504:
teeth get progressively lower and anteroposteriorly longer from front to back. The buccal surface of each post-canine is smooth. The teeth are also slightly angled so that the posterior of one tooth contacts the anterior of the next. The posterior accessory cusps of teeth 2 and 3 curve upwards towards the top of the tooth. The 4th tooth shows posterior accessory cusps as well as at least one cusp mesial to the main cusp. The 5th tooth only shows one posterior accessory cusp, but the lack of other accessory cusps is “probably due to wear.” The 6th tooth on to the 9th tooth have multiple posterior accessory cusps as well as at least one mesial cusp.
2047:
2052:
119:
140:
3657:
3862:
2763:
2757:
2751:
3652:
503:
however the number and placement of the accessory cusps are unique. The upper post-canines are poorly preserved, but the teeth that are well-enough preserved to see accessory cusps have at least one posterior to the main recurved cusp each. The bottom post-canines are extremely well preserved. The
891:
crossed the extinction boundary. Cynodonts may have been able to survive the mass extinction due to their burrowing behavior, as perhaps living mostly underground would have pre-conditioned these burrowers to the high levels of carbon dioxide and low levels of oxygen present during the extinction
487:
are long and thin, with a circular cross-section. The lower incisors are shorter than their upper counterparts. The incisors have an oval cross-section and longitudinal striations. Their upper canine’s edges are preserved well enough to conclude they lack serration, but the lower canines are not
860:
have been found in burrows of their own making. Burrowing probably helped
Triassic cynodonts to avoid harsh above-ground conditions shortly after the Permian-Triassic extinction event. Early cynodonts have even been found in burrows with other taxa, indicating they may have cohabitated
405:
The maxilla forms a good portion of the side of the face and is dotted with small foramina, mostly above the canines. These foramina likely housed nerves, and were perhaps associated with whiskers. The nasal is also dotted with tiny foramina.
401:
The orbit faces anteriorly and is formed by the lacrimal, prefrontal, jugal, and post orbital. The post orbital notably has a deeply forked posterior margin. This characteristic is seen in some other basal cynodonts, but is widely variable.
397:
has remarkably large nares compared to other early cynodonts. The nares are formed externally by the premaxilla, the maxilla, and the nasal. The septomaxilla resides inside the nares, on top of the junction between maxilla and premaxilla.
872:, or fossilized feces, of cynodonts have also been found and can be used to investigate their diet. One coprolite of a 240 million year old cynodont even preserved parasitic nematode eggs, the earliest evidence of pinworms ever found.
899:
period was one of the hottest in the history of the Earth, however the climate in the areas cynodonts have been discovered was more temperate. There were high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In the Karoo Basin, where
1172:
Benoit, Julien; Abdala, Fernando; Van den Brandt, Marc J.; Manger, Paul R.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2015-11-04). "Physiological implications of the abnormal absence of the parietal foramen in a late
Permian cynodont (Therapsida)".
846:
have been found with litters far larger than modern mammals. Early cynodonts have also been preserved with juveniles, suggesting they provided parental care to their young after birth or hatching.
328:
The name “Progalesaurus” is derived from Greek, “pro” meaning before, “gale” meaning weasel or cat, and “saurus” meaning lizard or reptile (Sidor and Smith). The name refers to the relationship
364:
has been found as of yet, Sidor and Smith's findings have been included in many papers on the
Permian-Triassic extinction event, cynodont diversity, and the paleoenvironment of South Africa.
1428:
Hugot, Jean-Pierre; Gardner, Scott L; Borba, Victor; Araujo, Priscilla; Leles, Daniela; Stock Da-Rosa, Átila
Augusto; Dutra, Juliana; Ferreira, Luiz Fernando; Araújo, Adauto (2014-11-13).
1393:
ABDALA, F.; CISNEROS, J. C.; SMITH, R. M.H. (2006-10-01). "Faunal
Aggregation in the Early Triassic Karoo Basin: Earliest Evidence of Shelter-Sharing Behavior Among Tetrapods?".
1037:
Smith, Roger; Botha, Jennifer (September 2005). "The recovery of terrestrial vertebrate diversity in the South
African Karoo Basin after the end-Permian extinction".
346:
was originally discovered by Roger M. H. Smith in 1998. The specimen was found in the
Sneeuberg mountains near New Lootsberg Pass in the Karoo Basin of South Africa.
