larkin F, Sengupta a, Romero-Ureclay JL, Ross CC, Gupta N, Vinestock M, Das M (October 2014).

9833: 8240:"Clarifying the Relationship between Psychopathy and Intelligence Using Four Dimensions of the WASI-II" 7754:

Hyde LW, Waller R, Trentacosta CJ, Shaw DS, Neiderhiser JM, Ganiban JM, Reiss D, Leve LD (2016-04-08).

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Assadi SM, Noroozian M, Pakravannejad M, Yahyazadeh O, Aghayan S, Shariat SV, Fazel S (February 2006).

5274: 3616: 3055: 2196: 215: 17: 9133: 7258:"Psychopathy and Sexual Deviance in Treated Rapists: Association With Sexual and Nonsexual Recidivism" 4239: 2477: 2468:

Psychopathy has often been considered untreatable. Its unique characteristics makes it among the most

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is preferred by those who see the causes as due to social factors and early environment, and the term

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Gollan JK, Lee R, Coccaro EF (2005). "Developmental psychopathology and neurobiology of aggression".

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A large body of research suggests that psychopathy is associated with atypical responses to distress

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Thiessen, W Slip-ups and the dangerous mind: Seeing through and living beyond the psychopath (2012).

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Bartels M, Hudziak JJ, van den Oord EJ, van Beijsterveldt CE, Rietveld MJ, Boomsma DI (2003-09-01).

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An early and influential analysis from Harris and colleagues indicated that a discrete category, or

379:, influenced the initial diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality reaction/disturbance in the 14825: 14571: 14195: 14009: 13877: 13006: 12829: 12622: 6497:"Psychopathic traits in a large community sample: Links to violence, alcohol use, and intelligence" 5987: 4704: 4480: 2553: 2529:

minimal, with much of the knowledge in this area being extrapolations based on what is known about

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Handbook of Violence Risk Assessment and Treatment: New Approaches for Mental Health Professionals

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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

14121: 14078: 13960: 13950: 13438: 13302: 13241: 13043: 12927: 9304: 8409:"A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: Evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction" 7645:"Co-occurrence of Aggressive Behavior and Rule-Breaking Behavior at Age 12: Multi-Rater Analyses" 7544:

Gao Y, Raine A (March 2010). "Successful and unsuccessful psychopaths: a neurobiological model".

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Latzman RD, Tobin KE, Palumbo IM, Conway CC, Lilienfeld SO, Patrick CJ, Krueger RF (2020-10-01).

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Evil Genes: Why Rome Fell, Hitler Rose, Enron Failed, and My Sister Stole My Mother's Boyfriend.

10408: 7924: 7914: 7063: 6578:"Psychopathy and instrumental aggression: Evolutionary, neurobiological, and legal perspectives" 5897:"Psychopathic individuals exhibit but do not avoid regret during counterfactual decision making" 5642: 5131:"Psychopathic, Not Psychopath: Taxometric Evidence for the Dimensional Structure of Psychopathy" 5064:"Psychopathic, Not Psychopath: Taxometric Evidence for the Dimensional Structure of Psychopathy" 4580: 4085: 2316:. Among numerous studies, positive correlations have also been reported between psychopathy and 557:). Some medical dictionaries still define psychopathy in both a narrow and broad sense, such as 14452: 14412: 13818: 13780: 13745: 13470: 13211: 13127: 12846: 12301:"Prevalence and correlates of psychopathic traits in the household population of Great Britain" 11828: 10437: 9868: 9859: 9353: 7988:

Motzkin, J. C., Philippi, C. L., Wolf, R. C., Baskaya, M. K., & Koenigs, M. (Feb 1, 2015).

6897: 6884: 5201: 2815: 2605: 2582: 2489: 2427: 2117: 1931: 1721: 1532: 460: 339: 264: 251: 12856: 12809: 11091: 8618:"Turning a deaf ear to fear: impaired recognition of vocal affect in psychopathic individuals" 7990:"Ventromedial prefrontal cortex is critical for the regulation of amygdala activity in humans" 6783: 5467: 5421: 4714: 4146:

Epitome of Current Literature: Current Conceptions of Psychopathic Disorder by Partridge, G.E.

2860: 1749:, which could result in uninhibited signals that manifest in violent and aggressive behavior. 14795: 14610: 14546: 14442: 14321: 14163: 13968: 13757: 13553: 13475: 13460: 13355: 13287: 13279: 13216: 13172: 13142: 13107: 13033: 11750: 9808: 9186: 8031: 7257: 6835: 6078: 5375: 5309: 4739: 4435:

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perspective, believed psychopathy should be considered as part of a spectrum of pathological

920: 854: 831: 752: 420: 10655:, MD, Catherine A. Yeager, MA, Pamela Blake, MD, Barbara Bard, PhD, and Maren Strenziok, MS 10274:"Mesolimbic dopamine reward system hypersensitivity in individuals with psychopathic traits" 9993:

Line SJ, Barkus C, Rawlings N, Jennings K, McHugh S, Sharp T, Bannerman DM (December 2014).

9404: 8209: 8188: 6496: 1575:, noting that the early pioneer Cleckley included good intelligence in his checklist due to 14891: 14881: 14830: 14417: 14263: 13882: 13450: 12153: 11317: 8145: 7488: 7016: 5908: 4648: 4517:"Who's psychopathic now? A recent report has few new solutions and calls for more research" 3894: 2844: 2601: 2473: 2336: 2059: 2039: 1967: 1729: 1675: 1663: 1553: 1066: 810:(1941), Cleckley drew on a small series of vivid case studies of psychiatric patients at a 747:

The concept of psychopathy has been indirectly connected to the early 19th century work of

276: 10589:"Fear Review: Critique of Forensic Psychopathy Scale Delayed 3 Years by Threat of Lawsuit" 5021:

Marcus DK, John SL, Edens JF (2004). "A Taxometric Analysis of Psychopathic Personality".

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Spark, Clare L. Social Thought and Research, Volume 22, Number 1&2 (1999), pp. 113-137

3343:"Psychopathic Personality: Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Evidence and Public Policy" 2724:) often causes a ripple effect throughout an organization, setting the tone for an entire 2053:

Some of these findings are consistent with other research and theories. For example, in a

8: 14896: 14740: 14723: 14667: 14642: 14533: 14509: 14478: 14210: 13945: 13775: 13563: 13480: 13417: 13167: 12903: 11887: 11246:"Autism spectrum disorder and psychopathy: shared cognitive underpinnings or double hit?" 10652: 10278: 9067: 3871: 3573: 3198: 2899: 2709: 2375: 2155: 1628: 1545: 1335: 1268: 1199:, and suggests at least a partial constitutional factor that influences its development. 1188: 1102: 1080:, share certain characteristics, such as a callous-manipulative interpersonal style. The 730: 643: 390: 175: 11321: 7020: 6049: 5912: 3860: 936:. Low fear including stress-tolerance, toleration of unfamiliarity and danger, and high 886:

violating social norms and expectations without the slightest sense of guilt or regret.

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Babiak P, Neumann CS, Hare RD (April 2010). "Corporate psychopathy: Talking the walk".

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Dunlop BW, DeFife JA, Marx L, Garlow SJ, Nemeroff CB, Lilienfeld SO (1 November 2011).

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Buckels EE, Jones DN, Paulhus DL (2013). "Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism".

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show remarkable similarities to diagnosed psychopathic individuals, displaying reduced

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Hildebrand and colleagues (2004) have uncovered an interaction between psychopathy and

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Walters GD (April 2004). "The trouble with psychopathy as a general theory of crime".

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based on Cleckley's criteria from the 1940s, criminological concepts such as those of

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time. Cleckley formulated sixteen criteria for psychopathy. The Scottish psychiatrist

737: 14845: 14600: 14381: 14088: 13770: 13251: 13231: 13199: 13080: 13058: 13013: 12981: 12758: 12732: 12721: 12698: 12673: 12663: 12648: 12628: 12611: 12597: 12576: 12486: 12381: 12325: 12258: 12157: 12108: 12090: 12051: 11951: 11864: 11767: 11720: 11663: 11651: 11643: 11577: 11569: 11527: 11509: 11468: 11394: 11345: 11265: 11226: 11187: 11161: 11107: 11072: 11034: 10992: 10956: 10938: 10839: 10821: 10725: 10713: 10627: 10569: 10551: 10381: 10305: 10254: 10236: 10177: 10155: 10128: 10120: 10083: 10065: 10026: 9975: 9971: 9937: 9886: 9837: 9788: 9753: 9704: 9605: 9601: 9570: 9562: 9527: 9478: 9441: 9437: 9414:(2005). Chapter 3: Other Theoretical Models of Psychopathy, Ronald Blackburn, Page 39 9378: 9370: 9333: 9272: 9268: 9190: 9153: 9107: 9095: 9087: 9048: 8908: 8854: 8792: 8784: 8744: 8687: 8639: 8590: 8543: 8480: 8476: 8438: 8376: 8358: 8266: 8213: 8164: 8118: 8019: 7928: 7886: 7868: 7795: 7777: 7740: 7728: 7674: 7666: 7649: 7563: 7521: 7492: 7457: 7422: 7385: 7351: 7343: 7323: 7285: 7277: 7230: 7114: 7044: 6956: 6915: 6847: 6799: 6764: 6752: 6723: 6679: 6611: 6603: 6577: 6521: 6458: 6446: 6401: 6349: 6184: 6004: 5936: 5881: 5842: 5807: 5772: 5742: 5662: 5585: 5521: 5477: 5431: 5427: 5385: 5313: 5278: 5249: 5222: 5210: 5159: 5089: 5044: 5003: 4964: 4931: 4882: 4878: 4847: 4839: 4747: 4718: 4671: 4652: 4548: 4497: 4493: 4464: 4452: 4417: 4407: 4403: 4377: 4340: 4259: 4174: 4044: 4016: 3945: 3708: 3577: 3532: 3479: 3450: 3412: 3368: 3224: 3180: 3139: 3110: 3104: 3067: 3013: 3005: 2768: 2729: 2725: 2394: 2379: 2285: 2124: 1983: 1789: 1725: 1700: 1604: 1523: 1308: 1029: 1028:

Studies have linked psychopathy to alternative dimensions such as antagonism (high),

1001: 536: 366: 195: 166: 12919: 12498: 11589: 10639: 10189: 10173: 10140: 9923: 9800: 9558: 9390: 8780: 8699: 8492: 7297: 7199: 6999:"Authorship Bias in Violence Risk Assessment? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 6470: 6375: 6016: 5819: 5674: 5597: 5171: 5101: 3676: 2771:

may only vaguely or partly relate to the concept of psychopathy as it is defined in

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have a pattern of mating with and quickly abandoning women, and thereby have a high

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Vien A, Beech AR (1 July 2006). "Psychopathy: theory, measurement, and treatment".

