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Protestant Cemetery, Rome

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605: 526: 638: 627: 246: 616: 485: 389:, named William Arthur, who died in Rome where he had come to escape the repressions following the defeats of the Jacobites in Scotland. Other burials followed, which did not concern only courtiers of King James II, who in the meanwhile had settled in Rome. It is said that in 1732 the treasurer of the King of England, William Ellis, was buried at the foot of the Pyramid. By that time the area had acquired the status of a cemetery of the British, although the people buried there were not only from the 269: 25: 649: 376:
occurred at night to avoid manifestations of religious fanaticism and to preserve the safety of those who participated in the funeral rites. An exception was made for Sir Walter Synod, who managed to bury his daughter in broad daylight in 1821; he was accompanied by a group of guards to be protected from incursions of fanatics.
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The Non-Catholic Cemetery of Rome is intended for the rest of all non-Catholics, without any distinction of nationality. Because of the scarcity of space, relatively few illustrious Italians are buried there, on the grounds of having expressed in life alternative culture and ideas ("foreign" compared
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The cemetery developed without any official recognition and only at the end of 1700 Papal authorities started to take care of it. It was not until the 1820s that the Papal government appointed a custodian to oversee the area and the cemetery functions. The public disinterest was mainly determined by
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In the 18th and 19th centuries, the area of the non-Catholic cemetery was called "The meadows of the Roman people". It was an area of public property, where drovers used to graze the cattle, wine was kept in the cavities created in the so-called Monte dei Cocci, an artificial hill where the Romans
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The great, hundred-year-old cypresses, the green meadow that surrounds part of the tombs, the white pyramid that stands behind the enclosure of Roman walls, together with the cats that walk undisturbed among the tombstones written in all the languages of the world, give to this small cemetery a
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which for centuries was one of the most visited monuments of the city. It was the non-Catholics themselves who chose those places for their burials, and they were allowed by a decision of the Holy Office, which in 1671 consented that the "non-Catholic Messers" who died in the city were spared a
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Since the norms of the Catholic Church forbade burying on consecrated ground non-Catholics – including Protestants, Jews and Orthodox – as well as suicides (these, after death, were "expelled" by the Christian community and buried outside the walls or at the extreme edge of the same). Burials
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This grave contains all that was mortal, of a young English poet, who on his death bed, in the bitterness of his heart, at the malicious power of his enemies, desired these words to be engraven on his tombstone: Here lies one whose name was writ in
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that adorn the cemetery today were planted later on. In 1824 a moat was erected that surrounded the ancient part of the cemetery. In ancient times crosses or inscriptions were forbidden, as in all non-Catholic cemeteries, at least until 1870.
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the fact that in the current mentality, where the only burial conceived by the Catholics were the ones happening in a church, the availability of a cemetery that provided non-Catholic burials was not considered a privilege.
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Shelley's heart was finally buried, encased in silver, in 1889, with the son who survived him, Sir Percy Florence Shelley, but his gravestone in the Protestant Cemetery is inscribed:
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to the dominant one), for the quality of their work, or for any other circumstances for which they were somehow deemed "foreign" in their own country. Among them, the politicians
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plants grew in the area, and there was no other natural nor artificial protection for the tombs scattered in the countryside, where cattle were grazing, as the
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Shelley's heart supposedly survived cremation and was snatched out of the flames by Trelawny, who subsequently gave it to Shelley's widow,
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Antonio Menniti Ippolito, Il Cimitero acattolico di Roma. la presenza protestante nella città del papa, Roma, Viella, 2014,
556:. His ashes were sent to the British consulate in Rome, who had them interred in the Protestant Cemetery some months later. 385:
burial in the shameful cemetery of Muro Torto. The first burial of a Protestant was that of a follower of the exiled King
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was discovered in his pocket, doubled back, as though it had been put away in a hurry. He was cremated on the beach near
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and other trees, and a grassy meadow. It is the final resting place of non-Catholics including but not exclusive to
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As of 2011, the custody and management of the cemetery was entrusted to foreign representatives in Italy.
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John Piccoli (1939–1955), son of American artists Juanita and Girolamo (Nemo) Piccoli of Anticoli Corrado
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Nicholas Stanley-Price has published an Inventory of early burials at the Non-Catholic Cemetery.