1299:
Smith, Roger; Botha, Jennifer (2005-09-01). "The recovery of terrestrial vertebrate diversity in the South
African Karoo Basin after the end-Permian extinction".
911:
was accompanied by "survivor fauna," and "recovery fauna." A few examples of (vertebrate) survivor fauna, creatures that crossed the extinction boundary, include
1077:
Abdala, Fernando; Ribeiro, Ana Maria (February 2010). "Distribution and diversity patterns of
Triassic cynodonts (Therapsida, Cynodontia) in Gondwana".
2358:
3386:
2820:
3788:
3010:
3955:
3416:
2970:
1876:
3698:
3485:
2870:
2338:
2318:
1756:
1430:"Discovery of a 240 million year old nematode parasite egg in a cynodont coprolite sheds light on the early origin of pinworms in vertebrates"
3798:
3550:
3522:
3455:
3250:
3148:
3111:
2950:
2920:
1886:
1736:
412:
has a parietal foramen, which is used for light sensing in extant taxa. Posterior to the parietal foramen the parietals are fused, forming a
3758:
3478:
3470:
2451:
2198:
3593:
3708:
3257:
3118:
1251:
Hoffman, Eva A.; Rowe, Timothy B. (2018-08-29). "Jurassic stem-mammal perinates and the origin of mammalian reproduction and growth".
379:
measuring 9.35 cm in length. It likely closely resembled its early cynodont relatives, walking on four legs and covered in fur.
3942:
3718:
3515:
1525:
488:
still sharp enough to make any conclusions about their serration. The lower canines are slightly longer than the upper canines.
4039:
4034:
884:
322:
2046:
1552:
441:. Under this arch, in posterior view, lies a foramen associated with the outer ear tube. Compared to cynognathians such as
1573:
1487:
Retallack, G.J. (2004). "Vertebrate extinction across
Permian-Triassic boundary in Karoo Basin, South Africa: Reply".
4019:
2051:
1336:"Aggregations and parental care in the Early Triassic basal cynodonts Galesaurus planiceps and Thrinaxodon liorhinus"
4029:
1216:
Rubidge, Bruce S.; Sidor, Christian A. (November 2001). "Evolutionary Patterns Among Permo-Triassic Therapsids".
4024:
295:
3656:
139:
520:
and the left atlantal neural spine were recovered. Each of these elements closely resemble those of
1545:
3920:
3728:
2762:
3986:
3882:
2750:
3960:
2756:
3981:
3973:
1229:
887:
in what is modern South Africa. Other cynodonts and potentially even other galesaurids, like
3651:
4014:
3929:
1998:
904:
was discovered, there is evidence to suggest the area was a moderately damp open woodland.
8:
1538:
4009:
3865:
1643:
1464:
1429:
1370:
1335:
1149:
1116:
956:
134:
3968:
3631:
3431:
2412:
2212:
1770:
1504:
1469:
1451:
1410:
1375:
1357:
1316:
1276:
1268:
1233:
1198:
1190:
1154:
1136:
1094:
1054:
1016:
1011:
994:
302:
1117:"Palaeoneurological clues to the evolution of defining mammalian soft tissue traits"
3095:
2531:
2442:
2378:
2167:
1496:
1459:
1441:
1402:
1365:
1347:
1308:
1260:
1225:
1182:
1144:
1128:
1086:
1046:
1006:
995:"A new galesaurid (Therapsida: Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa"
938:
892:
event. Cynodont diversity increased relatively rapidly after the extinction event.
460:
356:
A New Galesaurid (Therapsida: Cynodontia) From the Lower Triassic of South Africa.”