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Berrios G (1993). "European views on personality disorders: A conceptual history".

4444: 4369: 4251: 3935: 3927: 3664: 3524: 3380: 3360: 3216: 3172: 3135: 3079: 3059: 2995: 2987: 2889: 2542: 2403: 2371: 2240: 2067: 2008: 1943: 1478: 1196: 1111: 1081: 908:'s conception entailing bold, disinhibited behavior, and "feckless disregard") and 866: 759:"), although historians have largely discredited the idea of a direct equivalence. 435: 362: 123: 11678: 8337:"Localization of Deformations Within the Amygdala in Individuals With Psychopathy" 8258: 7242: 6000: 2402:(a risk-factor for developing psychopathy), but are less strongly associated with 95:"Sociopathy" and "Sociopath" redirect here. For another usage of these terms, see 14775: 14692: 14427: 13978: 13765: 13529: 13365: 13177: 12863: 12823: 12565: 12515:

Office Politics: How to Thrive in a World of Lying, Backstabbing and Dirty Tricks

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Thinking about Psychopaths and Psychopathy: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions

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Piccinni A, Marazziti D, Veltri A (April 2018). "Psychopathology of terrorists".

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of breakdowns in the white matter connections between these two important areas.

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Walters GD (2004). "The Trouble with Psychopathy as a General Theory of Crime".

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Hare RD (1994). "Predators: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths among Us".

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may impair the ability of the prefrontal cortex to interpret feedback from the

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It has been suggested that the combination of early-onset conduct disorder and

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Genetic and environmental issues, such as neglect or abuse by parental figures.

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rate, resulting in children that may inherit a predisposition to psychopathy.

733: 246:, parental neglect, abuse, or psychological manipulation of the affected child 14875: 14855: 14561: 14371: 14341: 14336: 14200: 14158: 13548: 13152: 13092: 12755:

Personality Disorder Interview-IV, Chapter 4: Antisocial Personality Disorder

12572: 12274: 12094: 11647: 11639: 11573: 11513: 10942: 10825: 10709: 10656: 10623: 10555: 10455: 10240: 10124: 10069: 9566: 9374: 9318: 9157: 9091: 8788: 8362: 7872: 7781: 7732: 7670: 7347: 7281: 7191: 7162: 7118: 7110: 6607: 6454: 6310:"An abusive boss is bad news for your work life — unless you're a psychopath" 5803: 5658: 5581: 5540: 4935: 4927: 4843: 4534: 4421: 4319:"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5)" 4263: 3364: 3228: 3184: 3009: 2894: 2828: 2574: 2546: 2541:

The PCL-R, the PCL:SV, and the PCL:YV are highly regarded and widely used in

2509: 2493: 2352: 2024: 1991: 1987: 1947: 1841: 1746: 1717: 1600: 1540: 1402: 1395: 1347: 1280: 1115: 1054: 1044: 977: 952: 941: 851: 789: 639: 638:

may have been first introduced in 1909 in Germany by biological psychiatrist

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Medilexicon powered by Stedman's, part of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

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are some of the most notorious characters in film and literature, but their

2430:

in women. It has been suggested that psychopathy in men manifest more as an

1346:

reports that psychopathic behavior is consistent with traits common to some

1279:

Psychopathy, as measured with the PCL-R in institutional settings, shows in

14785: 14717: 14697: 14687: 14677: 14647: 13800: 13694: 13586: 13246: 12641: 12490: 12329: 12178: 12112: 12055: 11771: 11741: 11655: 11581: 11531: 11472: 11398: 11349: 11269: 11230: 11128: 11076: 11038: 10960: 10843: 10717: 10631: 10573: 10385: 10336: 10309: 10258: 10181: 10132: 10087: 10030: 9979: 9941: 9890: 9792: 9757: 9708: 9609: 9574: 9531: 9482: 9445: 9382: 9337: 9276: 9099: 9052: 8912: 8858: 8796: 8748: 8691: 8643: 8594: 8547: 8442: 8380: 8217: 8168: 8122: 8104: 8023: 7890: 7799: 7678: 7642: 7567: 7461: 7426: 7355: 7289: 7234: 7048: 6960: 6919: 6868: 6820: 6795: 6768: 6727: 6683: 6615: 6525: 6462: 6405: 6188: 6163:"Psychiatric morbidity among sentenced prisoners: prevalence study in Iran" 6008: 5940: 5846: 5811: 5776: 5666: 5589: 5498: 5452: 5406: 5226: 5163: 5093: 5048: 4851: 4819: 4768: 4456: 4381: 4178: 4095:

G. E. Partridge, The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1930 July; 1(87):53–99

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the social and interpersonal implications of the psychopathic personality.

2079: 2054: 2035: 2020: 1904: 1845: 1720:

with psychopathy and violence. Since the 1980s, scientists have associated

1696: 1568: 1549: 1375: 1320: 1296:

Studies have suggested a strong correlation between psychopathy scores and

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Walker, I. 2005, Psychopaths in Suits, Australian Broadcasting Corporation

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Khalifa NR, Gibbon S, Völlm BA, Cheung NH, McCarthy L (3 September 2020).

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The PCL-R score cut-off for a label of psychopathy is 25 out of 40 in the

819:

had also been influential in Europe from 1939 in narrowing the diagnosis.

419:

later re-popularized the construct of psychopathy in criminology with his

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According to a study from the University of Notre Dame published in the

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includes a specifier for those with conduct disorder who also display a

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Mary Ellen O'Toole, Ph.D.; Matt Logan, Ph.D.; and Sharon Smith, Ph.D..

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

6160: 5894: 1934:

to painful stimuli and poor learning of avoiding responses that cause

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Psychopathy has been conceptualized as a hybrid condition marked by a

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International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

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International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

5792:

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

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Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us

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Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us

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Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us

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for this purpose. For example, a study found that the antipsychotic

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The psychopath whisperer: the science of those without a conscience

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There are currently two widely established systems for classifying

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strategy, which may work as long as there is a large population of

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influence of childhood trauma on the development of psychopathy

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Half of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist consists of symptoms of

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to have been a strong candidate as a "corporate psychopath".

2593: 2095:

functioning in impulsive aggression and antisocial behavior.

1878:

compensating evolutionary advantages, and researchers within

1848:

is directly correlated with the social deviation factor, and

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interventions commonly given to domestic abuse perpetrators.

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appraisals among corporate professionals. The psychologist

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Studies suggest strong comorbidity between psychopathy and

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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

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In considering the issue of possible reunification of some

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and his colleagues showed that subjects with damage to the

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are often used interchangeably, but in some cases the term

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of psychopathy does not necessarily add value to violence

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medications, although none have yet been approved by the

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Antisocial Personality Disorder scale. There is also the

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dysfunction, although the specific reasons are unknown.

1591:

from other people, more precisely an impaired emotional

1420:

The possibility of psychopathy has been associated with

846:

in 1943, and which may have been intended to be used as

729:

that have been connected to psychopathic traits include

679:

The term is used in various ways in contemporary usage.

11985:"Antisocial personality disorder: Treatments and drugs" 8713:

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suggested overlaps between (primary) psychopathy and

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from 1936, and from 1942 as a shortening of the noun

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and other neurological systems associated with fear.

