80:), promote and protect names of agricultural products and foodstuffs, wines and spirits. Products registered under one of the three schemes may be marked with the logo for that scheme to help identify those products. The schemes are based on the legal framework provided by the EU Regulation No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 November 2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs. This regulation applies within the EU as well as in Northern Ireland. Protection of the registered products is gradually expanded internationally via bilateral agreements between the EU and non-EU countries. It ensures that only products genuinely originating in that region are allowed to be identified as such in commerce. The legislation first came into force in 1992. The purpose of the law is to protect the reputation of the regional foods, promote rural and agricultural activity, help producers obtain a premium price for their authentic products, and eliminate the
33:
871:
1258:
1012:
822:
1168:. The drawing of boundaries around certain food and drink produce prevents other actors entering particular markets. On this point the PGS framework can potentially deny (or make extremely difficult) entry into the agro-food sector. For example, there are stringent geographical, productive, facilitative, planning, temporal and skilled constraints to entry into the Stilton cheese market in the UK. The successful application to protect the
1244:
291:
1230:
1200:. Some proponents have suggested that ethical food markets – and the PGS framework directly – has furthered a "cash till" form of political democracy, whereby consumer spending power can masquerade as a legitimate governance structure and mechanism (i.e. democratically voted, representative, and therefore accountable). This is part of a broader shift from forms of "government" to "governance" seen in a
726:
514:"The legal function of the TSG is to certify that a particular agricultural product objectively possesses specific characteristics which differentiate it from all others in its category, and that its raw materials, composition or method of production have been consistent for a minimum of 30 years. Thus, TSG food denominations are registered trade signs with a distinctive function."
409:
national and
Community stages of examination, and third parties can object to proposed PDOs or PGIs which they feel would harm their business. A recurrent objection is that the proposed denomination is a generic term for the product in question: generic names cannot be registered but, once registered, the denominations are protected from
1194:. Due to the nature of the PGS framework, capital is concentrated in particular areas. As rights are not directly transferable, PGI/PDO certification is granted to those with landed property rights. Monopolised (and thus higher) land rents can often result; to the detriment of those who rely on such lands.
498:
The TSG quality scheme aims to provide a protection regime for traditional food products of specific character. Differing from PDO and PGI, this quality scheme does not certify that the protected food product has a link to specific geographical area and a product can thus be produced outside the area
997:
and the
Australian and EU governments, the others' GIs and the nations' traditional terms of winemaking were meant to have been protected by 1997. However, this has been proceeding slowly, and while some GIs have been protected in Australia, others are still available for use (primarily for products
950:
There is no automatic protection for these names on products both made and sold outside the EU, except for
Northern Ireland, where the relevant regulation applies. However, there are a number of bilateral agreements with the EU for some level of enforcement. Agreements of this type exist between the
541:
by Art. 7 of the
Regulation on the Community trade mark (No 40/94) and by Art. 3 of the Directive to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trademarks (89/104/EEC); however, marks which also serve to identify the quality of a product originating in a certain region may
404:
To qualify for a PDO, the product must have qualities and characteristics which are essentially due to its region of production: it must also be produced, processed and prepared exclusively within that region. The requirement for a PGI are slightly less strict; a good reputation of a product from a
384:
The general regime governs the use of protected designations of origin (PDO) and protected geographical indications (PGI) for food and certain other agricultural products. There are separate regimes for spirits and for aromatised drinks (geographical designations) as well as for wines (geographical
1217:
and misleading of consumers," but rather that many of these names have become generic, and do not reflect a reputation of a distinctive product originating in a certain region. They also believe that the EU is monopolizing markets and not allowing for fair competition. As the EU continues to enter
1092:
After Brexit the UK has its own
Protected Geographical Indication scheme, independently of the EU one, but based on the same requirements. All existing EU geographic indications on 31 December 2020 are protected under UK law (as well as EU law), but this is not the case for designations registered
735:
The
Regulation laying down general rules on the definition, description and presentation of aromatised wines, aromatised wine-based drinks and aromatised wine-product cocktails (No 251/2014) institutes a system of protected denominations for aromatised drinks which is very similar to that for
242:
In countries where laws on protected geographical status are enforced, only products which meet the various geographical and quality criteria may use the protected indication. It is also prohibited to combine the indication with words such as "style", "type", "imitation", or "method" in connection
1150:
to regulate the agro-food sector (the PGS framework is one of them). The market is seen as the ideal "arms-length" mechanism with which to foster growth, re-balance imperfections in the connected industries and add previously uncalculated value to
European produce. But their social and ecological
502:
To qualify for a TSG a food must be of "specific character" and either its raw materials, production method or processing must be "traditional". Under Art. 3 of
Regulation 1151/12 "specific character" is defined as "the characteristic production attributes which distinguish a product clearly from
408:
An application for a PDO or a PGI is first made to the authorities of the relevant Member State. It is judged by the Member State against the criteria in the
Regulation and, if found to be acceptable, forwarded to the European Commission for final approval. Applications are published at both the
545:
Trademarks which have been registered before the registration of a PDO or a PGI may continue to be used, but the registration of an equivalent trademark after the approval of a PDO or PGI is impossible (Art. 13, Regulation (EC) No 510/2006). The existence of a trademark (registered or
1129:
Somewhat paradoxically the PGS framework can be posited as both a protectionist move against global agro-economic policy, and a market-based neoliberal tool of agricultural governance. This makes it an equally important battle-ground for both the anti-globalization movement, and the free-trade
909:
authorities to have the geographical restriction revoked. If the restriction had not been revoked, the brewery would have been forced either to move back to
Newcastle, or stop calling its beer "Newcastle" brown ale. Ultimately, the brewery's application to revoke the geographic restriction was
941:
New Season Comber Potatoes or Comber Earlies were awarded PGI status in 2012. Only immature potatoes grown in the restricted geographical area surrounding the town of Comber in Northern Ireland harvested between the start of May and the end of July can be marketed as Comber Earlies.
