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was to subvert the audience's assumption that the crowd would show emotions of being sad or upset. Instead the crowd could be interpreted to be expressing emotions of boredom, fear, dismay, and a myriad amount of other emotions. There is nothing to prove to the audience that the images of the audience and the exhumed body were captured in the same moment or place (it is now believed the images of the crowd were filmed outdoors while the images showing the skeletal remains were captured indoors). This is what blurs the line of truth making the
Kuleshov Effect an effective tool of propaganda.
73:. Propaganda films spread and promote certain ideas that are usually religious, political, or cultural in nature. A propaganda film is made with the intent that the viewer will adopt the position promoted by the propagator and eventually take action towards making those ideas widely accepted. Propaganda films are popular mediums of propaganda due to their ability to easily reach a large audience in a short amount of time. They are also able to come in a variety of film types such as
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392:
Hake, Sabine (1998). "Review of The
Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism 1933-1945; The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and Its Afterlife; Cinema in Democratizing Germany: Reconstructing National Identity after Hitler; German Cinema: Texts in Contexts; Perspectives on German Cinema".
110:
Film is a unique medium that reproduces images, movement, and sound in a lifelike manner as it fuses meaning with evolvement as time passes in the story depicted. Unlike many other art forms, film produces a sense of immediacy. Film's ability to create the illusion of life and reality, allows for it
89:
in 1896, film provided a unique means of accessing large audiences at once. Film was the first universal mass medium in that it could simultaneously influence viewers as individuals and members of a crowd, which led to it quickly becoming a tool for governments and non-state organizations to project
172:
by juxtaposing images of the exhumed coffin and body of
Sergius of Radonezh, a prominent Russian saint, and the reaction from the watching audience. The images of the crowd are made up of mostly female faces, whose expressions can be interpreted ambiguously. The idea behind juxtaposing these images
84:
Propaganda is the ability "to produce and spread fertile messages that, once sown, will germinate in large human cultures". However, in the 20th century, a "new" propaganda emerged, which revolved around political organizations and their need to communicate messages that would "sway relevant groups
130:
Making the viewer sympathize with the characters that align with the agenda or message the filmmaker portray is a common rhetorical tool used in propaganda film. Propaganda films exhibit this by having reoccurring themes good vs. evil. The viewer is meant to feel sympathy towards the "good side"
44:
156:
placed an emphasis on the need for film as a propaganda tool. Lenin viewed propaganda merely as a way to educate the masses as opposed to a way to evoke emotion and rally the masses towards a political cause. Film became the preferred medium of propaganda in the newly formed
135:
used this tactic to invoke deep emotions into the audience. Goebbels stressed that while making films full of nationalistic symbols can energize a population, nothing will work better to mobilize a population towards the Nazi cause like "intensifying life".
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Bennett, Todd. "The celluloid war: state and studio in Anglo-American propaganda film-making, 1939-1941." The
International History Review 24.1 (March 2002): 64(34).
122:, this means that in film, only what the camera 'sees' exists, and the viewer, lacking alternative perspectives, conventionally takes the image for reality.
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be used as a medium to present alternative ideas or realities making it easy for the viewer to perceive this as an accurate depiction of life.
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claimed in his 1924 manifesto, "The Birth of Kino-Eye" that "the cinema-eye is cinema-truth". To paraphrase
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Taylor, Richard. Film
Propaganda: Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany. London: Croom Helm Ltd, 1979. 30-31
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Resina, Joan (Winter 1998). "Historical discourse and the propaganda film: Reporting in
Barcelona".
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463:"Education, literacy, and the Russian Revolution | International Socialist Review"
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Information War: American
Propaganda, Free Speech and Opinion Control Since 9-11
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Information War: American
Propaganda, Free Speech and Opinion Control Since 9-11
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MacKay, John (13 December 2013). Auerbach, Jonathan; Castronovo, Russ (eds.).
430:
Cultivating the Masses: Modern State
Practices and Soviet Socialism, 1914–1939
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of people in order to accommodate their agendas". First developed by the
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due to a large portion of the peasant population being illiterate. The
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Some film academics have noted film's great illusory abilities.
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while loathing in the "evil side". Prominent Nazi film maker
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54:
337:"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction"
3166:
539:
Propaganda
Filmmaker: Make Your Own Propaganda Film
303:
215:Kuhn, Annette; Westwell, Guy (20 December 2012),
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283:. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994. p. 32
270:. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994. p. 35
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310:. New York: Seven Stories Press. pp.