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The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report

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Archived from 11798:"The Hard Sell for Psychopathy Research Funding" 10887:"International Classification of Diseases (ICD)" 10738: 10401:""Warrior genes" and the disease of being Māori" 9770: 9590:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 8175: 8141:"Altered connections on the road to psychopathy" 8134: 8132: 8082: 8080: 7605: 6996: 5367: 4642: 2221: 1161:In an experiment published in March 2007 at the 1069:in the middle, and psychopathy at the high end. 10800:Drislane LE, Patrick CJ, Arsal G (2013-12-09). 9350: 7949:"Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5" 6932: 6699: 6244:"A disturbing number of bosses are psychopaths" 5332: 5020: 4864: 4173:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 4086:Current Conceptions of Psychopathic Personality 2183:Psychopathy is most commonly assessed with the 1326:Some clinicians suggest that assessment of the 1240: 701:is preferred because it is less likely than is 524:has meant the study of disease since 1610, and 403:(ICD) subsequently introduced the diagnoses of 12899:What Psychopaths Teach Us about How to Succeed 12220: 11486:Wynn R, Høiseth MH, Pettersen G (2012-06-01). 11050: 11048: 10669: 10488: 10322: 9426:The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 9171: 9169: 9167: 9017:"The role of prefrontal cortex in psychopathy" 8760: 8758: 8061:. 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Psych. 12534:Ladders | Business News & Career Advice 12309:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 12075:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11740:Gregory S, Blair RJ, ffytche D, Simmons A, 11301: 11141: 11057:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 11045: 11017:the borderline personality disorder?]. 10858:"DSM-5: What It Is & What It Diagnoses" 10772:"Triarchic Psychopathy Measure - cplabwiki" 10688: 10603: 10495:Handbook of Personology and Psychopathology 9452: 9297: 9164: 8828:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 8823:"Utilitarian moral judgment in psychopathy" 8755: 8609: 8559: 8557: 8449: 8406: 8186: 7483:Häkkänen-Nyholm H, Nyholm JO, eds. 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Washington, D.C.: 4740:"Hitler the Psychopath" 4299:Patrick C (July 2016). 3443:Handbook of Psychopathy 3409:Oxford University Press 2486:Handbook of Psychopathy 2385:substance use disorders 2193:William and Joan McCord 2118:internalizing disorders 1880:evolutionary psychology 1873:Evolutionary psychiatry 1699:, it is known that the 1416:§ In the workplace 824:sociopathic personality 812:Veterans Administration 769:intellectual disability 530:has meant the study of 290:Proper care of children 14453:Sexual sadism disorder 14413:History of psychopathy 14382:Superficially charming 13868:2016 Brexit referendum 13217:Scientific fabrication 13128:Historical negationism 12852:Psychopathy Is website 12842:Philpapers Psychopathy 12136:Accessed June 26, 2006 11375:(5). et al.: 392–399. 11250:Psychological Medicine 10473:. September 12, 2009. 10438:The New Zealand Herald 10337:10.5042/bjfp.2010.0183 9860:Psychological Bulletin 9354:Psychological Bulletin 9225:Manis E (2022-09-13). 8105:10.1098/rstb.2008.0027 7215:Law and Human Behavior 6986:on September 23, 2013. 6885:Psychological Bulletin 6796:10.1002/0470013397.ch5 5273:. Cambridge, England: 5202:Journal of Personality 4398:Wenzel A, ed. (2017). 4277:Lilienfeld SO (2020). 3920:Schizophrenia Bulletin 2583:Mental Health Act 2007 2428:openness to experience 2351:disorders in general, 2271:(ASPD) in the DSM and 2259:(DSM) produced by the 2249:(ICD) produced by the 1971: 1792:by rewriting it in an 1722:traumatic brain injury 1704: 1533:traumatic brain injury 1272: 1128: 1024:Personality dimensions 902:Cleckleyan psychopathy 888: 777: 771:. He applied the term 553: 461:History of psychopathy 265:sexual sadism disorder 252:Differential diagnosis 88:. For other uses, see 59:Mental health disorder 14796:Just-world hypothesis 14547:Anti-social behaviour 14443:Psychopathy Checklist 14322:Anti-social behaviour 14164:Fact-checking website 13969:Operation Mass Appeal 13951:Clockwork Orange plot 13461:Mental illness denial 13356:Climate change denial 13173:Psychological warfare 13143:Internet manipulation 13108:Firehose of falsehood 13034:Disinformation attack 11751:The Lancet Psychiatry 9187:Karolinska Institutet 7994:Biological Psychiatry 7489:John Wiley & Sons 6836:"Psychopathic Traits" 6180:10.1192/bjp.188.2.159 6079:California Law Review 5570:Psychological Science 5310:Yale University Press 4961:10.4324/9780203763551 4649:John Wiley & Sons 4437:History of Psychiatry 3932:10.1093/schbul/sbm136 3507:"Psychopathy and the 3134:. Amherst, New York: 2885:Collective narcissism 2795:stories, and some of 2602:psychiatric hospitals 2474:personality disorders 2410:in sample selection. 2337:personality disorders 2197:as a theoretical tool 2179:Psychopathy Checklist 2173:Psychopathy Checklist 2159:needed in this area. 1965: 1694: 1629:extrastriate cortical 1565:inverse relationships 1269:correlated with crime 1266: 1112:bipolar mood disorder 1107: 927:(PPI) to this model. 921:Psychopathy Checklist 883: 863:probably a psychopath 832:Psychopathy Checklist 565:. On the other hand, 421:Psychopathy Checklist 14912:Behavioural sciences 14831:Psychological trauma 14418:Juvenile delinquency 13303:Who's Who in the CIA 12156:. pp. 163–165. 12154:Blackwell Publishing 11863:The Guilford Press. 10444:on February 23, 2013 8407:Kiehl K. A. (2006). 8146:Molecular Psychiatry 6751:(3). New York City: 6656:(4). New York City: 6590:(4). New York City: 5343:(6). New York City: 5312:. pp. 130–153. 5269:Zuckerman M (1991). 5209:(6). New York City: 4867:"Fearless Dominance" 4818:Blonigen DM (2013). 4015:. Psychology Press. 3659:(2). New York City: 3473:(February 1, 1996). 2943:Blackburn R (2005). 2924:www.healthyplace.com 2863:and unencumbered by 2345:obsessive–compulsive 2060:orbitofrontal cortex 2040:orbitofrontal cortex 2005:parahippocampal gyri 1974:Thanks to advancing 1968:orbitofrontal cortex 1730:orbitofrontal cortex 1676:Genetically informed 1554:orbitofrontal cortex 1522:Dysfunctions in the 1067:malignant narcissism 1057:, from a particular 1047:and responsibility, 910:criminal psychopathy 705:to be confused with 474:is a joining of the 441:fictional portrayals 277:schizotypal disorder 14902:Forensic psychology 14741:Abusive supervision 14668:Psychological abuse 14643:Institutional abuse 14479:George E. Partridge 14005:Conspiracy theories 13946:Double-Cross System 13915:Conspiracy theories 13776:Operation INFEKTION 13564:Internet Water Army 13418:Strategy of tension 13283:by Ion Mihai Pacepa 13168:Post-truth politics 12904:Scientific American 12621:Cleckley H (1988). 12592:Black, Will (2014) 11944:Nussbaum A (2013). 11888:The Daily Telegraph 11719:. pp. 555–72. 11505:10.2147/IJWH.S25518 11322:2015PLoSO..1034331O 11098:. pp. 257–68. 10921:Behavioral Sciences 10676:Franklin K (2011). 10653:Dorothy Otnow Lewis 10356:Psychiatry Research 10279:Nature Neuroscience 9836:. pp. 170–86. 9502:Psychiatry Research 8841:10.1093/scan/nsr048 8719:Social Neuroscience 8539:10.1192/bjp.182.1.5 8413:Psychiatry Research 8303:. pp. 401–421. 8153:(10): 946–53, 907. 7821:World of Psychology 7407:Behavioral Sciences 7384:. 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Cleckley 14367:Pathological lying 14337:Diminished empathy 13901:HIV/AIDS denialism 13878:Trolls from Olgino 13652:Paid news in India 13642:Fake news in India 13456:HIV/AIDS denialism 13310:Merchants of Doubt 13183:Military deception 13158:Media manipulation 12997:Circular reporting 12862:2013-04-15 at the 12836:Without Conscience 12796:External resources 12753:Widiger T (1995). 12624:The Mask of Sanity 12132:2005-11-17 at the 11302:O'Nions E (2015). 10662:2020-11-23 at the 10593:Scientific America 10519:2017-04-04 at the 10500:2017-04-04 at the 9695:(3): 463–75, vii. 9410:2017-04-03 at the 9367:10.1037/bul0000024 9084:10.1037/tra0001191 9015:Koenigs M (2012). 8160:10.1038/mp.2009.40 7865:10.1111/jcpp.12598 7618:Without Conscience 7587:Without Conscience 6846:. pp. 55–64. 6666:10.1007/BF03061075 6348:. pp. 440–3. 6055:2015-04-23 at the 5874:10.1037/law0000239 5219:10.1111/jopy.12124 4689:2020-08-06 at the 4151:2015-10-01 at the 4132:2017-04-04 at the 4113:2017-01-03 at the 4091:2018-11-16 at the 4011:Lykken DT (1995). 3988:. 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Cleckley 200:pathological lying 35: 14869: 14868: 14846:Traumatic bonding 14492: 14491: 14467:Notable theorists 14253: 14252: 14249: 14248: 14139: 14138: 14135: 14134: 14089:Operation Shocker 13891: 13890: 13771:K-1000 battleship 13602:Operation Neptune 13505: 13504: 13501: 13500: 13326: 13325: 13260: 13259: 13252:Yellow journalism 13200:counterpropaganda 13081:List of fallacies 13014:Conspiracy theory 12982:Alternative facts 12819: 12818: 12764:978-0-911907-21-6 12737:978-1-63388-532-5 12704:978-0-7704-3584-4 12679:978-1-57230-451-2 12653:978-0-374-70910-5 12616:978-0-631-23335-0 12582:978-0-06-114789-0 12433:Boddy CR (2011). 12163:978-1-4051-1869-9 11957:978-1-58562-466-9 11869:978-1-59385-476-8 11726:978-1-59385-591-8 11244:Rogers J (2006). 11193:978-0-275-98798-5 11182:Kantor M (2006). 11113:978-0-7923-4920-4 10998:978-0-631-23336-7 10991:. pp. 25–7. 10934:10.3390/bs6010005 10752:Missing or empty 10013:10.1111/ejn.12744 10007:(12): 3735–3745. 9843:978-0-521-60785-8 9657:Sophia W (2012). 9196:978-91-7549-910-9 9176:Sörman K (2015). 8775:(10): 2288–2304. 8520:Blair RJ (2003). 8099:(1503): 2557–65. 7956:DSM-5 Development 7934:978-0-89042-555-8 7650:Behavior Genetics 7527:978-0-7146-5262-7 7512:Horgan J (2005). 