236:"they...set up wooden figures of Xiang Yu and Liu Bang participating in the banquet at Goose Gate. The show lasted quite some time." This performance was part of a funeral procession during the Dali reign (766–779) as the coffin of the deceased was being carried on the streets to his tomb site. The main funerary ritual had taken place at the house of the deceased, and now the mourners were walking in the funeral procession, along with a troupe of performers. The latter performance of this celebrated episode of the feast at the Goose Gate (Hongmen) from the Three Kingdoms saga was preceded by the enactment of a combat scene between two celebrated soldiers in history that was performed alongside the procession.
370:
While crawling, the mourner says with anguish the name of the person. This is symbolic of daughters running home from their families in an effort to see the body. Next, a eulogy is performed in loud, sobbing fashion and backed up by dramatic instrumental tunes, driving the attendees to tears. One of the common lines used during these eulogies are "Why did you leave us so soon? The earth is covered in a black veil for you. The rivers and streams are crying to tell your story – that of an honest man...I shed tears for your children and grandchildren. We’re so sorry we could not keep you here"
223:
two goddesses, for example the portrayer's body had to be shaved completely, they had to be childless, and they had to have the names of Isis or
Nephthys tattooed on their shoulders for identification. Evidence of professional mourning is seen in Ancient Egypt through different pyramid and tomb inscriptions. Different inscriptions show women next to tombs holding their bodies in ways that show sorrow, such as "hands holding the backs of their necks, crossing their arms on their chests, kneeling and/or bending their bodies forwards".
36:
135:
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reminiscing about the deceased. A funeral dirge is also performed by the mourners in which prayers are offered in the form of song or poetry. One of the teachings of
Muhammad was that the sound of wailing woman was forbidden, but modern Egyptian culture does not heed to this part of the Quran as the wailing and mourners follow the body to the graveyard. All of this occurs within the same day, or if the deceased were to pass away in the night, the following day.
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acceptable for women to express grief, and expressing grief is important when it comes to mourning a body in terms of religion. Also, in a world full of jobs solely made for men, it gave women a sense of pride that they were actually able to earn money in some way. Mourners were also seen as a sign of wealth. The more wailers or mourners that followed a casket around, the more respected the deceased was in society.
276:
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By the 16th-17th century, in areas throughout France and
Britain, this evolved into what became a man's profession, and had more intention of alerting of a death so others could mourn rather than mourning for the public. When a person of distinction passed, a "Death Crier" or "Death Watch" would walk
222:
Isis and
Nephthys were both Egyptian goddesses who were believed to play a special role when someone died. They were to be impersonated as a mourning ritual by professional mourners. In most inscriptions seen, one of them is at either end of the corpse. There are also rules for impersonation of these
369:
A common ritual in China involves the family paying the mourners in advance and bringing them in lavish style to the location where the funeral will take place. The mourners are trained in the art of singing and bring a band with them. The first step is for the mourners to line up outside and crawl.
311:
According to
Biblical analysts, this verse is implying that lamentation is like an art. People who were deemed "good" at wailing and moaning were then able to take part in more and more funerals, and were expected to make these moaning sounds. The people who fulfilled the roles of these professional
290:
This tradition evolved from singing to wailing and became more a spectacle because it was seen as a sign of wealth if a funeral had wailers, the more money you had the more wailers you could afford. Funerals began posting decrees to exclude paid mourners as they would often scratch at their faces to
210:
In ancient Egypt, the mourners would be making an ostentatious display of grief which included tearing at dishevelled hair, loud wailing, beating of exposed breasts, and smearing the body with dirt. There are many inscriptions on tombs and pyramids of crowds of people following a body throughout the
382:
In the United
Kingdom, a company called "Rent A Mourner" (now defunct) enabled families to increase the number of guests at a funeral by hiring actors to play a role, for example, a distant cousin or uncle. Mourners were expected to be able to interact with guests without giving away that they had
373:
Then the family is told to bow in front of the casket three times, and suddenly a belly dancer takes the so called "stage" and the song picks up, lights start flashing, and everyone is upbeat again. Since the funeral is usually a couple of days after the actual death, the goal of the professional
231:
Professional mourners have been regular attendees of
Chinese funerals since 756. The tradition of professional mourning stemmed from theatrical performances that would occur during funerary processions. There were musical performances at funerals as early as the third century. Scholar Jeehee Hong
245:
Each scene—the preparation of food, the groom with a horse, and the entertainment – is unfailingly reminiscent of classical representations that adorn many tomb walls or coffin surfaces created since the Han period...these motifs are generally understood by students of
Chinese funerary art as a
193:
Most of the people hired to perform the act of professional mourning were women. Men were deemed unfit for this because they were supposed to be strong and leaders of the family, unwilling to show any sort of raw emotion like grief, which is why women were professional mourners. It was socially
391:
In Egypt, when someone in the family dies the women in the family would start the lamenting process, and the neighbors and the community would join throughout the day. Professional mourners would also come up and help lead the family in mourning by making grief-stricken shrieks, cherishing and
331:"Thus says the Lord of hosts, “Consider and call for the mourning women, that they may come; And send for the wailing women, that they may come! “Let them make haste and take up a wailing for us, That our eyes may shed tears and our eyelids flow with water" (Jeremiah 9: 17–18).