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GPS coordinates you need to use to find the graves of famous people in the Non-Catholic Cemetery
1218:(1793–1879), English painter, consul in Rome, and friend of John Keats, beside whom he is buried 666: 435:
peculiar aura. As in use in Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, there are no photographs on the tombstones.
1256: 1167: 953: 883: 814: 631: 508: 1306: 1233: 1137: 1086: 941: 792: 336: 1284:(1792–1881), English author, friend of Percy Bysshe Shelley, beside whose ashes he is buried 1342: 1281: 1221: 1170:(1911–1971), U.S. Ambassador to Italy, 1961–1968; administrator of this cemetery, 1961–1968 1068: 975: 829: 786: 553: 530: 356: 1351:(1880-1946), German princess who was the Crown Princess of Montenegro from 1899 till 1918. 1176:(1788–1825), German painter, draughtsman, engraver; his tombstone features a medallion by 570:
Shelley and Mary's three-year-old son William was also buried in the Protestant Cemetery.
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The Non-Catholic Cemetery in Rome: its history, its people and its survival for 300 years
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The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction Volume 10, No. 285, 1 December 1827
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and a few others. It is rare that new burials are added. On 18 July 2019, the writer
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built between 18 and 12 BCE as a tomb and later incorporated into the section of the
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Il Cimitero acattolico di Roma. La presenza protestante nella città del papa
1333:(1840–1894), American novelist and short story writer, friend of Henry James 1107:(1925–2023), Italian politician and president of Italy between 2006 and 2015 693:(1878–1965), Jewish Russian-Italian communist and social democratic activist 1620: 1616:
a.k.a. Cimitero Acattolico, Cimitero Degli Inglesi, Rome Testaccio Cemetery
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Wilhelm von Humboldt (1794–1803), son of the German diplomat and linguist
768:(1890–1966), Italian businessman, son of Sotirios Bulgari, the founder of 1635: 1272: 1146: 1110: 1056:(1741–1766), Scottish baronet and scholar; his tombstone was designed by 1047: 1026: 905: 747: 713: 685: 583: 578: 340: 1315: 1140:(1808–1899), commander of United States Navy expeditions exploring the 1004: 774: 549: 541: 489: 352: 1650: 730: 545: 316: 24: 1325: 700: 412:
For a long time, there have been common graves divided by nations:
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Elisabeth Rosenthal. "A Cemetery of Poets Is in Crisis in Rome",
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https://www.cemeteryrome.it/press/webnewsletter-eng/no21-2012.pdf
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Editorial Committee of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome
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contains an article entitled "Protestant Burial-Ground at Rome"
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Il cimitero acattolico di Roma – Guida per i visitatori
1290:(1836–1923), American painter, sculptor, graphic artist 536:
Shelley drowned in 1822 in a sailing accident off the
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Lexa Selph, "Shelley's Heart", Letter to the Editor,
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at the age of 25, and is buried in the cemetery. His
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was buried here. In 2023, former President of Italy
1320:Friedrich Adolf Freiherr von Willisen (1798–1864), 1034:(1897–1994), German art and architectural historian 750:(1893–1972), Australian novelist and autobiographer 630:Devereux Plantagenet Cockburn, † 1850, monument by 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 995:(1919–2011), Italian director of documentary films 577:("heart of hearts"), followed by a quotation from 452:alongside Giorgio Napolitano, the writer and poet 400:At the beginning of the nineteenth century, only 1671: 1452: 1314:(1919–1978), Argentine writer, poet, critic and 1025:(1837–1880), German classical archaeologist and 923:(1891–1937), Italian philosopher, leader of the 868:(1939–2016), Italian