7498:978-0-470-97238-0 7391:978-0-7619-2192-9 6853:978-1-60623-985-8 6842:. New York City: 6805:978-0-470-01339-7 6447:SAGE Publications 6355:978-1-59385-591-8 6344:. New York City: 5748:978-1-4511-0047-1 5527:978-1-118-00186-8 5516:. New York City: 5483:978-1-59385-647-2 5472:. New York City: 5437:978-1-118-02924-4 5426:. New York City: 5391:978-0-7637-7790-6 5319:978-0-300-10180-5 5284:978-0-521-35942-9 5255:978-1-57230-864-0 4970:978-0-203-76355-1 4888:978-3-319-28099-8 4753:978-1-60021-033-4 4724:978-0-465-04620-1 4658:978-0-470-01898-9 4413:978-1-4833-6582-4 4404:SAGE Publications 4346:978-0-06-083772-3 4050:978-0-8058-6079-5 4039:Rutter S (2007). 4022:978-0-8058-1941-0 3714:978-1-57230-451-2 3699:. New York City: 3583:978-0-8261-9904-1 3572:. New York City: 3480:Psychiatric Times 3456:978-1-60623-804-2 3418:978-0-19-852783-1 3403:Semple D (2005). 3145:978-1-63388-532-5 3116:978-1-57230-451-2 2769:characterizations 2726:corporate culture 2606:Mental Health Act 2395:Asperger syndrome 2380:Anxiety disorders 2286:personality tests 2048:statistical power 1942:as measured with 1822: 1821: 1814: 1726:prefrontal cortex 1701:prefrontal cortex 1524:prefrontal cortex 1309:domestic violence 1030:conscientiousness 923:(PCL, PCL-R) and 630:The word element 537:pathological liar 451:and psychopathy. 367:superficial charm 326: 325: 210:, inclination to 196:superficial charm 104:Medical condition 47:18 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 14919: 14887:1840s neologisms 14708:Structural abuse 14683:Police brutality 14589:Disability abuse 14519: 14512: 14505: 14496: 14495: 14423:Machiavellianism 14403:Conduct disorder 14306:In the workplace 14280: 14273: 14266: 14257: 14256: 14145: 14144: 13964:MMR autism fraud 13847:On US elections 13781:Operation Toucan 13754: 13753: 13522: 13521: 13511: 13510: 13476:anti-vaccination 13424: 13423: 13371:Holocaust denial 13346:Bermuda Triangle 13332: 13331: 13266: 13265: 13195:black propaganda 13163:Potemkin village 13088:False accusation 13064:list of websites 12963: 12962: 12944: 12937: 12930: 12921: 12920: 12894: 12826:on Google Books. 12779: 12778: 12768: 12708: 12683: 12638: 12589: 12587:snakes in suits. 12571:. New York, NY: 12570: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12545: 12526: 12520: 12518: 12513:James O (2013), 12509: 12503: 12502: 12464: 12458: 12455: 12449: 12445: 12439: 12438: 12430: 12424: 12423: 12413: 12407: 12406: 12398:Psychology Today 12392: 12386: 12385: 12357: 12348: 12347: 12345: 12344: 12338: 12305: 12296: 12290: 12289: 12287: 12286: 12254: 12248: 12247: 12224: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12214: 12208: 12201: 12192: 12183: 12182: 12176: 12175: 12143: 12137: 12123: 12117: 12116: 12106: 12066: 12060: 12059: 12049: 12017: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12006: 11980: 11974: 11973: 11971: 11969: 11941: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11919:Psychology Today 11910: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11900: 11878: 11872: 11857: 11851: 11850: 11848: 11846: 11824: 11818: 11817: 11815: 11813: 11808:on 10 March 2016 11804:. 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New York, NY: 4785:Hare RD (1993). 4782: 4773: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4700: 4694: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4597:Hare RD (2003). 4594: 4585: 4584: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4546: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4406:. p. 2744. 4395: 4386: 4385: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4283: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4162: 4156: 4143: 4137: 4124: 4118: 4105: 4096: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4071:. Archived from 4061: 4055: 4054: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3970:. Archived from 3960: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3914:Burgy M (2008). 3911: 3905: 3891: 3882: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3834:. Archived from 3824: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3801:. Archived from 3791: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3768:. Archived from 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3738:. Archived from 3728: 3719: 3718: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3613: 3604: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3563: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3438: 3423: 3422: 3400: 3389: 3388: 3338: 3233: 3232: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3136:Prometheus Books 3127: 3121: 3120: 3097: 3084: 3083: 3041: 3022: 3021: 3003: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2930: 2916: 2890:Moral psychology 2677:In the workplace 2543:criminal justice 2518:mood-stabilizing 2421:factor structure 2404:conduct problems 2372:conduct disorder 2241:mental disorders 2201:real-world usage 2068:startle response 2009:cingulate cortex 1944:skin conductance 1817: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1774: 1773: 1766: 1753:Childhood trauma 1728:, including the 1539:may also impair 1479:Conduct disorder 1473:Conduct disorder 1370:Sexual offending 1364:need for control 1203:Primary features 1197:conduct disorder 1074:Machiavellianism 896: 855:Walter C. Langer 780: 727:Ancient writings 556: 497: 496: 487: 486: 436:criminal justice 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 146: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 107: 106: 21: 14927: 14926: 14922: 14921: 14920: 14918: 14917: 14916: 14872: 14871: 14870: 14865: 14841:Rationalization 14776:Destabilisation 14729: 14693:Religious abuse 14528: 14523: 14493: 14488: 14462: 14428:Macdonald triad 14386: 14315:Characteristics 14310: 14289: 14284: 14254: 14245: 14150: 14131: 14110: 14098: 13983: 13979:Zinoviev letter 13929: 13903: 13887: 13811:Post-Soviet era 13805: 13766:Active Measures 13749: 13740: 13709: 13697: 13685: 13673: 13661: 13630: 13604: 13592: 13532: 13530:Jihadunspun.com 13516: 13497: 13422: 13398:New World Order 13366:Genocide denial 13337: 13322: 13271: 13256: 13178:Memetic warfare 12968: 12957: 12948: 12878: 12864:Wayback Machine 12820: 12815: 12814: 12791: 12790: 12776: 12771: 12765: 12712:Oakley, Barbara 12705: 12680: 12635: 12583: 12558: 12553: 12552: 12543: 12541: 12528: 12527: 12523: 12510: 12506: 12483:10.1002/bsl.925 12465: 12461: 12456: 12452: 12446: 12442: 12431: 12427: 12414: 12410: 12393: 12389: 12358: 12351: 12342: 12340: 12336: 12303: 12297: 12293: 12284: 12282: 12255: 12251: 12225: 12221: 12212: 12210: 12206: 12199: 12193: 12186: 12173: 12171: 12164: 12144: 12140: 12134:Wayback Machine 12124: 12120: 12081:(9): CD007667. 12067: 12063: 12018: 12014: 12004: 12002: 11981: 11977: 11967: 11965: 11958: 11942: 11938: 11928: 11926: 11911: 11907: 11898: 11896: 11879: 11875: 11858: 11854: 11844: 11842: 11825: 11821: 11811: 11809: 11796: 11795: 11791: 11781: 11779: 11738: 11734: 11727: 11709: 11702: 11692: 11690: 11675: 11671: 11624: 11611: 11602: 11600: 11596: 11549: 11543: 11539: 11484: 11480: 11449: 11445: 11410: 11406: 11361: 11357: 11300: 11296: 11287: 11285: 11242: 11238: 11205: 11201: 11194: 11180: 11173: 11140: 11136: 11123: 11121: 11114: 11088: 11084: 11053: 11046: 11014: 11010: 10999: 10989:Wiley-Blackwell 10979: 10968: 10913: 10909: 10900: 10898: 10885: 10884: 10880: 10871: 10869: 10856: 10855: 10851: 10798: 10794: 10785: 10783: 10770: 10769: 10765: 10753: 10751: 10742: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10693: 10689: 10674: 10670: 10664:Wayback Machine 10651: 10647: 10608: 10604: 10585: 10581: 10536: 10527: 10521:Wayback Machine 10512: 10508: 10502:Wayback Machine 10493: 10489: 10480: 10478: 10461: 10460: 10456: 10447: 10445: 10428: 10427: 10423: 10414: 10412: 10397: 10393: 10348: 10344: 10321: 10317: 10292:10.1038/nn.2510 10270: 10266: 10213: 10209: 10199: 10197: 10152: 10148: 10099: 10095: 10042: 10038: 9991: 9987: 9953: 9949: 9902: 9898: 9874:10.1.1.326.8003 9855: 9851: 9844: 9826: 9822: 9806: 9805: 9769: 9765: 9720: 9716: 9685: 9678: 9655: 9651: 9638: 9634: 9621: 9617: 9586: 9582: 9543: 9539: 9494: 9490: 9475:10.1002/bsl.802 9457: 9453: 9422: 9418: 9412:Wayback Machine 9402: 9398: 9349: 9345: 9296: 9292: 9253: 9249: 9240: 9238: 9223: 9219: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9197: 9182: 9174: 9165: 9130: 9126: 9117: 9115: 9064: 9060: 9013: 9009: 8999: 8997: 8982: 8978: 8967: 8963: 8940: 8927: 8919: 8876: 8870: 8866: 8819: 8812: 8763: 8756: 8711: 8707: 8666: 8662: 8653: 8651: 8614: 8610: 8571: 8567: 8562: 8555: 8518: 8507: 8499: 8460: 8454: 8450: 8405: 8398: 8392: 8388: 8333: 8329: 8312: 8308: 8293: 8289: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8242: 8236: 8232: 8224: 8191: 8185: 8176: 8137: 8130: 8085: 8078: 8068: 8066: 8065:on July 8, 2013 8053: 8052: 8045: 8029: 8028: 7986: 7982: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7898: 7843: 7839: 7830: 7828: 7815: 7814: 7807: 7752: 7748: 7709: 7705: 7696: 7694: 7641: 7637: 7627: 7625: 7610: 7606: 7596: 7594: 7579: 7575: 7560:10.1002/bsl.924 7542: 7535: 7528: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7491:. p. 177. 7481: 7477: 7438: 7434: 7419:10.1002/bsl.918 7403: 7399: 7392: 7378: 7374: 7365: 7363: 7320: 7316: 7307: 7305: 7254: 7250: 7211: 7207: 7174: 7170: 7145: 7138: 7128: 7126: 7091: 7087: 7077: 7075: 7064:"Serial Murder" 7060: 7056: 6995: 6991: 6972: 6968: 6931: 6927: 6903:10.1.1.404.4396 6880: 6876: 6863: 6861: 6854: 6832: 6828: 6815: 6813: 6806: 6780: 6776: 6739: 6735: 6698: 6691: 6642: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6574: 6570: 6561: 6559: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6499: 6493: 6482: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6413: 6372: 6363: 6356: 6338: 6334: 6325: 6323: 6308: 6307: 6300: 6291: 6289: 6276: 6275: 6268: 6259: 6257: 6249:The Independent 6242: 6241: 6234: 6224: 6222: 6203: 6196: 6159: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6133:Psychopath Test 6127: 6126: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6092:10.2307/3478417 6070: 6063: 6057:Wayback Machine 6047: 6040: 6031: 6024: 5983: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5952: 5948: 5893: 5889: 5858: 5854: 5831: 5827: 5788: 5784: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5693: 5684: 5682: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5566: 5562: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5510: 5506: 5493: 5491: 5484: 5476:. p. 100. 