366:, he and his troupe began playing revolutionary songs like "The Sky in the Communist Regions Is Brighter" during funerals. In fact, some cultures even think that the use of professional mourners brings a certain religious and historical application to funeral processions.
240:
Most of the historical evidence of mourning exists in the form of inscriptions on the different panels of tombs. Each slab contains a different story, and by the analysis of these inscriptions we are able to tell that these were played out during the funeral. For example:
374:
mourner is to remind everyone attending the funeral about the sadness and pain that is associated with when someone passes away. They also have the job of bringing the mood right back up with lighting and fun songs after the wailing and mourning is done.
319:"Then Jeremiah chanted a lament for Josiah. And all the male and female singers speak about Josiah in their lamentations to this day. And they made them an ordinance in Israel; behold, they are also written in the Lamentations." (2 Chronicles 35:25).
291:
injure themselves or making over-dismal wails that were often offensive to genuine mourners. For public mournings that travelled through the streets of a city, hired mourners would often trail behind wailing to alert the town of a death.
307:"Therefore thus says the LORD God of hosts, the Lord, "There is wailing in all the plazas, And in all the streets they say, 'Alas! Alas!' They also call the farmer to mourning And professional mourners to lamentation" (Amos 5:16).
80:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
576:, the title character Cleveland Brown, along with his friends Lester, Holt, Tim the Bear, and Dr. Fist, temporarily become professional mourners and sit in on several funerals while spending time at Stoolbend Cemetery.
383:
been hired by the family. This practice spans across religions; mourners have been hired at Jewish and
Christian events. These mourners were paid somewhere between $ 30 - $ 120 per event, not including potential tips.
323:
When someone of power dies, in this case Josiah, everyone can fill the role of mourner, professionals aren't needed because everyone feels the weight of the loss. Everyone becomes the professional mourner.
1187:
A Dictionary of
Religious Knowledge, for Popular and Professional Use: Comprising Full Information on Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Subjects. With Several Hundred Maps and Illustrations
246:
banquet for the deceased...it is clear they represent the deceased couple because of the motif's strong connection to traditional representations of performances prepared for tomb occupants
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Professional mourning is still practiced in China and other Asian countries. Chinese professional mourners in particular have survived dramatic cultural shifts such as the
1407:
Footnote 1 in Sabar, Y. (1976). "Lel-Huza: Story and History in a Cycle of Lamentations for the Ninth of Ab in the Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Zakho, Iraqi Kurdistan."
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mourners were farmers who were done cropping for their season, and didn't have much else to do, so they took on this role for the extra money it would get them.
633:' song "Nobody's Lonesome for Me" contains the lyric, "When the time comes around for me to lay down and die, I bet I'll have to go and hire me someone to cry".
532:(1910), for his wife's funeral, Charles Wilcox retains women to serve as mourners "from the dead woman's district, to whom black garments had been served out."
620:
convinces a funeral home to hire professional mourners. Unbeknownst to them he hired random actors off the street. And a test run of it ended in disaster.
495:(2016), directed by Akiyo Fujumura. It is centered around Eriko, a woman that comes back to her home town to mourn her sister. After spending 10 years in
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In Roman history, mourners were hired to accompany funerary rituals and were often thought to be theatrical. In early history the public mourners, called
663:, someone who came to a funeral, claiming (often falsely) a connection with the deceased to try to get a share of any food and/or drink being handed out
363:
83:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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through a town shouting of the loss and quoting scripture. They wore long black cloaks with skull and cross-bone patterns and carried a bell.
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352:, though not without having to adjust to the times. For example, in an interview published in 2009, one professional mourner, who
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748:"THE UGARITIC CULT OF THE DEAD A STUDY OF SOME BELIEFS AND PRACTICES THAT PERTAIN TO THE UGARITIANS' TREATMENT OF THE DEAD"
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Norwegian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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657:, a form of vocal lament associated with mourning that is traditional in Ireland, Scotland, and other cultures.
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funerary procession. However, the most important of these women were the two impersonating the two godddesses
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598:, Uffe suggest that Rita may need a professional mourner to help her grieve after the death of her mother.
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519:(1835), the title character's funeral is attended by two professional mourners rather than his daughters.
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and other religious texts, the occupation is widely invoked and explored in literature, from the
607:, Richard's new girlfriend is a professional crier who places Larry in a number of predicaments.
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These three quotes from the Bible are just three of many that pertain to professional mourning.
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Mourner, suspected to represent Isis mourning Osiris. 18th dynasty, 1550–1295 BC. Terra cotta
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1349:. (The Works of Honoré de Balzac. Vol. XIII.) Philadelphia: Avil Publishing Company, 1901.