screenwriter and journalist 738:(1944–1996), Italian poet, author and playwright 709:(1779–1825), Prussian Consul General, art patron 380:went to have fun. The area was dominated by the 1019:(1777–1853), German diplomat and art collector 1572: 1265:(1935–1994), Italian architectural historian 1119:(1909–1957), Canadian diplomat and historian 1305:(1804–1830), German poet and biographer of 1001:(1895–1962), Serbian World War II commander 950:(1835–1900), American painter and draftsman 1541: 1417:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1230:(1839–1913), American sculptor and painter 1203:(1936–2020), American sculptor and son of 712:Rosa Bathurst (1808–1824), drowned in the 244: 1480: 1469:"The Old Cemetery for Foreigners in Rome" 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 1510:Or, some have suggested, his liver. See 886:(1790–1866), Welsh sculptor, student of 647: 636: 625: 614: 603: 524: 483: 267: 1695:Protestant Reformed cemeteries in Italy 1577:. Rome: Non-Catholic Cemetery in Rome. 1433:"Amici del Cimitero Acattolico di Roma" 1131:(1884–1964), British diplomat and last 899:; his monument features a medallion by 795:(1872–1917), American Classical scholar 663:(1861–1924), British military commander 520: 1672: 1609:On-line database of tombs and deceased 1164:(1913–1993), Italian nuclear physicist 1101:(1819–1885), British classical scholar 908:(1785–1860), British sculptor, son of 1542:Bandettini, Anna (14 December 2016). 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1054:James MacDonald, 8th baronet of Sleat 456:, the writers Carlo Emilio Gadda and 1259:(1840–1893), English poet and critic 801:(1846–1911), artist and orchid-lover 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 16:Non-catholic cemetery in Rome, Italy 1155:(1909–1945), Serbian-Italian artist 962:(1829–1918), American art collector 13: 1566: 1453:Menniti Ippolito, Antonio (2014). 1390: 1129:D'Arcy Osborne, 12th Duke of Leeds 789:(1754–1798), Danish-German painter 335:that borders the cemetery. It has 14: 1716: 1602: 1512:"Possibly Not Shelley's Heart?", 777:(1861–1927) Anglo-Irish Historian 684:(1872–1940), sculptor, friend of 1573:Stanley-Price, Nicholas (2014). 817:(1815–1882), American author of 756:(1819–1882), Danish photographer 599: 595:Into something rich and strange. 311:), is a private cemetery in the 23: 1651:The Keats-Shelley House in Rome 1296:(1877–1946), Prime Minister of 1095:(1810–1863) Norwegian historian 1080:(1919–1997), British author of 327:, a small-scale Egyptian-style 34:needs additional citations for 1535: 1520: 1504: 1461: 1446: 1425: 1379: 1324:General and Ambassador to the 989:(1810–1894), American sculptor 932:(1819–1904), American sculptor 675:(1865–1927), German classical 591:Nothing of him that doth fade, 1: 1372: 1362:Old English Cemetery, Livorno 1349:Jutta of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1339:(1795–1860), English sculptor 1212:(1803–1879), German architect 930:Richard Saltonstall Greenough 874:(1893–1973), Italian novelist 783:(1925–2019), Italian novelist 669:(1763–1819), Swedish diplomat 593:But doth suffer a sea change, 479: 359:, as well as Russian painter 1685:Anglican cemeteries in Italy 1680:Cemeteries and tombs in Rome 1663:International Herald Tribune 1303:Wilhelm Friedrich Waiblinger 1253:(1849–1904), Russian painter 1247:(1894–1966), Latvian painter 1050:(1935–1961), British actress 880:(1916–2006) fashion designer 762:(1799–1852), Russian painter 716:aged 16; moving monument by 7: 1355: 1149:(1864–1919), Dutch sculptor 1099:Hugh Andrew Johnstone Munro 1065:(1837–1887), German painter 944:(1792–1834), English author 917:(1878-1951), German cyclist 862:(1795–1818), German painter 832:(1820–1898), English writer 826:(1925–2001), Italian writer 552:and the English adventurer 438: 287:), also referred to as the 58:"Protestant Cemetery, Rome" 10: 1721: 1367:English Cemetery, Florence 1331:Constance Fenimore Woolson 1089:(1816–1903), German author 897:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 856:(1916–2014), Italian actor 682:Hendrik Christian Andersen 471: 370: 229:18th–19th-century European 1224:(1792–1822), English poet 1197:(1930–1996), Italian poet 1191:(1799–1883) German artist 1007:(1795–1821), English poet 948:William Stanley Haseltine 819:Two Years Before the Mast 