5464: 5460: 5447: 5445: 5438: 5430:. p. 154. 5418: 5414: 5401: 5399: 5392: 5372: 5368: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5277:. p. 390. 5267: 5263: 5256: 5238: 5234: 5197: 5193: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5060: 5056: 5019: 5015: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4947: 4943: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4863: 4859: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4798: 4783: 4776: 4763: 4761: 4754: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4701: 4697: 4691:Wayback Machine 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4651:. p. 117. 4641: 4637: 4628: 4626: 4618:The Independent 4611: 4610: 4606: 4595: 4588: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4513: 4509: 4476: 4472: 4433: 4429: 4414: 4396: 4389: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4335:Hare R (2006). 4333: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4297: 4293: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4206: 4204: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4181: 4163: 4159: 4153:Wayback Machine 4144: 4140: 4134:Wayback Machine 4125: 4121: 4115:Wayback Machine 4106: 4099: 4093:Wayback Machine 4084: 4080: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3912: 3908: 3902:Wayback Machine 3892: 3885: 3879:Wayback Machine 3868:Wayback Machine 3858: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3826: 3825: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3793: 3792: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3715: 3688: 3684: 3647: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3615: 3614: 3607: 3593: 3591: 3584: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3544: 3500: 3496: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3439: 3426: 3419: 3401: 3392: 3357:SAGE Publishing 3339: 3236: 3196: 3192: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3098: 3087: 3042: 3025: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2926: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2881: 2827:, the deranged 2789:Roman mythology 2761: 2755: 2720:, reduction in 2685: 2679: 2674: 2666:Bond University 2657: 2640: 2623: 2618: 2567: 2552:The interrater 2539: 2466: 2461: 2416: 2414:Sex differences 2310: 2282: 2237: 2224: 2215: 2209: 2181: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2131:metabolite) to 2078:High levels of 2076: 1960: 1928: 1922: 1917: 1875: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1818: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1790:help improve it 1787: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1755: 1714: 1689: 1673: 1661: 1638: 1585: 1520: 1515: 1481: 1475: 1462: 1422:organized crime 1418: 1412: 1410:Other offending 1380:child molesters 1372: 1332:risk assessment 1294: 1261: 1256: 1243: 1214: 1205: 1184: 1165:neuroscientist 1099: 1026: 990: 982:adaptive traits 978:impulse control 938:self-confidence 906:Hervey Cleckley 898: 890: 881: 876: 817:David Henderson 802:Hervey Cleckley 798: 744:around 300 BC. 724: 686:Snakes in Suits 628: 532:mental disorder 527:psychopathology 506:, and the noun 468: 463: 457: 161: 125: 121: 105: 100: 93: 79: 68:Psychopathology 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14925: 14915: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14867: 14866: 14864: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14851:Victim blaming 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14781:Discrimination 14778: 14773: 14768: 14766:Dehumanization 14763: 14758: 14756:Child grooming 14753: 14748: 14746:Abuse of power 14743: 14737: 14735: 14734:Related topics 14731: 14730: 14728: 14727: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14673:Physical abuse 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14619: 14618: 14613: 14603: 14601:Domestic abuse 14598: 14597: 14596: 14594:military draft 14586: 14581: 14580: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14538: 14536: 14530: 14529: 14522: 14521: 14514: 14507: 14499: 14490: 14489: 14487: 14486: 14484:Robert D. Hare 14481: 14476: 14470: 14468: 14464: 14463: 14461: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14394: 14392: 14391:Related topics 14388: 14387: 14385: 14384: 14379: 14377:Shallow affect 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14318: 14316: 14312: 14311: 14309: 14308: 14303: 14297: 14295: 14291: 14290: 14283: 14282: 14275: 14268: 14260: 14251: 14250: 14247: 14246: 14244: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14167: 14166: 14155: 14152: 14151: 14141: 14140: 14137: 14136: 14133: 14132: 14130: 14129: 14124: 14118: 14116: 14112: 14111: 14106: 14104: 14100: 14099: 14097: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14059:Habbush letter 14056: 14051: 14046: 14045: 14044: 14034: 14029: 14028: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14002: 13997: 13991: 13989: 13985: 13984: 13982: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13941:Bell Pottinger 13937: 13935: 13934:United Kingdom 13931: 13930: 13928: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13911: 13909: 13905: 13904: 13899: 13897: 13893: 13892: 13889: 13888: 13886: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13864: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13845: 13844: 13843: 13833: 13832: 13831: 13826: 13815: 13813: 13807: 13806: 13804: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13762: 13760: 13751: 13742: 13741: 13739: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13717: 13715: 13711: 13710: 13705: 13703: 13699: 13698: 13693: 13691: 13687: 13686: 13681: 13679: 13675: 13674: 13669: 13667: 13663: 13662: 13660: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13638: 13636: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13612: 13610: 13606: 13605: 13600: 13598: 13597:Czechoslovakia 13594: 13593: 13591: 13590: 13583: 13578: 13577: 13576: 13571: 13569:PLA Unit 61398 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13540: 13538: 13534: 13533: 13528: 13526: 13518: 13517: 13507: 13506: 13503: 13502: 13499: 13498: 13496: 13495: 13490: 13489: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13447: 13446: 13444:by governments 13436: 13430: 13428: 13421: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13374: 13373: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13342: 13339: 13338: 13328: 13327: 13324: 13323: 13321: 13320: 13313: 13306: 13299: 13292: 13285: 13281:Disinformation 13276: 13273: 13272: 13262: 13261: 13258: 13257: 13255: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13208: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13187: 13186: 13185: 13180: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13084: 13083: 13073: 13072: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13011: 13010: 13009: 13002:Cognitive bias 12999: 12994: 12992:Cherry picking 12989: 12984: 12979: 12973: 12970: 12969: 12959: 12958: 12955:misinformation 12951:Disinformation 12947: 12946: 12939: 12932: 12924: 12918: 12917: 12908: 12907:, October 2012 12895: 12876: 12867: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12833: 12827: 12817: 12816: 12813: 12812: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12793: 12792: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12782:Classification 12775: 12774:External links 12772: 12770: 12769: 12763: 12750: 12743: 12740: 12729: 12709: 12703: 12687: 12684: 12678: 12670:Guilford Press 12656: 12639: 12633: 12618: 12604: 12602:978-1904684718 12590: 12581: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12521: 12504: 12459: 12450: 12440: 12425: 12408: 12387: 12349: 12291: 12249: 12238:(5): 592–603. 12219: 12184: 12162: 12138: 12118: 12061: 12032:(5): 391–402. 12012: 11975: 11956: 11936: 11905: 11873: 11852: 11834:The New Yorker 11819: 11789: 11758:(2): 153–160. 11732: 11725: 11717:Guilford Press 11700: 11669: 11634:(3): 155–174. 11609: 11554:Der Nervenarzt 11537: 11478: 11459:(7): 656–664. 11443: 11404: 11355: 11294: 11236: 11199: 11192: 11171: 11134: 11112: 11082: 11044: 11008: 10997: 10966: 10907: 10878: 10849: 10812:(2): 350–362. 10792: 10763: 10731: 10687: 10668: 10645: 10602: 10579: 10550:(4): 355–397. 10525: 10506: 10487: 10471:NZ Herald News 10454: 10421: 10391: 10342: 10315: 10264: 10227:(6): 752–761. 10207: 10146: 10111:(2): 216–222. 10093: 10056:(6): 329–337. 10036: 9985: 9947: 9918:(3): 612–620. 9896: 9849: 9842: 9820: 9779:(4): 1151–71. 9763: 9714: 9676: 9649: 9632: 9615: 9596:(10): 856–65. 9580: 9537: 9488: 9451: 9432:(5): 599–606. 9416: 9396: 9343: 9290: 9247: 9217: 9195: 9189:. p. 29. 9163: 9124: 9058: 9007: 8976: 8961: 8950:(5): 371–380. 8925: 8864: 8810: 8754: 8705: 8660: 8630:(4): 682–686. 8608: 8581:(6): 499–511. 8565: 8553: 8505: 8448: 8396: 8386: 8349:(9): 986–994. 8327: 8306: 8301:Guilford Press 8287: 8253:(5): 619–627. 8230: 8174: 8128: 8076: 8043: 8000:(3): 276–284. 7980: 7940: 7933: 7905: 7896: 7837: 7823:. 2017-01-21. 7805: 7768:(9): 903–910. 7746: 7703: 7657:(5): 607–621. 7635: 7604: 7573: 7554:(2): 194–210. 7533: 7526: 7520:. p. 49. 7504: 7497: 7475: 7448:(2): 141–144. 7432: 7413:(1): 106–119. 7397: 7390: 7372: 7334:(1): 233–243. 7314: 7248: 7205: 7168: 7136: 7105:(1): 109–118. 7085: 7054: 6989: 6966: 6945:Pergamon Press 6925: 6874: 6852: 6844:Guilford Press 6826: 6804: 6774: 6733: 6689: 6633: 6568: 6538: 6480: 6423: 6361: 6354: 6346:Guilford Press 6332: 6298: 6266: 6252:. 2016-09-13. 6232: 6194: 6173:(2): 159–164. 6150: 6117: 6061: 6038: 6022: 5972: 5946: 5887: 5868:(3): 297–311. 5852: 5825: 5782: 5771:(4): 408–429. 5754: 5747: 5729: 5720: 5711: 5701: 5691: 5633: 5623: 5613: 5603: 5576:(11): 2201–9. 5560: 5549:(7): 734–739. 5533: 5526: 5518:Guilford Press 5504: 5482: 5474:Guilford Press 5458: 5436: 5412: 5390: 5384:. p. 99. 5366: 5325: 5318: 5290: 5283: 5261: 5254: 5246:Guilford Press 5232: 5191: 5121: 5054: 5013: 4976: 4969: 4941: 4922:(4): 298–303. 4899: 4887: 4857: 4810: 4796: 4791:Guilford Press 4774: 4752: 4730: 4723: 4695: 4676: 4664: 4657: 4635: 4621:. 2018-02-12. 4604: 4586: 4583:on 2012-02-11. 4558: 4507: 4470: 4443:(37): 111–26. 