Psychological abuse

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neglect, has been identified as a risk factor for early initiation of sexual intercourse ... In families where child maltreatment had occurred, children were more likely to experience heightened emotional distress and subsequently to engage in sexual intercourse by age 14. It is possible that maltreated youth feel disconnected from families that did not protect them and subsequently seek sexual relationships to gain support, seek companionship, or enhance their standing with peers." It is apparent that psychological abuse sustained during childhood is a predictor of the onset of sexual conduct occurring earlier in life, as opposed to later.

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abuse patterns in situations involving female abusers. According to Walsh and Shluman, "The higher rates of female initiated aggression may result, in part, from adolescents' attitudes about the unacceptability of male aggression and the relatively less negative attitudes toward female aggression". This concept that females are raised with fewer restrictions on aggressive behaviors (possibly due to the anxiety over aggression being focused on males) is a possible explanation for women who utilize aggression when being mentally abusive.

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actions of the abuser. Victims may try continually to alter their behavior and circumstances in order to please their abuser. Often, this results in further dependence of the individual on their abuser, as they may often change certain aspects of their lives that limit their resources. A 2002 study concluded that emotional abusers frequently aim to exercise total control of different aspects of family life. This behavior is only supported when the victim of the abuse aims to please their abuser.

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Coker et al. found that the effects of mental abuse were similar whether the victim was male or female. A 1998 study of male college students by Simonelli & Ingram found that men who were emotionally abused by their female partners exhibited higher rates of chronic depression than the general population. Pimlott-Kubiak and Cortina found that severity and duration of abuse were the only accurate predictors of after effects of abuse; sex of perpetrator or victim were not reliable predictors.

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concluded that the majority of men who commit spousal abuse agree that their behavior was inappropriate. A 1970 study concluded that a minority of men approve of spousal abuse under even limited circumstances. Studies from the 1970 and 1980s concluded that the majority of men are non-abusive towards girlfriends or wives for the duration of relationships, contrary to predictions that aggression or abuse towards women is an innate element of masculine culture.

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conclusions were "confusing and contradictory". Smith (1990) estimated that patriarchal beliefs were a causative factor for only 20% of wife abuse. Campbell (1993) writes that "there is not a simple linear correlation between female status and rates of wife assault." Other studies had similar findings. Additionally, a 1994 study of Hispanic Americans revealed that traditionalist men exhibited lower rates of abuse towards women.

289:) is so pervasive in dating relationships that it can be regarded as a normalized element of dating, and that women are substantially more likely to exhibit psychological aggression. Similar findings have been reported in other studies. Strauss et al. found that female intimate partners in heterosexual relationships were more likely than males to use psychological aggression, including threats to hit or throw an object. 8339: 4953: 334:(causing harm or distress to an older person), with results showing that 10.5% of the participants were victims of "emotional/psychological abuse", which was most often perpetrated by a son or other relative of the victim. Of 1288 cases in 2002–2004, 1201 individuals, 42 couples, and 45 groups were found to have been abused. Of these, 70% were female. Psychological abuse (59%) and 504:

self-esteem." Glaser also informs that the abuse impacts the child in a number of ways, especially on their behavior, including: "insecurity, poor self-esteem, destructive behavior, angry acts (such as fire setting and animal cruelty), withdrawal, poor development of basic skills, alcohol or drug abuse, suicide, difficulty forming relationships and unstable job histories."

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from that of physical abuse. Johnson et al. report that, in a survey of female patients, 24% suffered emotional abuse, and that this group experienced higher rates of gynecological problems. In their study of men emotionally abused by a wife/partner or parent, Hines and Malley-Morrison report that victims exhibit high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder and

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a woman's leaving her husband, ever", and 26% agreed with the statement that "a wife should submit to her husband and trust that God would honor her action by either stopping the abuse or giving her the strength to endure it." A 2016 report by the Muslim Women's Network UK cited several barriers for Muslim women in abusive marriages who seek divorce through

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emotional rather than physical. It can include anything from verbal abuse and constant criticism to more subtle tactics such as intimidation, manipulation, and refusal to ever be pleased. This abuse occurs when someone uses words or actions to try and control the other person, to keep someone afraid or isolated, or try to break someone's self-esteem.

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explain in terms of male domination." Additionally, Dutton said that "patriarchy must interact with psychological variables in order to account for the great variation in power-violence data. It is suggested that some forms of psychopathology lead to some men adopting patriarchal ideology to justify and rationalize their own pathology."

723:(1979) said that "Men who assault their wives are living up to cultural prescriptions that are cherished in Western society--aggressiveness, male dominance and female subordination--and they are using physical force as a means to enforce that dominance," while Walker claims that men exhibit a "socialized androcentric need for power". 297:

emotional abuse in marriage/dating; this report does not address boys or men suffering emotional abuse from families or intimate partners. A BBC radio documentary on domestic abuse, including emotional maltreatment, reports that 20% of men and 30% of women have been abused by a spouse or other intimate partner.

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bruising or malnutrition, it can be very hard to diagnose." Some researchers have, however, begun to develop methods to diagnose and treat such abuse, including the ability to: identify risk factors, provide resources to victims and their families, and ask appropriate questions to help identify the abuse.

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Some studies say that fundamentalist religious prohibitions against divorce may make it more difficult for religious men or women to leave an abusive marriage. A 1985 survey of Protestant clergy in the United States by Jim M Alsdurf found that 21% of them agreed that "no amount of abuse would justify

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In 1994, a researcher said that the numerous studies establishing that heterosexual and gay male relationships have lower rates of abuse than lesbian relationships, and the fact that women who have been involved with both men and women were more likely to have been abused by a woman "are difficult to

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A researcher in 1988 said that wife abuse stems from "normal psychological and behavioral patterns of most men ... feminists seek to understand why men, in general, use physical force against their partners and what functions this serves for a society in a given historical context". Dobash and Dobash

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Oberlander et al. performed a study which discovered that among the youth, those with a history of maltreatment showed that emotional distress is a predictor of early initiation of sexual intercourse. Oberlander et al. state, "A childhood history of maltreatment, including... psychological abuse, and

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Psychological abuse of a child is commonly defined as a pattern of behavior by parents or caregivers that can seriously interfere with a child's cognitive, emotional, psychological, or social development. According to the DSM-5, Child Psychological Abuse is defined as verbal or symbolic acts given by

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One source said that legal systems have in the past endorsed these traditions of male domination, and it is only in recent years that abusers have begun to be punished for their behavior. In 1879, a Harvard University law scholar wrote, "The cases in the American courts are uniform against the right

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and Taylor randomly surveyed a group of Los Angeles, California residents for their opinions of hypothetical vignettes of abuse in heterosexual relationships. Their study found that abuse committed by women, including emotional and psychological abuse such as controlling or humiliating behavior, was

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department, in which to report cases of psychological/emotional abuse. Also, many managers are required to participate in conflict management programs, in order to ensure the workplace maintains an "open and respectful atmosphere, with tolerance for diversity and where the existence of interpersonal

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Elderly who have suffered psychological abuse have been found to experience similar outcomes as other population groups such as depression, anxiety, feelings of isolation and neglect, and powerlessness. One study examined 355 Chinese elderly participants (60 and older) and found that 75% of reported

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tactics and an inability to balance self/other needs effectively." In a 2008 study on relationship dissatisfaction in adolescents Walsh and Shulman explain, "The more psychologically aggressive females were, the less satisfied were both partners. The unique importance of males' behavior was found in

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In 1996, the National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, for Health Canada, reported that 39% of married women or common-law wives suffered emotional abuse by husbands/partners; and a 1995 survey of women 15 and over 36–43% reported emotional abuse during childhood or adolescence, and 39% experienced

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typically viewed as less serious or detrimental than identical abuse committed by men. Additionally, Sorenson and Taylor found that respondents had a broader range of opinions about female perpetrators, representing a lack of clearly defined mores when compared to responses about male perpetrators.

