311:. They can reveal the mentality of often lower-class people whose thoughts would otherwise never make their way into the records. They can cast light on what people chose to remember, often years later, thus suggesting what they found important at the time. In Rosenthal's words, they "open a window on aspects of ordinary and everyday life", on people's "assumptions, habits and expectations". The precision and detail of many testimonies also tell against customary views of medieval people as being vague and perhaps slow thinking. They did not, Rosenthal notes, often refer to supernatural or mystical occurrences: the information testimonies provided was factual and "as it was—or at least as it might have been". This could include names—certainly a forename and often a surname too (rarely just "a man from the village”, for example), a felony, sometimes down to the time of day. This is information often not to be found elsewhere. However, statements were often marked by their brevity, and as such, the records record them formulaically, repeating language when someone had effectively the same recollection; what Hicks calls "snatches of memory". Even if only a sentence long, they can reveal both the commonplace and the exceptional in everyday medieval life, particularly those of the litigant's age, whose activities were often age-specific. They also demonstrate a degree of sophistication also cast light on the witnesses' own families, and a common point made is that the baptism ties in with a major family event, such as a pregnancy, birth, death or injury. One witness, for example, could confirm the date of a baptism on account of how "Margery his wife cried like an owl and broke her right shin". Witnesses' testimony may also cast light on their own economic circumstances particularly if they gifted the baby, or its mother, at the baptism. Conversely, parent may fix the date of a baptism in a witness's mind by presenting gifts, often with the deliberate intention of passing a future inqusition (in one example, a witness was given "a cartload of wood to witness and bear in mind the age of his son John", while in another, a "white greyhound to bear in mind his son's age" was gifted). Other business matters, such as the day a contract was taken out or expired, or a purchase or sale, could date the event.
320:
carts materialised, in all of which it was the left arm that was broken". Walker has described witnesses as "accident prone" earlier in life, commenting that these mishaps "harmed the body but sharpened the memory". Such mishaps often involved falling from horses and breaking the right leg; she also comments on the frequency with which the left arm was broken. Rosenthal concludes that escheators were "readilly convinced". However, Hicks concludes that to maintain credibility, the records had to be predominantly realistic, or no proof of age could ever have been established. The records may occasionally have been confused, particularly due to the speed with which baptisms occurred after birth. For instance, names of godparents expected to have been recorded by have been replaced by others if, for example—and appears to have been relatively frequent, says Deller—those planned for the role had not arrived in time. Also, by its nature, many years had passed, usually between 14 and 21, between the birth and the recollection.
136:
for certification as proof, although it is unknown what form this took. Medievalist Sue
Sheridan Walker suggests that "written proof obviously was highly regarded and was used where it was at all possible"; Rosenthal states it holds a "privileged position" in the evidence, including not just the written document but a statement swearing it had been so recorded. Finally, the escheator could summon a jury of 12 men, all, by the nature of the proceeding, over 40 years old and knowing the supplicator, to decide the matter. The supplicator would swear his case before them—they were his "supported memories"—at a hearing. It is unknown whether witness depositions were taken individually or collectively, nor is it known whether they were themselves
96:. Likewise, witnesses' evidence was often not recorded, which means that for these we know that they remembered a birth or baptism, but not necessarily why. The mechanism as it was to remain appears to have been codified by the late 14th century. Proofs of Age inquiries, when being held into major landowners and scions of the nobility could involve at its greatest extent hundreds of officials, thousands of jurors, over many counties and multiple jurisdictions being involved.
255:
interaction between neighbours that took place but were not necessarily directly related to the hearing itself. Witnesses may also have been responsible for reporting the news to others, for example, a local lord, especially as they were doubtlessly rewarded for bringing it. This might also apply to those delivering the good news to the baby's father, who would not be with the mother at the birth.
