341:
213:
36:
999:
497:
27:
581:
500:
502:
501:
803:
regulations, the maximum use of concentration for propylparaben is 25%. However, cosmetics do not require testing by the FDA prior to sale. While there is no conclusive evidence of harm to human health from propylparaben, more cosmetic companies are creating paraben-free lines, specifically in
1263:
Talevi, Alan; Bellera, Carolina L.; Castro, Eduardo A.; Bruno-Blanch, Luis E. (2007-10-25). "A successful virtual screening application: prediction of anticonvulsant activity in MES test of widely used pharmaceutical and food preservatives methylparaben and propylparaben".
804:
shampoos. Since parabens can easily absorb through skin, daily use is believed to cause toxic accumulation in the body that might be harmful. Some people may also experience allergic reaction to parabens including redness, irritation, itchiness, flaking, and hives.
694:
In 2010, the
European Union Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety stated that the use of butylparaben and propylparaben as preservatives in finished cosmetic products as safe to the consumer, as long as the sum of their concentrations does not exceed 0.19%.
837:
A MES (Maximal
Electroshock) test also shows anticonvulsant activity in propylparaben. Since propylparaben has minimum to no toxicity and well absorbed in the GI tract, it can potentially be develop to new anticonvulsant medicine to control seizures.
1584:
757:. With propylparaben and PAW, bacteria undergo more oxidative stress and cell damage, increasing preservation of produce. For now, the potential health risk and residue level of propylparaben with this new method is still unknown.
1473:
Moscoso-Ramírez, Pedro A.; Montesinos-Herrero, Clara; Palou, Lluís (September 2014). "Antifungal activity of sodium propylparaben alone or in combination with low doses of imazalil against
Penicillium decay on citrus fruit".
768:
E216. Propylparaben is commonly used as a preservative in packaged baked goods, particularly pastries and tortillas. Propylparaben is also a
Standardized Chemical Allergen and is used in allergenic testing.
745:
efficacy of PAW for fresh produce sanitation. PAW is used for fresh produce sanitation. However, when used in food applications, its effectiveness decreased because of interfering substances like
870:
in two major pathways leading to the production of either conjugated metabolites or hydrolysates (PHBA, PHHA). These products are excreted from the body in urine. Propylparaben is an effective
726:. It is often used as a food and cosmetic preservative as it has no odor or taste, and does not change the texture. The compound has some medicinal application as well as it has been used in
830:(European Economic Community), the maximum level of parabens in pharmaceutical products is 1% (w/w), much stricter and defined than cosmetics. Propylparaben also cannot be used alone in
799:
to protect against a broader range of microorganisms. The chemical stability in room temperature and wide pH range (4.5–7.5) is advantageous to prolong a product shelf life. Under
1061:
signed a bill into law outlawing the use of propylparaben in foods by 2027. The new law bans the manufacture, sale, and distribution of propylparaben and three other additives (
642:
found in many plants and some insects. Additionally, it can be manufactured synthetically for use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods. It is a member of the class of
1054:
began considering banning the use of propylparaben because studies in humans and animals indicate that it acts as an endocrine disruptor and affects reproductive health.
1727:
The article notes that Red dye No. 3, bromated vegetable oil, potassium bromate and propyl paraben all have been linked to risk of cancer and hyperactivity in children.
826:, and even weight-gain drinks. Unlike cosmetics where propylparaben is mostly used in the surface, propylparaben is ingested and absorbed. According to a law from the
503:
511:
1614:
Boberg, Julie; Taxvig, Camilla; Christiansen, Sofie; Hass, Ulla (September 2010). "Possible endocrine disrupting effects of parabens and their metabolites".
1691:
710:
Under FDA regulations, propylparaben is safe to use with a maximum of 0.1% of the weight of the finished food or 200–450 ppm for a variety of foods like
1195:
Soni, M. G.; Burdock, G. A.; Taylor, S. L.; Greenberg, N. A. (June 2001). "Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature".
594:
795:, shaving products, and many more. In cosmetic products, propylparaben is typically combined with other parabens (such as methylparaben) or other
525:
1672:
1394:
390:
518:
854:
in food for over 50 years. It is typically used in a variety of water-based cosmetics and personal-care products. it is a white
834:
products, such as eyewash because it may cause irritation at the effective concentration level to have antimicrobial activities.
969:
1717:
1556:
862:. Humans most often absorb the chemical through their skin or ingestion as it is in many cosmetic and food products as an
1233:
Soni, M.G.; Carabin, I.G.; Burdock, G.A. (July 2005). "Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens)".
589:
1418:
1156:
355:
601:
130:
831:
1514:
Shin, Mi-Yeon; Shin, Chorong; Choi, Jeong Weon; Lee, Jangwoo; Lee, Seungho; Kim, Sungkyoon (September 2019).
1011:
Propylparaben, among other parabens, has been raising concerns on its possible interaction and disruption of
691:
COO)O), is used similarly as a food additive and as an anti-fungal preservation agent. Its E number is E217.
