37:
29:
222:
324:
Additionally, protoplasts of plants expressing fluorescent proteins in certain cells may be used for
Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), where only cells fluorescing a selected wavelength are retained. Among other things, this technique is used to isolate specific cell types (e.g.,
271:
methods. Growth of protoplasts into callus and regeneration of shoots requires the proper balance of plant growth regulators in the tissue culture medium that must be customized for each species of plant. Unlike protoplasts from
259:), since the cell wall would otherwise block the passage of DNA into the cell. In the case of plant cells, protoplasts may be regenerated into whole plants first by growing into a group of plant cells that develops into a
806:
Hain R, Stabel P, Czernilofsky AP, Steinbiß HH, Herrera-Estrella L, Schell J (May 1985). "Uptake, integration, expression and genetic transmission of a selectable chimaeric gene by plant protoplasts".
786:
60:
527:
264:
787:
Observation of polarity induction by cytochemical localization of phenylalkylamine-binding receptors in regenerating protoplasts of the moss
225:
Fused protoplast (on left), containing both chloroplasts (from a leaf cell) as well as a coloured vacuole (from a petal).
342:
411:
Davey MR, Anthony P, Power JB, Lowe KC (March 2005). "Plant protoplasts: status and biotechnological perspectives".
455:"Morphological and ultrastructural changes in bacterial cells as an indicator of antibacterial mechanism of action"
104:
in that their cell wall has been completely removed. Spheroplasts retain part of their cell wall. In the case of
128:. Protoplasts can be made by degrading cell walls with a mixture of the appropriate polysaccharide-degrading
256:
81:
in 1880 to refer to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall. Protoplasts can be generated by stripping the
556:
Dahiya N, Tewari R, Hoondal GS (August 2006). "Biotechnological aspects of chitinolytic enzymes: a review".
725:"Efficient Protoplast Regeneration Protocol and CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Editing of Glucosinolate Transporter (
375:
Das
Protoplasma als Träger der pflanzlichen und thierischen Lebensverrichtungen für Laien und Fachgenossen
859:
849:
854:
844:
252:
113:
670:"Establishment of an Efficient Protoplast Regeneration and Transfection Protocol for Field Cress (
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105:
53:
201:
During and subsequent to digestion of the cell wall, the protoplast becomes very sensitive to
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stress. This means cell wall digestion and protoplast storage must be done in an
723:
Li X, Sandgrind S, Moss O, Guan R, Ivarson E, Wang ES, et al. (2021-07-07).
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cells from roots) for further investigations, such as transcriptomics.
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309:. Protoplasts from different species are induced to fuse by using an
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295:
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155:
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90:
82:
66:
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Sandgrind S, Li X, Ivarson E, Ahlman A, Zhu LH (16 November 2021).
172:
159:
202:
74:
395:. New York: McGraw-Hill book Company, Incorporated. p. 24.
187:
129:
94:
805:
625:
Thorpe TA (October 2007). "History of plant tissue culture".
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119:
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294:. Instead, they regenerate directly into the filamentous
249:
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Cushnie TP, O'Driscoll NH, Lamb AJ (December 2016).
112:
component of the cell wall has been removed but the
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290:for regeneration, nor do they form a callus during
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97:cells by mechanical, chemical or enzymatic means.
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19:For mythological progenitors of humanity, see
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120:Enzymes for the preparation of protoplasts
32:Protoplasts of cells from a petunia's leaf
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317:. This technique may be used to generate
220:
35:
27:
216:
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558:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
298:, mimicking a germinating moss spore.
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459:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
263:and then by regeneration of shoots (
124:Cell walls are made of a variety of
13:
808:Molecular and General Genetics MGG
343:Bacterial morphological plasticity
14:
871:
301:Protoplasts may also be used for
233:biology, including the uptake of
229:Protoplasts can be used to study
425:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2004.09.008
248:Protoplasts are widely used for
799:
775:
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108:spheroplasts, for example, the
661:
618:
528:"Protoplasts and spheroplasts"
382:
365:
257:genetically modified organisms
1:
358:
73: 'first-formed'), is a
7:
678:Frontiers in Genome Editing
600:"Definition of spheroplast"
392:An introduction to cytology
378:. Heidelberg: Selbstverlag.