229:
A new EU Regulation on geographical indication protection for craft and industrial products was published on 27 October 2023 and entered into force on 16 November 2023. Producers and manufacturers of these products will be able to file applications for GI protection with the
401:(compared to the special regimes) to ensure a harmonised protection across the European Union. It is currently governed by the Regulation on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs (No 510/2006).
740:" must have been produced in Spain or Portugal, for example, but it is permissible to label a drink "Sangria produced in the United Kingdom: aromatised wine-based drink" if the drink meets the other requirements to be described as sangria. Similarly, the denomination "
1218:
trade agreements with third-party countries, often they will force these countries to agree to their list of Geographical Indications as a condition of the trade agreement, eliminating competition by the U.S. or Australia that may already be operating in the country.
618:: the main text, the Regulation on the common organisation of the market in wine (No 1493/1999), runs to over 46,000 words. To be considered as a "quality wine", the wine must come from a specified region and be associated with a "geographical indication" or
250:(Regulation concerning customs action against goods suspected of infringing certain intellectual property rights and the measures to be taken against goods found to have infringed such rights), and infringing goods may be seized by customs on import. Within the
886:, is produced in many countries, including the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Hence the "Cheddar" name is not protected, but the more specific name "West Country Farmhouse Cheddar" is. Other products are protected in Europe but not elsewhere:
226:(DO) system used in Spain. The regulations still allow member states to use their own languages in packaging, but geographical indications law is still the sole domain of the EU. The EU Commission has the final word on applications for protection.
3152:
975:
503:
other similar products of the same category". Under Art. 3 of Regulation 1151/12 "traditional" is defined as "proven usage on the domestic market for a period that allows transmission between generations; this period is to be at least 30 years".
84:
and misleading of consumers by non-genuine products, which may be of inferior quality or of different flavour. Critics argue that many of the names, sought for protection by the EU, have become commonplace in trade and should not be protected.
405:
given region is sufficient (rather than objectively different characteristics) if any of the steps of production, processing and preparation may take place within the region. Otherwise the protection afforded by the two terms is equivalent.
1161:
producers have seen PGI accreditation "help keep the margins up", in difficult economic circumstances. In these instances, the "local" is valorised as inherently "good" or at least better than produce from an unrestricted, globalised food
270:. Outside Europe, the protection of PGS products usually require bilateral agreements between the EU and the importing countries, while protected indications may not always supersede other intellectual property rights such as trademarks.
312:
1157:. By creating so-called "ethical food markets", food producers have been able to command a greater price for their goods. The PDO/PGI regimes foster the creation of ethical food markets, predicated on "local" produce. For example,
978:, to which (apart from the EU and some of its member states) also Albania, Cambodia, Samoa, Laos and North Korea are parties. However, as of August 2021, the EU has not submitted any Geographical Indications for registration.
1077:
between Canada and the EU, Canada agrees "to protect 143 geographical indications for high-quality European products, such as Italian balsamic vinegar from Modena, Dutch Gouda cheese or Roquefort cheese and many others."
510:
A TSG creates an exclusive right over the registered product name. Accordingly, the registered product name can be used by only those producers who conform to the registered production method and product specifications.
1179:. Where markets already exist, there is the propensity for the narrowing of competition, if certain PGS applications are accepted. The state – instead of absolving all responsibility (often thought of as occurring in a
578:
The protection of geographical indications for wines and other alcoholic drinks was historically the first to be developed at both national and Community level. It is also the only protection which is recognised by the
676:
descriptions. Spirits are divided into 46 categories, which each have rules for fabrication and minimum strength. Within these categories, certain names are reserved for drinks from particular countries, for example
1482:
639:
restricts itself to publishing the information provided by the Member States. Appellations are usually the geographical name of the area in which the wine is produced, although there are some historical exceptions:
1792:"Commission Regulation (EC) No 952/2007 of 9 August 2007 cancelling a registration of a name in the Register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications (Newcastle Brown Ale (PGI))"
1151:
protections are perpetually unequal, falling short of providing any instance of a Polanyian "double-movement". That is, generating a societal reaction to the "dehumanizing" effects of the self-regulating market.
506:
For a food name to be registrable under the TSG scheme it must (a) have been traditionally used to refer to the specific product; or (b) identify the traditional character or specific character of the product.
396:
The protection of geographical indications was extended to foodstuffs and other agricultural products in 1992. Given the widely different national provisions, this "general regime" gives much more power to the
1172:
is another recent example; with Ginsters of Cornwall central to the bid (itself owned by the "extra-local", Leicestershire-based Samworth Brothers – also makers of fellow PGS protected Melton Mowbray Pork
1183:
economy) – is tied with the task of carefully controlling the market. Product price fixing, supermarket consolidation, labour control, and profit-channelling are all potential issues. Within the UK, the
974:(e.g. with Armenia, Ukraine and Moldova). Geographical indications are (following an objection period where GIs can be refused) furthermore protected in the member states of the 2015 Geneva act to the
635:
There has been little harmonisation of national provisions within the European Union. Member States delimit the specified areas of production and determine the rules and appellations which apply: the
3103:
1955:"Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION on the conclusion of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between Canada of the one part, and the European Union and its Member States, of the other part"
1326:
1306:
2793:
466:
The protected geographical indication is the name of an area, a specific place or, in exceptional cases, the name of a country, used as a description of an agricultural product or a foodstuff.
440:
The protected designation of origin is the name of an area, a specific place or, in exceptional cases, the name of a country, used as a designation for an agricultural product or a foodstuff,
3131:
3096:
2959:
1331:
1087:
672:
The Regulation laying down general rules on the definition, description, presentation, labelling and protection of spirit drinks (110/2008) provides for a double system of protection of
243:
with the protected indications or to do anything which might imply that the product meets the specifications, such as using distinctive packaging associated with the protected product.
786:... any usurpation or imitation, even if the true origin of the product is indicated or if the appellation is used in translated form or accompanied by terms such as "kind", "type"...