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in how people tend to view emotional abuse by men versus emotional abuse by women. Follingstad et al. found that, when rating hypothetical vignettes of psychological abuse in marriages, professional psychologists tend to rate male abuse of females as more serious than identical scenarios describing

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There are many different responses to psychological abuse. Jacobson et al. found that women report markedly higher rates of fear during marital conflicts. However, a rejoinder argued that Jacobson's results were invalid due to men and women's drastically differing interpretations of questionnaires.

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The victim may experience severe psychological effects. This would involve the tactics of brainwashing, which can fall under psychological abuse as well, but emotional abuse consists of the manipulation of the victim's emotions. The victim may feel their emotions are being affected by the abuser to

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When considering the emotional state of psychological abusers, psychologists have focused on aggression as a contributing factor. While it is typical for people to consider males to be the more aggressive of the two sexes, researchers have studied female aggression to help understand psychological

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in the US, is often the only method of intervention, and the institute "must have demonstrable evidence that harm to a child has been done before they can intervene. Due to this a lot of victims may stay in the care of their abuser. Since emotional abuse doesn't result in physical evidence such as

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Pai and Lee found that the incidence of workplace violence typically occurs more often in younger workers. "Younger age may be a reflection of lack of job experience, resulting in to identify or prevent potentially abusive situations... Another finding showed that lower education is a risk factor

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Attempts to define and describe violence and abuse in hetero-normative intimate relationships can become contentious as different studies present different conclusions about whether men or women are the primary instigators. For instance, a 2005 study by Hamel reports that "men and women physically

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A 2012 review by Capaldi et al., which evaluated risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV), noted that psychological abuse has been shown to be both associated with and common in IPV. High levels of verbal aggression and relationship conflict, "practically akin to psychological aggression",

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figures. While the categories of crime and domestic abuse may cross-over, many instances of domestic abuse are either not regarded as crimes or reported to police—critics thus argue that it is inaccurate to regard the DOJ study as a comprehensive statement on domestic abuse.) A 2002 study reports

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English et al. report that children specifically whose families are characterized by interpersonal violence, including psychological aggression and verbal aggression, may exhibit these disorders. Additionally, English et al. report that the impact of emotional abuse "did not differ significantly"

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A study of young adults by Giordano et al. found that females in intimate heterosexual relationships were more likely than males to threaten to use a knife or gun against their partner. While studies allege that women use violence in intimate relationships as often or more often than men, women's

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A 1992 study challenge the concept that male abuse or control of women is culturally sanctioned, and concluded that abusive men are widely viewed as unsuitable partners for dating or marriage. A 1988 study concluded that a minority of abusive men qualify as pervasively misogynistic. A 1986 study

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Many abusers are able to control their victims in a manipulative manner, utilizing methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the abuser, rather than to force them to do something they do not wish to do. Simon argues that because aggression in abusive relationships can be carried out

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Dutton found that men who are emotionally or physically abused often encounter victim blaming that erroneously presumes the man either provoked or deserved the mistreatment by their female partners. Similarly, domestic violence victims will often blame their own behavior, rather than the violent

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Most victims of psychological abuse within intimate relationships often experience changes to their psyche and actions. This varies throughout the various types and lengths of emotional abuse. Long-term emotional abuse has long term debilitating effects on a person's sense of self and integrity.

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Rates of reported emotional abuse in the workplace vary, with studies showing 10%, 24%, and 36% of respondents indicating persistent and substantial emotional abuse from coworkers. Keashly and Jagatic found that males and females commit "emotionally abusive behaviors" in the workplace at roughly

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Some parents may emotionally and psychologically harm their children because of stress, poor parenting skills, social isolation, and lack of available resources or inappropriate expectations of their children. Straus and Field report that psychological aggression is a pervasive trait of American

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Glaser reports, "An infant who is severely deprived of basic emotional nurturance, even though physically well cared for, can fail to thrive and can eventually die. Babies with less severe emotional deprivation can grow into anxious and insecure children who are slow to develop and who have low

1934:

English, Diana J.; Graham, J. Christopher; Newton, Rae R.; Lewis, Terri L.; Richard, Thompson; Kotch, Jonathan B.; Weisbart, Cindy (May 2009). "At-risk and maltreated children exposed to intimate partner aggression/violence: what the conflict looks like and its relationship to child outcomes".

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The effects of psychological abuse on children can involve a variety of mental health concerns such as post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, personality disorders, low self-esteem, aggression, anxiety, and emotional unresponsiveness. These effects can be exemplified by the

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Marital or relationship dissatisfaction can be caused by psychological abuse or aggression. In a 2007 study, Laurent et al. report that psychological aggression in young couples is associated with decreased satisfaction for both partners: "psychological aggression may serve as an impediment to

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Peer-reviewed studies have produced inconsistent results when directly examining patriarchal beliefs and wife abuse. Yllo and Straus (1990) said that "low status" women in the United States suffered higher rates of spousal abuse; however, a rejoinder argued that Yllo and Straus's interpretive

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Emotional abuse can take several forms. Three general patterns of abusive behavior include aggressing, denying, and minimizing; "Withholding is another form of denying. Withholding includes refusing to listen, to communicate, and emotionally withdrawing as punishment." Even though there is no

269:

Domestic abuse—defined as chronic mistreatment in marriage, families, dating, and other intimate relationships—can include emotionally abusive behavior. Although psychological abuse does not always lead to physical abuse, physical abuse in domestic relationships is nearly always preceded and

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and researchers have offered different definitions of psychological abuse. According to current research the terms "psychological abuse" and "emotional abuse" can be used interchangeably, unless associated with psychological violence. More specifically, "emotional abuse" is any abuse that is

246:

When discussing the different types of psychological abuse in terms of domestically violent relationships, it is important to recognize the 4 different types; Denigrating Damage to Partner's Self-Image or Esteem, Passive Aggressive Withholding of Emotional Support, Threatening Behavior, and

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seek help, research has shown that people who participate in an intimate partner violence prevention program report less psychological aggression toward their targets of psychological abuse, and reported victimization from psychological abuse decreased over time for the treatment group.

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In today's world, various forms of abuse are increasingly being recognized in all parts of the world. The level of awareness regarding abuse varies from one country to another. Both victims and perpetrators around the world are being acknowledged more readily compared to past eras.

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where only one incident is necessary to label it as abuse. Tomison and Tucci write, "emotional abuse is characterized by a climate or pattern of behavior(s) occurring over time ... Thus, 'sustained' and 'repetitive' are the crucial components of any definition of emotional abuse."

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as abuse. A study of college students by Goldsmith and Freyd report that many who have experienced emotional abuse do not characterize the mistreatment as abusive. Additionally, Goldsmith and Freyd show that these people also tend to exhibit higher than average rates of

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God specifically punishes women after Adam and Eve disobey Him: "in sorrow, thou shalt bring forth children: and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee"; God also condemns Adam to a lifetime of work, for the sin of listening to his wife.