187:, as they had to release the lands. Rosenthal notes, however, that the wardship holder rarely objected to this and was often acquiesced to without comment and without leading to subsequent lawsuits. Indeed, although custodians were invited to the hearing procedurally, they rarely did so, although they may have sent legal representation. It was also possible to take
323:
Rosenthal has argued that Proof of Age testimonies allow historians to hear the voices of that rarely recorded medieval personage, the woman, "on whom so many of those male memories rely": memories that men garnered from their female relatives, midwives and other local woman. There are several Proofs
135:
into chancery; this effectively said, "it is about time". He would usually have his hearing, or inquisition, relatively promptly, possibly less than two months later. If there were no doubt in the matter, the escheator would generally accept the claim. If he doubted his eyes, the escheator might ask
62:
was not a legal requirement, yet knowing when heirs to feudal estates were born was of great importance, as it could impact financially. If a person's father died before they were old enough to inherit, then they could be taken into wardship by the king and his estates into royal escheat. As such,
263:
Although the vast majority of Proof of Age inquisitions went off smoothly, there are occasional anomalies in the records. Some cases are far longer than might be expected. These can sometimes be accounted for by the necessity of performing—possibly multiple—IPMs before an heir can be established.
319:
in Essex. At Walter's Proof of Age hearing one of the witnesses stated he remembered Walter's baptism because he was driving a hay cart the same day when he fell and broke his left arm. This says Hicks, on its merits as evidence, "seemed promising—until, inevitably, other such accidents with hay
254:
Sometimes, witnesses were not themselves present at a baptism but were in the surrounding area, where they might have witnessed the procession to or from the church. They may also recall the recording of the birth rather than the birth itself. Testimonies also provide examples of normal social
246:
were both given as reasons of remembrance. Other historical events might be of a more domestic nature; a fire in one witness's kitchhen was caused by the priest holding his first mass feast there on the day of a birth. Another witness recalled that he had been so badly beaten in school that he
162:. For example, they may be asked not only if they know the age of the litigant but also why they remember. The witnesses would provide their own names and ages and testify with personal experience, to date the birth—and why they remember it—with examples of then-current events. The historian
314:
The proofs occasionally mislead. In some cases, they are characterised by circular reasoning ("I remember
Richard being born because my Isabelle is the same age", for example). Sometimes the testimonies might almost be fictitious, particularly those that are near-identical. These can not be
284:
Proof of Age. Carpenter speculates that "it was apparently again the impending majority of the heir" that provoked the law to take action. The legal delay to an inheritance of someone so close to the king could not have been accidental, she argues and was almost deliberately paused, per
182:
Rosenthal notes that by the 15th century, it was uncommon for such hearings to find against the supplicant; indeed, Walker has suggested that when a witness did oppose a claimed age, they were generally ignored. This had financial consequences for whoever had held the land during his
390:
comprising over 10,000 separate testimonies—from between 1246 and 1432—to analyse the most frequent language. Deller "spent many years producing for
English central and local government stereotypical documents whose purpose was to fulfill or trigger bureaucratic
215:
The escheator's first question to a witness was to establish "how he remembers this after so long a lapse of time". The vast majority of witnesses based their knowledge of the child's birth by the fact of their attendance at the subsequent
229:
or nurse, and even servants, especially to the supplicant's family, such as his nurse. In either case, whether they witnessed the event or not, they connected a baptism with something memorable, either of a personal or natural nature;
224:
service, details of its preparation and anything else of significance. The information may not have always been first-hand; there is evidence of witnessing describing what they had been told, possibly by the family, the
170:
exercise", intended to elicit memory in favour of a would-be heir; it was both a legal mechanism—the hearing itself—and then a written record of the outcome of that mechanism. In the broad context of late medieval
58:
In medieval law, males reached legal adulthood when they were 21, and females at 14; the discrepancy lies in the fact that girls were more likely to marry when wards. This was a period where mandatory
295:. Although apparently uncommon, some supplicants are known to have been wholly fraudulent, although these are generally only known about when they were later charged with "maliciously, through
352:
Due to the paucity of parish record-keeping, juries continued to be used to establish age when necessary until the 19th century. Mandatory registration would not become statutory until the
220:. This almost always took place the day after birth, and at the latest three days later. Witnesses often discussed the birth in detail; not simply place and date, for example, but also the
140:. Witnesses performed a dual role. They both provided the evidence on which the litogant based his claim and adjudged the weight of the evidence and the cases outcome. Although a clear
179:
has described proofs of age as "an indispensable mechanism for succession to land and for the administration and termination of feudal, and especially royal, wardships".