580:
1111:
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) or Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) is in eAmbrosia, Traditional Specialities Guaranteed (TSG) have a separate register. Both are at the
3124:
1722:
1301:
518:
2223:
1321:
1663:
3110:
1839:
1316:
1213:
The U.S. and Australia have disagreed with the EU's characterization of Geographical Indications. They disagree with the idea that Geographical Indications "eliminate the
905:. As Gateshead is a separate town—albeit only the width of the river apart—it does not fall within the required geographical restriction. The brewery then applied to the
3218:
3053:
1311:
981:
As the Geographic indication scheme of the EU is not limited to products from EU-locations, also products from outside the EU have received the designation. For example
534:
765:
2875:
1940:
555:
1941:"European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Fischler hails signature of wine and spirits accord as "great achievement for EC-Canada trade relations""
3203:
3063:
2769:
1102:
2998:
1914:
1589:"Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 November 2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs"
2948:
748:
2743:
389:). The origin of the product is only one of the criteria for use of the protected terms: the product must also meet various quality criteria. The label "
2800:
2515:
1765:
533:. Indications which serve exclusively to identify the place of origin of goods are not registrable as trademarks under Art. 6quinquies.B.2 of the
1118:
Note that the database contains both approved designations (status "Registered") and designations not yet approved (status "Applied" or "Published").
17:
1121:
More information can also be found in GIview, a GI database by the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) and the European Commission.
2559:
2149:
970:
Besides dedicated agreements on geographical indications, mutual recognition of geographical indications is part of free trade agreements, such as
689:, which is a purely fruit based spirit produced in Hungary (or parts of Austria for apricot spirits only). The Regulation also defines a number of
664:
may refer either to a quality sparkling wine psr produced in Spain or to a Greek table wine which has been aged (as a transliteration of "Κάβα").
790:
This legislation expanded the 1951 Stresa Convention, which was the first international agreement on cheese names. Seven countries participated:
1452:
901:
in England. However, having obtained this protection for their product, the brewery decided in 2004 that it would move across the river Tyne to
480:
In other words, to receive the PGI status, the entire product must be traditionally and at least partially manufactured (prepared, processed
447:
whose quality or properties are significantly or exclusively determined by the geographical environment, including natural and human factors,
1757:
2869:
2005:
2231:
234:(EUIPO) from 1 December 2025. Only the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) logo will be applicable for craft and industrial products.
2854:
2591:
1341:
351:
The preambles to the regulations cite consumer demand for quality foodstuffs, and identify a number of goals for the protection regimes:
231:
2417:
2390:
1074:
2906:
1188:
is charged with investigating regulatory powers vis-à-vis markets and company mergers, to prevent (or at least temper) such problems.
2550:
1504:
697:
of the areas and any other regulations are left to the Member States concerned. By way of derogation, the designations Königsberger
741:
454:
In other words, to receive the PDO status, the entire product must be traditionally and entirely manufactured (prepared, processed
1843:
2865:
628:, with the "psr" standing for "produced in a specified region". Wines which do not meet this requirement may only be marketed as
190:
1401:
1891:
994:
3208:
2931:
2921:
2911:
2133:
1695:
693:, which are reserved for drinks which "acquired their character and definitive qualities" in the area denominated. The exact
204:
421:
was deemed not to have become generic, and was registered as a PDO to the disappointment of cheesemakers outside of Greece.
167:, for example, cheese must be made from milk of a certain breed of sheep, and matured in the natural caves near the town of
2896:
2888:
2837:
2443:
Seyfang, Gill (31 March 2005). "Shopping for Sustainability: Can Sustainable Consumption Promote Ecological Citizenship?".
615:
197:
2164:
3029:
2953:
2900:
1865:
1506:
Do the design and management of the geographical indications scheme allow it to be effective?. Special Report No 11, 2011
390:
1980:
1954:
744:" on its own is reserved for drinks produced in Spain. As of January 2020, the protected geographical designations are:
3178:
3008:
2748:
878:
In certain cases, the name of widely popular products became generic, and therefore could not be protected afterwards.
1791:
1557:
998:
that have always been called that). It seems unlikely it will have any effect on colloquial speech in the short term.
934:, so Stilton cheese cannot be produced in Stilton (although it is unclear whether the cheese was ever produced there.
393:" (TSG) is a similar protected term which does not impose any restrictions on the geographical origin of the product.
3183:
2850:
2786:
2608:
1514:
493:
355:
the promotion of products with specific characteristics, particularly those coming from less-favoured or rural areas;
338:
72:
2926:
320:
214:
2824:
2044:
1918:
3089:
3085:
2846:
2584:
2338:
1296:
1158:
603:
473:
which has a specific quality, goodwill or other characteristic property, attributable to its geographical origin,
435:
54:
2030:
3117:
2991:
2916:
316:
32:
2892:
2253:
Guthman, Julie (1 January 2003). "Fast food/organic food: Reflexive tastes and the making of 'yuppie chow'".
1628:
Tosato, Andrea (2013). "The Protection of Traditional Foods in the EU: Traditional Specialities Guaranteed".
1055:
1204:
world, where a raft of non-state actors, arguably, make informed decisions about where and what to purchase.
681:, which is aniseed-flavoured spirit drink which must have been produced exclusively in Greece or Cyprus, or
3198:
3193:
2516:"Reign of Terroir: How to Resist Europe's Efforts to Control Common Food Names as Geographical Indications"
247:
3068:
3036:
1588:
1130:
proponents of Australia and the United States, and a number of criticisms of each have been put forward:
2556:
870:
3213:
3014:
2966:
2881:
2727:
2577:
1281:
1143:
1070:
In Canada, a 2003 agreement made with the EU provides for protection of the names of wine and spirits.
2937:
890:
for instance is protected in Europe, but the name is used without restrictions by US dairy companies.
736:
spirits. The association of general names with specific countries is weaker: a drink labelled simply "
3022:
3018:
2831:
2006:"Questions and Answers on the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020"
1460:
376:
protection in other domains, and geographical indications operate in a similar manner to trademarks.