698:" led to a systematic reluctance to study women who psychologically and physically abuse their male partners. These findings state that existing cultural norms show males as more dominant and are therefore more likely to begin abusing their significant partners. 752:

A 1989 study concluded that many variables (racial, ethnic, cultural and subcultural, nationality, religion, family dynamics, and mental illness) make it very difficult or impossible to define male and female roles in any meaningful way that apply to the entire

1585:...male and female defendants, who were the subject of a complaint in domestic relations cases, while sometimes exhibiting different aggressive tendencies, measured almost equally abusive in terms of the overall level of psychological and physical aggression. 726:

While some women are aggressive and dominating to male partners, a 2003 report concluded that the majority of abuse in heterosexual partnerships, at about 80% in the US, is perpetrated by men. (Critics stress that this Department of Justice study examines

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Schechter, Daniel S.; Myers, Michael M.; Brunelli, Susan A.; Coates, Susan W.; Zeanah, Jr., Charles H.; Davies, Mark; Grienenberger, John F.; Marshall, Randall D.; McCaw, Jaime E.; Trabka, Kimberly A.; Liebowitz, Michael R. (September–October 2006).

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argued that emotional abuse is "based on power and control", and defines emotional abuse as including rejecting, degrading, terrorizing, isolating, corrupting/exploiting and "denying emotional responsiveness" as characteristic of emotional abuse.

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that ten percent of violence in the UK, overall, is by females against males. However, more recent data specifically regarding domestic abuse (including emotional abuse) report that 3 in 10 women, and 1 in 5 men, have experienced domestic abuse.

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men exhibit two distinct types of interpersonal aggression (one against strangers, the other against intimate female partners), while antisocial women are rarely aggressive against anyone other than intimate male partners or their own children.

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families: "verbal attacks on children, like physical attacks, are so prevalent as to be just about universal." A 2008 study by English, et al. found that fathers and mothers were equally likely to be verbally aggressive towards their children.

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views of religions tend to reinforce emotional abuse, and that "Gender inequity is usually translated into a power imbalance with women being more vulnerable. This vulnerability is more precarious in traditional patriarchal societies."

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Often, research shows that emotional abuse is a precursor to physical abuse when three particular forms of emotional abuse are present in the relationship: threats, restriction of the abused party and damage to the victim's property.

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It has been reported that at least 80% of women who have entered the criminal justice system due to partner violence have also experienced psychological abuse from their partner. This partner violence is also known as domestic abuse.

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Abusers may aim to avoid household chores or exercise total control of family finances. Abusers can be very manipulative, often recruiting friends, law officers and court officials, and even the victim's family to their side, while

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Several studies have argued that an isolated incident of verbal aggression, dominant conduct or jealous behaviors does not constitute the term "psychological abuse". Rather, it is defined by a pattern of such behaviors, unlike

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While recognizing that researchers have done valuable work and highlighted neglected topics critics suggest that the male cultural domination hypothesis for abuse is untenable as a generalized explanation for numerous reasons:

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parent or caregiver which can result in significant psychological harm. Examples are yelling, comparing to others, name-calling, blaming, gaslighting, manipulating, and normalizing abuse due to the status of being underage.

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Jacobson, Neil S.; Gottman, John M.; Waltz, Jennifer; Rushe, Regina; Babcock, Julia; Holtzworth-Munroe, Amy (October 1994). "Affect, verbal content, and psychophysiology in the arguments of couples with a violent husband".

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Loss of trust in the types of people that occupy similar positions as the harasser or their colleagues, especially in cases where they are not supportive, difficulties or stress on peer relationships, or relationships with

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Threatening Behavior refers to an individual making verbal threats towards their partner that could imply eliciting physical harm, threats of divorce, lying, and threats of reckless behavior that could put their safety at

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Dutton, Mary Ann; Goodman, Lisa A.; Bennett, Lauren (2000), "Court-involved battered women's responses to violence: the role of psychological, physical, and sexual abuse", in Maiuro, Roland D.; O'Leary, K. Daniel (eds.),

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Coker, Ann L.; Davis, Keith E.; Arias, Ileana; Desai, Sujata; Sanderson, Maureen; Brandt, Heather M.; Smith, Paige H. (November 2002). "Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women".

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are a few verbally abusive behaviors that can affect a victim emotionally. The victim's self-worth and emotional well-being are altered and even diminished by the verbal abuse, resulting in an emotionally abused victim.

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abuse (42%) were the most frequently identified types of abuse. One study found that the overall prevalence rate of abused elderly in Hong Kong was 21.4%. Out of this percentage, 20.8% reported being verbally abused.

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and emotionally abuse each other at equal rates." Basile found that psychological aggression was effectively bidirectional in cases where heterosexual and homosexual couples went to court for domestic disturbances.

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such an extent that the victim may no longer recognize their own feelings regarding the issues the abuser is trying to control. The result is the victim's self-concept and independence are systematically taken away.

4917: 4902: 7844: 2026: 400:(a longitudinal birth cohort study) Moffitt et al. report that while men exhibit more aggression overall, sex is not a reliable predictor of interpersonal aggression, including psychological aggression. 254:

Passive Aggressive Withholding of Emotional Support refers to an individual intentionally avoiding and withdrawing themselves from their partner in an attempt to be neglectful and emotionally abandoning.

450:(difficulty identifying and processing their own emotions). This is often the case when referring to victims of abuse within intimate relationships, as non-recognition of the actions as abuse may be a 261:

Restricting Personal Territory and Freedom refers to the isolation of social support from family and friends. This could include taking away partner's autonomy and having a lack of personal boundaries.

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Johnson, J.K.; John, R.; Humera, A.; Kukreja, S.; Found, M.; Lindow, S.W. (July 2007). "The prevalence of emotional abuse in gynaecology patients and its association with gynaecological symptoms".

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abusers were grown-up children of the elderly. Within this study, these individuals suffered outcomes from the abuse, specifically verbal abuse which contributed to their psychological distress.

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constant criticism, regular living with threats, or being rejected, that can be exemplified by withholding love and support as well as not having any guidance from the guardians of the children.

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Oberlander, Sarah E.; Wang, Yan; Thompson, Richard; Lewis, Terri; Proctor, Laura J.; Isbell, Patricia; English, Diana J.; Dubowitz, Howard; Litrownik, Alan J.; Black, Maureen M. (December 2011).

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Mega, Lesly Tamarin; Mega, Jessica Lee; Mega, Benjamin Tamarin; Harris, Beverly Moore (September–October 2000). "Brainwashing and battering fatigue: psychological abuse in domestic violence".

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Weakening of support network, or being ostracized from professional or academic circles (friends, colleagues, or family may distance themselves from the victim, or shun him or her altogether).

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Studies from the 1980s showed that treatment programs based on the patriarchal privilege model are flawed due to a weak connection between abusiveness and one's cultural or social attitudes.

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investigator, defines emotional abuse as "the systematic diminishment of another. It may be intentional or subconscious (or both), but it is always a course of conduct, not a single event."

3984:

Straus, Murray A. (1999), "The controversy over domestic violence by women: a methodological, theoretical, and sociology of science analysis", in Arriaga, Ximena B.; Oskamp, Stuart (eds.),

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Giordano, Peggy C.; Millhollin, Toni J.; Cernkovich, Stephen A.; Pugh, M.D.; Rudolph, Jennifer L. (February 1999). "Deliquency, identity, and women's involvement in relationship violence".

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Elder abuse and neglect prevention challenges for the future: including an analysis of referrals to Age Concern elder abuse and neglect prevention services from 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2006

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similar rates. In a web-based survey, Namie found that women were more likely to engage in workplace bullying, such as name calling, and that the average length of abuse was 16.5 months.