336:
305:, using a technique called
10:
876:
737:Frontiers in Plant Science
209:to prevent rupture of the
59:
18:
16:Cell stripped of cell-wall
691:10.3389/fgeed.2021.757540
639:10.1007/s12033-007-0031-3
570:10.1007/s00253-005-0183-7
471:10.1007/s00018-016-2302-2
241:. These are also used in
781:Bhatla SC, Kiessling J,
750:10.3389/fpls.2021.680859
534:. Encyclopedia.com. 2016
372:von Hanstein JL (1880).
267:) from the callus using
100:Protoplasts differ from
40:Protoplasts of the moss
627:Molecular Biotechnology
606:. Merriam-Webster. 2019
604:www.merriam-webster.com
106:Gram-negative bacterial
413:Biotechnology Advances
226:
46:
33:
789:Physcomitrella patens
729:) Genes in Rapeseed (
283:Physcomitrella patens
224:
179:-diacetylmuramidase,
43:Physcomitrella patens
39:
31:
21:Protoplast (religion)
532:www.encyclopedia.com
269:plant tissue culture
243:somaclonal variation
217:Uses for protoplasts
321:in tissue culture.
315:polyethylene glycol
276:, protoplasts from
116:component has not.
860:Plant reproduction
820:10.1007/BF00330254
672:Lepidium campestre
227:
47:
34:
850:Molecular biology
465:(23): 4471–4492.
389:Sharp LW (1921).
313:or a solution of
307:protoplast fusion
207:isotonic solution
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855:Plant physiology
845:Membrane biology
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348:L-form bacteria
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319:somatic hybrids
274:vascular plants
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211:plasma membrane
126:polysaccharides
122:
77:term coined by
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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863:
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814:(2): 161–168.
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731:Brassica napus
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633:(2): 169–180.
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564:(6): 773–782.
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419:(2): 131–171.
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311:electric field
303:plant breeding
286:, do not need
253:transformation
235:macromolecules
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114:outer membrane
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329:from leaves,
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288:phytohormones
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167:Gram-positive
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138:Type of cell
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110:peptidoglycan
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54:Ancient Greek
51:
45:
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38:
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26:
22:
840:Cell biology
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796:219, 99–105.
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608:. Retrieved
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536:. Retrieved
531:
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391:
384:
374:
367:
353:Spheroplasts
323:
300:
292:regeneration
281:
265:caulogenesis
255:(for making
247:
228:
200:
176:
123:
102:spheroplasts
99:
68:prōtóplastos
67:
64:
61:πρωτόπλαστος
57:
49:
48:
41:
25:
794:Protoplasma
327:guard cells
181:lysostaphin
147:Plant cells
834:Categories
743:: 680859.
684:: 757540.
480:10059/2129
359:References
280:, such as
75:biological
52:(from
50:Protoplast
331:pericycle
296:protonema
194:Chitinase
169:bacteria
156:pectinase
152:Cellulase
91:bacterial
83:cell wall
785:(2002):
769:34305978
710:34870274
655:25641573
647:17914178
610:July 21,
578:16249876
538:July 21,
499:27392605
490:11108400
433:15694124
337:See also
231:membrane
173:Lysozyme
160:xylanase
79:Hanstein
783:Reski R
760:8294089
701:8635052
507:2065821
239:viruses
203:osmotic
141:Enzyme
130:enzymes
767:
757:
708:
698:
653:
645:
586:852042
584:
576:
505:
497:
487:
431:
278:mosses
261:callus
190:cells
188:Fungal
95:fungal
651:S2CID
582:S2CID
503:S2CID
237:and
93:, or
87:plant
85:from
56:
765:PMID
733:L.)"
706:PMID
643:PMID
612:2019
574:PMID
540:2019
495:PMID
429:PMID
816:doi
812:199
755:PMC
745:doi
727:GTR
696:PMC
686:doi
635:doi
566:doi
485:PMC
475:hdl
467:doi
421:doi
250:DNA
177:N,O
836::
810:.
792:.
763:.
753:.
741:12
739:.
735:.
704:.
694:.
680:.
676:.
674:)"
649:.
641:.
631:37
629:.
602:.
580:.
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562:71
560:.
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530:.
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501:.
493:.
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477::
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71:)
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