2943:
1543:
221:
2089:
Guthman, Julie (31 May 2007). "The Polanyian Way? Voluntary Food Labels as Neoliberal Governance".
1147:
1112:
1024:
584:
301:
111:
Based on these regulations, within the EU (and certain jurisdictions outside the EU), food such as
976:
Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration
417:
was deemed to be a generic name, but the PDO "West Country farmhouse Cheddar cheese" was allowed.
2809:
1769:
1291:
1047:
450:
whose production, processing and preparation takes place within the determined geographical area.
305:
184:
Due to the horizontal and exhaustive nature of the legal regime, this system transcends national
45:
3058:
2544:
1614:
1369:
1185:
607:
259:
177:
837:
606:
governing the production of wine ("the product obtained exclusively from the total or partial
358:
the improvement of the income of farmers, in return for a "genuine effort to improve quality";
3188:
2686:
2656:
2421:
2394:
1249:
971:
410:
275:
Do the design and management of the geographical indications scheme allow it to be effective?
168:
529:
In principle, a similar protection to a geographical indication could be obtained through a
476:
at least one of the stages of production, processing or preparation takes place in the area.
2616:
2452:
2301:
2176:
2098:
1051:
645:
530:
132:
1818:
849:
782:
Article 13 of this legislation states that registered designations are protected against:
8:
898:
894:
649:
636:
398:
369:
116:
112:
2557:
Monopolising Names? The Protection of Geographical Indications in the European Community
2456:
2305:
2180:
2102:
1029:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3002:
2621:
2468:
2319:
2270:
2192:
2143:
2058:
1645:
1531:
1214:
538:
164:
81:
2858:
364:
the provision of clear and succinct information to consumers regarding product origin.
2600:
2472:
2323:
2196:
2129:
2110:
1649:
1510:
1409:
1286:
1276:
883:
864:
653:
156:
2274:
163:
can only be labelled as such if they come from the designated region. To qualify as
2661:
2636:
2460:
2309:
2262:
2184:
2106:
1681:
1637:
982:
825:
673:
625:
560:
Wódka ziołowa z Niziny Północnopodlaskiej aromatyzowana ekstraktem z trawy żubrowej
105:
49:
1723:"Register ofgeographical designations of Aromatized drinks based on wine products"
3157:
2758:
2646:
2563:
2165:"From 'value-for-money' to 'values-for-money'? Ethical food and policy in Europe"
1840:"European Union gives to 'Café de Colombia' the protected denomination of origin"
1383:
951:
EU and Australia (wine, 1994) (but not cheese), Canada (wine and spirits, 2003),
927:
919:
2266:
1708:
1257:
2701:
2676:
2641:
2626:
2367:
2200:
1108:
931:
911:
906:
879:
588:
414:
251:
41:
2464:
1869:
1739:
1025:
Landmark agreement will protect 100 European Geographical Indications in China
542:
be registered so long as they have not become generic in the trade concerned.
368:
The provision of a recompense for efforts to improve quality and the need for
3172:
2691:
2681:
2666:
2651:
2631:
1336:
1201:
1169:
821:
565:
267:
140:
706:
2778:
2754:
Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union
1263:
714:
694:
136:
128:
2486:
1892:"[National Geographical Indication Products] Yongfeng Chili Sauce"
1424:
702:
698:
2706:
2671:
1327:
List of Republic of Ireland food and drink products with protected status
1307:
List of geographical designations for spirit drinks in the European Union
1271:
1235:
935:
815:
710:
657:
620:
484:
produced) within the specific region and thus acquire unique properties.
458:
produced) within the specific region and thus acquire unique properties.
386:
273:
On 15 November 2011, the European Court of Auditors presented its report
263:
255:
246:
Protected indications are treated as intellectual property rights by the
185:
1124:
857:
760:
754:
27:
Protected names and designations of agricultural products and foodstuffs
2722:
2696:
1866:"Yongfeng hot sauce (China Protected Geographical Indication Products)"
1641:
1180:
915:
887:
833:
629:
611:
592:
373:
89:
686:
902:
845:
550:
be a reason to refuse the registration of a PDO or a PGI . Hence the
160:
144:
101:
2569:
2288:
Goodman, Michael K; Maye, Damian; Holloway, Lewis (1 January 2010).
2128:(1st Beacon paperback ed.). Boston: Beacon Press. p. 304.
1425:"Geographical Indications (GIs) in U.S. Food and Agricultural Trade"
1332:
List of United Kingdom food and drink products with protected status
1096:
1088:
List of United Kingdom food and drink products with protected status
591:
is pushing for other geographical indications to be included in the
290:
2314:
2289:
960:
861:
729:
641:
209:
2287:
2188:
1558:"Denomination information – West Country farmhouse Cheddar cheese"
967:(1997, spirit drinks), and South Africa (2002, wine and spirits).
705:
are permitted for certain German drinks even though they refer to
581:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
1348:
923:
853:
841:
795:
791:
737:
172:
93:
1107:
The register of wines, agricultural products and spirits with a
1402:"Geographical Indications and the challenges for ACP countries"
964:
811:
807:
799:
771:
682:
551:
152:
1503:
Union, Publications Office of the European (8 November 2011).
1322:
List of Portugal food and drink products with protected status
852:(PGI) from Germany, Scotch Beef and Lamb (PGI) from Scotland,
725:
1915:"In Pics: Chili Sauce Made in Yongfeng Town, C China's Hunan"
1317:
List of Italian products with protected designation of origin
956:
952:
803:
148:
97:
2290:"Ethical foodscapes?: premises, promises, and possibilities"
1981:"Protected geographical food and drink names: UK GI schemes"
1229:
487:
254:, enforcement measures vary: infringement may be treated as
2545:
EU Food Quality website with access to PDO/PGI/TSG listings
2487:"Geographical Indications (GIs) in U.S. Agricultural Trade"
2072:
1884:
1312:
List of European cheeses with protected geographical status
678:
418:
124:
120:
36:
European Union protected geographical indication (PGI) logo
660:
in Portugal. The appellations are not necessarily unique:
535:
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
461:
517:
As of 14 November 2021, 65 TSG have been registered (see
1399:
429:
1615:"Geographical indications and traditional specialities"
1370:"Geographical indications and traditional specialities"
1103:
Category: Products with protected designation of origin
624:: indeed, the technical term used in the Regulation is
88:
These regulations protect the names of wines, cheeses,
1842:(in Spanish). Terra.es. 13 August 2007. Archived from
1758:"National application No: 02621 – Newcastle Brown Ale"
914:
can only be produced in the three English counties of
882:, for instance, originating in the English village of
175:
region of France, where it is colonised by the fungus
2124:
MacIver, Karl Polanyi; foreword by Robert M. (1957).