1214:
1173:
Bailey, G.; Bernard, M. E.; Carrier, G.; Elliott, C. L.; Langdon, J.; Leishman, N.; Mlynarz, M.; Mykhed, O.; Sidders, L. (2008). "Coming of Age in
Medieval England".
272:, there were repeated delays to every stage of an inquisition, which indicate now-invisible machinations, says Carpenter. Further up the social strata, although
131:
63:
proving one's age accurately was, according to Sue
Sheridan Walker, "of the utmost legal, social and economic significance" in the efficient working of
1277:
Greilsammer, M. (1991). "The
Midwife, the Priest, and the Physician: The Subjugation of Midwives in the Low Countries at the End of the Middle Ages".
199:
could be paid by those born abroad in respite of proving their age. Proof of Age hearings could also be overturned at a later date, as was that of
365:
Another, although less common, occasion when someone might have to prove their age was to establish whether they were old enough to respond to a
1381:
Marsh, J. (2022). "Gentry
Identity in the Lordship of Cumbria: The County? The Land? The Lordship?". In Boardman, S.; Ditchburn, D. (eds.).
1294:. Studies in Medieval Culture. Vol. XLIV. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. pp. 159–176.
315:
disproven, however, by the nature of being unsubstantiated by evidence. Hicks gives the example of one Walter, son of Thomas Howse of
268:, which would seem to indicate that "sinister motives were at work". For example, in the case of the Sumpter and Armburgh family of
353:
118:
legal process, which would establish whether he should be taken into ward. A supplicant to an inheritance had to apply to the
1428:
1409:
1390:
1354:
1335:
1299:
1246:
1203:
292:
1222:
273:
192:
144:, it never appears to have been viewed an issue. This panel could comprise relatives and neighbours. If the litigant was a
1290:
Haas, L. (2006). "Some
Connections between Parents and in Late Medieval Yorkshire". In Postles, D.; Rosenthal, J. (eds.).
281:
83:
265:
1311:
Communities of the
Hinterland: Social Networks and Geographical Mobility Beyond the Walls of Late Medieval York
277:
1507:
67:. Because there was no requirement to record births in writing, it was necessary to rely on living memory.
17:
333:
1442:. Vol. II: Fiscal Administration. Cambridge, MA.: Mediaeval Academy of America. pp. 100–167.
243:
200:
176:
104:
The purpose of a Proof of Age inquisition was to establish the date of birth and thence the age of a
204:
112:
1347:
The Later
Medieval Inquisitions Post Mortem: Mapping the Medieval Countryside and Rural Society
238:
by which dates are remembered. Historical dates might also aid recollection; the coronation of
1512:
235:
1517:
291:, until no longer possible because the Beaufort estates were in the hands of John's mother
239:
71:
8:
75:
1383:
Kingship, Lordship and Sanctity in Medieval Britain: Essays in Honour of Alexander Grant
383:
1485:
1464:
1443:
1424:
1405:
1386:
1369:
1350:
1331:
1314:
1295:
1265:
1242:
1199:
1182:
149:
137:
93:
59:
1438:
Stevenson, E. R. (1947). "The Escheator". In Morris, W. A.; Strayer, J. R. (eds.).