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Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer; Turner, Lisa A. (August 2012). "The efficacy of an intimate partner violence prevention program with high-risk adolescent girls: a preliminary test".

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Criminal Law Reports: Being Reports of Cases Determined in the Federal and State Courts of the United States, and in the Courts of England, Ireland, Canada, Etc. with Notes, Volume 2

2009: 4189:

Yllö, Kersti A.; Straus, Murray A. (1990), "Patriarchy and violence against wives: the impact of structural and normative factors", in Straus, Murray A.; Gelles, Richard J. (eds.),

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Follingstad, Diane R.; DeHart, Dana D.; Green, Eric P. (August 2004). "Psychologists' judgments of psychologically aggressive actions when perpetrated by a husband versus a wife".

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Follingstad, Diane R.; Rutledge, Larry L.; Berg, Barbara J.; Hause, Elizabeth S.; Polek, Darlene S. (June 1990). "The role of emotional abuse in physically abusive relationships".

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Straus, Murray A.; Hamby, Sherry L.; Boney-McCoy, Sue; Sugarman, David B. (May 1996). "The revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): development and preliminary psychometric data".

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policies for professional verbal abuse. Education and coaching are needed to help employees to improve their skills when responding to professional-to-professional verbal abuse.

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Simonelli, Catherine J.; Ingram, Kathleen M. (December 1998). "Psychological distress among men experiencing physical and emotional abuse in heterosexual dating relationships".

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study of workplace emotional abuse found that 31% of women and 21% of men who reported workplace emotional abuse exhibited three key symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (

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Dutton, Donald G.; Browning, James J. (1988), "Power struggles and intimacy anxieties as causative factors of violence in intimate relationships", in Russell, Gordon W. (ed.),

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Keashly, Loraleigh; Jagatic, Karen (2010), "By any other name: American perspectives on workplace bullying", in Einarsen, Ståle; Hoel, Helge; Zapf, Dieter; et al. (eds.),

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The DARVO study found that no matter what gender a person is, aggressive people share a cluster of traits, including high rates of suspicion and jealousy; sudden and drastic

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Burnazi, Laurela; Keashly, Loraleigh; Neuman, Joel H. (10 August 2005), "Aggression revisited: Prevalence, antecedents, and outcomes", in Dunn (chair), Jennifer R. (ed.),

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for violence." This study also reports that 51.4% of the workers surveyed have already experienced verbal abuse, and 29.8% of them have encountered workplace bullying and

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services. These barriers include: selectively quoting religious text to discourage divorce; blaming the woman for the failed marriage; placing greater weight on the

3428:"Traumatized mothers can change their minds about their toddlers: understanding how a novel use of videofeedback supports positive change of maternal attributions" 675:

female abuse of males: "the stereotypical association between physical aggression and males appears to extend to an association of psychological abuse and males".

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Some researchers have become interested in discovering exactly why women are usually not considered to be abusive. Hamel's 2007 study found that a "prevailing

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Child abuse in the sole form of emotional/psychological maltreatment is often the most difficult to identify and prevent, as government organizations, such as

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Straus, Murray A.; Field, Carolyn J. (November 2003). "Psychological aggression by American parents: national data on prevalence, chronicity, and severity".

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Recognition of abuse is the first step to prevention. It is often difficult for abuse victims to acknowledge their situation and to seek help. For those who

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Piotrkowski, Chaya S. (1998), "34.28: Psychosocial and organizational factors: Interpersonal factors: sexual harassment", in Mager Stellman, Jeanne (ed.),

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Coleman, Diane H.; Straus, Murray A. (Summer 1986). "Marital power, conflict, and violence in a nationally representative sample of American couples".

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Basile, Steve (February 2004). "Comparison of abuse alleged by same- and opposite-gender litigants as cited in requests for abuse prevention orders".

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Kantor, Glenda K.; Jasinski, Jana L.; Aldarondo, Etiony (Fall 1994). "Sociocultural status and incidence of marital violence in Hispanic families".

3681: 3591:; Taylor, Catherine A. (March 2005). "Female aggression toward male intimate partners: an examination of social norms in a community-based sample". 756:

A 1995 study concluded that disagreements about power-sharing in relationships are more strongly associated with abuse than are imbalances of power.

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Dutton, Donald G.; Hemphill, Kenneth J. (Spring 1992). "Patterns of socially desirable responding among perpetrators and victims of wife assault".

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the form of withdrawal, a less mature conflict negotiation strategy. Males' withdrawal during joint discussions predicted increased satisfaction."

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Denigrating Damage refers to an individual using verbal aggression like yelling towards their partner that is delivered as profane and derogatory.

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established definition for emotional abuse, emotional abuse can possess a definition beyond verbal and psychological abuse. Blaming, shaming, and

7383: 5761: 2528: 2469: 1132: 7698: 3629: 2835: 2695: 1448: 2645:"Interaction and relationship development in stable young couples: effects of positive engagement, psychological aggression, and withdrawal" 2006: 559:

Effects on sexual life and relationships: can put extreme stress upon relationships with significant others, sometimes resulting in divorce.

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Having to drop courses, change academic plans, or leave school (loss of tuition) in fear of harassment repetition or as a result of stress.

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Sofield, Laura; Salmond, Susan W. (July–August 2003). "Workplace violence: a focus on verbal abuse and intent to leave the organization".

3084:"Childhood maltreatment, emotional distress, and early adolescent sexual intercourse: multi-informant perspectives on parental monitoring" 2992:

Hines, Denise A.; Malley-Morrison, Kathleen (July 2001). "Psychological effects of partner abuse against men: a neglected research area".

6897: 6562: 1301: 1366: 1102: 6877: 4674:. Edmonton area series report, no. 53. Edmonton, Alta: Population Research Laboratory, Department of Sociology, University of Alberta. 3835:

Bograd, Michele Louise (1988), "Feminist perspectives on wife abuse: an introduction", in Yllö, Kersti; Bograd, Michele Louise (eds.),

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Murphy, Christopher M.; O'Leary, K. Daniel (October 1989). "Psychological aggression predicts physical aggression in early marriage".

2224: 3406: 7691: 6928: 5460: 3634: 532:). The most common psychological, professional, financial, and social effects of sexual harassment and retaliation are as follows: 7189: 6306: 4690: 4572: 2761: 804:; and pressuring women into mediation or reconciliation rather than granting a divorce, even when domestic violence is present. 7194: 6988: 5945: 5229: 1980:

Choi, Namkee G.; Mayer, James (August 2000). "Elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation: risk factors and prevention strategies".