496:The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies
432:(1 ed.). Cornell University Press.
427:
42:
504:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764419.001.0001
14:
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489:
139:
34:. For the similarly titled films, see
3140:
555:
485:
483:
281:Film Propaganda and American Politics
268:Film Propaganda and American Politics
210:
208:
391:
301:
260:
229:10.1093/acref/9780199587261.001.0001
460:
165:was first used in 1919 in the film
24:
2914:List of American independent films
480:
205:
90:a desired ideological message. As
25:
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30:For the production company, see
3642:Propaganda techniques by medium
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454:
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546:PropagandaCritic Video Gallery
385:
350:
328:
295:
286:
273:
251:
167:The Exposure of the Relics of
13:
1:
198:
106:Tools used in propaganda film
221:A Dictionary of Film Studies
193:North Korean film propaganda
7:
428:HOFFMANN, DAVID L. (2011).
223:, Oxford University Press,
183:History of propaganda films
176:
125:
98:, propaganda "begins where
69:that involves some form of
36:Propaganda (disambiguation)
10:
3658:
2805:Classical Hollywood cinema
1994:Commedia sexy all'italiana
902:Exploitation film template
846:Commedia sexy all'italiana
152:government and its leader
29:
3180:
3106:
2709:
2627:
2372:German underground horror
2327:Documentary Film Movement
2235:American eccentric cinema
2220:
1466:
592:
2307:Cinema of Transgression
1441:Cinema of Transgression
365:(1). Baltimore: 67–84.
159:Russian Soviet Republic
146:1917 October Revolution
2392:Hollywood on the Tiber
58:
2382:Grupo Cine Liberación
2322:Czechoslovak New Wave
2317:Commedia all'italiana
664:Commedia all'italiana
371:10.1353/nlh.1998.0010
46:
2909:Guerrilla filmmaking
2572:Kitchen sink realism
2527:Praška filmska škola
2457:New French Extremity
2367:German Expressionist
2275:Kitchen sink realism
2140:Contemporary Western
1920:Environmental issues
1451:New French Extremity
1409:New French Extremity
1234:Softcore pornography
1229:Hardcore pornography
1096:New French Extremity
359:New Literary History
302:Snow, Nancy (2003).
94:stated in her book,
2645:Children and family
2619:Yugoslav Black Wave
2492:Nuevo Cine Mexicano
2377:Nigerian Golden Age
2342:European art cinema
2245:Australian New Wave
169:Sergius of Radonezh
140:The Kuleshov Effect
77:, non-fiction, and
57:propaganda machine.
53:series depicts the
3195:Mixed martial arts
2943:Major film studios
2537:Pure Film Movement
2517:Polish Film School
2417:Italian neorealist
2397:Hong Kong New Wave
1999:Mexican sex comedy
1056:German underground
448:10.7591/j.ctt7zfp9
335:Benjamin, Walter.
59:
3619:
3618:
3518:Extraterrestrials
3342:Sword and sorcery
3134:
3133:
3073:Socialist realist
2785:Behind-the-scenes
2562:Socialist realist
2557:Spaghetti Western
2547:Romanian New Wave
2422:Japanese New Wave
2088:Sword and sorcery
2004:Nazi exploitation
1586:Mumbai underworld
1342:Planetary romance
439:978-0-8014-4629-0
321:978-1-58322-557-8
238:978-0-19-958726-1
188:Nazism and cinema
148:the newly formed
100:critical thinking
16:(Redirected from
3649:
3637:Propaganda films
3161:
3154:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3093:Vulgar auteurism
2921:Interstitial art
2899:Hyperlink cinema
2614:Vulgar auteurism
2609:Toronto New Wave
2599:Telefoni Bianchi
2594:Sword-and-sandal
2412:Italian futurist
2407:Iranian New Wave
2270:British New Wave
2083:Sword-and-sandal
1964:Rape and revenge
1905:Mouth of Garbage
1751:Tentacle erotica
1699:Goona-goona epic
1679:Extraterrestrial
1566:Heroic bloodshed
1200:Occult detective
1031:Christmas horror
883:Sword-and-sandal
615:Hong Kong action
610:Heroic bloodshed
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492:"Built on a Lie"
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461:Behrent, Megan.