406:
316:
172:
123:
108:
78:. In the early days, there was no fixed oversight for the hearing, and while the
1256:
Deller, W. S. (2011). "The First Rite of Passage: Baptism in Medieval Memory".
401:
280:, his IPM was not ordered for another seven years—and likewise neither was his
196:
163:
70:
The earliest surviving Proofs of Age date from 1272, either at the very end of
1318:
1269:
1186:
1501:
1489:
1447:
287:
141:
1468:
1440:
The English Government at Work, 1327–1336: Local Administration and Justice
468:
269:
248:
1476:
Walker, S. S. (1973). "Proof of Age of Feudal Heirs in Medieval England".
1373:
207:
IPM—from whom Thomas was inheriting—had misdated his birth in one county.
122:
of his county of birth to prove his age, that is, that he had reached the
1072:
1060:
387:
379:
299:, established a false age". Discovery appears to have been equally rare.
184:
88:
47:
35:
231:
145:
1421:
Social Memory in Late Medieval England: Village Life and Proofs of Age
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
456:
308:
307:
Proof of Age records can provide a valuable source of information to
105:
43:
296:
64:
597:
366:
226:
217:
119:
79:
1292:
Studies on the Personal Name in Later Medieval England and Wales
1089:
1087:
221:
188:
82:
and his staff was holding them from the start, so also was the
1455:
Thomson, J. A. F. (1979). "John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk".
1193:
474:
411:
1084:
643:
1328:
The Fifteenth-century Inquisitions Post Mortem: A Companion
1172:
1078:
1066:
850:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
153:
127:
39:
1366:
The Queen's Wards: Wardship and Marriage Under Elizabeth I
1111:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
975:
840:
838:
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521:
1099:
999:
927:
886:
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689:
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633:
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stated that newborn, unbaptised babies would be stuck in
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1138:
963:
915:
905:
903:
901:
758:
756:
711:
672:
670:
511:
509:
507:
126:. To do this, he, or someone on his behalf, submitted a
1194:
Beggs-Humphreys, M.; Gregor, H.; Humphreys, D. (2006).
1026:
833:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
1402:
The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I
1385:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 160–177.
1345:
Hicks, M. (2016). "Introduction". In Hicks, M. (ed.).
1326:
Hicks, M. (2012). "Introduction". In Hicks, M. (ed.).
1050:
1048:
951:
809:
780:
743:
741:
739:
737:
682:
620:
587:
585:
195:
in 1462, without needing to prove one's age at all. A
1135:
1016:
1014:
939:
898:
821:
768:
753:
699:
667:
655:
570:
504:
1404:. Vol. II. London: Cambridge University Press.
1150:
987:
862:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
492:
427:
1239:
Life Hereafter: The Rise and Decline of a Tradition
1123:
1045:
874:
734:
582:
1349:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–6.
1221:. Mapping the Medieval Countryside. Archived from
1011:
797:
203:in 1427. This was granted on the grounds that his
533:
1499:
1399:
1279:The Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies
614:
191:of one's estates early or, as in the case of
166:has described the event as a "routinized and
1330:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 1–24.
475:Beggs-Humphreys, Gregor & Humphreys 2006
152:, and his witnesses would be examined under
148:of the king, the supplicant would appear in
1276:
981:
157:
1363:
1236:
892:
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728:
693:
649:
637:
527:
515:
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251:the next day, when the birth took place.
99:
1454:
1308:
957:
815:
354:Births and Deaths Registration Act 1836
14:
1500:
1475:
1400:Pollock, F.; Maitland, F. W. (1968) .
1255:
1144:
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1005:
945:
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747:
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564:
498:
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1325:
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1129:
1020:
993:
803:
591:
552:
1289:
880:
302:
24:
1313:(PhD thesis). University of York.