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that previous abusive incidents occurred). Modern technology has led to new forms of abuse, by text messaging and online

4858: 111:, amongst other behaviors that may cause an individual to feel unsafe. It also may be perpetrated by persons conducting 7974: 7641: 7210: 6968: 6299: 5487: 5362: 3700:

Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence: findings from the national violence against women survey

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New York: Hurd and Houghton. 4041: 4001: 3977: 3929: 3892: 3859: 3828: 3796: 3764: 3725: 3690: 3621: 3581: 3536: 3493: 3468: 3418: 3322: 3160: 3126: 3075: 3032: 2985: 2950: 2925: 2876: 2826: 2789: 2751: 2685: 2636: 2609: 2584: 2519: 2484: 2453: 2428: 2400: 2304: 2279: 2176: 2172:Pdf of conference presentation. 2153: 2133: 2115: 1877: 1845: 1762: 1733: 1678: 1590: 1552: 1527: 1476: 1439: 1385: 1371:. Springer Publishing Company. 1328: 1293: 1107:. 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Archived from 910: 849:Isolation to facilitate abuse 602: 386: 226: 8192:Tropical anhidrotic asthenia 8001:High-altitude cerebral edema 6903:Social emotional development 6261:Social dominance orientation 6246:Psychopathy in the workplace 5370: 3944:Bureau of Justice Statistics 3738:Bureau of Justice Statistics 3432:Infant Mental Health Journal 3089:Journal of Family Psychology 2971:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.04.035 2735:Rethinking domestic violence 2460:Packota, Valerie J. (2000). 2436:"Mental Abuse And Addiction" 2214:Namie, Gary (October 2000). 422:shifting blame to the victim 342: 7: 8214:frictional/traumatic/sports 7840:Chronic radiation keratosis 7557:Contemporary Family Therapy 6806:Passive-aggressive behavior 6719:Situational couple violence 6488:Related manipulation topics 6226:Narcissism in the workplace 4479:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 3559:10.1891/vivi.19.4.435.64165 3383:American Humane Association 2591:Snyder, C. R., ed. (1999). 2251:Journal of Clinical Nursing 1365:O'Leary, K. 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(2006). 2709:10.1037/0022-006X.62.5.982 2529:Journal of Emotional Abuse 2493:Journal of Family Violence 2317:Health Psychology Research 2093:10.1177/088626001016011004 1701:10.1177/019251396017003001 1561:Journal of Family Violence 1462:10.1037/0022-006X.57.5.579 1241:"What is Emotional Abuse?" 1224:U.S. Department of Justice 874:Psychological manipulation 740:of the husband to use any 433:Abuse of intimate partners 427: 369: 366:Characteristics of abusers 346: 323: 304: 235: 165:U.S. Department of Justice 8321: 8158: 8130: 8085: 8077:Space adaptation syndrome 8054: 8028: 8012: 7985:Chronic mountain sickness 7928: 7903: 7890:Radiation recall reaction 7880:Radiation-induced morphea 7832: 7783:Warm water immersion foot 7755: 7729: 7722: 7660: 7619: 7548: 7516: 7407: 7370:The Conspiracy of Silence 7354: 7347: 7287: 7231: 7224: 7203: 6997: 6961: 6949:Stress in early childhood 6911: 6873:Intimate partner violence 6845: 6838: 6786:Major depressive disorder 6727: 6674: 6636: 6629: 6596:Abusive power and control 6578: 6487: 6441: 6390: 6329: 6323:Manipulation (psychology) 6198: 6105: 5959: 5941:International Day of Pink 5936:Anti-bullying legislation 5918: 5873: 5802: 5795: 5734: 5533: 5378: 5220:Abusive power and control 5202: 5001: 4993: 4888: 4386:10.1891/0886-6708.9.3.207 4236:10.1891/0886-6708.5.4.257 4151:10.1891/0886-6708.1.2.141 3387:Annie E. Casey Foundation 3343:10.1007/s11121-011-0240-7 3041:Child Abuse & Neglect 1503:10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231 945:10.1891/0886-6708.9.2.167 696:intimate partner violence 642:Child Protective Services 608:In intimate relationships 39: 31: 26: 8259:Weathering nodule of ear 7875:Radiation-induced keloid 7860:Radiation-induced cancer 7790:Non-freezing cold injury 7768:Immersion foot syndromes 7578:Journal of Family Issues 6709:Murder of pregnant women 6266:Suicide among LGBT youth 5295:Psychological projection 5157:Referee and umpire abuse 4516:10.1891/0886-6708.7.1.29 4106:Levinson, David (1989). 4049:St. John Green, Nicholas 3684:19 November 2015 at the 3008:10.1037/1524-9220.2.2.75 2373:Bancroft, Lundy (2002). 2227:27 December 2011 at the 1951:10.1177/1077559508326287 1842:A BBC radio documentary. 1688:Journal of Family Issues 1410:10.1177/0886260503253878 8407:Harassment and bullying 8187:Sclerosing lymphangitis 7778:Tropical immersion foot 7673:Domestic violence court 7493:Sleeping with the Enemy 6403:Character assassination 5561:Character assassination 4601:"Middle class violence" 4265:Campbell, J.C. (1993). 3298:, Geneva, Switzerland: 3150:Dervin Flower, Hilary. 2466:springtideresources.org 1785:10.1177/107780102237964 1727:25 October 2017 at the 775:A 2010 study said that 171:, threatening physical 125:detention without trial 8274:Painful fat herniation 8254:Vibration white finger 7963:Decompression sickness 7820:Erythrocyanosis crurum 7668:Battered woman defense 7606:Violence Against Women 6989:Prevention initiatives 6898:Same-sex relationships 6656:Birth control sabotage 6601:Conflict tactics scale 5951:Think Before You Speak 5845:James O'Higgins Norman 5777:It Gets Better Project 5488:Information technology 4792:10.26719/2010.16.1.113 4503:Violence & Victims 4373:Violence & Victims 4328:Violence & Victims 4223:Violence & Victims 4138:Violence & Victims 3546:Violence & Victims 3262:Piotrkowski, Chaya S. 2649:Journal of Adolescence 2379:. New York, New York: 1772:Violence Against Women 1642:Journal of Adolescence 1135:. 2007. Archived from 932:Violence & Victims 670:Several studies found 512:Abuse in the workplace 393: 287:Conflict Tactics Scale 242:Intimate relationships 232:Intimate relationships 109:abuse in the workplace 66:psychological violence 8229:Fissure of the nipple 8197:UV-sensitive syndrome 8122:Adverse drug reaction 7951:Middle ear barotrauma 7941:Arterial gas embolism 6661:Reproductive coercion 6505:Internet manipulation 6391:Negative manipulation 6330:Positive manipulation 6236:Personality disorders 6211:Just-world hypothesis 5451:Relational aggression 5265:Just-world hypothesis 5016:Anti-social behaviour 3902:American Psychologist 3391:Casey Family Programs 2542:10.1300/J135v05n01_04 2329:10.4081/hpr.2014.1821 2166:Academy of Management 2146:Academy of Management 2128:Academy of Management 1994:10.1300/J083v33n02_02 1131:. Counseling Center, 1072:10.1192/bjp.168.2.143 1027:10.1192/bjp.168.2.143 379: 320:Elder emotional abuse 301:Child emotional abuse 119:, acute or prolonged 8224:Equestrian perniosis 7465:Looking for Angelina 5976:William Arthur Gibbs 5860:Christina Salmivalli 5810:Anna Costanza Baldry 5757:Bystander Revolution 5742:Act Against Bullying 5721:Workplace incivility 5646:Moving the goalposts 5473:Workplace harassment 5401:Displaced aggression 5300:Psychological trauma 4960:at Wikimedia Commons 3628:Hamel, John (2009). 3412:4 March 2016 at the 3237:(24 February 1992). 3199:https://www.apa.org/ 2937:www.childwelfare.gov 2164:. Denver, Colorado: 2126:, Honolulu, Hawaii: 2012:4 March 2016 at the 1534:Hamel, John (2014). 1345:. Athlon Publishing. 879:Psychological trauma 859:Moving the goalposts 829:Dysfunctional family 594:Abuse of the elderly 74:psychological trauma 8402:Psychological abuse 8311:Narcotic dermopathy 8219:Black heel and palm 8172:Dermatosis neglecta 8046:Psychological abuse 7885:Radiation poisoning 7377:Defending Our Lives 7264:Nicola Graham-Kevan 6934:Narcissistic parent 6761:Emotional blackmail 6510:Market manipulation 6231:Personal boundaries 6206:Emotional blackmail 5886:Louise Burfitt-Dons 5825:David P. Farrington 5671:Psychological abuse 5396:Disability bullying 5386:Abusive supervision 5210:Abusive supervision 5137:Psychological abuse 5112:Institutional abuse 4958:Psychological abuse 4686:Also published as: 4617:Also available as: 4022:on 1 December 2008. 