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32:Propaganda Films
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18:Propaganda films
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3498:Science fiction
3488:Romantic comedy
3176:
3165:
3135:
3130:
3102:
3043:Semidocumentary
2968:Minimalist film
2958:Message picture
2953:Maximalist film
2847:Database cinema
2830:Computer screen
2790:Black-and-white
2715:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2623:
2579:Soviet parallel
2502:Parallel cinema
2497:Pan-Indian film
2427:Kammerspielfilm
2362:French New Wave
2282:Budapest school
2265:Brighton School
2240:New Objectivity
2222:
2216:
2185:Science fiction
1817:Bruceploitation
1726:Girls with guns
1672:Turksploitation
1546:Gentleman thief
1462:
1297:Science fiction
1143:Minimalist film
1138:Maximalist film
1116:Science fiction
1076:Japanese horror
873:Social guidance
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163:Kuleshov Effect
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133:Joseph Goebbels
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120:Hilmar Hoffmann
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3028:Reverse motion
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2978:Modernist film
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2628:By demographic
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2567:Social realist
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2522:Poliziotteschi
2519:
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2512:Poetic realist
2509:
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2489:
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2469:
2467:New generation
2464:
2459:
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2442:Modernist film
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2434:
2432:L.A. Rebellion
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2339:
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2299:
2297:Cinéma du look
2294:
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2279:
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2277:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
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2242:
2237:
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2218:
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2210:Zapata Western
2207:
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2197:
2192:
2190:Singing cowboy
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
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2147:
2145:Dacoit Western
2142:
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2100:
2095:
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2070:
2065:
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2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2026:Shoshimin-eiga
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2014:Nunsploitation
2011:
2009:Pornochanchada
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
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1696:
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1684:Food and drink
1681:
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1662:Blaxploitation
1654:
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1591:Poliziotteschi
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1446:Extreme cinema
1443:
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1128:
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1103:
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1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1026:Chinese horror
1023:
1018:
1013:
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996:
991:
986:
981:
971:
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964:
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579:
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532:External links
530:
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479:
453:
438:
420:
384:
349:
327:
320:
294:
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279:Combs, James.
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266:Combs, James.
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154:Vladimir Lenin
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3534:
3533:Sci-fi horror
3531:
3529:
3528:Sci-fi comedy
3526:
3524:
3523:Sci-fi action
3521:
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3516:
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3446:Giant-monster
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3377:
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3367:
3365:
3364:Comedy horror
3362:
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3023:Postmodernist
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Participatory
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:Musical short
2981:
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2894:Found footage
2892:
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2808:
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2801:
2800:Cinéma vérité
2798:
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2726:
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2721:
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2718:
2716:or production
2708:
2700:
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2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Prussian film
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
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2493:
2490:
2488:
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2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:New Nollywood
2475:
2473:
2472:New Hollywood
2470:
2468:
2465:
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2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Cannibal boom
2290:
2288:
2287:Calligrafismo
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
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2258:
2256:
2255:Berlin School
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2238:
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2205:Weird Western
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2062:
2059:
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2057:
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2052:
2049:
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2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:Slice of life
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Bavarian porn
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:Sexploitation
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Partisan film
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Muslim social
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1891:Zombie comedy
1889:
1888:
1887:
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1882:
1879:
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1869:
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1866:Giant monster
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1668:
1667:Mexploitation
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1544:
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1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:Coming-of-age
1519:
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1497:
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1437:
1436:Transgressive
1434:
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1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:Psychological
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:Slice of life
1367:
1363:
1360:
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1132:
1129:
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1119:
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1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:Psychological
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:Korean horror
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:Found footage
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
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997:
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946:
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941:
940:Magic realism
938:
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891:
888:
884:
881:
880:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
862:
859:
857:
856:Sexploitation
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
833:
830:
829:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
807:Calligrafismo
805:
804:
803:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:City symphony
758:
756:
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748:
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3431:Mockumentary
3239:Biographical
3222:Swashbuckler
3190:Martial arts
2862:Experimental
2857:Ethnofiction
2604:Third Cinema
2507:Persian Film
2250:Auteur films
2221:By movement
2078:Swashbuckler
1937:Ozploitation
1932:Outlaw biker
1812:Martial arts
1807:Magical girl
1657:Exploitation
1652:Ethnographic
1581:Mafia comedy
1247:
1224:Pornographic
1101:Psycho-biddy
1086:Lovecraftian
920:Contemporary
901:
895:Exploitation
890:Experimental
770:Mockumentary
639:Biographical
544:
537:
517:. Retrieved
495:
470:. Retrieved
467:isreview.org
466:
456:
429:
423:
401:(1): 89–96.