242:and the witness's return from the
25:
1529:
264:There are other occasions, says
1165:
400:This followed the teachings of
394:
386:, created a database and ran a
372:
359:
111:, often as part of the overall
27:Legal process in feudal England
346:
210:
13:
1:
421:
1423:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
1241:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
1219:inquisitionspostmortem.ac.uk
465:, pp. 157–161, 169–170.
324:that are submitted by women
7:
1368:. London: Longmans, Green.
615:Pollock & Maitland 1968
334:Court of Wards and Liveries
327:
258:
34:was a mechanism during the
10:
1534:
74:reign or the beginning of
53:
1419:Rosenthal, J. T. (2018).
1258:Journal of Family History
1196:The Industrial Revolution
1175:Journal of Family History
244:Battle of Stirling Bridge
339:
276:had died in 1418 at the
1364:Hurstfield, J. (1958).
1309:Hamblen, B. J. (2008).
1237:Crittenden, P. (2020).
1198:. Abingdon: Routledge.
274:Henry, Earl of Somerset
1215:"General Introduction"
1213:Carpenter, C. (2023).
414:until released by God.
158:
60:certification of birth
859:, pp. 3, 10 n.5.
382:William S. Deller of
193:John, Duke of Suffolk
100:Proof of Age hearings
84:Court of King's Bench
1508:Feudalism in England
489:, pp. 306, 322.
142:conflict of interest
92:and the peripatetic
38:in England by which
617:, pp. 639–640.
567:, pp. 308–309.
266:Christine Carpenter
201:Thomas, Lord de Ros
42:proved themself of
1108:, p. 316–317.
1096:, p. 25 n.18.
1079:Bailey et al. 2008
1067:Bailey et al. 2008
1008:, p. 321–322.
936:, p. 318–319.
652:, p. 131 n.1.
384:Tatham, Lancashire
297:suborned testimony
282:brother and heir's
1478:Mediaeval Studies
1430:978-3-31969-700-0
1411:978-0-52109-515-0
1392:978-1-78327-716-2
1356:978-1-78327-079-8
1337:978-1-84383-712-1
1301:978-1-58044-025-7
1248:978-3-03054-279-5
1205:978-1-13661-331-9
1120:, pp. 10–11.
530:, p. 24 n.4.
303:Use to historians
132:de etate probanda
16:(Redirected from
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234:is frequently a
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944:
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912:, pp. 3–4.
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899:
893:Crittenden 2020
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463:Hurstfield 1958
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364:
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347:
342:
330:
317:Thorpe-le-Soken
305:
261:
213:
173:inheritance law
159:sub sacramentum
124:age of majority
109:tenant-in-chief
102:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1204:
1191:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1159:, p. 4–5.
1149:
1147:, p. 320.
1134:
1122:
1118:Rosenthal 2018
1110:
1098:
1094:Rosenthal 2018
1083:
1071:
1059:
1044:
1040:Rosenthal 2018
1025:
1010:
998:
996:, p. 161.
986:
984:, p. 290.
974:
972:, p. 137.
970:Stevenson 1947
962:
960:, p. 270.
950:
948:, p. 315.
938:
926:
924:, p. 132.
922:Stevenson 1947
914:
897:
895:, p. 153.
885:
883:, p. 170.
873:
861:
849:
845:Rosenthal 2018
832:
830:, p. 311.
820:
818:, p. 532.
808:
796:
792:Rosenthal 2018
779:
777:, p. 322.
767:
765:, p. 321.
752:
733:
731:, p. 131.
729:Stevenson 1947
710:
708:, p. 314.
698:
694:Rosenthal 2018
681:
679:, p. 316.
666:
664:, p. 313.
654:
650:Stevenson 1947
642:
638:Rosenthal 2018
619:
596:
581:
579:, p. 308.
569:
557:
532:
528:Rosenthal 2018
520:
516:Rosenthal 2018
503:
501:, p. 306.