3778:
2689:
2575:
2458:
2281:
2228:
2082:
2069:
2010:
1896:
1807:
1786:
1090:
928:
842:
772:
731:
351:
3905:
3829:
3824:
3685:
3564:
3463:
3401:
3125:
2910:
2793:
2780:
2714:
2626:
2591:
2505:
2388:
2265:
1612:
1406:
1312:
1050:
438:
413:
1446:
1264:
1186:
118:
4003:
3834:
3576:
3536:
3344:
3330:
3323:
3279:
3222:
3139:
2980:
2940:
2850:
2675:
2521:
2428:
2298:
2113:
1839:
1816:
1508:
1455:
1414:
1361:
1320:
1272:
1237:
1194:
1140:
1098:
1058:
1020:
943:
621:
599:
535:
69:
3839:
3815:
3810:
3500:
3442:
3308:
3294:
3215:
3201:
3171:
2990:
2880:
2830:
2696:
2612:
2584:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2421:
2242:
2143:
2103:
1973:
1957:
1930:
1473:
1379:
1280:
1202:
1158:
921:
917:
913:
744:
276:
249:
223:
3914:
3586:
3543:
3492:
3424:
3394:
3351:
3337:
3315:
3264:
3208:
3178:
3163:
3071:
3040:
3020:
2960:
2930:
2900:
2890:
2810:
2668:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2619:
2605:
2598:
2551:
2494:
2368:
2328:
2221:
2183:
2153:
1987:
1906:
757:
707:
443:
432:
44:
864:
Based on tooth shape, paleontologists believe that early cynodonts like
3947:
3408:
3378:
3365:
3301:
3272:
3243:
3229:
3104:
3051:
3030:
2840:
2703:
2682:
2661:
2541:
2486:
2308:
2258:
2251:
2190:
2123:
1939:
1866:
1856:
1793:
1746:
1705:
1692:
1655:
1603:
1561:
1526:
The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
1352:
659:
635:
561:
449:
392:
317:
311:
210:
197:
89:
54:
1132:
546:. Cynodonts are therapsids, which in turn belong to the greater group
3507:
3192:
3081:
3061:
3000:
2398:
2348:
1916:
1779:
1628:
1594:
1500:
869:
547:
184:
151:
94:
38:
3876:
3899:
3768:
3738:
3600:
3557:
3529:
3286:
3155:
2860:
2633:
2561:
1585:
896:
543:
512:
Very little post-cranial skeleton is preserved in the holotype for
491:
The post-canine teeth are, as of now, the most distinct feature of
376:
375:
was a relatively small mammal-like creature, with the skull of its
283:
279:
171:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
3934:
3748:
3236:
2176:
2133:
1823:
551:
517:
484:
325:, and disappeared from the fossil record in the Middle-Triassic.
99:
74:
1171:
3620:
1726:
1579:
582:
161:
30:
1530:
463:, which serves to separate the airway from food-processing.
840:
likely had large litters, as more derived cynodonts like
1115:
Benoit, J.; Manger, P. R.; Rubidge, B. S. (2016-05-09).
1427:
483:
has a dental formula of I4/3, C1/1, PC7?/9. The upper
479:
with its teeth setting it apart from other cynodonts.
3794:
3784:
3774:
3764:
3754:
3744:
3734:
3724:
3714:
3704:
3694:
3362:
3189:
3136:
3092:
3077:
3067:
3057:
3047:
3036:
3026:
3016:
3006:
2996:
2986:
2976:
2966:
2956:
2946:
2936:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2886:
2876:
2866:
2856:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2806:
2572:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2527:
2517:
2439:
2409:
2394:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2294:
2239:
2209:
2164:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2109:
2099:
1984:
1969:
1927:
1912:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1852:
1804:
1767:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1722:
993:
Sidor, Christian A.; Smith, Roger M. H. (May 2004).
1392:
1114:
416:. The crest narrows posterior to the foramen like
1079:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4001:
933:Recovery fauna include small amphibians such as
1334:Jasinoski, Sandra C.; Abdala, Fernando (2017).
1333:
2080:
852:likely burrowed, as closely related taxa like
354:and Roger M. H. Smith in their paper titled, “
2791:
1546:
1076:
290:is known from a single fossil of the species
1215:
1250:
1553:
1539:
1298:
1036:
992:
117:
1703:
1486:
1463:
1445:
1369:
1351:
1148:
1010:
1627:
1230:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114113
1218:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1110:
1108:
534:is a galesaurid, belonging to the clade
507:
338:
907:In the early Triassic of South Africa,
321:. Galesaurids appeared just before the
4002:
1489:Geological Society of America Bulletin
883:lived very soon after the devastating
3881:
3880:
3672:
2778:
2067:
1690:
1572:
1534:
1105:
453:, the foramen is relatively shallow.
1294:
1292:
1290:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1032:
1030:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
941:, and some archosauromorphs such as
2068:
875:
495:. The recurved main cusp resembles
420:and unlike more derived cynodonts.
13:
2779:
868:were insectivores and carnivores.