4427: 4412: 4387: 4352: 4345: 4327: 4310: 4291: 4269: 4230: 4213: 4202:Psychopathy Is 4189: 4157: 4138: 4119: 4097: 4078: 4069:etymonline.com 4056: 4049: 4028: 4021: 4003: 3977: 3968:etymonline.com 3955: 3926:(6): 1200–10. 3906: 3883: 3849: 3828:"Pathological" 3816: 3783: 3762:"Psychopathic" 3753: 3720: 3713: 3701:Guilford Press 3682: 3638: 3605: 3582: 3553: 3494: 3462: 3455: 3447:Guilford Press 3424: 3417: 3390: 3234: 3190: 3171:(5): 634–646. 3151: 3144: 3122: 3115: 3085: 3023: 2986:(5): 550–561. 2966: 2935: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2757:Main article: 2754: 2751: 2714:staff turnover 2694:Robert Maxwell 2681:Main article: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2656: 2653: 2639: 2636: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2571:United Kingdom 2566: 2565:United Kingdom 2563: 2538: 2535: 2514:antidepressant 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2415: 2412: 2309: 2306: 2281: 2278: 2253:(WHO) and the 2236: 2233: 2223: 2220: 2211:Main article: 2208: 2205: 2189:Robert D. Hare 2177:Main article: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2104:serotoninergic 2075: 2072: 1959: 1956: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1862:Other theories 1860: 1850:physical abuse 1820: 1819: 1778: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1713: 1710: 1688: 1685: 1672: 1669: 1660: 1657: 1637: 1636:Moral judgment 1634: 1584: 1581: 1577:selection bias 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1477:Main article: 1474: 1471: 1461: 1458: 1426:economic crime 1411: 1408: 1371: 1368: 1348:serial killers 1293: 1290: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1183: 1180: 1098: 1095: 1090:Delroy Paulhus 1059:psychoanalytic 1025: 1022: 989: 986: 970: 969: 961: 949: 893:Robert D. Hare 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 850:, non-medical 797: 794: 757:moral insanity 723: 720: 627: 624: 584:hallucinations 561:from the U.S. 467: 464: 459:Main article: 456: 453: 417:Robert D. Hare 375:, an American 324: 323: 320: 314: 313: 310: 304: 303: 296: 292: 291: 288: 284: 283: 254: 248: 247: 244:Family history 241: 235: 234: 231: 227: 226: 189: 183: 182: 169: 163: 162: 160: 159: 118: 116: 112: 111: 103: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14924: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14879: 14877: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14856:Victimisation 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14738: 14736: 14732: 14726: 14725: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14608: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14595: 14592: 14591: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14559: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14539: 14537: 14535: 14531: 14527: 14520: 14515: 14513: 14508: 14506: 14501: 14500: 14497: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14471: 14469: 14465: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14395: 14393: 14389: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14357:Lack of guilt 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14319: 14317: 14313: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14298: 14296: 14292: 14288: 14281: 14276: 14274: 14269: 14267: 14262: 14261: 14258: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14201:FactCheck.org 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14160: 14159:Fact-checking 14157: 14156: 14153: 14146: 14142: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14101: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14043: 14040: 14039: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14007: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13992: 13990: 13988:United States 13986: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13963: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13938: 13936: 13932: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13912: 13910: 13906: 13902: 13898: 13894: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13848: 13846: 13842: 13839: 13838: 13837: 13834: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13821: 13820: 13817: 13816: 13814: 13812: 13808: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13763: 13761: 13759: 13755: 13752: 13747: 13743: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13726: 13722: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13712: 13708: 13704: 13700: 13696: 13692: 13688: 13684: 13680: 13676: 13672: 13668: 13664: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13639: 13637: 13633: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13613: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13599: 13595: 13589: 13588: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13549:50 Cent Party 13547: 13546: 13545: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13535: 13531: 13527: 13523: 13519: 13512: 13508: 13494: 13491: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13473: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13445: 13442: 13441: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13431: 13429: 13425: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13372: 13369: 13368: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13343: 13340: 13333: 13329: 13319: 13318: 13314: 13312: 13311: 13307: 13305: 13304: 13300: 13298: 13297: 13293: 13291: 13290: 13286: 13284: 13282: 13278: 13277: 13274: 13267: 13263: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13192: 13191: 13188: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13153:Media culture 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13093:False dilemma 13091: 13089: 13086: 13082: 13079: 13078: 13077: 13074: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13019: 13015: 13012: 13008: 13005: 13004: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12974: 12971: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12945: 12940: 12938: 12933: 12931: 12926: 12925: 12922: 12916: 12912: 12909: 12906: 12905: 12901: 12900: 12896: 12893: 12889: 12885: 12881: 12877: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12865: 12861: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12837: 12834: 12831: 12828: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12811: 12807: 12806: 12802: 12801: 12798: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12780: 12766: 12760: 12756: 12751: 12748: 12744: 12741: 12738: 12734: 12730: 12727: 12726:1-59102-665-2 12723: 12719: 12718: 12713: 12710: 12706: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12685: 12681: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12666: 12661: 12657: 12654: 12650: 12647: 12643: 12640: 12636: 12634:0-9621519-0-4 12630: 12626: 12625: 12619: 12617: 12613: 12609: 12605: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12588: 12584: 12578: 12574: 12573:HarperCollins 12569: 12568: 12561: 12560: 12539: 12535: 12531: 12525: 12516: 12508: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12477:(2): 174–93. 12476: 12472: 12471: 12463: 12454: 12444: 12436: 12429: 12421: 12420: 12412: 12404: 12400: 12399: 12391: 12383: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12367: 12363: 12356: 12354: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12315: 12311: 12310: 12302: 12295: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12253: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12223: 12209:on 2012-11-05 12205: 12198: 12191: 12189: 12180: 12169: 12165: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12150: 12142: 12135: 12131: 12128: 12122: 12114: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12065: 12057: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12026:CNS Spectrums 12023: 12016: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11991: 11986: 11979: 11963: 11959: 11953: 11949: 11948: 11940: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11909: 11894: 11890: 11889: 11884: 11877: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11856: 11840: 11836: 11835: 11830: 11823: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11793: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11752: 11747: 11743: 11736: 11728: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11707: 11705: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11673: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11629: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11548: 11541: 11533: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11497: 11493: 11489: 11482: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11447: 11440: 11434: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11420: 11415: 11408: 11400: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11359: 11351: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11310: 11305: 11298: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11240: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11211: 11203: 11195: 11189: 11185: 11178: 11176: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11146: 11138: 11130: 11119: 11115: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11086: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11063:(3): 233–48. 11062: 11058: 11051: 11049: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11021:(in French). 11020: 11012: 11004: 11000: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10985: 10977: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10962: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10911: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10882: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10853: 10845: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10796: 10781: 10777: 10773: 10767: 10759: 10746: 10735: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10704:(2): 253–60. 10703: 10699: 10691: 10683: 10679: 10672: 10665: 10661: 10658: 10654: 10649: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10618:(2): 133–48. 