491:
479:
467:
455:
451:Carpenter 2023
425:
423:
420:
417:
416:
404:, who, in his
402:Thomas Aquinas
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278:Siege of Rouen
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249:left education
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164:Joel Rosenthal
138:cross-examined
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26:
9:
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4:
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1225:on 2023-12-03
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1188:
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1132:, p. 63.
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1107:
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1090:
1088:
1081:, p. 46.
1080:
1075:
1069:, p. 42.
1068:
1063:
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1049:
1042:, p. 11.
1041:
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978:
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906:
904:
902:
894:
889:
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877:
871:, p. 14.
870:
865:
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847:, p. 10.
846:
841:
839:
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594:, p. 16.
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477:, p. 27.
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288:primer seisin
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177:Michael Hicks
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19:
1513:Minimum ages
1481:
1477:
1460:
1456:
1439:
1420:
1401:
1382:
1365:
1346:
1327:
1310:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1261:
1257:
1238:
1227:. Retrieved
1223:the original
1218:
1195:
1178:
1174:
1166:Bibliography
1152:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1074:
1062:
1057:, p. 4.
1023:, p. 5.
1001:
989:
977:
965:
958:Hamblen 2008
953:
941:
929:
917:
888:
876:
864:
852:
823:
816:Thomson 1979
811:
806:, p. 6.
799:
794:, p. 5.
770:
750:, p. 3.
701:
696:, p. 9.
657:
645:
640:, p. 6.
572:
560:
555:, p. 4.
523:
518:, p. 8.
494:
482:
470:
458:
405:
396:
391:operations".
374:
361:
348:
322:
313:
306:
286:
270:Warwickshire
262:
253:
214:
181:
175:, historian
167:
130:
114:
113:Inquisition
103:
87:
69:
57:
32:Proof of Age
31:
29:
18:Proof of age
1518:English law
1484:: 306–323.
1463:: 528–542.
1145:Walker 1973
1106:Walker 1973
1055:Deller 2011
1006:Walker 1973
946:Walker 1973
934:Walker 1973
910:Deller 2011
869:Deller 2011
857:Deller 2011
828:Walker 1973
775:Walker 1973
763:Walker 1973
748:Deller 2011
706:Walker 1973
677:Walker 1973
662:Walker 1973
577:Walker 1973
565:Walker 1973
499:Walker 1973
487:Walker 1973
380:medievalist
211:Testimonies
115:post mortem
94:eyre courts
89:curia regis
72:Henry III's
48:inheritance
36:Middle Ages
1502:Categories
1319:1063451084
1285:: 285–329.
1270:1057924985
1229:2023-12-03
1187:1057924985
1157:Hicks 2016
1130:Hicks 2012
1021:Hicks 2016
994:Marsh 2022
804:Hicks 2012
592:Hicks 2012
553:Hicks 2016
422:References
309:historians
236:touchstone
232:pilgrimage
76:Edward I's
50:purposes.
1490:224541223
1448:847220216
1181:: 41–60.
881:Haas 2006
240:Edward II
205:brother's
168:pro forma
120:escheator
80:escheator
44:legal age
1469:35801878
1457:Speculum
1264:: 3–14.
328:See also
293:Margaret
259:Disputes
222:priest's
185:minority
150:chancery
65:land law
367:lawsuit
227:midwife
218:baptism
54:History
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1374:878081
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1185:
388:corpus
189:seisin
106:feudal
86:, the
412:limbo
340:Notes
40:heirs
1486:OCLC
1465:OCLC
1444:OCLC
1425:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1370:OCLC
1351:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1315:OCLC
1296:ISBN
1266:OCLC
1243:ISBN
1200:ISBN
1183:OCLC
378:The
197:fine
154:oath
146:ward
128:writ
46:for
1461:LIV
1504::
1482:35
1480:.
1459:.
1283:21
1281:.
1262:36
1260:.
1217:.
1179:33
1177:.
1137:^
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713:^
684:^
669:^
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584:^
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506:^
429:^
156::
30:A
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20:)
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