14:
4051:
1519:
1287:
1065:
1027:
969:
885:Permian-Triassic extinction event
526:
323:Permian-Triassic extinction event
3861:
3860:
3655:
3650:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2050:
2045:
1012:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00378.x
138:
42:
1480:
1421:
1386:
831:
350:was first described in 2004 by
1691:
1560:
1327:
1244:
1209:
1165:
367:
360:Although no other specimen of
129:dentary in right lateral view
1:
4040:Taxa named by Christian Sidor
4035:Fossil taxa described in 2004
962:
542:belongs to the greater clade
459:does not have a fully-formed
3673:
1091:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.011
466:
292:Progalesaurus lootsbergensis
7:
950:
475:is very similar to that of
309:other galesaurids, include
258:Progalesaurus lootbergensis
10:
4056:
1407:10.2110/palo.2005.p06-001r
1313:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.07.005
1051:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.07.005
418:Galesaurus and Cynosaurus,
16:Extinct genus of cynodonts
3889:
3856:
3809:
3683:
3679:
3668:
3648:
3618:
3575:
3450:
3441:
3373:
3361:
3188:
3135:
3091:
2802:
2787:
2774:
2747:
2713:
2571:
2513:
2504:
2438:
2408:
2290:
2279:
2238:
2208:
2163:
2095:
2091:
2076:
2063:
2043:
2009:
1983:
1965:
1956:
1926:
1848:
1837:
1803:
1766:
1718:
1714:
1699:
1686:
1654:
1636:
1623:
1568:
1447:10.1186/s13071-014-0486-6
1265:10.1038/s41586-018-0441-3
1187:10.1007/s00114-015-1321-4
770:
755:
748:
728:
721:
704:
697:
673:
656:
649:
632:
625:
596:
579:
572:
565:
255:
248:
135:Scientific classification
133:
125:
116:
23:
4020:Early Triassic synapsids
382:
332:has to the more derived
4030:Fossils of South Africa
1434:Parasites & Vectors
550:, and the even broader
497:Galesaurus, Cynosaurus,
428:Galesaurus, Cynosaurus,
275:is an extinct genus of
263:Sidor & Smith, 2004
243:Sidor & Smith, 2004
1301:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1039:Comptes Rendus Palevol
4025:Triassic South Africa
3982:Paleobiology Database
1175:The Science of Nature
836:Early cynodonts like
538:. As an epicynodont,
508:Post-cranial skeleton
339:Discovery and history
305:. Close relatives of
861:interspecifically.
1353:10.7717/peerj.2875
1121:Scientific Reports
957:List of therapsids
937:Galesaurids, some
437:possesses a large
352:Christian A. Sidor
37:252.17–251.2
3997:
3996:
3969:Open Tree of Life
3883:Taxon identifiers
3874:
3873:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3664:
3663:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
2770:
2769:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2413:Prozostrodontidae
2275:
2274:
2213:Probainognathidae
2059:
2058:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
1833:
1832:
1771:Charassognathidae
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1259:(7721): 104–108.
1133:10.1038/srep25604
828:
827:
819:
818:
810:
809:
801:
800:
792:
791:
783:
782:
686:
685:
611:
610:
303:Balfour Formation
268:
267:
244:
4047:
3990:
3989:
3977:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3951:
3950:
3938:
3937:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3878:
3877:
3864:
3863:
3796:
3786:
3776:
3766:
3756:
3746:
3736:
3726:
3716:
3706:
3696:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3654:
3448:
3447:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3191:
3138:
3096:Kuehneotheriidae
3094:
3079:
3069:
3059:
3049:
3038:
3028:
3018:
3008:
2998:
2988:
2978:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2938:
2928:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2888:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2574:
2559:
2549:
2539:
2532:Botucaraitherium
2529:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2443:Tritheledontidae
2441:
2411:
2396:
2386:
2379:Santacruzgnathus
2376:
2366:
2359:Pseudotriconodon
2356:
2346:
2336:
2326:
2316:
2306:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2241:
2211:
2168:Chiniquodontidae
2166:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2049:
1986:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1929:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1806:
1769:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1688:
1687:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1570:
1569:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1513:
1512:
1501:10.1130/b25614.1
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1449:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1355:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1296:
1285:
1284:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1085:(3–4): 202–217.
1074:
1063:
1062:
1045:(6–7): 623–636.