398:
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340:. Retrieved
330:
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288:
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275:
267:
262:
253:
242:, retrieved
220:
217:"propaganda"
166:
143:
129:
116:Dziga Vertov
113:
109:
95:
83:
62:
60:
50:Why We Fight
48:
40:
3632:Film genres
3543:Time travel
3503:Apocalyptic
3305:Documentary
3234:Avant-garde
3088:Video nasty
3083:Underground
3068:Slow cinema
3038:Sceneggiata
2926:Live action
2904:Independent
2884:Film à clef
2852:Docufiction
2820:Compilation
2795:Blockbuster
2763:Traditional
2758:Stop-motion
2694:Chick flick
2552:Slow cinema
2542:Remodernist
2357:Free Cinema
2337:Erra Cinema
2302:Cinema Novo
2180:Revisionist
1689:Gendai-geki
1625:Psychedelic
1613:Apocalyptic
1479:Beach party
1374:Slow cinema
1347:Space opera
1312:Fantastique
1183:Sceneggiata
1173:Musicarello
1046:Fantastique
925:Fantastique
868:Educational
795:Video essay
750:Documentary
395:Monatshefte
75:documentary
27:Movie genre
3626:Categories
3320:Historical
3249:Children's
3175:and themes
3008:Paracinema
2993:Neorealist
2988:Mythopoeia
2973:Mockbuster
2938:Low-budget
2879:Featurette
2712:technique,
2710:By format,
2589:Surrealist
2584:Structural
2462:New German
2452:Neorealist
2447:Mumblecore
2387:Heimatfilm
2347:Film d'art
2312:Cinéma pur
2046:South Seas
2019:Sex report
1285:Paranormal
1248:Propaganda
1148:Mumblecore
935:Historical
817:Historical
706:Remarriage
696:Mo lei tau
342:7 November
199:References
144:After the
92:Nancy Snow
71:propaganda
3609:Spaghetti
3592:Submarine
3538:Superhero
3508:Body swap
3478:Religious
3426:Melodrama
3315:Economics
3276:Slapstick
3261:Christian
3254:Animation
3229:Animation
3212:Adventure
3205:Vigilante
3167:Lists of
2998:No-budget
2963:Meta-film
2931:animation
2889:Film-poem
2825:Composite
2770:Anthology
2733:Animation
2728:Actuality
2714:approach,
2482:New Queer
2402:Indiewood
2352:Film gris
2223:or period
2200:Spaghetti
2123:Submarine
2103:Vigilante
2068:Superhero
1822:Chopsocky
1768:Jidaigeki
1637:Dystopian
1536:Detective
1494:Buddy cop
1484:Body swap
1414:Political
1394:Financial
1357:Tokusatsu
1352:Steampunk
1268:Bromantic
1240:Malayalam
1219:Crossover
1195:Detective
1163:Backstage
1111:Religious
967:Tech noir
962:Pulp noir
952:Film noir
827:Melodrama
765:Docudrama
738:Cyberpunk
731:Slapstick
721:Screwball
681:Gross out
644:Christian
622:Adventure
407:0026-9271
379:221441317
150:Bolshevik
3587:Anti-war
3565:Thriller
3513:Dystopia
3468:Neo-noir
3369:Disaster
3354:Cannibal
3300:Disaster
3116:Category
3003:One-shot
2867:Abstract
2753:Computer
2437:Lettrist
2332:Dogme 95
2260:Bourekas
2230:Absolute
2170:Northern
2165:Meat pie
2118:Euro War
2113:Anti-war
1979:Rumberas
1900:Mountain
1802:Luchador
1758:Homeland
1746:Shotacon
1719:Suburban
1647:Economic
1608:Disaster
1541:Gangster
1516:Colonial
1506:Cannibal
1467:By theme
1424:Romantic
1379:Thriller
1337:New Wave
1332:Military
1290:Thriller
1258:Romantic
1205:Whodunit
1178:Operetta
1158:Arthouse
1126:Splatter
1021:Cannibal
1011:Arthouse
994:Suburban
984:Southern
957:Neo-noir
861:Thriller
755:Animated
743:Japanese
711:Romantic
701:Thriller
627:Survival
605:Arthouse
593:By style
415:30159611
375:ProQuest
177:See also
126:Rhetoric
79:newsreel
3599:Western
3483:Romance
3458:Mystery
3453:Musical
3436:Monster
3409:Vampire
3399:Satanic
3394:Natural
3384:Holiday
3337:Fantasy
3325:Slavery
3283:Concert
3098:Z movie
2874:Feature
2810:Collage
2780:B movie
2748:Cartoon
2487:No wave
2155:Florida
2150:Fantasy
2130:Western
2073:Surfing
2061:Eurospy
2031:Slavery
1881:Vampire
1861:Monster
1832:Kung fu
1773:Samurai
1741:Lolicon
1709:Romance
1556:Gong'an
1526:Concert
1511:Chicano
1474:Animals
1362:Western
1317:Fantasy
1275:Fantasy
1253:Reality
1190:Mystery
1168:Jukebox
1153:Musical
1131:Satanic
1121:Slasher
1091:Natural
1071:Holiday
979:Romance
945:Science
910:Fantasy
812:Dramedy
676:Dramedy
102:ends."