548:by his friends, the poet 252: 233: 225: 217: 178: 168: 156: 148: 143: 139: 132: 125: 1632:(in Italian and English) 956:(1790–1872), Danish poet 382:Pyramid of Caius Cestius 297:Cimitero dei protestanti 1482:10.30549/opathrom-13-08 925:Italian Communist Party 707:Jakob Salomon Bartholdy 1700:Protestantism in Italy 1257:John Addington Symonds 1168:G. Frederick Reinhardt 1153:Milena Pavlović-Barili 1082:The World of Suzy Wong 954:Johannes Carsten Hauch 815:Richard Henry Dana Jr. 807:(1930–2001), American 725:(1763–1820), Scottish 656: 645: 634: 632:Benjamin Edward Spence 623: 612: 597: 533: 518: 509:Charles Armitage Brown 495:Keats died in Rome of 492: 309:Cimitero degli Inglesi 308: 296: 284: 272: 1234:William Wetmore Story 1138:Thomas Jefferson Page 1087:Malwida von Meysenbug 1040:(1843–1904), Italian 942:Augustus William Hare 793:Jesse Benedict Carter 651: 640: 629: 618: 607: 589: 528: 513: 487: 337:Mediterranean cypress 277:Non-Catholic Cemetery 271: 259:Non-Catholic Cemetery 126:Non-Catholic Cemetery 1705:Rome R. XX Testaccio 1343:Helen Zelezny-Scholz 1282:Edward John Trelawny 1222:Percy Bysshe Shelley 1069:George Perkins Marsh 976:Wilhelm von Humboldt 895:(1789–1830), son of 830:Frances Minto Elliot 787:Asmus Jacob Carstens 667:Johan David Åkerblad 554:Edward John Trelawny 531:Percy Bysshe Shelley 521:Percy Bysshe Shelley 363:and Italian Marxist 357:Percy Bysshe Shelley 323:and adjacent to the 319:in Rome. It is near 43:improve this article 1690:Lutheran cemeteries 1475:. 2 November 2020. 1337:Richard James Wyatt 1307:Friedrich Hölderlin 1183:Sarah Parker Remond 1093:Peter Andreas Munch 1032:Richard Krautheimer 993:Gualtiero Jacopetti 970:European federalism 960:William H. Herriman 691:Angelica Balabanoff 289:Protestant Cemetery 285:Cimitero Acattolico 261:Protestant Cemetery 202:41.8764°N 12.4799°E 198: /  134:Cimitero acattolico 128:Protestant Cemetery 1529:The New York Times 1514:The New York Times 1312:J. Rodolfo Wilcock 1178:Bertel Thorvaldsen 1123:Dora Ohlfsen-Bagge 1105:Giorgio Napolitano 999:Dobroslav Jevđević 901:Bertel Thorvaldsen 872:Carlo Emilio Gadda 840:United States Army 742:Karl Julius Beloch 718:Richard Westmacott 657: 646: 635: 624: 613: 534: 493: 466:Giorgio Napolitano 367:are buried there. 325:Pyramid of Cestius 273: 1665:, 8 February 2006 1642:Project Gutenberg 1617: 1174:Heinrich Reinhold 1117:E. Herbert Norman 981:Vyacheslav Ivanov 966:Ursula Hirschmann 915:Ferdinand Grammel 893:August von Goethe 860:Karl Philipp Fohr 843:Brigadier General 468:was buried here. 266: 265: 119: 118: 111: 93: 1712: 1630:Cemetery website 1615: 1588: 1560: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1539: 1533: 1524: 1518: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1484: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1416: 1408: 1401: 1388: 1383: 1269:Tatiana Tolstaya 1228:Franklin Simmons 1210:Gottfried Semper 1162:Bruno Pontecorvo 1038:Antonio Labriola 781:Andrea Camilleri 697:R. M. Ballantyne 462:Andrea Camilleri 387:James VII and II 301:English Cemetery 248: 243: 242: 240:Official website 213: 212: 210: 209: 208: 207:41.8764; 12.4799 203: 199: 196: 195: 194: 191: 123: 122: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1670: 1669: 1605: 1585: 1569: 1567:Further reading 1564: 1563: 1553: 1551: 1540: 1536: 1525: 1521: 1516:, 28 June 1885. 1509: 1505: 1495: 1493: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1457:. Rome: Viella. 1451: 1447: 1440:cemeteryrome.it 1435: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1358: 1294:Shefqet Vërlaci 1277:Sophia Tolstaya 1263:Manfredo Tafuri 1251:Pavel Svedomsky 1245:Niklāvs Strunke 1205:Norman Rockwell 1195:Amelia Rosselli 1142:Río de la Plata 1063:Hans von Marées 921:Antonio Gramsci 878:Irene Galitzine 866:Maria Pia Fusco 836:Robert K. Evans 809:beat generation 766:Giorgio Bulgari 673:Walther Amelung 643:Hans von Marées 621:Antonio Gramsci 602: 594: 592: 538:Italian Riviera 523: 482: 474: 446:Antonio Gramsci 441: 373: 365:Antonio Gramsci 321:Porta San Paolo 260: 238: 237: 206: 204: 200: 197: 192: 189: 187: 185: 184: 164: 135: 127: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1718: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1668: 1667: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1614:Campo Cestio, 1611: 1604: 1603:External links 1601: 1600: 1599: 1597:978-8867281145 1589: 1584:978-8890916809 1583: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1534: 1531:, 8 June 1985. 