1034:
1025:
1024:
1014:
990:
876:Paleoenvironment
751:
750:
724:
723:
700:
699:
652:
651:
628:
627:
575:
574:
568:
567:
558:
557:
471:The mandible of
461:secondary palate
242:
235:
222:
143:
142:
121:
111:
41:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3985:
3980:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3941:
3933:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3885:
3875:
3870:
3844:
3814:
3805:
3779:Panchetocynodon
3675:
3660:
3638:
3606:
3571:
3437:
3387:Hypsiprymnopsis
3357:
3184:
3131:
3087:
2821:Brachyzostrodon
2796:
2783:
2766:
2729:
2709:
2690:Xenocretosuchus
2576:Tritylodontidae
2567:
2500:
2459:Diarthrognathus
2434:
2404:
2284:
2282:Prozostrodontia
2271:
2234:
2229:Probainognathus
2204:
2159:
2085:
2083:Probainognathia
2072:
2070:Probainognathia
2055:
2025:
2011:Probainognathia
2005:
1979:
1952:
1922:
1897:Platycraniellus
1842:
1829:
1808:Procynosuchidae
1799:
1787:Charassognathus
1762:
1708:
1695:
1670:
1650:
1619:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1559:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1485:
1481:
1426:
1422:
1391:
1387:
1332:
1328:
1297:
1288:
1249:
1245:
1214:
1210:
1170:
1166:
1113:
1106:
1075:
1066:
1035:
1028:
991:
970:
965:
953:
939:procolophonoids
929:Ictidosuchoides
878:
834:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
784:
773:Probainognathia
732:Platycraniellus
687:
612:
529:
516:Only the right
510:
469:
385:
370:
341:
299:Assemblage Zone
294:, found in the
282:from the early
264:
261:
241:
233:
220:
137:
112:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4053:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3978:
3965:
3952:
3939:
3926:
3911:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3830:Morganucodonta
3827:
3825:Dromatheriidae
3821:
3819:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3792:
3789:Redondagnathus
3782:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3742:
3732:
3722:
3712:
3702:
3691:
3689:
3686:Incertae sedis
3677:
3676:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3625:
3623:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3580:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:Gondwanatheria
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3467:
3464:Arboroharamiya
3460:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3402:Kalaallitkigun
3398:
3391:
3383:
3374:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3126:Kuehneotherium
3122:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3065:
3055:
3045:
3034:
3024:
3014:
3011:Paikasigudodon
3004:
2994:
2984:
2974:
2964:
2954:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2911:Erythrotherium
2904:
2894:
2884:
2874:
2864:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2824:
2814:
2803:
2797:
2794:Mammaliaformes
2792:
2785:
2784:
2781:Mammaliaformes
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2715:Mammaliaformes
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2627:Kayentatherium
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2592:Bienotheroides
2588:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2535:
2525:
2514:
2508:
2506:Mammaliamorpha
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2389:Therioherpeton
2382:
2372:
2362:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2322:
2312:
2302:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2266:Trucidocynodon
2262:
2255:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2127:
2117:
2107:
2096:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1900:
1890:
1880:
1870:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1719:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1637:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1613:Eutheriodontia
1606:
1597:
1588:
1582:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1520:External links
1518:
1515:
1514:
1479:
1420:
1401:(5): 507–512.
1385:
1326:
1307:(6): 623–636.
1286:
1243:
1224:(1): 449–480.
1208:
1164:
1104:
1064:
1026:
1005:(3): 535–556.
967:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
952:
949:
877:
874:
833:
830:
826:
825:
822:
821:
817:
816:
813:
812:
808:
807:
804:
803:
799:
798:
795:
794:
790:
789:
786:
785:
781:
780:
777:
776:
769:
766:
765:
762:
761:
754:
749:
747:
741:
740:
737:
736:
727:
722:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
703:
698:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
684:
683:
680:
679:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
655:
650:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
631:
626:
624:
618:
617:
614:
613:
609:
608:
605:
604:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
578:
573:
571:
566:
564:
556:
528:
527:Classification
525:
514:Progalesaurus.