3808:Simon, George K. Jr 3804:Simon, George K. Jr 3648:10.3149/jmh.0801.41 3502:Orthopaedic Nursing 3278:on 20 December 2008 3249:(L 049): 0001–0008. 3232:From the original: 3026:16 May 2023 at the 2622:. New York: Wiley. 2257:(9–10): 1405–1412. 2144:. Toronto, Canada: 1216:"Domestic violence" 1139:on 20 November 2014 864:Parental alienation 839:Emotional blackmail 798:husband's testimony 666:Popular perceptions 530:avoidance behaviors 212:sexual maltreatment 86:clinical depression 58:Psychological abuse 50:clinical psychology 27:Psychological abuse 8281:Uranium dermatosis 8234:Pulling boat hands 8143:Lightning injuries 7632:ManKind Initiative 7479:One Minute to Nine 7472:Once Were Warriors 7239:Jacquelyn Campbell 6811:Setting up to fail 6801:Narcissistic abuse 6515:Media manipulation 6495:Crowd manipulation 6469:Influence-for-hire 6442:Other manipulation 6372:Predatory marriage 6241:Playing the victim 6169:Matti Juhani Saari 6161:Jokela High School 6156:Pekka-Eric Auvinen 6000:Nicola Ann Raphael 5931:Anti-Bullying Week 5706:Social undermining 5478:Workplace bullying 5436:Peer victimization 5290:Playing the victim 5182:Surveillance abuse 5132:Professional abuse 5053:Cruelty to animals 4748:. Washington, DC: 4304:10.1007/BF02333338 3654:on 12 January 2018 3589:Sorenson, Susan B. 3444:10.1002/imhj.20101 3331:Prevention Science 2505:10.1007/BF00978514 2051:on 27 January 2023 1938:Child Maltreatment 1832:. 27 February 2009 884:Setting up to fail 869:Poisonous pedagogy 802:two male witnesses 626:The Salvation Army 394: 349:Workplace bullying 336:material/financial 139:General definition 121:human rights abuse 99:, and may include 82:chronic depression 8389: 8388: 8138:Electrical injury 7980:Altitude sickness 7828: 7827: 7681: 7680: 7615: 7614: 7343: 7342: 6957: 6956: 6834: 6833: 6621:Traumatic bonding 6611:Cycle of violence 6572:Domestic violence 6538: 6537: 6479:Spin (propaganda) 6459:Good cop, bad cop 6289: 6288: 5994:Dawn-Marie Wesley 5926:Anti-Bullying Day 5914: 5913: 5636:Kiss up kick down 5421:Military bullying 5338: 5337: 5315:Traumatic bonding 4956:Media related to 4947: 4946: 4843:978-0-06-016306-8 4730:978-0-385-14259-5 4630:978-0-87665-133-9 4556:978-0-89335-231-8 4486:978-0-205-11323-1 4461:978-0-87822-234-6 4426:978-0-7748-5987-5 4206:978-0-88738-263-5 4121:978-0-8039-3076-6 4092:978-0-465-03388-1 3995:978-1-4522-0465-9 3885:978-0-02-907810-5 3852:978-0-8039-3053-7 3821:978-1-935166-32-0 3789:978-1-935166-30-6 3486:978-0-470-06001-8 3397:on 6 October 2011 3313:978-92-2-109203-2 2744:978-1-282-74107-2 2629:978-0-471-59946-3 2602:978-0-19-802803-1 2577:978-0-495-55339-7 2418:978-1-885586-99-5 2390:978-0-425-19165-1 2297:978-0-521-01066-5 2194:978-0-415-25359-8 2087:(11): 1158–1174. 2041:978-0-473-12814-2 1862:978-0-89042-554-1 1779:(12): 1424–1448. 1545:978-0-8261-9677-4 1378:978-0-8261-1146-3 1286:978-0-02-903081-3 1129:"Emotional abuse" 1114:978-0-8261-1146-3 991:978-0-8261-1146-3 575:Sleeplessness or 526:intrusive imagery 483:Abuse of children 456:defense mechanism 443:domestic violence 238:Domestic violence 129:false accusations 60:, often known as 55: 54: 21:Medical condition 8414: 8377: 8365: 8364: 8353: 8352: 8341: 8340: 8329: 8328: 8165:physical factors 8161:skin conditions 8093:Hypersensitivity 7810:Cold intolerance 7727: 7726: 7714:Consequences of 7708: 7701: 7694: 7685: 7684: 7571:Family Relations 7539:The War on Women 7416:American Tragedy 7352: 7351: 7229: 7228: 6843: 6842: 6816:Silent treatment 6766:False accusation 6634: 6633: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6542: 6541: 6500:Confidence trick 6433:Social rejection 6316: 6309: 6302: 6293: 6292: 6048:Kenneth Weishuhn 6018:Sladjana Vidovic 5906:Lizzie Velásquez 5865:Kenneth Westhues 5820:Dorothy Espelage 5800: 5799: 5701:Social exclusion 5661:Personal attacks 5596:False accusation 5498:Legal profession 5461:Higher education 5365: 5358: 5351: 5342: 5341: 5177:Structural abuse 5152:Police brutality 5058:Disability abuse 4988: 4981: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4955: 4886: 4885: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4863: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4828:Schechter, Susan 4820: 4814: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4794: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4704:10.1037/h0079792 4683: 4667: 4661: 4651: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4614: 4606:Psychology Today 4596: 4590: 4589: 4586:10.1037/h0079964 4567: 4561: 4560: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4186: 4180: 4170: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4113: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4084: 4074: 4068: 4064: 4045: 4039: 4023: 4018:. 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Sedwick 6072:Rehtaeh Parsons 6036:Jamey Rodemeyer 5964: 5955: 5910: 5869: 5791: 5767:Ditch the Label 5730: 5581:Destabilisation 5571:Culture of fear 5529: 5525:Toxic workplace 5468:Sexual bullying 5456:School bullying 5441:Prison bullying 5374: 5369: 5339: 5334: 5310:Rationalization 5245:Destabilisation 5198: 5162:Religious abuse 4997: 4992: 4948: 4943: 4942: 4897: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4821: 4817: 4813:Genesis 3:16-17 4812: 4808: 4769: 4765: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4717: 4713: 4668: 4664: 4644: 4640: 4631: 4597: 4593: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4543: 4539: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4446: 4442: 4427: 4413: 4409: 4368: 4364: 4323: 4319: 4288: 4284: 4263: 4259: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4187: 4183: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4075: 4071: 4046: 4042: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3982: 3978: 3959: 3934: 3930: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3769: 3765: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3695: 3691: 3686:Wayback Machine 3665: 3664: 3657: 3655: 3626: 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1738: 1734: 1729:Wayback Machine 1683: 1679: 1634: 1625: 1595: 1591: 1557: 1553: 1546: 1532: 1528: 1481: 1477: 1444: 1440: 1430: 1428: 1390: 1386: 1379: 1363: 1350: 1333: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1316:on 10 July 2014 1298: 1294: 1287: 1271: 1264: 1254: 1252: 1251:on 7 April 2005 1239: 1238: 1231: 1212: 1208: 1182: 1178: 1168: 1166: 1156: 1152: 1142: 1140: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1115: 1099: 1095: 1054: 1050: 1009: 1002: 992: 977: 968: 927: 918: 913: 908: 824:Destabilisation 814: 785:Book of Genesis 720: 718:Cultural causes 668: 655:human resources 651: 638: 610: 605: 596: 514: 485: 435: 430: 389: 374: 368: 351: 345: 328: 322: 309: 303: 244: 236:Main articles: 234: 229: 141: 68:, is a form of 62:emotional abuse 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8420: 8410: 8409: 8404: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8383: 8371: 8359: 8347: 8335: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8283: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8264:Wrestler's ear 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8244:Surfer's knots 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8168: 8166: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8089: 