10617: 10613: 10606: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10583: 10575: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10534: 10532: 10530: 10522: 10518: 10515: 10510: 10503: 10499: 10496: 10491: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10458: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10411:on 2014-09-07 10410: 10406: 10402: 10395: 10387: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10346: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10319: 10311: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10286:(4): 419–21. 10285: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10268: 10260: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10211: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10162: 10157: 10150: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10105: 10097: 10089: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10040: 10032: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9989: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9960: 9951: 9943: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9912: 9907: 9900: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9867:(1): 149–82. 9866: 9862: 9861: 9853: 9845: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9824: 9816: 9810: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9734:(3): 735–70. 9733: 9729: 9725: 9718: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9683: 9681: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9663:PURE Insights 9660: 9653: 9646: 9642: 9636: 9629: 9625: 9619: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9584: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9541: 9533: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9492: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9463: 9455: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9420: 9413: 9409: 9406: 9400: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9355: 9347: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9306: 9301: 9294: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9263:(4): 359–66. 9262: 9258: 9251: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9221: 9202: 9198: 9192: 9188: 9185:. Stockholm: 9181: 9180: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9128: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9062: 9054: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9029:(3): 253–62. 9028: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9011: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8972: 8965: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8889:(3): 659–67. 8888: 8884: 8883: 8875: 8868: 8860: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8835:(6): 708–14. 8834: 8830: 8829: 8824: 8817: 8815: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8769: 8761: 8759: 8750: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8709: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8678:(2): 201–11. 8677: 8673: 8672: 8664: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8612: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8569: 8560: 8558: 8549: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8444: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8403: 8401: 8390: 8382: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8331: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8310: 8302: 8298: 8291: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8204:(1): 217–46. 8203: 8199: 8198: 8190: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8135: 8133: 8124: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8083: 8081: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8048: 8039: 8033: 8025: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7984: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7950: 7944: 7936: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7917: 7909: 7900: 7892: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7801: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7750: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7639: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7608: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7577: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7540: 7538: 7529: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7508: 7500: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7479: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7442:CNS Spectrums 7436: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7401: 7393: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7221:(5): 459–70. 7220: 7216: 7209: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7186:(2): 198–22. 7185: 7181: 7180: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7157:(1): 109–18. 7156: 7152: 7151: 7143: 7141: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6929: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6878: 6870: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6822: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6696: 6694: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6640: 6638: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6572: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6498: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6427: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6357: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6305: 6303: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6239: 6237: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6201: 6199: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6155: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6086:(5): 766–80. 6085: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6068: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6045: 6043: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5981: 5979: 5977: 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4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4223: 4217: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4104: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4033: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3854: 3838:on 2012-08-23 3837: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3805:on 2013-09-20 3804: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3772:on 2012-08-23 3771: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3742:on 2012-01-13 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732:"Psychopathy" 3727: 3725: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3643: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3610: 3601: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3458: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 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2833:mass murderer 2830: 2829:serial killer 2826: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2750: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2695: 2689: 2684: 2669: 2667: 2661: 2652: 2650: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2627: 2616:United States 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2578: 2576: 2575:United States 2572: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2547:North America 2544: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510:antipsychotic 2506: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2494:psychotherapy 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2456: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2353:schizophrenia 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2232: 2228: 2219: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2187:, created by 2186: 2180: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1969: 1964: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1948:reward system 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1920:Psychological 1912: 1910: 1906: 1905:mutation load 1900: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1874: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1842:Disinhibition 1838: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1816: 1813: 1805: 1802:November 2021 1795: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1779:This article 1777: 1768: 1767: 1761: 1750: 1748: 1747:limbic system 1744: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718:head injuries 1709: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1684: 1682: 1677: 1668: 1665: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1601:body gestures 1598: 1594: 1590: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1513:Mental traits 1510: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1480: 1470: 1466: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1407: 1404: 1403:sex offenders 1399: 1397: 1396:meta-analysis 1393: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1281:meta-analyses 1277: 1270: 1265: 1251: 1247: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1209: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116:schizophrenia 1113: 1106: 1105:has written: 1104: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055:Otto Kernberg 1052: 1050: 1046: 1045:socialization 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 985: 983: 979: 975: 967: 966: 962: 959: 955: 954: 953:Disinhibition 950: 947: 943: 942:assertiveness 939: 935: 934: 930: 929: 928: 926: 922: 916: 913: 911: 907: 903: 897: 895:, 1993, p. xi 894: 887: 871: 868: 867:Glenn Walters 864: 860: 856: 853: 852:psychoanalyst 849: 845: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 813: 809: 808: 803: 793: 791: 790:homosexuality 787: 782: 779: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 732: 728: 719: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 687: 682: 677: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 640:Karl Birnbaum 637: 633: 623: 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 605: 600: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 576: 570: 568: 564: 560: 555: 550: 546: 541: 539: 538: 533: 529: 528: 523: 522: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504:psychopatisch 501: 491: 488:) "soul" and 481: 477: 473: 462: 452: 450: 446: 442: 437: 433: 432:psychological 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 401: 396: 392: 388: 384: 383: 378: 374: 370: 368: 364: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 338: 334: 330: 321: 319: 315: 311: 309: 305: 301: 300:psychotherapy 297: 293: 289: 285: 282: 278: 274: 273:schizophrenia 270: 266: 262: 258: 255: 253: 249: 245: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 190: 188: 184: 181: 177: 173: 170: 168: 164: 155: 120: 119: 117: 115:Pronunciation 113: 108: 102: 98: 91: 87: 85: 77: 73: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 14835: 14811:Minimisation 14806:Manipulation 14786:Exaggeration 14722: 14718:Verbal abuse 14698:Sexual abuse 14678:Social abuse 14648:Intimidation 14362:Manipulative 14342:Disinhibited 14286: 13961: 13896:South Africa 13883:Web brigades 13819:Cyberwarfare 13801:Useful idiot 13750:Soviet Union 13695:Fintas Group 13587:Global Times 13585: 13554:cyberwarfare 13315: 13308: 13301: 13294: 13288: 13280: 13247:Whataboutism 13242:Urban legend 13212:Quote mining 12915:The Atlantic 12914: 12902: 12898: 12891: 12883: 12872: 12803: 12754: 12746: 12716: 12694: 12668:. New York: 12664: 12645: 12623: 12607: 12593: 12586: 12566: 12556:Bibliography 12542:. Retrieved 12533: 12524: 12517:, p. 21 12514: 12507: 12474: 12468: 12462: 12453: 12443: 12434: 12428: 12417: 12411: 12402: 12396: 12390: 12368:(1): 17–32. 