1519: 1503: 1460: 1445: 1424: 1389: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1318: 1309: 1300: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1239:Angel of Grief 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1201:Peter Rockwell 1198: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1135: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1108: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1075: 1073:Man and Nature 1066: 1060: 1051: 1045: 1035: 1029: 1023:Adolf Klügmann 1020: 1017:August Kestner 1014: 1008: 1002: 996: 990: 984: 978: 972: 963: 957: 951: 945: 939: 936:Stephen Grimes 933: 927: 918: 912: 903: 890: 881: 875: 869: 863: 857: 851: 845: 833: 827: 821: 812: 802: 799:Enrico Coleman 796: 790: 784: 778: 772: 763: 757: 754:Pietro Boyesen 751: 745: 739: 736:Dario Bellezza 733: 720: 710: 704: 694: 688: 679: 670: 664: 654:Angel of Grief 601: 598: 522: 519: 481: 478: 473: 470: 454:Dario Bellezza 440: 437: 391:United Kingdom 372: 369: 349:British people 333:Aurelian Walls 264: 263: 256: 250: 249: 235: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 182: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 141: 140: 137: 136: 133: 130: 129: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1717: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1666: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1549: 1548:Repubblica.it 1545: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1507: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1456: 1449: 1441: 1434: 1428: 1420: 1414: 1407:. Rome. 1956. 1406: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1216:Joseph Severn 1214: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1189:August Riedel 1187: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1133:Duke of Leeds 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1078:Richard Mason 1076: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1058:G.B. Piranesi 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 987:Chauncey Ives 985: 982: 979: 977: 973: 971: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 926: 922: 919: 916: 913: 911: 910:Benjamin Gott 907: 904: 902: 898: 894: 891: 889: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 844: 841: 838:(1852–1926), 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 820: 816: 813: 810: 806: 805:Gregory Corso 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 771: 767: 764: 761: 760:Karl Briullov 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 732: 728: 724: 721: 719: 715: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699:(1825–1894), 698: 695: 692: 689: 687: 683: 680: 678: 677:archaeologist 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 661:Arthur Aitken 659: 658: 655: 650: 644: 639: 633: 628: 622: 617: 611: 610:Gregory Corso 606: 600:Other burials 596: 588: 586: 585: 580: 576: 571: 568: 566: 562: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 532: 529:Tombstone of 527: 517: 512: 511:, and reads: 510: 506: 505:Joseph Severn 502: 498: 491: 488:Tombstone of 486: 477: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 436: 432: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 407: 403: 398: 394: 392: 388: 383: 377: 368: 366: 362: 361:Karl Briullov 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 270: 262: 257: 255: 251: 247: 241: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 211: 183: 181: 177: 174: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 142: 138: 131: 124: 121: 113: 110: 102: 99:February 2015 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: –  59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 1662: 1636: 1621:Find a Grave 1574: 1552:. 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"Protestant Cemetery, Rome"
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Rome
Italy
Coordinates
41°52′35″N 12°28′48″E / 41.8764°N 12.4799°E / 41.8764; 12.4799
Official website
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Find a Grave
Non-Catholic Cemetery
Protestant Cemetery


Italian
Italian
Italian
rione
Testaccio
Porta San Paolo
Pyramid of Cestius
pyramid
Aurelian Walls
Mediterranean cypress

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