509:
506:
468:
465:
439:zygomatic arch
414:sagittal crest
388:Progalesaurus,
384:
381:
369:
366:
340:
337:
307:Progalesaurus,
266:
265:
262:
253:
252:
246:
245:
231:
227:
226:
218:
214:
213:
208:
201:
200:
195:
188:
187:
182:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
131:
130:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4052:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3921:Progalesaurus
3916:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3891:Progalesaurus
3888:
3884:
3879:
3867:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Symmetrodonta
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3667:
3658:
3653:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:Hahnodontidae
3574:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3537:Sineleutherus
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3345:Tashkumyrodon
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3331:Sibirotherium
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:Peraiocynodon
3321:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3280:Hutegotherium
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3223:Cyrtlatherium
3220:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3140:Shuotheriidae
3134:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2981:Megazostrodon
2975:
2973:
2972:
2971:Indozostrodon
2965:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2941:Hallautherium
2935:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:Cifellilestes
2845:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2676:Stereognathus
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2522:Adelobasileus
2516:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2429:Pseudotherium
2426:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:Alemoatherium
2293:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2114:Candelariodon
2108:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2048:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1947:Progalesaurus
1944:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1877:Nanictosaurus
1871:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:Epicynodontia
1836:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1817:Procynosuchus
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:(11–12): 69.
1180:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:Palaeontology
996:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
968:
958:
955:
954:
948:
946:
945:
944:Proterosuchus
940:
936:
932:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
910:
909:Progalesaurus
905:
903:
902:Progalesaurus
898:
893:
890:
886:
882:
881:Progalesaurus
873:
871:
867:
866:Progalesaurus
862:
859:
855:
851:
850:Progalesaurus
847:
845:
844:
843:Tritylodontid
839:
838:Progalesaurus
824:
823:
815:
814:
806:
805:
797:
796:
788:
787:
779:
778:
775:
774:
768:
767:
764:
763:
760:
759:
753:
752:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
735:
734:
733:
726:
725:
719:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
709:
702:
701:
695:
694:
691:
690:
682:
681:
678:
677:
676:Progalesaurus
671:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
661:
654:
653:
647:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
637:
630:
629:
623:
622:Epicynodontia
620:
619:
616:
615:
607:
606:
603:
602:
601:
600:Procynosuchus
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
584:
577:
576:
570:
569:
563:
560:
559:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:Progalesaurus
537:
536:Epicynodontia
533:
532:Progalesaurus
524:
523:
519:
515:
505:
502:
501:Probelesodon,
498:
494:
493:Progalesaurus
489:
486:
482:
481:Progalesaurus
478:
474:
473:Progalesaurus
464:
462:
458:
457:Progalesaurus
454:
452:
451:
446:
445:
440:
436:
434:
429:
425:
424:Progalesaurus
421:
419:
415:
411:
410:Progalesaurus
407:
403:
399:
396:
394:
389:
380:
378:
374:
373:Progalesaurus
365:
363:
362:Progalesaurus
358:
357:
353:
349:
348:Progalesaurus
345:
344:Progalesaurus
336:
335:
331:
330:Progalesaurus
326:
324:
320:
319:
314:
313:
308:
304:
300:
298:
293:
289:
288:Progalesaurus
285:
281:
278:
274:
273:
272:Progalesaurus
260:
259:
254:
251:
247:
240:
239:
238:Progalesaurus
232:
229:
228:
225:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
132:
128:
127:Progalesaurus
124:
120:
115:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
32:
26:
25:Progalesaurus
22:
19:
3890:
3840:Triconodonta
3816:Polyphyletic
3811:Paraphyletic
3797:
3787:
3777:
3767:
3757:
3747:
3737:
3727:
3717:
3707:
3699:Cistecynodon
3697:
3684:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3501:Maiopatagium
3499:
3491:
3486:Cryoharamiya
3484:
3477:
3469:
3462:
3454:
3443:Euharamiyida
3430:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3309:Microdocodon
3307:
3300:
3295:Khorotherium
3293:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3216:Castorocauda
3214:
3207:
3202:Agilodocodon
3200:
3177:
3172:Pseudotribos
3170:
3162:
3154:
3147:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3080:
3070:
3060:
3050:
3039:
3029:
3019:
3009:
2999:
2991:Morganucodon
2989:
2979:
2969:
2959:
2949:
2939:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2899:
2889:
2881:Dinnetherium
2879:
2871:Dianoconodon
2869:
2859:
2849:
2839:
2831:Bridetherium
2829:
2819:
2809:
2754:
2702:
2697:Yuanotherium
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2613:Dinnebitodon
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2585:Bienotherium
2583:
2560:
2550:
2540:
2530:
2520:
2493:
2485:
2480:Pachygenelus
2478:
2473:Irajatherium
2471:
2466:Elliotherium
2464:
2457:
2450:
2427:
2422:Prozostrodon
2420:
2397:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2339:Microconodon
2337:
2327:
2319:Dromatherium
2317:
2307:
2297:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:Ecteniniidae
2227:
2220:
2197:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2152:
2144:Protheriodon
2142:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2104:Agudotherium
2102:
1974:Kataigidodon
1972:
1958:Eucynodontia
1946:
1945:
1938:
1931:Galesauridae
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1822:
1815:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1757:Uralocynodon
1755:
1745:
1735:
1725:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1304:
1300:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1127:(1): 25604.