12365: 12361: 12341:. Retrieved 12316:(2): 65–73. 12313: 12307: 12294: 12283:. Retrieved 12266: 12262: 12252: 12235: 12231: 12228:Polaschek DL 12222: 12211:. Retrieved 12204:the original 12179:Google Books 12177:– via 12172:. Retrieved 12148: 12141: 12121: 12078: 12074: 12064: 12029: 12025: 12015: 12003:. Retrieved 11988: 11978: 11966:. Retrieved 11946: 11939: 11927:. Retrieved 11918: 11908: 11897:. Retrieved 11886: 11876: 11860: 11855: 11843:. Retrieved 11832: 11822: 11810:. Retrieved 11806:the original 11801: 11792: 11780:. Retrieved 11755: 11749: 11735: 11715:. New York: 11712: 11691:. Retrieved 11682: 11672: 11631: 11627: 11601:. Retrieved 11557: 11553: 11540: 11495: 11491: 11481: 11456: 11452: 11446: 11437: 11426:(1): 37–43. 11423: 11417: 11407: 11372: 11368: 11358: 11313: 11307: 11297: 11286:. Retrieved 11253: 11249: 11239: 11214: 11208: 11202: 11183: 11152:(4): 430–9. 11149: 11143: 11137: 11129:Google Books 11127:– via 11122:. Retrieved 11095: 11085: 11060: 11056: 11025:(3): 253–9. 11022: 11018: 11011: 10983: 10924: 10920: 10910: 10899:. Retrieved 10890: 10881: 10870:. Retrieved 10861: 10852: 10809: 10805: 10795: 10784:. Retrieved 10775: 10766: 10754:|title= 10734: 10701: 10697: 10690: 10681: 10671: 10648: 10615: 10611: 10605: 10592: 10582: 10547: 10543: 10509: 10490: 10479:. Retrieved 10466: 10457: 10446:. Retrieved 10442:the original 10433: 10424: 10413:. Retrieved 10409:the original 10404: 10394: 10362:(3): 382–6. 10359: 10355: 10345: 10331:(2): 23–31. 10328: 10324: 10318: 10283: 10277: 10267: 10224: 10220: 10210: 10198:. 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Retrieved 8063:the original 8058: 8032:cite journal 7997: 7993: 7983: 7971:. Retrieved 7955: 7943: 7915: 7908: 7899: 7859:(1): 55–63. 7856: 7850: 7840: 7829:. Retrieved 7820: 7765: 7759: 7749: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7695:. Retrieved 7654: 7648: 7638: 7626:. Retrieved 7617: 7607: 7595:. Retrieved 7586: 7576: 7551: 7545: 7513: 7507: 7484: 7478: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7381: 7375: 7364:. Retrieved 7331: 7327: 7317: 7306:. Retrieved 7265: 7261: 7251: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7154: 7148: 7129:December 30, 7127:. Retrieved 7102: 7098: 7088: 7076:. Retrieved 7057: 7008: 7002: 6992: 6984:the original 6979: 6969: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6869:Google Books 6867:– via 6862:. Retrieved 6839: 6829: 6821:Google Books 6819:– via 6814:. Retrieved 6787: 6777: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6707: 6701: 6653: 6649: 6624:. Retrieved 6587: 6581: 6571: 6560:. Retrieved 6551: 6541: 6512:(5): 893–9. 6509: 6503: 6442: 6436: 6426: 6414:. Retrieved 6385: 6379: 6341: 6335: 6324:. 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Retrieved 4743: 4733: 4709:. New York: 4705: 4698: 4679: 4667: 4644: 4638: 4627:. Retrieved 4616: 4607: 4598: 4581:the original 4570: 4561: 4526: 4520: 4510: 4488:(1): 14–30. 4485: 4479: 4473: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4399: 4368:(1): 27–38. 4365: 4361: 4355: 4336: 4330: 4313: 4304: 4294: 4285: 4272: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4216: 4205:. Retrieved 4201: 4192: 4182:, retrieved 4170: 4160: 4141: 4122: 4081: 4073:the original 4068: 4059: 4040: 4012: 4006: 3994:. Retrieved 3980: 3972:the original 3967: 3958: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3859:Medlineplus 3840:. Retrieved 3836:the original 3831: 3807:. Retrieved 3803:the original 3798: 3795:"Psychopath" 3774:. Retrieved 3770:the original 3765: 3756: 3744:. Retrieved 3740:the original 3735: 3695: 3685: 3656: 3650: 3631:September 4, 3629:. Retrieved 3620: 3600:Google Books 3598:– via 3592:. Retrieved 3568: 3545:. 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Retrieved 2923: 2914: 2801: 2762: 2745: 2743: 2739:dark triadic 2735:Oliver James 2722:productivity 2698: 2690: 2686: 2662: 2658: 2641: 2628: 2624: 2587: 2579: 2568: 2559: 2551: 2540: 2531:pharmacology 2507: 2503: 2485: 2467: 2453: 2425: 2417: 2408: 2389: 2365: 2361: 2322:narcissistic 2311: 2283: 2265: 2254: 2244: 2238: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2184: 2182: 2153: 2122: 2100: 2097: 2093:serotonergic 2080:testosterone 2077: 2064: 2055:neuroimaging 2052: 2036:white matter 2032: 1981: 1973: 1958:Neurological 1932:conditioning 1929: 1901: 1876: 1846:Sexual abuse 1834: 1830: 1823: 1808: 1799: 1780: 1715: 1712:Brain injury 1706: 1697:Phineas Gage 1674: 1662: 1653: 1646: 1639: 1586: 1569:intelligence 1562: 1550:white matter 1521: 1499: 1491: 1482: 1467: 1463: 1451: 1441: 1419: 1400: 1389: 1376:sexual crime 1373: 1341: 1325: 1321:psychosocial 1306: 1302: 1295: 1285:effect sizes 1278: 1274: 1248: 1244: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1206: 1185: 1176:Adrian Raine 1160: 1140: 1129: 1108: 1100: 1071: 1053: 1041:psychoticism 1038: 1027: 1018: 1008: 1006: 991: 971: 963: 958:frontal lobe 951: 931: 917: 914: 909: 901: 899: 889: 884: 859:Adolf Hitler 840: 827: 823: 821: 805: 799: 796:20th century 786:psychopathic 785: 783: 772: 760: 746: 742:Theophrastus 725: 714: 710: 702: 698: 694: 690: 684: 678: 675: 662: 658: 656: 652:social norms 647: 635: 631: 629: 619: 617: 612: 609:psychopathic 608: 602: 596: 579: 573: 571: 544: 542: 535: 525: 519: 511: 507: 503: 489: 479: 471: 469: 426:Although no 425: 398: 394: 386: 380: 377:psychiatrist 371: 365:, masked by 332: 328: 327: 239:Risk factors 101: 83: 46: 37:This is the 31: 14892:Criminology 14882:Psychopathy 14861:Victimology 14836:Psychopathy 14658:Persecution 14633:Humiliation 14623:Gaslighting 14606:Elder abuse 14557:Child abuse 14372:Remorseless 14287:Psychopathy 14094:Yellow rain 13714:Philippines 13574:Spamouflage 13559:Little Pink 13413:Rothschilds 13403:Red mercury 13118:Gaslighting 13069:Lying press 13039:Doublespeak 12805:MedlinePlus 12405:(1): 54–61. 12269:(1): 3–13. 12005:17 December 11990:Mayo Clinic 11498:: 257–263. 11217:(9): 1011. 11019:L'Encéphale 10544:Jurimetrics 9966:: 147–154. 9469:(1): 7–28. 8471:(1): 1–29. 7923:. pp. 7268:(1): 1–24. 7062:Morton RJ. 6947:: 499–513. 6755:: 253–260. 6660:: 125–132. 6594:: 253–258. 6449:: 133–148. 5995:: 121–135. 5347:: 556–563. 5213:: 693–709. 4711:Basic Books 3872:Psychopathy 3842:January 21, 3809:January 21, 3776:January 21, 3058:: 913–938. 3001:2066/236779 2861:attachments 2816:its history 2804:exaggerated 2797:Shakespeare 2777:criminology 2718:absenteeism 2554:reliability 2308:Comorbidity 2280:Other tools 2235:DSM and ICD 2142:digit ratio 2074:Biochemical 2001:hippocampus 1687:Environment 1649:utilitarian 1605:vocal tones 1446:ideological 1360:impulsivity 1259:Criminality 1212:Core traits 1082:dark tetrad 1049:impulsivity 1034:anxiousness 988:Measurement 974:paradoxical 940:and social 836:self-report 765:Julius Koch 761:Psychopathy 731:Deuteronomy 715:psychopathy 703:psychopathy 695:psychopathy 681:Robert Hare 663:psychopathy 648:psychopathy 559:MedlinePlus 545:psychopathy 472:psychopathy 428:psychiatric 407:(ASPD) and 337:personality 329:Psychopathy 220:impulsivity 180:criminology 110:Psychopathy 84:Psychopaths 14897:Dark triad 14876:Categories 14816:Narcissism 14638:Incivility 14628:Harassment 14458:Sociopathy 14433:Narcissism 14408:Dark triad 14301:In fiction 14221:PolitiFact 14149:Opposition 14025:Sandy Hook 13824:on Estonia 13758:Soviet era 13671:Team Jorge 13647:Godi-media 13408:Reptilians 13378:Illuminati 13237:Truthiness 13227:Social bot 13190:Propaganda 13123:Half-truth 13098:False flag 12642:Dutton, K. 12544:2018-02-16 12343:2022-01-25 12285:2019-07-15 12213:2012-06-23 12174:2020-11-19 11968:January 5, 11899:2015-01-13 11603:2022-01-25 11288:2023-03-04 11124:2016-02-03 10901:2023-12-30 10872:2023-12-30 10786:2022-01-06 10698:Assessment 10481:2009-09-11 10448:2009-01-27 10415:2014-05-07 10405:MAI Review 9241:2022-09-27 9118:2022-05-01 8654:2020-08-23 8532:(1): 5–7. 7973:January 5, 7831:2018-02-16 7719:(1): 1–7. 7697:2018-10-25 7628:January 5, 7597:January 5, 7366:2022-01-25 7308:2020-09-24 7078:January 1, 7015:: e72484. 6896:: 740–67. 6864:2016-02-03 6816:2016-02-03 6714:: 436–45. 6562:2023-01-30 6392:: 134–41. 6326:2018-02-16 6292:2018-02-16 6260:2018-02-16 5685:2023-09-22 5647:Assessment 5494:2016-02-03 5448:2016-02-03 5402:2016-02-03 5185:2022-01-25 5150:: 131–44. 5115:2019-01-22 5080:: 131–44. 5035:: 626–35. 4894:2024-04-21 4764:2016-02-03 4713:. p. 4629:2018-02-16 4250:: 110124. 4207:2024-07-10 4184:2024-06-19 4171:StatPearls 3895:Psychopath 3861:Psychopath 3703:. p. 3663:: 169–77. 3594:January 5, 3547:2018-10-02 3359:: 95–162. 2929:2024-04-11 2906:References 2873:insecurity 2825:con artist 2821:archetypal 2799:'s works. 2773:psychiatry 2765:sociopathy 2753:In fiction 2644:recidivism 2604:under the 2470:refractory 2459:Management 2447:in severe 2436:histrionic 2432:antisocial 2357:depression 2326:borderline 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