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Professional mourning is brought up many times throughout the Bible. For example in Amos,
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Another instance of professional mourning worth noting is in Chronicles, the Bible says
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author Ed Lin states that professional mourners are available for hire in contemporary
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travels to Taiwan to train with a professional mourner and attends a memorial service.
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pursuing an acting career she then discovers her vocation as professional mourner.
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484:, follows the lives of three women who work as professional mourners, set in the
829:"Requirements of Professional Mourners in Ancient Egypt. - MarĂa Rosa Valdesogo"
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1095:"Performing at funerals: professional mourners in Chongqing and Chengdu"
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287:, would follow musicians in a funeral procession to sing for the dead.
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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and help comfort and entertain the grieving family. Mentioned in the
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1014:"Amos 5 Commentary - John Gill's Exposition on the Whole Bible"
883:"Controlled Attitude of Professional Mourners in Ancient Egypt"
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1151:"I'm Paid To Mourn At Funerals (And It's A Growing Industry)"
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1072:"Belly Dancing For The Dead: A Day With China's Top Mourner"
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is an occupation that originates from Egyptian, Chinese,
688:"A Greek Photographer's Ode to the Dying Art of Mourning"
275:
646:, an organized body of professional applauders in France
545:(1995), Toloki is a self-employed professional mourner.
69:
a machine-translated version of the Norwegian article.
964:. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 59–93.
415:(1963) features a segment about professional mourning
73:
1380:(1st Picador USA ed.). New York: Picador USA.
1373:
456:, is about the life of a professional mourner, or
579:In the episode "Death" in the travel documentary
1438:
1184:Abbott, Lyman; Conant, Thomas Jefferson (1885).
1432:“Rudaali” Culture of Moirologists in Rajasthan
364:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
98:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
1183:
263:, especially in the Western Indian state of
471:, follows the lives of "mourners for hire".
949:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 19.
934:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 17.
856:
169:, are compensated to lament or deliver a
859:Daughters of Isis:Women of Ancient Egypt
601:In the episode "Insufficient Praise" of
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667:Funeral#Mutes and professional mourners
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698:from the original on November 10, 2023
1362:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1910.
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255:Female professional mourners, called
206:Egyptian mourners inscribed on a tomb
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835:(in European Spanish). 2014-10-15.
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746:Angi, Betty Jean (October 1971).
592:In the episode "The Princess" of
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686:Orbey, Eren (January 20, 2021).
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1101:. July 23, 2010. Archived from
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1024:from the original on 2018-04-30
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839:from the original on 2018-04-29
798:Forming Femininity in Antiquity
728:from the original on 2016-10-25
298:
259:, were common in many parts of
181:epics of early centuries BC to
1070:Lim, Louisa Lim (2013-06-23).
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861:. Penguin Books. p. 132.
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108:You may also add the template
27:Mourning in exchange for money
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919:. University of Hawaii Press.
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1376:Ways of dying : a novel
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362:, recounted how, after the
110:{{Translated|no|GrĂĄtekone}}
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1409:Journal of Semitic Studies
960:Douglas, Lawrence (2017).
718:"Mourning: Hired Mourners"
386:
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279:Death Crier or Death Watch
232:describes one such scene:
188:
72:Machine translation, like
327:In the book of Jeremiah,
270:
49:the corresponding article
1190:. Harper & brothers.
1042:Yiwu, Liao Yiwu (2009).
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400:
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985:Davey, Richard (1889).
157:cultures. Professional
119:For more guidance, see
1121:www.rentamourner.co.uk
774:Cite journal requires
463:The short documentary
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1422:Professional mourners
1046:. Anchor. p. 9.
987:A History of Mourning
945:Hong, Jeehee (2016).
930:Hong, Jeehee (2016).
915:Hong, Jeehee (2016).
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143:Professional mourning
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121:Knowledge:Translation
92:copyright attribution
1372:Zakes., Mda (2002).
887:MarĂa Rosa Valdesogo
833:MarĂa Rosa Valdesogo
796:Arbel, Vita (2012).
661:Placebo (at funeral)
604:Curb Your Enthusiasm
480:(2003), directed by
474:The Philippine film
467:(2001), directed by
448:(1993), directed by
427:(1966), directed by
18:Professional mourner
1345:Balzac, Honoré de.
1202:"Funeral In Berlin"
947:Theater Of The Dead
932:Theater Of The Dead
917:Theater Of The Dead
582:The Moaning of Life
350:Cultural Revolution
1235:University of Iowa
989:. pp. 26–51.
889:. April 25, 2016.
573:The Cleveland Show
548:In his 2014 novel
513:'s landmark novel
491:The Japanese film
412:Women of the World
396:In popular culture
281:
208:
140:
100:interlanguage link
1387:978-0-312-42091-8
1157:. 21 March 2016.
1053:978-0-307-38837-7
1044:The Corpse Walker
971:978-1-61376-530-2
807:978-0-19-983777-9
610:In an episode of
469:Bahman Kiarostami
424:Funeral In Berlin
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