8087: 8086:Adverse effect 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8036:Physical abuse 8032: 8030: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8016: 8014: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7907: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7855:Radiation burn 7852: 7850:Radiation acne 7847: 7842: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7733: 7731: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7711: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7688: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7564:Family Process 7560: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7535: 7532:Mommie Dearest 7528: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7423:Black and Blue 7419: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7398:Sin by Silence 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7358: 7356: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7335:Deborah Tucker 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7310:Elizabeth Celi 7307: 7302: 7297: 7295:Ruahine Albert 7291: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7274:Linda Saltzman 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7235: 7233: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7190:United Kingdom 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6849: 6847: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6749: 6747:Economic abuse 6744: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6606:Cycle of abuse 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6568: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6545: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6464:Indoctrination 6461: 6456: 6451: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6428:Smear campaign 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6357:Disinformation 6354: 6352:Child grooming 6349: 6344: 6339: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6319: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6271:Victim blaming 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6199:Related topics 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6113: 6111: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6030:Tyler Clementi 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5972: 5970: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5696:Smear campaign 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5666:Physical abuse 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5556:Cancel culture 5553: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5368: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5345: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5320:Victim blaming 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5250:Discrimination 5247: 5242: 5237: 5235:Dehumanization 5232: 5227: 5225:Child grooming 5222: 5217: 5215:Abuse of power 5212: 5206: 5204: 5203:Related topics 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5142:Physical abuse 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5072: 5070:Domestic abuse 5067: 5066: 5065: 5063:military draft 5055: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4991: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4929: 4914: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889:Classification 4882: 4881:External links 4879: 4876: 4875: 4849: 4842: 4815: 4806: 4785:(1): 113–118. 4763: 4736: 4729: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4629: 4591: 4580:(4): 381–390. 4562: 4555: 4537: 4492: 4485: 4467: 4460: 4440: 4425: 4407: 4380:(3): 207–222. 4362: 4335:(4): 387–407. 4317: 4282: 4257: 4230:(4): 257–273. 4212: 4205: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4145:(2): 141–157. 4127: 4120: 4098: 4091: 4069: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4000: 3994: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3928: 3909:(4): 695–702. 3891: 3884: 3858: 3851: 3827: 3820: 3795: 3788: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3724: 3689: 3620: 3580: 3553:(4): 435–452. 3535: 3508:(4): 274–283. 3492: 3485: 3467: 3438:(5): 429–447. 3417: 3364: 3337:(4): 384–394. 3321: 3319: 3318: 3312: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3125: 3096:(6): 885–894. 3074: 3031: 2984: 2949: 2924: 2895:(2): 256–260. 2875: 2843:(3): 528–539. 2825: 2806:(6): 667–681. 2788: 2769:(4): 260–268. 2750: 2743: 2722: 2703:(5): 982–988. 2684: 2655:(6): 815–835. 2635: 2628: 2608: 2601: 2583: 2576: 2558: 2518: 2499:(2): 107–120. 2483: 2472:on 5 July 2022 2452: 2427: 2417: 2399: 2389: 2360: 2303: 2296: 2278: 2232: 2203: 2193: 2175: 2152: 2132: 2114: 2062: 2040: 2017: 1972: 1945:(2): 157–171. 1923: 1894:(4): 795–808. 1876: 1861: 1844: 1808: 1761: 1732: 1695:(3): 283–316. 1677: 1648:(6): 877–891. 1623: 1609:(1): 102–107. 1589: 1551: 1544: 1526: 1497:(2): 231–280. 1475: 1456:(5): 579–582. 1438: 1404:(8): 857–871. 1384: 1377: 1348: 1327: 1292: 1285: 1262: 1229: 1206: 1192:(5): 260–265. 1176: 1150: 1120: 1113: 1093: 1066:(2): 143–148. 1048: 1021:(2): 143–148. 1000: 990: 966: 939:(2): 167–182. 915: 914: 912: 909: 907: 906: 901: 899:Victim playing 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 834:Economic abuse 831: 826: 821: 815: 813: 810: 794:Sharia Council 777:fundamentalist 773: 772: 768: 764: 761: 757: 754: 733:domestic abuse 719: 716: 694:conception of 667: 664: 660:zero-tolerance 650: 647: 637: 634: 609: 606: 604: 601: 595: 592: 591: 590: 584: 573: 563: 560: 557: 553: 550: 547: 544: 537: 522:hypervigilance 513: 510: 494:drug addiction 484: 481: 434: 431: 429: 426: 390: 1597–99 367: 364: 347:Main article: 344: 341: 324:Main article: 321: 318: 302: 299: 263: 262: 259: 255: 252: 233: 230: 228: 225: 193:cyber-bullying 140: 137: 53: 52: 43: 37: 36: 33: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8419: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8324: 8323: 8320: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8291:Skin pop scar 8289: 8288: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8239:Runner's rump 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8157: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7975:High altitude 7973: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7946:Aerosinusitis 7944: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7709: 7704: 7702: 7697: 7695: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7659: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620:Organizations 7618: 7608: 7607: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7434: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7391:Silent Voices 7388: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7355:Documentaries 7353: 7350: 7346: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7320:Donna Ferrato 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7300:Angela Barker 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7279:Murray Straus 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7254:Mary Ellsberg 7252: 7250: 7249:Emily Douglas 7247: 7245: 7244:Kenneth Dodge 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7195:United States 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6944:Sibling abuse 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6752:Embarrassment 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6729:Psychological 6726: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6704:Honor killing 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6689:Bride burning 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6561: 6559: 6554: 