1124:
1120:
1082:
1078:
1042:
1038:
1002:
998:
942:
935:Micropholis,
934:
927:
922:Moschorhinus
918:Tetracynodon
914:Lystrosaurus
912:
908:
906:
901:
894:
888:
880:
879:
865:
863:
857:
853:
849:
848:
841:
837:
835:
832:Paleobiology
771:
756:
745:Eucynodontia
730:
729:
706:
705:
675:
674:
658:
657:
634:
633:
598:
597:
581:
580:
539:
531:
530:
522:Thrinaxodon.
521:
513:
511:
500:
496:
492:
490:
480:
476:
472:
470:
456:
455:
448:
442:
431:
427:
423:
422:
417:
409:
408:
404:
400:
391:
387:
386:
372:
371:
361:
359:
355:
347:
343:
342:
333:
329:
327:
316:
310:
306:
297:Lystrosaurus
296:
291:
287:
271:
270:
269:
257:
256:
250:Type species
237:
236:
224:Galesauridae
204:
191:
178:
126:
24:
18:
4015:Induan life
3915:Wikispecies
3799:Saurodesmus
3587:Cifelliodon
3551:Woodeatonia
3544:Vilevolodon
3523:Sharypovoia
3493:Kermackodon
3456:Allostaffia
3425:Theroteinus
3395:Haramiyavia
3352:Tegotherium
3338:Simpsonodon
3316:Paritatodon
3265:Gondtherium
3251:Dsungarodon
3209:Borealestes
3179:Shuotherium
3164:Paritatodon
3149:Feredocodon
3112:Kotatherium
3072:Wareolestes
3041:Sinoconodon
3021:Purbeckodon
2961:Indotherium
2951:Helvetiodon
2931:Hadrocodium
2921:Gondwanadon
2901:Eozostrodon
2891:Dyskritodon
2811:Bocaconodon
2669:Shartegodon
2655:Oligokyphus
2648:Nuurtherium
2641:Montirictus
2620:Fossiomanus
2606:Dianzhongia
2599:Bocatherium
2552:Sinoconodon
2495:Tritheledon
2369:Rewaconodon
2329:Inditherium
2222:Bonacynodon
2184:Chiniquodon
2154:Tessellatia
1999:Cynognathia
1988:Cynognathia
1907:Thrinaxodon
1887:Nythosaurus
1737:Nanocynodon
1495:(9): 1295.
889:Cynosaurus,
854:Thrinaxodon
758:Cynognathia
708:Thrinaxodon
477:Galesaurus,
444:Cynognathus
433:Thrinaxodon
368:Description
334:Galesaurus.
4004:Categories
3759:Meurthodon
3479:Butlerodon
3471:Baidabatyr
3409:Kollikodon
3379:Avashishta
3366:Haramiyida
3302:Krusatodon
3273:Haldanodon
3244:Docofossor
3230:Dobunnodon
3105:Fluctuodon
3052:Storchodon
3031:Rosierodon
2841:Cherwellia
2724:see below↓
2704:Yunnanodon
2683:Tritylodon
2662:Polistodon
2542:Brasilodon
2487:Riograndia
2452:Chaliminia
2309:Deccanodon
2259:Ecteninion
2252:Diegocanis
2199:Riojanodon
2191:Cromptodon
2124:Charruodon
2020:see below↓
1940:Galesaurus
1867:Cynosaurus
1857:Bolotridon
1794:Nshimbodon
1747:Madysaurus
1706:Cynodontia
1693:Cynodontia
1665:see below↓
1656:Cynodontia
1604:Therapsida
1562:Cynodontia
1440:(1): 486.