2084:
2082:
1125:
Criticisms of Protected Geographical Status framework
685:, which is a grape marc spirit produced in Italy, or
108:, regional breads, fruits, raw meats and vegetables.
1225:
938:
in Leicestershire claims to be the first producer).
562:), so phrased as to avoid infringing the trademark "
558:
aromatised with an extract of bison grass" (Polish:
2744:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
2339:"Long Clawson Dairy Limited/Millway merger inquiry"
3219:Geographical indications law of the European Union
2368:"Who, What, Why: What exactly is a Cornish pasty?"
2079:
1858:
1097:List of products with PDO/PGI/TSG classifications
1075:Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)
521:), all of which originate from the EU or the UK.
3170:
554:geographical designation "Herbal vodka from the
524:
470:which comes from such an area, place or country,
444:which comes from such an area, place or country,
1146:(CAP) reforms have slowly introduced a raft of
1140:Conceding the market as the locus of regulation
993:Following an agreement during the 1990s by the
610:of fresh grapes, whether or not crushed, or of
280:
2553:– EU Protected Food Names Scheme. defra.gov.uk
1917:. All-China Women's Federation. Archived from
1155:Creating markets where none previously existed
897:was restricted to being brewed in the city of
3204:Products with protected designation of origin
2794:
2770:Products with protected designation of origin
2585:
1509:. Publications Office of the European Union.
945:
424:
237:
219:
195:
2808:
2415:
2388:
2148:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1819:"Comber spuds get European protected status"
777:
563:
188:systems used throughout Europe, such as the
2420:. Samworth Brothers Limited. Archived from
2393:. Samworth Brothers Limited. Archived from
1342:Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions
828:– an example of an origin protected product
361:the retention of population in rural areas;
319:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
232:European Union Intellectual Property Office
2801:
2787:
2592:
2578:
2313:
1694:The 2008 Regulation is being replaced by
1282:European Union Common Agricultural Policy
1177:Narrowing competition in existing markets
985:was protected by the PDO in August 2007.
893:The geographical limitations are strict:
488:Traditional specialities guaranteed (TSG)
339:Learn how and when to remove this message
2224:"Dish of the decade enjoys steady start"
2059:"EU agricultural product quality policy"
1906:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1453:"Blaa makes its presence felt in Europe"
1395:
1393:
869:
820:
724:
537:(Paris Convention), which has effect in
31:
2442:
2252:
2123:
2088:
1816:
1133:
860:(PGI) from Slovakia, Kaszëbskô malëna (
462:Protected geographical indication (PGI)
14:
3171:
2336:
1656:
1627:
995:Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation
372:are often cited as justifications for
2782:
2599:
2573:
2418:"Our Company: Dickinson & Morris"
1868:. Government of China. Archived from
1709:"EUR-Lex – 32014R0251 – EN – EUR-Lex"
1682:"EUR-Lex – 32008R0110 – EN – EUR-Lex"
1576:
1502:
1390:
1384:"EUR-Lex – 32012R1151 – EN – EUR-Lex"
717:which are no longer part of Germany.
499:or country from which it originates.
430:Protected designation of origin (PDO)
218:(DOC) system used in Romania and the
2162:
1798:. European Commission. 9 August 2007
1005:
720:
317:adding citations to reliable sources
284:
198:denominazione di origine controllata
2221:
1817:Cassidy, Martin (25 January 2012).
1422:
1400:O'Connor and Company (April 2005).
1208:
1062:), also called Yongfeng hot sauce.
391:Traditional Specialities Guaranteed
24:
2749:Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990
1768:. 21 December 2006. Archived from
1483:"European Commission PDO database"
573:
385:indications, often referred to as
25:
3230:
2538:
1961:. EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 7 May 2016
1081:
751:(vermouth original: 1757) (Italy)
494:Traditional Speciality Guaranteed
379:
73:traditional speciality guaranteed
64:protected geographical indication
18:Protected Geographical Indication
2111:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00535.x
1912:
1256:
1242:
1228:
1010:
926:is in the traditional county of
614:") are considerably longer than
289:
205:denominação de origem controlada
2508:
2479:
2436:
2409:
2382:
2360:
2330:
2281:
2255:Social & Cultural Geography
2246:
2215:
2156:
2117:
2065:
2051:
2037:
2023:
1998:
1973:
1947:
1933:
1832:
1810:
1784:
1762:EU Protected Food Names Schemes
1750:
1732:
1715:
1701:
1688:
1674:
1621:
1607:
1302:List of TSG products by country
1297:List of PDO products by country
1159:traditional Grimsby smoked fish
1148:market-based instruments (MBIs)
436:Protected designation of origin
191:appellation d'origine contrôlée
55:protected designation of origin
2494:Congressional Research Service
1550:
1496:
1475:
1445:
1432:Congressional Research Service
1416:
1376:
1362:
1059:
1050:Products. One such product is
215:denumire de origine controlată
13:
1:
1355:
1192:Geographically fixing capital
595:of world trade negotiations.
583:(TRIPS), administered by the
525:Relationship to trademark law
3209:European Union trademark law
2416:Brothers Limited, Samworth.
2389:Brothers Limited, Samworth.
2163:Lang, Tim (1 January 2010).
1198:Devolving power to consumers
988:
281:Objectives of the protection
277:to the European Parliament.