1035:
and excreted rapidly through urine with no accumulation in the body. Despite parabens' interaction with the
800:
298:
208:
1027:
production in males in animal studies, with one other study showing that it can even act as an effective
827:
319:
170:
1379:
1303:
220:
1062:
779:
Propylparaben is one of the most commonly used paraben in cosmetic formulation. It can be found in
336:
1692:"California Legislature passes first bill in U.S. to ban food additives, including red dye No. 3"
1043:. With cracked or damaged skins, the use of propylparaben in cosmetics or skincare can result in
1642:
1325:
1748:
1058:
1032:
1442:
1031:. Animal studies of propylparaben in the body show that propylparaben is metabolized from the
741:
Recently, a study of combining plasma-activated water (PAW) with propylparaben show increased
899:
629:
307:
48:
1073:). This is the first law in the U.S. to ban it and will possibly have nationwide effects.
650:
in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos, and bath products. As a
190:
8:
96:
340:
212:
150:
106:
1044:
639:
1208:
1108:
738:
activities suggesting it may be useful in the development of anticonvulsant medicine.
1743:
1658:
1537:
1491:
1281:
1212:
1112:
1066:
711:
1557:"Synthesis of parabens using montmorillonite K10 clay as catalyst: A green protocol"
1373:
1371:
1369:
1095:
Oishi (December 2002). "Effects of propyl paraben on the male reproductive system".
1654:
1627:
1623:
1527:
1483:
1273:
1242:
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1104:
1051:
1036:
1016:
927:
859:
788:
672:
413:
1304:"Two States Have Proposed Bans on Common Food Additives Linked to Health Concerns"
1532:
1515:
1366:
1131:
727:
287:
1516:"Pharmacokinetic profile of propyl paraben in humans after oral administration"
988:
980:
946:
923:
915:
895:
746:
735:
572:
35:
1487:
1395:"What is a paraben and why are so many products advertised as 'paraben-free'?"
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1246:
998:
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563:
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468:
246:
201:
1377:
1157:"Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety Opinion on Parabens COLIPA n° P82"
1116:
1024:
851:
796:
647:
555:
551:
734:, eyewashes, weight gain drinks, and recently has been discovered to have
524:
942:
919:
911:
903:
780:
1349:
510:
1718:"California isn't banning Skittles, but four additives will be removed"
1154:
1028:
883:
867:
863:
517:
441:
221:
181:
1472:
1019:
Exposure to high levels of propylparaben has been correlated to lower
1643:"In vitro spermicidal activity of parabens against human spermatozoa"
949:. The proton of the nucleophilic propanol is then transferred by the
907:
875:
792:
364:
InChI=1S/C10H12O3/c1-2-7-13-10(12)8-3-5-9(11)6-4-8/h3-6,11H,2,7H2,1H3
1555:
Hazarika, Mridul; Parajuli, Raghab; Phukan, Prodeep (January 2007).
814:
Used since the mid-1920s as a preservative, parabens are present in
571:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
374:
InChI=1/C10H12O3/c1-2-7-13-10(12)8-3-5-9(11)6-4-8/h3-6,11H,2,7H2,1H3
1012:
938:
765:
655:
483:
262:
238:
129:
950:
894:
One of the simplest ways to produce propylparaben is through the
815:
784:
750:
643:
547:
454:
274:
1155:
Directorate-General for
Consumer Safety, European Union (2011).
26:
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992:
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141:
119:
1613:
1579:
1577:
1039:, it has not been shown to be significantly correlated with
324:
1641:
Bao-Liang, Song; Hai-Ying, Li; Dun-Ren, Peng (March 1989).
1378:
Center for Food Safety and
Applied Nutrition (2022-03-03).
253:
1194:
1574:
846:
Propylparaben is a stable and non-volatile compound with
473:
96 to 99 °C (205 to 210 °F; 369 to 372 K)
1640:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
886:
in water allows it to be applied to the fruits easily.
1554:
239:
1459:
1047:; however, for normal skin, it is considered safe.
1716:
1232:
1735:
1297:
1295:
1258:
1256:
286:
1513:
722:. It is even found naturally in a plant called
499:
105:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1002:Synthesis of Propyl Paraben by Esterification.
675:of propylparaben, a compound with formula Na(C
1301:
1292:
1253:
1509:
1507:
1505:
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1086:
1602:
1228:
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1266:Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design
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1223:
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858:solid with a molecular weight of 202.18
1673:"AB-418 The California Food Safety Act"
335:
1736:
1714:
841:
202:
1689:
1564:Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
1392:
1094:
367:Key: QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
169:
149:
922:results in a positive charge on the
910:. The first major step includes the
1476:European Journal of Plant Pathology
1129:
918:due to the acidic conditions. This
377:Key: QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYAD
277:
261:
13:
1393:Jones, Oliver A. H. (2023-03-27).
495:
14:
1760:
1419:"EUR-Lex - l21191 - EN - EUR-Lex"
1715:Cimons, Marlene (Oct 11, 2023).
1326:"DailyMed - Browse Drug Classes"
1302:Dana G. Smith (April 13, 2023).
850:properties and has been used as
760:Propylparaben is also used as a
579:
425:
34:
25:
1708:
1690:Chuck, Elizabeth (2023-09-12).