3570:Erotic
3555:Sports
3493:Satire
3473:Prison
3414:Zombie
3379:Ghosts
3359:Clowns
3349:Horror
3332:Erotic
3271:Parody
3266:Comedy
3217:Pirate
3185:Action
3126:Portal
3063:Silent
3053:Shinpa
3048:Serial
3033:Satire
3018:Poetry
2948:Masala
2677:Shōnen
2660:Seinen
2175:Ostern
2160:Horror
2093:Travel
2051:Sports
1974:Rubble
1947:Prison
1915:Nature
1886:Zombie
1827:Gun fu
1763:Isekai
1736:Hentai
1704:Gothic
1630:Stoner
1596:Yakuza
1551:Gokudō
1499:Female
1429:Techno
1399:Giallo
1389:Erotic
1384:Comedy
1327:Horror
1322:Gothic
1307:Comedy
1280:Gothic
1263:Comedy
1212:Giallo
1066:Giallo
1036:Comedy
1006:Horror
974:Gothic
915:Comedy
841:Erotic
832:Korean
790:Travel
780:Pseudo
726:Silent
691:Parody
686:Horror
654:Action
649:Comedy
600:Action
586:genres
510:
446:
436:
413:
405:
377:
318:
244:21 May
235:
3575:Legal
3441:Kaiju
3421:LGBTQ
3389:Mummy
3310:Drama
3293:Heist
3288:Crime
3200:Ninja
3173:genre
3169:films
3078:Sound
3058:Short
2815:Color
2738:Anime
2699:Josei
2689:Women
2682:Shōjo
2650:Anime
2640:Black
2635:Adult
2195:Space
2098:Trial
2041:Snuff
1952:Women
1927:Opera
1876:Mummy
1871:Kaiju
1854:Anime
1849:Mecha
1842:Wuxia
1837:Ninja
1785:LGBTQ
1780:Kaitō
1731:Harem
1714:Space
1694:Ghost
1642:Ecchi
1603:Dance
1576:Mafia
1561:Heist
1531:Crime
1489:Buddy
1458:Trick
1404:Legal
1061:Ghost
999:Urban
989:Space
822:Legal
802:Drama
775:Mondo
659:Black
519:7 May
472:6 May
444:JSTOR
411:JSTOR
65:is a
3604:Euro
3560:Teen
3463:Noir
3404:Toys
2835:Cult
2672:Teen
2665:Stag
2656:Men
2135:Acid
1969:Road
1959:Race
1795:Yuri
1790:Yaoi
1620:Drug
1571:Hood
1016:Body
930:High
900:see
878:Epic
851:Pink
785:Semi
669:Sexy
583:Film
521:2020
508:ISBN
474:2020
434:ISBN
403:ISSN
344:2011
316:ISBN
246:2020
233:ISBN
67:film
55:Nazi
47:The
3582:War
3550:Spy
3374:Eco
3171:by
2775:Art
2743:Art
2108:War
2056:Spy
1302:Art
1041:Eco
716:Sex
634:Art
500:doi
367:doi
225:doi
3628::
2723:3D
506:.
498:.
494:.
482:^
465:.
442:.
409:.
399:90
397:.
373:.
363:29
361:.
314:.
312:22
231:,
219:,
207:^
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227::
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