248:Customs Regulation 1383/2003
7:
2267:10.1080/1464936032000049306
1221:
1166:Providing barriers to entry
181:that grows in these caves.
10:
3235:
2728:EUR.1 movement certificate
2294:Environment and Planning A
2169:Environment and Planning A
1144:Common Agricultural Policy
1100:
1085:
959:(wine and spirits, 2002),
946:Outside the European Union
836:Toscano (PDO) from Italy,
832:Selected products include
667:
491:
433:
425:Description of the regimes
238:Protection and enforcement
194:(AOC) used in France, the
3179:Intellectual property law
3145:
3077:
3046:
2983:
2977:Lists by product category
2976:
2816:
2767:
2736:
2715:
2607:
2562:18 September 2018 at the
2465:10.1080/09644010500055209
2337:Commission, Competition.
1113:European Agriculture site
1065:
1019:This section needs to be
778:Within the European Union
691:geographical designations
266:or even as a question of
202:(DOC) used in Italy, the
3184:Geographical indications
3097:AOC liqueurs and spirits
2810:Geographical indications
2348:. Competition Commission
2126:The great transformation
1696:Regulation (EU) 2019/787
1001:
598:
585:World Trade Organization
133:Melton Mowbray pork pies
46:geographical indications
3059:France (PDO/PGI/AOC/LR)
2391:"Our Company: Ginsters"
2370:. BBC. 23 February 2011
1292:Geographical indication
1048:Geographical Indication
1023:. The reason given is:
2445:Environmental Politics
2061:. Europa (web portal).
1943:. Europa (web portal).
1740:"Mozzarella di Bufala"
1617:. European Commission.
1372:. Europa (web portal).
1186:Competition Commission
972:Association Agreements
918:, Leicestershire, and
875:
829:
788:
732:
608:alcoholic fermentation
564:
559:
556:North Podlasie Lowland
260:misleading advertising
222:denominación de origen
220:
196:
178:Penicillium roqueforti
52:specialties, known as
37:
2817:Certification systems
2566:, ethesis.helsinki.fi
2346:Stilton Cheese merger
2011:. European Commission
1564:. European Commission
1250:European Union portal
1086:Further information:
910:approved. Similarly,
873:
867:) (PGI) from Poland.
824:
784:
728:
169:Roquefort-sur-Soulzon
35:
2234:on 12 September 2012
1630:European Law Journal
1134:Issues of governance
1052:Yongfeng chili sauce
930:, now a district of
848:(PGI) from Austria,
766:Vermouth de Chambéry
604:European Union rules
531:collective trademark
313:improve this section
3199:European Union laws
3194:Food product brands
2457:2005EnvPo..14..290S
2424:on 12 February 2011
2397:on 7 September 2011
2306:2010EnPlA..42.1782G
2181:2010EnPlA..42.1814L
2103:2007Antip..39..456G
2097:(3): 456–478 (23).
899:Newcastle upon Tyne
895:Newcastle Brown Ale
844:(PDO) from Poland,
838:bryndza podhalańska
755:Nürnberger Glühwein
701:and Ostpreußischer
637:European Commission
399:European Commission
370:consumer protection
117:Parmigiano-Reggiano
2522:. 16 February 2016
2222:Grimsby, this is.
1642:10.1111/eulj.12040
1595:. 14 December 2012
1463:on 28 January 2015
1215:unfair competition
888:Buffalo Mozzarella
876:
830:
761:Thüringer Glühwein
749:Vermouth di Torino
733:
539:European Union law
82:unfair competition
38:
3214:Country of origin
3166:
3165:
3141:
3140:
2776:
2775:
2601:Country of origin
2228:Grimsby Telegraph
2135:978-0-8070-5679-0
1959:eur-lex.europa.eu
1287:Generic trademark
1277:Country of origin
1093:after that date.
1046:China recognizes
1044:
1043:
865:garden strawberry
850:Lübecker Marzipan
772:Samoborski bermet
721:Aromatised drinks
616:EU trade mark law
349:
348:
341:
16:(Redirected from
3226:
3153:Lisbon Agreement
3130:United Kingdom (
3084:European Union (
2981:
2980:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2491:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2343:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2300:(8): 1782–1796.
2285:
2279:
2278:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2230:. Archived from
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2199:. Archived from
2175:(8): 1814–1832.
2160:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1921:on 20 April 2019
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1872:on 29 March 2019
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1796:Official Journal
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1772:on 12 March 2007
1754:
1748:
1747:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1585:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1459:. Archived from
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1423:Johnson, Renée.
1420:
1414:
1413:
1408:. Archived from
1397:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1209:Other criticisms
1061:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1014:
1013:
1006:
983:Colombian coffee
846:Marchfeldspargel
626:quality wine psr
569:
344:
337:
333:
330:
324:
293:
285:
225:
201:
147:, Herefordshire
106:balsamic vinegar
21:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3137:
3073:
3042:
3028:United States (
2972:
2965:United States (
2962:(PDO, PGI, TSG)
2812:
2807:
2777:
2772:
2763:
2759:Rules of origin
2732:
2711:
2603:
2598:
2564:Wayback Machine
2541:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2286:
2282:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2203:on 19 July 2011
2161:
2157:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2122:
2118:
2087:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1664:"eAmbrozia-TSG"
1662:
1661:
1657:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1211:
1202:neoliberalizing
1136:
1127:
1105:
1099:
1090:
1084:
1068:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1015:
1011:
1004:
991:
963:(2007, coffee)
948:
928:Huntingdonshire
924:Stilton village
920:Nottinghamshire
780:
723:
670:
601:
587:, although the
576:
574:Special regimes
527:
496:
490:
464:
438:
432:
427:
382:
345:
334:
328:
325:
310:
294:
283:
240:
125:Waterford blaas
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3232:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3054:European Union
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3011:
3006:
2995:
2987:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2960:United Kingdom
2957:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:South Africa (
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2862:
2843:European Union
2840:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2554:
2548:
2540:
2539:External links
2537:
2534:
2533:
2520:Cato Institute
2507:
2496:. 21 July 2016
2478:
2451:(2): 290–306.