963:References
895:The early
870:Coprolites
858:Galesaurus
660:Galesaurus
636:Cynosaurus
562:Cynodontia
544:Cynodontia
450:Diademodon
393:Galesaurus
318:Cynosaurus
312:Galesaurus
277:galesaurid
211:Cynodontia
198:Therapsida
4010:Cynodonts
3594:Denisodon
3508:Megaconus
3193:Docodonta
3082:Woutersia
3062:Stylidens
3001:Paceyodon
2399:Tricuspes
2349:Polonodon
1917:Vetusodon
1780:Abdalodon
1644:Synapsida
1629:Synapsida
1595:Synapsida
1578:Kingdom:
1509:0016-7606
1456:1756-3305
1415:0883-1351
1362:2167-8359
1346:: e2875.
1321:1631-0683
1273:0028-0836
1238:0066-4162
1195:0028-1042
1141:2045-2322
1099:0031-0182
1059:1631-0683
1021:0031-0239
548:Synapsida
467:Dentition
185:Synapsida
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
3935:24177067
3906:Q2122571
3900:Wikidata
3866:Category
3769:Mitredon
3739:Kunminia
3729:"Hahnia"
3709:Eoraetia
3674:See also
3632:Mammalia
3621:Mammalia
3601:Hahnodon
3558:Xianshou
3530:Shenshou
3432:Thomasia
3287:Itatodon
3258:Ergetiis
3156:Itatodon
3119:Kuehneon
2861:Delsatia
2634:Lufengia
2562:Tikiodon
1586:Chordata
1584:Phylum:
1580:Animalia
1474:25495824
1380:28097072
1281:30158701
1203:26538062
1159:27157809
951:See also
897:Triassic
485:incisors
377:holotype
284:Triassic
280:cynodont
217:Family:
172:Chordata
168:Phylum:
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
3974:4127889
3961:1171785
3948:4817626
3749:Lepagia
3237:Docodon
2177:Aleodon
2134:Lumkuia
1824:Sludica
1465:4236488
1395:PALAIOS
1371:5228509
1150:4860582
552:Amniota
518:scapula
426:, like
301:of the
230:Genus:
106:↓
3987:171915
3818:groups
3719:Gaumia
3619:Crown-
3516:Qishou
1727:Dvinia
1507:
1472:
1462:
1454:
1413:
1378:
1368:
1360:
1319:
1279:
1271:
1253:Nature
1236:
1201:
1193:
1157:
1147:
1139:
1097:
1057:
1019:
583:Dvinia
31:Induan
3956:IRMNG
1609:Clade
1600:Clade
1591:Clade
1340:PeerJ
390:like
383:Skull
205:Clade
192:Clade
179:Clade
3943:GBIF
3630:see
3417:Mojo
1997:see
1642:see
1505:ISSN
1470:PMID
1452:ISSN
1411:ISSN
1376:PMID
1358:ISSN
1317:ISSN
1277:PMID
1269:ISSN
1234:ISSN
1199:PMID
1191:ISSN
1155:PMID
1137:ISSN
1095:ISSN
1055:ISSN
1017:ISSN
926:and
856:and
499:and
430:and
315:and
45:PreꞒ
3930:EoL
1497:doi
1493:116
1460:PMC
1442:doi
1403:doi
1366:PMC
1348:doi
1309:doi
1261:doi
1257:561
1226:doi
1183:doi
1179:102
1145:PMC
1129:doi
1087:doi
1083:286
1047:doi
1007:doi
447:or
4006::
3984::
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3932::
3917::
3902::
1611::
1602::
1593::
1503:.
1491:.
1468:.
1458:.
1450:.
1436:.
1432:.
1409:.
1399:21
1397:.
1374:.
1364:.
1356:.
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1315:.
1303:.
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1222:32
1220:.
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1177:.
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1143:.
1135:.
1123:.
1119:.
1107:^
1093:.
1081:.
1067:^
1053:.
1041:.
1029:^
1015:.
1003:47
1001:.
997:.
971:^
947:.
920:,
916:,
554:.
286:.
207::
194::
181::
95:Pg
39:Ma
3813:/
3802:?
3795:†
3785:†
3775:†
3765:†
3755:†
3745:†
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3725:†
3715:†
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3007:†
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100:N
90:K
85:J
80:T
75:P
70:C
65:D
60:S
55:O
50:Ꞓ
34:~
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