1683:
1665:
1634:
1548:
1435:
1411:
1386:
874:, especially against green and
698:
575:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1628:10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.03.011
1342:
1318:
1148:
1123:
431:
419:
1:
1443:"propylparaben (CHEBI:32063)"
1209:10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00162-9
1109:10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00204-1
1076:
764:, and is designated with the
1659:10.1016/0010-7824(89)90065-6
1533:10.1016/j.envint.2019.104917
1235:Food and Chemical Toxicology
1197:Food and Chemical Toxicology
1097:Food and Chemical Toxicology
889:
7:
1585:"21.6: Chemistry of Esters"
10:
1765:
75:Propyl parahydroxybenzoate
1520:Environment International
1488:10.1007/s10658-014-0450-5
1278:10.1007/s10822-007-9136-9
1247:10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.020
1006:
968:and be expelled from the
718:, jams, baked goods, and
569:
536:
477:
406:
386:
351:
89:
59:
47:
42:
33:
24:
1136:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1063:brominated vegetable oil
995:product, propylparaben.
970:tetrahedral intermediate
822:, injectable solutions,
53:Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
1616:Reproductive Toxicology
1380:"Parabens in Cosmetics"
991:will produce the final
964:can then act as a good
1059:Governor of California
1003:
937:atom, this allows the
926:which will offset the
900:4-hydroxy benzoic acid
506:
1057:In October 2023, the
1001:
646:and can be used as a
505:
1589:Chemistry LibreTexts
1330:dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
983:to reform. Finally,
866:preservative. It is
633:-hydroxybenzoic acid
488:(fire diamond)
398:O=C(OCCC)c1ccc(O)cc1
49:Preferred IUPAC name
842:Chemical properties
449: g·mol
21:
1045:skin sensitization
1004:
602:Infobox references
537:Related compounds
507:
19:
1423:eur-lex.europa.eu
1103:(12): 1807–1013.
1067:potassium bromate
724:Stocksia brahuica
658:, which is E216.
635:. It occurs as a
610:Chemical compound
608:
607:
543:Related compounds
320:CompTox Dashboard
131:Interactive image
16:Chemical compound
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1050:As of May 2023,
1037:endocrine system
1017:endocrine system
987:of the reformed
928:electron density
906:using an acidic
666:-hydroxybenzoate
592:
586:
583:
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1350:"Propylparaben"
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1132:"Propylparaben"
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1005:
989:carbonyl group
981:carbonyl group
958:hydroxyl group
945:attack on the
896:esterification
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824:contraceptives
809:Pharmaceutical
808:
773:
736:anticonvulsant
720:dairy products
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662:Sodium propyl
618:propyl paraben
616:(also spelled
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573:standard state
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20:Propylparaben
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556:Ethylparaben
552:Butylparaben
484:
171:ChEMBL194014
90:Identifiers
69:
60:Other names
920:protonation
912:protonation
882:. Its high
868:metabolized
856:crystalline
407:Properties
209:100.002.098
151:CHEBI:32063
1738:Categories
1701:2023-09-14
1595:2023-11-26
1570:: 104–106.
1526:. 104917.
1452:2021-12-01
1428:2023-11-10
1404:2023-11-10
1359:2021-12-01
1335:2021-12-01
1141:2021-12-01
1077:References
1029:spermicide
884:solubility
876:blue molds
864:antifungal
832:ophthalmic
442:Molar mass
308:Z8IX2SC1OH
182:ChemSpider
118:3D model (
97:CAS Number
1542:0160-4120
1496:0929-1873
1286:0920-654X
1217:0278-6915
1130:PubChem.
930:from the
890:Synthesis
818:, pills,
816:eyewashes
640:substance
620:) is the
230:202-307-7
222:EC Number
1744:Parabens
1117:12419695
1052:New York
1033:GI tract
1013:estrogen
962:hydroxyl
947:carbonyl
939:propanol
924:carbonyl
916:carbonyl
908:catalyst
904:propanol
785:shampoos
774:Cosmetic
766:E number
751:proteins
656:E number
644:parabens
624:-propyl
485:NFPA 704
478:Hazards
240:E number
1310:May 23,
1015:in the
953:to the
951:solvent
914:of the
793:makeups
637:natural
595:what is
593: (
548:Paraben
455:Density
447:180.203
275:PubChem
107:94-13-3
78:Nipasol
68:Propyl
1677:ca.gov
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960:. The
955:esters
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732:syrups
716:juices
670:sodium
668:, the
590:verify
587:
461:
459:1.0630
391:SMILES
263:D01422
162:ChEMBL
43:Names
1560:(PDF)
1160:(PDF)
1071:Red 3
1021:sperm
993:ester
978:ester
974:water
932:ester
902:with
728:pills
626:ester
463:g/cm
356:InChI
245:E216
142:ChEBI
120:JSmol
1538:ISSN
1492:ISSN
1312:2023
1282:ISSN
1213:ISSN
1167:2017
1113:PMID
1023:and
705:Food
673:salt
299:UNII
288:7175
254:KEGG
191:6907
81:E216
1655:doi
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