2435:
2408:
2381:
2359:
2329:
2315:10.1068/a43290
2280:
2245:
2214:
2155:
2134:
2116:
2078:
2064:
2050:
2036:
2022:
1997:
1972:
1946:
1932:
1905:
1883:
1857:
1831:
1809:
1783:
1749:
1731:
1714:
1700:
1687:
1673:
1655:
1636:(4): 545–576.
1620:
1606:
1593:European Union
1575:
1549:
1540:|website=
1515:
1495:
1474:
1444:
1415:
1412:on 2 May 2007.
1389:
1375:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1253:
1239:
1223:
1220:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1189:
1174:
1163:
1152:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1109:European Union
1098:
1095:
1083:
1082:United Kingdom
1080:
1067:
1064:
1042:
1041:
1018:
1016:
1009:
1003:
1000:
990:
987:
947:
944:
932:Cambridgeshire
912:Stilton cheese
907:European Union
880:Cheddar cheese
779:
776:
775:
774:
769:
763:
758:
752:
722:
719:
669:
666:
600:
597:
589:European Union
575:
572:
546:unregistered)
526:
523:
492:Main article:
489:
486:
478:
477:
474:
471:
463:
460:
452:
451:
448:
445:
434:Main article:
431:
428:
426:
423:
415:Cheddar cheese
411:genericisation
381:
380:General regime
378:
366:
365:
362:
359:
356:
347:
346:
297:
295:
288:
282:
279:
252:European Union
239:
236:
208:(DOC) used in
42:European Union
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3231:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2495:
2488:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2369:
2363:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:10.1068/a4258
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2145:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2007:
2001:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1942:
1936:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1893:
1887:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1846:on 8 May 2008
1845:
1841:
1835:
1820:
1813:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1724:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1533:
1518:
1516:9789292372675
1512:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1484:
1478:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Protectionism
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:Cornish pasty
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1038:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1007:
999:
996:
986:
984:
979:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
943:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
872:
868:
866:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
827:
823:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
787:
783:
773:
770:
767:
764:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
746:
745:
743:
739:
731:
727:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
665:
663:
659:
656:in Spain and
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
571:
568:
567:
561:
557:
553:
549:
543:
540:
536:
532:
522:
520:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
485:
483:
475:
472:
469:
468:
467:
459:
457:
449:
446:
443:
442:
441:
437:
422:
420:
416:
412:
406:
402:
400:
394:
392:
388:
377:
375:
371:
363:
360:
357:
354:
353:
352:
343:
340:
332:
329:February 2021
322:
318:
314:
308:
307:
303:
298:This section
296:
292:
287:
286:
278:
276:
271:
269:
268:public health
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
235:
233:
227:
224:
223:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
200:
199:
193:
192:
187:
182:
180:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:Asiago cheese
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
83:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
3189:Appellations
2842:
2753:
2687:South Africa
2682:Saudi Arabia
2524:. Retrieved
2519:
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2493:
2481:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2422:the original
2411:
2399:. Retrieved
2395:the original
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2345:
2332:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2261:(1): 45–58.
2258:
2254:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:the original
2227:
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2201:the original
2172:
2168:
2158:
2125:
2119:
2094:
2090:
2067:
2053:
2039:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1984:
1975:
1963:. Retrieved
1958:
1949:
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1919:the original
1913:Qiao, Ziyu.
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1870:the original
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1844:the original
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1795:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:the original
1761:
1752:
1744:american.edu
1743:
1734:
1717:
1703:
1690:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1592:
1566:. Retrieved
1561:
1552:
1520:. Retrieved
1505:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1461:the original
1456:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1418:
1410:the original
1405:
1378:
1364:
1347:
1264:World portal
1212:
1197:
1191:
1176:
1165:
1154:
1139:
1128:
1120:
1117:
1106:
1091:
1072:
1069:
1045:
1032:
1020:
992:
980:
969:
949:
940:
892:
877:
831:
789:
785:
781:
734:
715:East Prussia
695:delimitation
690:
671:
661:
634:
619:
602:
577:
547:
544:
528:
516:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
481:
479:
465:
455:
453:
439:
407:
403:
395:
387:appellations
383:
367:
350:
335:
326:
311:Please help
299:
274:
272:
245:
241:
228:
213:
203:
189:
183:
176:
137:Piave cheese
129:Herve cheese
110:
87:
77:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
39:
29:
3132:PDO/PGI/TSG
3078:Other foods
2949:Switzerland
2697:Switzerland
2672:New Zealand
2547:, europa.eu
2045:"EAmbrosia"
2031:"EAmbrosia"
1824:5 September
1599:14 November
1272:Appellation
1236:Food portal
936:Quenby Hall
874:A PDO apple
816:Switzerland
711:Kaliningrad
658:vinho verde
648:in France,
621:appellation
264:passing off
256:counterfeit
186:appellation
96:, seafood,
50:traditional
44:schemes of
3173:Categories
3123:Portugal (
2990:Bulgaria (
2723:Made in EU
2716:For the EU
2622:Bangladesh
2609:By country
2526:6 November
2500:6 November
1894:. HunanGov
1802:9 November
1522:6 November
1467:25 January
1437:6 November
1356:References
1181:neoliberal
1101:See also:
1073:Under the
916:Derbyshire
856:(PGI) and
840:(PDO) and
834:Prosciutto
707:Königsberg
654:manzanilla
646:blanquette
630:table wine
612:grape must
593:Doha Round
374:trade mark
113:gorgonzola
102:olive oils
3102:Ireland (
3035:Uruguay (
2956:(AOC, IP)
2932:Singapore
2912:Indonesia
2880:Germany (
2823:Austria (
2657:Indonesia
2617:Australia
2473:154574254
2324:143711956
2197:144132777
2144:cite book
2015:16 August
1965:13 August
1650:154449313
1568:9 January
1542:ignored (
1532:cite book
1406:Agritrade
1035:July 2020
989:Australia
903:Gateshead
862:Kashubian
757:(Germany)
703:Bärenfang
699:Bärenfang
300:does not
165:roquefort
161:champagne
145:camembert
104:, beers,
3146:Treaties
3116:Mexico (
3095:France (
2997:France (
2922:Portugal
2864:France (
2838:Cambodia
2830:Canada (
2560:Archived
2275:18808708
2091:Antipode
2073:"GIview"
1925:20 April
1898:20 April
1876:20 April
1850:22 April
1776:10 March
1222:See also
961:Colombia
858:Oštiepok
768:(France)
730:Vermouth
642:muscadet
566:Żubrówka
413:. Hence
210:Portugal
157:armagnac
94:sausages
3125:PDO/PGI
3109:Italy (
3104:PDO/PGI
3013:Italy (
3009:Georgia
2954:Tunisia
2927:Romania
2887:Italy (
2876:Georgia
2849:, PGI,
2662:Ireland
2647:Germany
2637:Croatia
2453:Bibcode
2428:3 April
2401:3 April
2374:3 April
2352:3 April
2302:Bibcode
2238:6 April
2207:3 April
2177:Bibcode
2099:Bibcode
1990:16 July
1457:fcba.ie
1349:Terroir
1344:(QWPSR)
1162:market.