6552: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6474:Interrogation 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6276:Victimisation 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6182:Elliot Rodger 6180: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6149: 6148:Virginia Tech 6146: 6145: 6144: 6143:Seung-Hui Cho 6141: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6084:Leelah Alcorn 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6024:Phoebe Prince 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6006:Ryan Halligan 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5982:Kelly Yeomans 5980: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5896:SuEllen Fried 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5835:Heinz Leymann 5833: 5831: 5830:Shelley Hymel 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5772:GRIN Campaign 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735:Organizations 5733: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5591:Embarrassment 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493:Legal aspects 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5411:LGBT bullying 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5391:Cyberbullying 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5359: 5354: 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59: 51: 47: 44: 42: 38: 34: 30: 25: 19: 8378: 8366: 8354: 8342: 8330: 8285: 8213: 8201: 8045: 8041:Sexual abuse 8029:Maltreatment 7956:Pneumothorax 7815:Acrocyanosis 7805:Aerosol burn 7747:Heat syncope 7742:Hyperthermia 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7396: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7363:A Better Man 7361: 7269:Denise Hines 7160:South Africa 7155:Saudi Arabia 6974:Duluth model 6853:Bride-buying 6826:Verbal abuse 6776:Intimidation 6728: 6651:Marital rape 6616:Epidemiology 6520:Nudge theory 6413:Intimidation 6367:Love bombing 6342:Brainwashing 6251:Scapegoating 6042:Jamie Hubley 5988:Hamed Nastoh 5901:Liam Hackett 5881:Andrea Adams 5855:Debra Pepler 5726:Verbal abuse 5670: 5656:Name calling 5626:Intimidation 5586:Discrediting 5546:Blacklisting 5518:Toxic leader 5280:Minimisation 5275:Manipulation 5255:Exaggeration 5191: 5187:Verbal abuse 5167:Sexual abuse 5147:Social abuse 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Retrieved 4852: 4832: 4818: 4809: 4782: 4776: 4766: 4745: 4739: 4720: 4714: 4698:(1): 40–54. 4695: 4689: 4671: 4665: 4647: 4641: 4620: 4610: 4604: 4594: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4546: 4540: 4510:(1): 29–39. 4507: 4501: 4495: 4476: 4470: 4450: 4443: 4416: 4410: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4298:(1): 13–40. 4295: 4291: 4285: 4276: 4270: 4260: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4191: 4184: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4109: 4101: 4080: 4072: 4052: 4043: 4020:the original 4010: 4003: 3985: 3979: 3964:BJS website. 3938: 3931: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3869: 3861: 3837: 3830: 3811: 3798: 3779: 3766: 3751:BJS website. 3733: 3727: 3699: 3692: 3668:cite journal 3656:. Retrieved 3652:the original 3642:(1): 41–59. 3639: 3633: 3623: 3601:(1): 78–96. 3598: 3592: 3583: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3476: 3470: 3435: 3431: 3420: 3399:, retrieved 3395:the original 3377: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3294: 3280:. Retrieved 3276:the original 3267: 3257: 3246: 3242: 3222:. Retrieved 3218:stopvaw.org/ 3217: 3207: 3189: 3186:Taken from: 3176:. 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Retrieved 1137:the original 1123: 1103: 1096: 1063: 1057: 1051: 1018: 1012: 981: 936: 930: 894:Slut-shaming 806: 790: 782: 774: 746: 742:chastisement 738: 732: 728: 725: 721: 708:manipulation 704: 700: 689: 685: 677: 669: 652: 639: 630:Benefits.gov 619: 613: 611: 597: 515: 506: 502: 496:, including 490: 486: 477: 468: 440: 436: 418: 409:self-control 402: 395: 380: 356: 352: 329: 314: 310: 295: 291: 284: 280: 276: 268: 264: 245: 204: 196: 173:harm to self 169:intimidation 162: 158: 153:name calling 149: 142: 94: 76:, including 65: 61: 57: 56: 18: 8098:Anaphylaxis 8072:Airsickness 8067:Seasickness 7773:Trench foot 7763:Hypothermia 7723:Temperature 7627:Gulabi Gang 7549:Periodicals 7408:Other films 7330:Erin Pizzey 7325:Ellen Pence 7165:South Korea 7135:Philippines 7095:New Zealand 6924:Child abuse 6868:Elder abuse 6771:Gaslighting 6756:Humiliation 6699:Dowry death 6684:Acid attack 6454:Gaslighting 6281:Victimology 6256:Self-esteem 6110:(incidents) 6060:Amanda Todd 6054:Audrie Pott 6012:Megan Meier 5815:Wendy Craig 5752:Bullying UK 5616:Humiliation 5601:Gaslighting 5330:Victimology 5305:Psychopathy 5127:Persecution 5102:Humiliation 5092:Gaslighting 5075:Elder abuse 5026:Child abuse 4868:28 February 4279:(3): 18–24. 4016:Home Office 3401:19 November 3302:, pp. 1988:(2): 5–25. 1743:Criminology 1220:justice.gov 1169:14 February 904:Victimology 753:population. 692:patriarchal 678:Similarly, 556:colleagues. 541:absenteeism 448:alexithymia 405:mood swings 332:elder abuse 326:Elder abuse 307:Child abuse 185:gaslighting 105:gaslighting 32:Other names 8396:Categories 8296:Skin track 8249:Tennis toe 8177:Pinch mark 8159:Ungrouped 8103:Angioedema 8020:Starvation 7990:Death zone 7936:Barotrauma 7795:Chilblains 7500:Submission 7437:Bordertown 7315:Anne Cools 7305:Sarah Buel 7170:Tajikistan 7025:Bangladesh 6962:Prevention 6791:Mind games 6449:Entrapment 6418:Mind games 6377:Propaganda 6187:Isla Vista 6130:Jeff Weise 6090:Conrad Roy 6066:Jadin Bell 5850:Dan Olweus 5840:Gary Namie 5641:Mind games 5621:Incivility 5611:Harassment 5576:Defamation 5285:Narcissism 5107:Incivility 5097:Harassment 4938:D000085202 4824:Jones, Ann 3138:webcom.com 1603:Psicothema 1431:4 December 1255:27 January 1143:8 November 911:References 854:Mind games 844:Guilt trip 603:Prevention 577:nightmares 566:Depression 498:alcoholism 413:antisocial 370:See also: 305:See also: 272:aggression 227:Prevalence 221:sex crimes 187:(e.g. the 144:Clinicians 133:defamation 46:Psychiatry 8301:Slap mark 8269:Coral cut 7833:Radiation 7800:Frostbite 7451:Daughters 7288:Activists 7232:Academics 7090:Lithuania 7020:Australia 7005:Argentina 6781:Isolation 6382:Seduction 6122:Columbine 5891:Tim Field 5874:Activists 5803:Academics 5747:Ban Bossy 5686:Screaming 5631:Isolation 5260:Isolation 5080:Financial 3658:9 January 3615:143270154 3304:1989–1990 3282:7 October 3224:7 October 3172:psysci.co 2901:1682-024X 2845:CiteSeerX 2820:144725132 2476:9 January 2337:2420-8124 2109:145580028 2101:0886-2605 2055:9 January 1896:CiteSeerX 1871:830807378 1803:145578534 1709:145367941 1320:9 January 382:Narcissus 343:Workplace 197:In 1996, 177:isolation 41:Specialty 8356:Glossary 8332:Category 8150:Drowning 7929:Pressure 7915:Asphyxia 7730:Elevated 7486:Provoked 7204:Religion 7175:Thailand 7125:Paraguay 7115:Pakistan 7050:Colombia 6912:Children 6888:Misogyny 6883:Misandry 6821:Stalking 6737:Bullying 6676:Physical 6408:Coercion 6398:Bullying 6362:Flattery 6135:Red Lake 5962:suicides 5960:Notable 5782:Kidscape 5716:Taunting 5711:Swatting 5676:Rudeness 5566:Coercion 5541:Betrayal 5534:Elements 5513:Teaching 5503:Medicine 5483:Academia 5372:Bullying 5172:Stalking 5085:Marriage 5046:marriage 5041:military 5021:Bullying 4801:20214168 4680:17948290 4532:22213805 4435:16927209 4402:31549817 4357:26265068 4349:17691548 4312:13551207 4272:Response 4252:19556947 4167:26305516 4066:Details. 4061:22125148 4051:(1874). 3682:Archived 3575:29313550 3567:15726937 3530:30218546 3522:12961971 3462:18007960 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