1056:Chinese
1021:updated
884:Cheddar
854:bryndza
842:oscypek
826:Stilton
796:Denmark
792:Austria
738:Sangria
687:pálinka
668:Spirits
321:removed
306:sources
173:Aveyron
171:in the
70:), and
3064:Greece
3047:Cheese
2917:Mexico
2702:Taiwan
2677:Russia
2642:France
2627:Canada
2471:
2322:
2273:
2195:
2132:
1985:Gov UK
1648:
1513:
1488:1 June
1173:Pies).
1066:Canada
1058::
965:Mexico
814:, and
812:Sweden
808:Norway
800:France
742:Clarea
713:) and
683:grappa
674:spirit
552:Polish
212:, the
159:, and
153:cognac
123:, the
98:olives
40:Three
3158:TRIPS
3069:Italy
2944:Spain
2907:India
2901:De.CO
2855:QWpsr
2692:Spain
2667:Italy
2652:India
2632:China
2551:Defra
2490:(PDF)
2469:S2CID
2342:(PDF)
2320:S2CID
2271:S2CID
2193:S2CID
2009:(PDF)
1766:DEFRA
1726:(PDF)
1646:S2CID
1428:(PDF)
1002:China
957:Chile
953:China
804:Italy
599:Wines
149:cider
3015:DOCG
3003:VDQS
2992:GCAO
2984:Wine
2870:VDQS
2737:Laws
2528:2019
2502:2019
2430:2011
2403:2011
2376:2011
2354:2011
2240:2011
2209:2011
2150:link
2130:ISBN
2017:2021
1992:2021
1967:2016
1927:2019
1900:2019
1878:2019
1852:2008
1826:2016
1804:2007
1778:2007
1601:2021
1570:2010
1562:DOOR
1544:help
1524:2019
1511:ISBN
1490:2010
1469:2015
1439:2019
1060:永丰辣酱
679:ouzo
662:Cava
652:and
650:cava
644:and
519:list
419:Feta
304:any
302:cite
121:feta
90:hams
48:and
3111:PDO
3090:TSG
3086:PDO
3037:VCP
3030:AVA
3023:IGT
3019:DOC
2999:AOC
2967:AVA
2897:PAT
2893:IGT
2889:DOC
2882:QBA
2866:AOC
2851:TSG
2847:PDO
2832:VQA
2825:DAC
2707:USA
2461:doi
2310:doi
2263:doi
2185:doi
2107:doi
1638:doi
570:."
548:may
456:and
315:by
78:TSG
68:PGI
62:),
60:PDO
3175::
3118:DO
3021:,
3017:,
3001:,
2938:WO
2899:,
2895:,
2891:,
2868:,
2859:TW
2857:,
2853:,
2518:.
2492:.
2467:.
2459:.
2449:14
2447:.
2344:.
2318:.
2308:.
2298:42
2296:.
2292:.
2269:.
2257:.
2226:.
2191:.
2183:.
2173:42
2171:.
2167:.
2146:}}
2142:{{
2105:.
2095:39
2093:.
2081:^
1983:.
1957:.
1794:.
1764:.
1760:.
1742:.
1668:EU
1666:.
1644:.
1634:19
1632:.
1591:.
1578:^
1560:.
1536::
1534:}}
1530:{{
1455:.
1430:.
1404:.
1392:^
1142:.
1115:.
955:,
922:.
818:.
810:,
806:,
802:,
798:,
794:,
632:.
482:or
262:,
258:,
155:,
151:,
143:,
139:,
135:,
131:,
127:,
119:,
115:,
100:,
92:,
3134:)
3127:)
3120:)
3113:)
3106:)
3099:)
3092:)
3088:/
3039:)
3032:)
3025:)
3005:)
2994:)
2969:)
2940:)
2903:)
2884:)
2872:)
2861:)
2845:(
2834:)
2827:)
2802:e
2795:t
2788:v
2593:e
2586:t
2579:v
2530:.
2504:.
2475:.
2463::
2455::
2432:.
2405:.
2378:.
2356:.
2326:.
2312::
2304::
2277:.
2265::
2259:4
2242:.
2211:.
2187::
2179::
2152:)
2138:.
2113:.
2109::
2101::
2075:.
2047:.
2033:.
2019:.
1994:.
1969:.
1929:.
1902:.
1880:.
1854:.
1828:.
1806:.
1780:.
1746:.
1728:.
1711:.
1698:.
1684:.
1670:.
1652:.
1640::
1603:.
1572:.
1546:)
1526:.
1492:.
1471:.
1441:.
1386:.
1054:(
1037:)
1033:(
1027:.
709:(
342:)
336:(
331:)
327:(
323:.
309:.
76:(
66:(
58:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_logo.svg){kind=logo}